ELECTRONIC SYSTEM MAINTAINANCE

An industrial internship report

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

DEVAPUJYULA SAI LAKSHMI PRASANNA(5201421004)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Prof S. KRISHNAVENI M.Tech,Ph.D
Professor
Department of E.C.E

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(PROGRAM ACCREDITED BY NBA)
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD COLLEGE FOR DEGREE AND PG COURSES (A)
Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530 045 | website: www.gvpcdpgc.edu.in
(Approved by AICTE | Affiliated to Andhra University | Accredited by NAAC | ISO 9001:2015)
CERTIFICATE FROM THE INTERNSHIP ORGANIZATION
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
(PROGRAM ACCREDITED BY NBA)
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD COLLEGE FOR DEGREE AND PG COURSES (A)
Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530 045 | website: www.gvpcdpgc.edu.in
(Approved by AICTE | Affiliated to Andhra University | Accredited by NAAC | ISO 9001:2015)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the internship training report titled "ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE" is a bonafide work done by Ms. DEVAPUJYULA SAI LAKSHMI
PRASANNA bearing Regd. No.5201421004 under my guidance during the academic year
2023-24, in the Department of Electronics & Communications Engineering, Engineering&
Technology Program, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College for Degree and PG Courses (A),
Visakhapatnam in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
‘Bachelor of Technology’ in ‘Electronics and Communication Engineering’

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr.Krishnaveni M.Tech,Ph,D Dr. S. Krishnaveni M. Tech., Ph.D.

Prof and Head of the Department Prof and Head of the Department
Department of E.C.E, Department of E.C.E,
GVPCDPGC (A) GVPCDPGC (A)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude and respect to our guide

Mrs.S.Krishnaveni(M.tech.,Ph,D) Department of Electronics and Communication for her
wholehearted co-operation, unfailing inspiration and valuable guidance. Throughout the
work,her valuable suggestions, constant encouragement has helped us a long way. We thank
her for giving his/her valuable time at odd hours and for the patience and understanding she
showed.

We consider it as privilege to express our deepest gratitude to Dr. S. Krishnaveni,

Professor & Head of the Department for her valuable suggestions and constant motivation
that greatly helped the internship training to get successfully completed.

We express our sincere thanks to Prof. B. V. Ramana Murthy, Director, Engineering

& Technology Program for extending his utmost support and cooperation in providing all the
provisions for the successful completion of the internship training.

We also thank Prof. S. Rajani, Principal, for extending her utmost support and
cooperation in providing all the provisions for the successful completion of the internship
training.

With great solemnity and sincerity, we offer our profuse thanks to our management,
for provisions for successful completion of the internship training.

We sincerely thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff in the Electronics and
Communication Department for their sustained help in our pursuits.

We thank all those who contributed directly or indirectly in successfully carrying out
this work.

D.S.L.Prasanna
(5201421004)
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: DETECTION EQUIPMENT

 RFID (radio frequency identification)

 RDE (radiological detection equipment)
 CC Cameras

CHAPTER 2: DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SHIPS

 RADAR (radio detection and ranging)

 AIS (automatic identification system)
 VTMS (vehicle traffic management system)

CHAPTER 3: VERY HIGH FREQUENCY (VHF)

 Walkie talkie

CHAPTER 4: WEIGHING BRIDGE

 In-motion weighing bridge

 Static weighing bridge.

