INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

GRADE II SSES
REVIEWER

ICT LESSON 1 – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

• COMPUTER - The COMPUTER is an electronic device that accepts data and processes them to get
meaningful information. It needs electricity to work.
• ABACUS - This is an abacus. It was invented in CHINA around 13 th century. It is a handy and useful
tool for CALCULATING. It can perform single addition and subtraction operations.
• BLAISE PASCAL - He invented a device called the PASCALINE, which was first known as Pascal
Calculator. This calculator adopted some principal parts of the abacus, but instead of beads, wheels
were used to move its counters to perform addition and subtraction.
• GOTTFRIED LIEBNITZ - He invented the Leibnitz Calculator. This calculator could add,
subtract, multiply, and divide numbers. His invention worked just like a calculator.
• JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD - He invented JACQUARD LOOM. This machine used punched
cards with holes to weave fabrics.
• CHARLES BABBAGE & LADY AUGUSTA BYRON – They invented the ANALYTICAL
ENGINE. They applied the punched card concept of Jacquard. It is considered as the beginning of
the modern computer designed to perform complex mathematical calculations.
• CHARLES BABBAGE – Also known as the “Father of Modern Computer”.
• LADY AUGUSTA BYRON – Also known as “World’s First Programmer”.
• HERMAN HOLLERITH - An American statistician named HERMAN HOLLERITH invented
the TABULATING MACHINE, which was later known as the INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MACHINE (IBM). It can record, compile, and tabulate data in weeks. It was used in 1890 by the
U.S. government to tabulate the census faster.

ICT LESSON 2 – TYPES OF COMPUTERS

TYPES OF COMPUTERS
• SUPERCOMPUTER – These are the most powerful computers. They are used to process large
amount of data and are very useful in problems that require complex calculations. They are also used
for weather forecasting and other applications where maximum speed and power are very important.
• MAINFRAME COMPUTER – These are used in organizations where several people need access
information frequently. These computers can handle large volumes of input, output, and storage.
• MINICOMPUTERS – Like mainframes, these types of computers can handle large volume of data.
There are certain minicomputers that re designed for single users. Some companies prefer to
purchase minicomputers because these cost less compared to mainframe computers.
• MICROCOMPUTER / PERSONAL COMPUTERS – Microcomputers are portable computers.
An example of a microcomputer is the Personal Computer (PC). These computers come in different
shapes, sizes, and brands.

TYPES OF MICROCOMPUTERS / PERSONAL COMPUTERS

  HANDHELD COMPUTERS – A microcomputer that is small enough to be carried by hand. Some
features of a modern handheld computers include a calendar and dictionary, word processing, data
management, and remote access.

 PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT (PDA) – This is also a lightweight electronic device that
looks like a handheld computer and is designed to perform a specific task. It can serve as a diary, a
telephone, or an alarm clock. It is also known as a Palmtop.

 MACINTOSH COMPUTER (MAC) – It is known as the first commercial successful personal

computer. It uses a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and a mouse with a single button. It has an
operating system made by Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple, Inc.). One of the persons behind this
invention is the late Steve Jobs.

 TABLE COMPUTERS – This is a flatscreen wireless computer. It allows the user to take notes
using his / her natural handwriting with the help of a stylus or digital pen on a touch screen.

 LAPTOP / NOTEBOOK – It is smaller than a briefcase. It has flip-up screen and functions with
batteries. Since it is portable, it is an important device for people who travel frequently and need to
be able to work while on the road.

 DESKTOP COMPUTERS – A computer that fits on top of your table or desk. It usually has a
mouse, a system unit, a monitor, and a keyboard that come as separate units and are connected by
special cables. It is small enough to fit an individual workspace. It is also more commonly known as
the Personal Computer.

ICT LESSON 3 – COMPUTERS IN ACTION

THE DATA PROCESSIG CYCLE
1. ORIGINATION - Readiness is very important. Origination is the first step in the data processing
cycle. This involves gathering of information data which will be entered into the computer.
2. INPUT - Readiness is very important. Origination is the first step in the data processing cycle. This
involves gathering of information data which will be entered into the computer.
3. PROCESSING - Data entered into the computer will now go to the System Unit to be processed and
organized.
4. OUTPUT - After data processing in the System Unit, the information will be shown as output by
means of a printer and a monitor. Data shown on the monitor can now be printed.
5. STORAGE - Processed data can now be saved in a storage device like a USB flash drive/ It is
important to have a copy of your important files. Storage devices help you keep your files for future
use.