CHAPTER 5: TUGS

 Tugboats
 Propellers
 Dredger
 ABSTRACT
Radar is an electronic equipment that detects the presence of objects by using
electromagnetic waves. AIS means Automatic Identification System used for
getting information about ships and is used by Vessel Traffic Service (VTS).
Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) gathers information from radar
and AIS and shows it in the electronic chart .The Dry dock is a narrow space
that is used for the repair, maintenance, and construction of ships and boats.
Dredging is an excavation activity usually carried out underwater in shallow
seas with the purpose of gathering sediments and disposing of them at different
locations.
Radiofrequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to
automatically identify and tract tags attached to objects. VERY HIGH
FREQUENCY (VHF) are used for broadcasting long-range communication.
Nirmal launch is a survey launch is used to measure the depth or draft of the sea
level. Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system designed for navigation on
earth, air, and water. Tugs are used to bring the vessels to the jetty by providing
direction for vessels. CC Cameras are used for surveillance and to transmit
video and audio signals to a wireless receiver. In-motion weighing System can
automatically identify the direction of the engine, the type of wagon, engine; and
the weight of the wagon. RADIO DETECTION EĮEMENT (RDE) is the
instrument used to identify the amount of radiation the vehicles.
 INTRODUCTION
Visakhapatnam Port has three harbors the outer harbour, the inner harbour, and
the fishing harbour. Visakhapatnam Port is one of the 13 major ports in India
and the only major port of Andhra Pradesh. It is India's second-largest port by
volume of cargo handled. It is located on the east coast of India and is located
midway between the Chennai and Kolkata Ports. The outer harbour has 6 berths
capable of handling vessels with a draft up to 17 meters while the smaller inner
harbour has 18 berths that are Panama-compatible. The Dolphin's Nose Hill to
the north of the entrance channel protects the harbour from cyclones that strike
the east coast. Visakhapatnam Port plays a vital role in the country's economic
development and trade. The Visakhapatnam Port is now modernizing its coal
handling berth in the outer harbour to enable it to handle capsize vessels. This
will also solve the problem of air pollution caused by the open handling of coal
that had earlier led to-city wide protests.
 CHAPTER 1
DETECTION EQUIPMENT

RFID
Radio frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to
automatically identify and track tags attached to objects) The fags contain
electronically stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby
RFID reader interrogating radio waves. Active tags, have a local power source
(such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters 'from the RFID reader,
Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it
may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one of the methods of
automatic identification and data capture (AIDC).

RFID tags are used in many industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to
M automobile during, production can be tracked through warehouses, and
implanting RFID microchips in livestock and pets enables positive
identification of animals.

Since RAID tags can be attached to cash, clothing and possessions, or implanted
in animals and people, the possibility of reading personally- linked information
without consent has raised serious privacy concerns. These concerns resulted in
standard specification development addressing privacy and security issues.
 Fig 1.1 RFID Reader

A radio-frequency identification system uses tags or labels attached to the

objects to be identified. ‘Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators
or readers send 8 signals to the tag and read its response,

Taps
RFID tags are made out of three pieces:
 microchip (an integrated circuit which stores and processes information
and modulates and demodulates radio-frequency (RF) signals) ‘
 am antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal
 a substrate
 Fig 1.2 Įower reader 4ft

The tag information I stored in non-volatile memory, The RFID tag includes
either ~~ fixed or programmable logic. processing the transmission and sensor
data, respectively. RFID tags can be passive, active or battery-assisted passive.
An active tag has an on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal,
A battery-assisted passive tag has a small battery on board and is activated
when in the presence of an RFID reader, A passive tag is cheaper and smaller
because I have no battery, instead, the (ag uses the radio energy transmitted by
the reader. However, to operate 9 passive tags, it must be illuminated with a
power level roughly a thousand times stronger than an active tug for signal
transmission. This makes a difference in interference and exposure to radiation
 Fig 1.3
Monitoring

Fig 1.4 Verification

There are 6 RFID gates in Visakhapatnam Port Authority:

1. GCB RFID GATE

2. NW RFID GATE

3. EQ6 RFID GATE

4. WQ7 RFID GATE
5. WQ5 RFID GATE
6. DM RFID GATE

USES:
An RFID tag can be affixed to an object and used to track tools, equipment,
inventory, assets, people, or other objects.
RFID offers advantages over manual systems or the use of barcodes. The tag
can be read if passed near a reader, even if it 1s covered by the object or not
visible. The tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container and
unlike barcodes, RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time, barcodes can only be
read one at a time using current devices Some RFID tags, such as battery-
assisted passive tags, are also able to monitor temperature and humidity.
RFID can be used in a variety of applications, such as:
 Access management
 Tracking of goods
 Tracking of persons and animals
 Toll collection and contactless payment Machine readable travel
documents
 Smart dust (for massively distributed sensor networks) Įocating lost
airport baggage
  Timing sporting events
 Tracking and billing processes
 Monitoring the physical state of perishable goods

Radiological Detection Equipment [RDE]

Introduction:
Vehicle monitoring system, VMS4D30 is designed to detect nuclear material
and radioisotopes for the purpose of stopping illicit shipment of special nuclear
material. It automatically senses vehicular traffic without the need for frequent
calibration (VMS) Vehicle monitoring system is used for the rapid detection of
hidden radioactive moving sources.
These systems are primarily intended to be position at nuclear material handling
area - border crossing maritime ports, airports, critical facilities and highly
populated areas each module is termed a radiation detection panel (RDP). The
system incorporates BFS neutrons detection, which assist in the detection of
SNMC special nuclear material.
Fundamental specifications of the system:
 Source and detection -Gamma and neutron
 Vehicle passage. time - >200 Rms for vehicle speed of <8km\hr.
 Types of alarms ~ illumination of red lamp and annunciation with
bugger.
 Communication : communication ¢ither net connectivity to remote PC.
Radiation detection panel (RDP):
Radiation detection panel comprises of one gamma detectors, two neutron
detectors and associated preamplifier modules along with high voltage. plastic
scintillate detector is used as gamma detector and BF3 detector is used as
neutron detection
Lamp assemblies
In VPT there exist two limbs where the loaded truck is tested for radiation is less
green light is seen which means the truck has no radiation and can go. If orange
light is seen then it means that there is some radiation but is not so dangerous.
overline 1f the radiation is more than the limit then red light appears ten the
vehicle is ceased.
Radiation Detection Equipment (RDE) contain vehicle monitoring system (V *
Delta ^ d_D0}) portal (Doorway) monitoring system (PMS), Įimb monitoring
system.
There are four Radiation Detection Panels (RDP) These RDP's have gamma
modules and neutral modules. There are three loops. The first loop takes the
picture of the vehicle or the person. The second loop scans if there are any
dangerous gamma rays till the third loop.
These RDP's scan the radiating elements. There are two scores in the monitor
known as background count and radiation count.
The maximum limit of background count is 5000. If it crosses 5000 then there
the red alert is given for the presence of radiating elements in the vehicle or
person.
This background count can be increased even through if there are no radiating
material. This is due to continuous background counting. If the driver has under
gone a cancer treatment or any gamma laser treatment then count also increases.
If the high voltage base is given then voltages increases so background count
increases. There is an electronic box at the RDP
Electronic Box:
Electronic Box collects the data from all the RDP's and manipulate the
collected data. It comprises of low voltage, Data Acquisition board and relay
card.
This box contains:
 ĮV supply
 Data Acquisition Board
 Relay board
 Industrial Ethernet Switch
 Įoop Detectors

Fig 1.7 Electronic box

ĮV supply:
ĮV Supply Unit Supplies the required Įow voltages for RDP’s Data Acquisition
Board and alarm Annunciation Unit. It is designed to meet the power
requirements of system considering the appropriate derating
Data Acquisition Board:
This Board receives shaped pulses from all the RDP's and processes them and
compares with alarm levels. It also along with Relay PCB generates appropriate
visual & the data to remote PC through Ethernet.
Relay Board:
Relay board receives the signal from the microcontroller board and operates
system lamps.

Industrial Ethernet Switch:

It is a 5-port industrial-grade switch with Ethernet connectivity and from 10 to
100 Mbps transfer rates. This easily informs users of any collisions, the link
status, power failure and data receipts for immediate on-site diagnosis. It is used
to connect multiple Ethernet port devices.
Two IP cameras and DAQ module are connected to remote PC through Ethernet
switch
Loop Detectors
The system is equipped with inductive Įoop sensors detected by loop detectors
for vehicle presence detection for capturing the vehicle image, starting the signal
counting and for giving the signal to another vehicle.

Camera:
Vehicle Monitoring System is equipped with a camera for capturing the vehicle
number plate image in alarm condition.
Alarm Įamps & Buzzer:
System is equipped with Įamp indicators & Buzzer to indicate appropriate
alarms in case the vehicle is found carrying SNM.

CC CAMERAS
Wireless security cameras are closed-circuit television (CCTV). Camera that
Transmits a video and audio signal to a wireless receiver through a radio band.
Many wireless security cameras require at least one cable or wire for power.
"Wireless" refers to the transmission of video/audio However, some wireless
Security cameras are battery-powered, making the cameras truly wireless from
Top to bottom.
Wireless cameras are proving very popular among modern security
consumers due to their low installation cost (there is no need to run
expensive Video extension cables) and flexible mounting options, wireless
cameras can be mounted/installed in locations previously unavailable to
standard wired Cameras
In addition to the case of use and convenience of access, wireless Security
camera allows user to leverage broadband wireless internet to provide Scam
less video streaming over the internet Digital wireless cameras are used in
VPT. Digital wireless is the transmission of audio and video analog signals
encoded as digital packets over high- bandwidth radio frequencies
Advantages include:
 Wide transmission range - usually close to 450 feet (open space, clear
line
 of sight between camera and receiver).
 High-quality video and audio
 Two-way communication between the camera and receiver.
 Digital signal means you can transmit commands and functions, such
as turning lights on and off.
 You can connect multiple receivers to one recording device, such
as security DVR.
TYPES OF CAMERAS USED IN VPT
 Fixed camera
 PTZ camera
 Bullet camera
 Night vision IR camera
 ANPR cameras
 Fig. Cisco Switch and server for CCTV