USES OF A COMPUTER
1. We can use a computer for typing letters, numbers, and even symbols.
2. We can use computer for communication by using the voice call, video call, and other chat functions.
A cell phone can be categorized as a computer since we can easily use it to communicate with each
other.
3. We can use a computer for entertainment. It can be used to listen to music, watch movies, and play
educational games.
4. We can also use a computer to research or homework and projects.

ICT LESSON 4 – TAKING CARE OF YOUR COMPUTER

FACTORS THAT AFFECT YOUR COMPUTER’S PERFORMANCE
• Computers must always be safe from viruses and bad software. It is important to have an anti-virus
software installed on your computer to prevent potentially harmful activity. It is also important to
scan your computer on a regular basis.
• The right version of Windows must be used. The computer parts should meet the requirements of the
software installed on your computer.
• The software must have the correct drivers installed for the hardware connected to the computer such
as the drivers for the video card and sound card.
• A power failure may cause a lot of damage to your computer.
• Lack of hard disk space and a fragmented hard drive are common problems that can affect the
performance of your computer.
• Low microprocessor speed and low memory also affect the performance of your computer.

DISK CLEANUP UTILITY

- Determines which files on the hard drive are no longer needed and can be removed. Deleting these
files will improve your computer’s performance.
Disk fragmentation
- Refers to the condition of a disk where files are divided into pieces and scattered around the disk.
Fragmentation occurs when you use a disk frequently for creating, deleting, and modifying files.
YOUR COMPUTER SHOULD ALSO BE PROTECTED FROM THE FOLLOWING:
DUST AND SMOKE
- Dust can destroy data. It can destroy the heads of magnetic disks, tape drives, and optical drives. Always
keep your room dust free with regular cleaning.
FOOD, DRINKS, AND INSECTS
- Food and drinks must always be kept away from your computer. Particles of food left close to your
computer maty attract rats, cockroaches, and even ants. Drinks, if spilled will make your computer
irreparable.
FIRE
- A fire can melt the hard drive and the other parts of a computer. It would be a good idea to have a fire
extinguisher available near your computer.
MAGNETS / MAGNETIC OBJECTS
- Avoid placing magnetic objects beside your computer as these can affect the magnetic materials inside and
cause problems.
EXTREME TEMPERATURE
- Computers need to be placed in a well-ventilated area that is neither too hot nor too cold.
FLOOD
- If you live in a flood-prone area, make sure you secure your computer and other appliances to keep them
safe from water.
REMEMBER:
• Like humans, computers should be taken care of. We need to consider things for it to function well.
• We need to delete some files that are no longer needed so that the entire system of our computer will
function properly.

ICT LESSON 6 – ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER

 A computer cannot work on its own. Aside from its hardware, it needs other important components to
work better. The computer gas three elements: Hardware, software, and peopleware.
 These are the basic parts of a computer and all three are important. If one of them is missing, the
computer will not function well.

 HARDWARE - This refers to the physical parts of the computer. It includes equipment associated
with the computer system such as the input, output, and the processing devices.
 SOFTWARE - Software is known as the programs in a computer. We can see it, but we cannot
touch it. There are two kinds of software that can be installed in your computer: the System Software
and the Application Software.

2 KINDS OF SOFTWARE

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE - It is a program that controls common computer operations, like

running an application or a program. An example is the OS or the Operating System. Without the
Operating System, a computer cannot be used.

2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE - These are programs that play a specific role. These programs
make the computer useful to the people and enable us to do productive tasks. Wordpad, Paint,
and calculator are examples of an Application Software.

 PEOPLEWARE - When we say Peopleware, these are the people who build and use the computer.
Computer programmers and computer technicians are examples of Peopleware.

REMEMBER:
 Elements mean important parts. computer cannot work without these vital parts.
 The computer also needs other important components to work better.
 The computer has three elements: Hardware, Software, and Peopleware.
 Hardware, Software, and Peopleware should all be present for the computer to function well.

Prepared by:

NAZER Q. ARCHIVIDO
Teacher III