FIXED CAMERAS
Fixed cameras are one type used in VPT. These cameras do surveillance in
only one direction It has one direction. It has a fixed direction. It cannot be
rotated around. Its direction is fixed during the time of lens design and remains
fixed. It is set to a sufficient depth of the field to produce sharp images. In this
type of camera, we set the direction and distance, they cannot be changed again
as the lens is made according to the fixed distance.
 Fig: 1.10Fixed camera

PIZ (PAN TILT ZOOM)

Pan/tilt/zoom cameras give the surveillance operator the ability to move the
camera left or night (PAN), up and down (tilt), and zoom the lens closer or
farther. These are relegated to surveillance situations where there is an actual
live guard or surveillance specialist monitoring the images. There are cameras
that have automated pan/tilt/zoom functionality where the camera is moving on
a timed Basis. These are many times used to cover a wide area with only one
camera or to avoid poor light conditions, such as a setting sun.
 Fig. PTZ camera

WIREĮESS RANGE
Wireless security cameras function best when there is a clear line of sight
between the cameras and the receiver Outdoors, and with a clear line of sight,
digital wireless cameras typically have a range between 250 and 450ft. Indoors,
the Range can be limited to 100 to 150ft Trees and walls etc, degrade signal
strength. The signal range also depends on whether there are competing signals
using the same frequency as the camera Cubical walls, drywall, glass, and
windows generally do not degrade wireless signal strength.

BUĮĮET CAMERAS:
A bullet camera is a small video camera typically installed as part of a video
surveillance system. These cameras are typically only 2 to 2.5 inches long,
which makes them easy to hide. These cameras are deployed in residential and
commercial surveillance systems. These small cameras have surprisingly good
performance given that their small size limits their focal length. They typically
have a fixed focus.
Some cameras have infrared capability for use at night. They are
available in both indoor and outdoor models. Newer cameras can be
Installed in IP-based surveillance systems.

Fig: 1.12 Bullet camera

NIGHT VISION IR CAMERAS:

IR or night vision cameras use infrared light to illuminate images in the dark. We
can't see it, but infrared light is actually all around us. IR cameras detect these
invisible infrared wavelengths, enabling the camera to see in the dark. Most IR
cameras have a series of IR ĮEDs (often situated around the lens) that Transmit
infrared light at night, or whenever the camera switches to night Mode. Since
infrared light can interfere with color images, most IR cameras have an IR cut-off
filter to block infrared light during the daytime. The filter Sits between the
camera's lens and sensor, to allow visible light to pass through in the daytime
while blocking out infrared wavelengths. Once the Įight level drops to a certain
point, the filter shifts to allow infrared light in. This process is sometimes called
True Day Night (TDN) because it delivers true colour images during the day,
and black and white or night vision images at night.

ANPR CAMERAS:
ANPR stands for Automatic Number Plate Recognition. An ANPR camera is a
mass surveillance device that performs optical character recognition on images
to read license plates, inform the police, and prevent criminal Activities. These
advanced cameras are used in supply chain management, smart cities, and other
areas where vehicular
tracking is Required. Moreover, ANPR cameras can automate access control
Systems, provide better security, prevent car theft, and make traffic
management efficient.

Fig: 1 ANPR came

 CHAPTER-2

DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SHIPS

RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging):

RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. Radar refers to electronic equipment
that detects the presence of objects by using reflected electromagnetic energy. Under
some conditions, a radar system can measure the direction, height, distance, course, and
speed of the objects. The frequency of electromagnetic energy used for radar is
unaffected by darkness and also penetrates fog and clouds. This permits radar systems
to determine the position of airplanes, ships, or other obstacles that are invisible to the
naked eye because of distance, darkness, or weather. The radio - energy is transmitted to
and reflected from the reflecting object. A small portion of reflected energy returns to
the radar set. This returned energy is called an ECHO.

Fig 2. RADAR Block Diagram

The radar antenna illuminates the target with a microwave signal, which is then
reflected and picked up by a receiving device The electrical picked by the
receiving by the antenna is called echo or return. The radar signal is generated
by a powerful transmitter and received by a highly sensitive receiver frequency
(RF). Radar sets use the echo to determine the direction and distance of the
reflecting object. All targets produce a diffuse reflection i.e it is reflected in a
wide number of directions. The reflected signal is called scattering.
Backscatter is the term given to reflections in the opposite direction to the
incident rays.

Fig: 2.2 RADAR

Radar signals can be displayed on the traditional plan position indicator (PPI) or
the other mode of advanced radar displayed system. A PPI has a rotating vector
with the help of radar at the origin, which indicates the positioning direction of
the antenna and hence the bearingof targets.
Transmitter
The radar transmitter produces short-duration high-power RF pulses of energy
that are into space by the antenna.

Fig 2.3 Transmitter

Duplexer
The duplexer alternately switches the antenna between the transmitter and
receiver so that only one antenna needs to be used. This switching is necessary
because the high-power pulses of the transmitter would destroy the receiver if
energy were allowed to enter the device.

Receiver
The receivers amplify and demodulate the received RF signals. The receiver
provides video signals on the output.
Fig 2.3

Radar Antenna
The antenna transfers the transmitter energy to signals in space with the
required distribution and efficiency. This process is applied in an identical way
in the reception

Indicator
The indicator should present to the observer a continuous, easily understandable,
graphic picture of the relative position of radar targets.
The radar semen (in this case a PPI scope) displays the produced from the echo
signals bright bibs: The longer the pulses were delayed by the runtime, the further
away from the center of this radar scope they have displayed The direction of the
deflection on this screen is that in which the antenna is currently pointing.

Wave Length And Frequency Ranges of Radars:

The spectrum of the electric magnetic waves shows frequencies up to 1024Hz.
This is very large complete range is subdivided because of different physical
qualities in different sub-ranges. The division of the frequencies to the different
ranges was completed on criteria formerly, arose historically and a new division
of the wavebands which is used internationally is outdated and arose so in the
meantime. Marine radars are X-band or S-band radars to provide bearing and
distance of ships and land targets in the vicinity of own ship (radar scanner) for
collision avoidance and navigation at sea. Marine radar systems can provide
very useful radar navigation information for navigators onboard ships. The
ship's position could be fixed by the bearing and distance information of a fixed,
reliable target on the radar screen. Marine radar has performance adjustment
controls for brightness and contrast, gain, tuning, sea clutter and rain clutter
suppression, and interference reduction. Other common controls consist of
range scale, bearing cursor, fix/variable range market or bearing /distance
cursor Radars are rarely used alone in a marine setting in commercial ships,
they are integrated into a full system of marine instruments including chart
plotters, sonar, two-way radio communication devices, and emergency
locations (SART). The integration of these devices is very important as it
becomes quite distracting to look at several different screens.
Therefore, displays can often overlay charting, radar, and sonar into a
single system. In port or in harbour, shore-based vessel traffic service radar
systems are used to monitor and regulate ship movements in busy waters.
AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
The automatic identification system (AIS) is an automatic tracking system used
on ships and vessel traffics services (VTS) for identifying and locating vessels
by electrically exchanging das with other nearby. AIS base stations and
satellite. Information provided by AIS equipment, such as unique identification,
position, course, and speed can be displayed on a screen.
AIS is intended to assist a vehicle's officers and allow authorities to
track and monitor vessel movements. AIS integrates a standardized VHF
transceiver with a positioning system such as a GPS and with other electronic
navigation sensors, such as a compass. The vessels detected with AIS
transceivers can be tracked by an AIS base station located along the coastline.

Viewing Of AIS Data:

AIS allows ships to view marine traffic in their area. This requires a dedicated
VHF AIS transceiver that allows local traffic to be viewed on AIS enabled chart
or computer monitor while transmitting information about the ship itself to
other AIS receivers. Port authorities may be equipped with receivers only, so
that they can view the local traffic without the need to transmit their own
location. All AIS transceiver equipment traffic can be viewed this may vary
reliable but is limited to the VHF range, about 10-20 nautical miles.

Ship data:
 MMSI (Mobile marine time ship identification) number
 . Call sign
 .IMO (International Marine Time Organization) number
 . Ship name
 Ship length
 . Ship width
Fig 2.4 Identification

Voyage data:
 Type of cargo
 Captain
 Crew
 Cargo
 ETA (Expected Time of Arrival)
 Country origin
 Draft
Dynamic Data
 Speed
 Bearing
 Position
 Status

How does AIS Work:

 AIS transceivers automatically broadcast information such as their

position, speed, and navigation status, at regular intervals
 via a VHF transmitter built into the transceiver. The information originates
from the ship’s navigational sensors, Global Navigation Satellite System
GNSS), receiver, and compass. Other information, such as the vessel
name and VHF call sign is programmed when installing the equipment
and is also transmitted regularly. The signals are received by AIS
transceivers fitted on other ship or land base systems such as VTS
systems. The received information can be displayed on a screen or chart
plotter, showing the other position in much the same manner as a Radar
display Data is transmitted via a tracking system that makes use of Self
Organized time division multiple access (SOTDMA) data links.
 It is fitted on ships for the identification of ships and navigational
marks. However, it is only an aid to navigation and should not be used for
collision avoidance. Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) ashore use AIS to
identify, locate and monitor vessels. The Panama Canal uses the AIS to
provide information about rain along the canal and wind in the locks.
 . Information provided by AIS equipment such as unique identification,
position, course, and Speed can be displayed on a screen or an ECIDS.
AIS is intended to assist a vessel’s watch- standing officers and allow
maritime authorities to track and monitor vessel movements.
 It uses such as electronic navigation sensors such as
gyrocompass or rate of turn indicator.

Automatic Identification System (AIS) is an automatic tracking system used for

collision avoidance on ships and by vessel traffic Service (VTS). When satellites
are used to detect AIS signatures. The term Satellite
AIS (SAIS) 48 was used. AĮS information supplements marine radar, which
continues to be the Primary method of collision avoidance for water transport.
Applications:
 Collision avoidance
 Vessel traffic services
 Maritime security
Fig: 2.6 Functioning of AIS

VESSEL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (VTMS)

Vessel Traffic Management systems are installed in some of the busiest waters
in the world and are making valuable contributions to safer navigation, more
efficient traffic flow, and the Protection of the environment. Traffic flow in busy
approach routes the access channels and harbors can be done to co-ordinate
safely in the safely best Interest of the port and its users. Incidents and
emergency Situations can be dealt with quickly. Data from traffic movements
can be stored and used as reference information for administration. The vessel
traffic management system gathers target data from radars and AIS integrates
these data and presents target data on electronic maritime charts
A vessel traffic management system (VTMS) is a nautical vessel movement
observing system established by harbor or port authorities. According to
TRANSAS (2014), the VTMS system utilizes the information collected by
advanced sensors, for example, radar, AIS, closed-circuit television (CCTV),
Mateo-Hydro, and other electronic object detection
systems. The primary purpose of VTMS is to improve the safety and efficiency
of navigation, improve features of port services, protection of life at sea, and the
safeguard marine environment. In 1946 a demonstration was done in order to
identify the helpfulness of the coast-based radar system in Įiverpool. The initial
effort in developing harbors-controlled radar was done by establishing a system
at the end of Victoria Pier, Douglas, Isle of Man in 1948. With the rapid growth
of the marine industry maritime safety and efficient navigation have been
addressed as one of the issues that have major consideration. Different methods
for improving marine safety have been developed over the past few decades.
Some of them can be stated as radio- communications, navigation roles,
electronic chart systems, and identification systems. Goral ski et al. (2013)
further describes that the most recent technological developments in improving
vessel traffic management includes radars, electronic charting like Electronic
Chart Display Information Systems, (ECDIS), vessel traffic control and
management (VTMS) and automatic identification system (AIS) and
communication Several sources of data are combined from sensors such as
GPS, radar and AIS in order to improve the vessel traffic motoring

The final objective of this is offer more precise understanding of the

navigational situations The Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) is the
Seles ES solution that integrates and interconnects all the assets relevant to a
safe and secure management of Maritime Operations ranging from marine
environment protection, traffic management to law enforcement and security at
the sea.
Fig 2.7 Monitoring

VTMS offers a range of flexible, scalable, and configurable solutions

optimized for focus on everything, from small ports and harbour to major
ports, and regional de national scale coastal areas. VTMS is developed with its
main objective to provide the maritime community with a fully integrated
system able to support a wide range of maritime applications, including:

SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAĮ PROTECTION AT SEA

 Collision avoidance and safe navigation

 Search and Rescue
 Oil pollution detection and environmental protection
 Co-ordination in vessels
 Dangerous cargo management

ĮAW ENFORCEMENT & SECURITY:

 Border control and immigration
 Crime and smuggling
 Port protection
 Illegal fishing

Fig: A Complete setup of VTMS system.

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
 -Management of maritime traffic
 -Navigation & Traffic efficiency
 -Port management

THE SYSTEM PROVIDES THE FOĮĮOWING MAJOR CAPABIĮITIES:

 -Operational Alarms and Events
 -Correlation for Decision
 -Traffic Picture Creation through Sensors Management
 Communications with Vessels and External Systems
 Risk Assessment
 -Disaster Recovery
 -Traffic collision avoidance
 THE MAIN SYSTEM CAPABIĮITIES INCĮUDE
 Remote sensors monitoring and control
 Real time and off-line data achieving
 . Global picture creation and management
- Support to operators' decisions in critical situations
 -Presentation of traffic navigation and vessel information Data
Networks sharing
 information about other organizations
 -Port Management and Information System
VTMS SUMMARY:
>The task of managing vessel traffic in ports, harbours and coastal areas
places
responsible for
1. Safety
2. Security
3. Protection of the environment.

 it offers a range of flexible usage from small ports and harbours to

major ports and regional or national scale coastal areas.

 MAIN OBJECTIVES:
 Information exchange with AIS-equipped vessels
 Traffic analysis
 Provides awareness

 FUNCTIONALITY

 Single and Multiple AIS sensor support

 Malti-AIS data filtering
 Automatic AIS targets identification

Fig 2.8 Working of VTMS

Fig: Equipment
 CHAPTER-3
VHF

WALKIE-TALKIE

Very high frequency (VHF) refers to the radio frequency electromagnetic waves
ranging from 30 to 300 MHz with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 1 m
to tens of meters. VHF is widely used for FM broadcasting, television
broadcasting, military and local mobile radio transmissions, traffic control long
communications, radars, and radio modems, as well as in marine and air
navigation. Very high frequency is ranged such that it is most suitable for short-
distance terrestrial communication with usually a distance of a few hundred
miles
VHF is little affected by electrical equipment interference and atmospheric
noise. Owing to the fact that VHF waves are not hindered by the presence of
buildings and can be received indoors, they are widely used for FM
transmission and television broadcasting. These waves do get blocked by hills
and mountains so signal boosters are used for broadcasting in such areas.
Frequencies below 70 MHz are affected by the ionosphere layer of the earth's
atmosphere. In the case of television broadcasting, channels and sub-bands
present in the VHF portion of the radio spectrum are allotted by the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Fig 3.1 walkie-talkie

When personnel needs a reliable way of conveying messages to one another and
onwards to a base of operations, very high frequency (VHF) radio is one of the
most effective forms of communication. Due to the way these radio waves
travel, VHF is used when there is an unobstructed path between two radios. This
is known as line-of-sight (ĮOS) communication. Many man pack radios have
various power settings: Įow power settings are often adequate and extend battery
life.
On the other hand, there are situations where increased power is beneficial. In
urban areas where high radio frequency noise is prevalent, higher power
increases the signal-to-noise ratio and improves reception. It is important to note
that these signals are affected by ground conditions like geophysical features and
electromagnetic conductivity. As such, there may be a number of paths they take
between two points of communication. The distances and measurements
mentioned in this article are only intended as a
guideline. To learn more about VHF radio and its uses in tactical applications,
contact a Barrett Communications representative today

Advantages are
 Smaller antennas.
 More bandwidth.
 Įess interference from background radiation.

Disadvantages are:
 Propagation
 Vulnerability
 Signal Jamming

Fig: VHF Set

 CHAPTER -4
WEIGHINBRIDGE
Weighing bridge is a measurement instrument which work on the principle of
strain gauge. There are two types of weighing bridge. Both have disadvantages
and advantages According to this principle; resistance is varied according to the
strain occurred Weighing in- motion bridges (WIM) don't require vehicles to
stop when they need weighing, they simply continue to drive at a reduced speed
and the measurements are taken in the data recorded- instantly and accurately In
these weighing bridges, in- motion weighing bridges have become a first-
choice weighing solution for many industries including transport, waste,
forestry, agriculture demolition and excavation. port operations, construction
and mining their popularity has come about through the significant advantages
that they have over the more traditional weighing methods-and whilst there are
situations where static weighbridges or axle scales are more appropriate,
automatic systems are clear front-runners when it comes to efficiencies
flexibility and value.
The weight information consists of the gross vehicle weight and axle (group)
loads combined with other parameters like: date and time, location, speed and
vehicle class. For on-board WIM systems this pertains to the specific vehicle
only. For in-road WIM systems this applies to the entire vehicle traffic flow.
This weight information provides the user with detailed knowledge of the
loading of heavy goods vehicles. This information is better than with older
technologies, so, for example, it is easier to match heavy goods vehicles and
the road/rail infrastructure.
Weigh-in-motion is a technology that can be used for various private and
public purposes (ie, applications) related to the weights and axle loads of road
and rail vehicles; WIM systems are installed on the road or rail track or on a
vehicle and measure, store and provide data from the traffic flow and/or the
specific vehicle. For WIM systems certain specific conditions apply. These
conditions have an impact on the quality and reliability of the data measured by
the WIM system and of the durability of the sensors and WIM system itself.
WIM systems measure the dynamic axle loads of the vehicles and try to calculate
the best possible estimate of the related static values. The WIM systems have to
perform unattended, under harsh traffic and environmental conditions, often
without any control over the way the vehicle is moving, or the driver is behaving.
As a result of these specific measurement conditions, successful implementation
of a WIM system requires specific knowledge and experience.
There are two type of weighing bridge in VPT
 STATIC WEIGHING BRIDGE
 IN-MOTION WEIGHING BRIDGE
STATICWE
IGHINGBR
IDGE
Static Weighbridge offered can be made available by us in different finish
configuration choices and come with steel structure load cell with rated load
options of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 tons and others. Further, these weighbridges
come with sensitivity of 2.0±0.002mV/V and in standard accuracy class. Some
of its features include output temperature effect of ±0.02%F.S/10°C; insulation
resistance of ≥5000MΩ; creep error of ±0.02%F.S; can be operated in
temperatures of -30 to 70°C; protection class of IP; alloy steel based finish; high
performance A/D conversion chip; battery indication with low battery protection;
support for weighing software and connection option to computer.

IN-MOTION WEIGHING BRIDGE

To overcome time factor in weighing digital DS320 in motion weighing system
can automatically identify the direction, type of wagon, engine and revoke the
weight of wage by axle or bogie by bogie without any manual operation thus
ensuring weighment accuracy. DS320 intelligent, innovative system is designed
to detect the different types of wagons to initiate the axle or bogie weighing. The
speed of wagon is directly
related to the accuracy of weighment The system can operate over wide
temperatures, power and hazard environmental conditions without affecting the
accuracy and reliability, which are being achieved by stringent design and quality
control.

SYSTEM OVERVIEW:
The load cell based in-motion weighing system consists of 4 load cells,
weighing bridge with a prefabricated supporting structure and rail approaches
The load cells are strain gauge-based sensors, which convert weight into an
electrical signal with very high accuracy and stability Wagon movement on the
weighbridge is identified by track switches placed on either side of bridges, to
detect the direction, types of wagons start and stop weighment.
TRACK SWITCH:
Track sensors/switches are placed along the approach and weigh rails in a
manner that
4-axis, 2-axis and engine movement can generate a fixed pattern to initiate
the weighing cycle.
Since the footprints of the rail wheel are 300mm, a set of proximity sensors are
placed with a set of stainless-steel rods at a distance of 100mm, so that the train
movement can operate and will generate a forward track logic pattern initially
of logic 1. ADVANTAGES OF IN- MOTION WEIGHING BRIDGE
 Improved productivity
 Instant identification of overload vehicles
 Cost effective
TRACKREQU
IREMENTS:
For getting optimum accuracy the following track conditions are
recommended
 The track at both ends if Weigh Bridge of 100mts desired to be level
tangent with a gradient not exceeding "I in 300".
 Approximate 100mts straight track on either side of the
weighbridge.
 Points or crossings up to a distance of about 100mts of both end of the
weighbridge is needed to avoid .
 Concrete sleepers or RCC Base to be provided at least 50mts on both
the end of the track.
 CHAPTER-5
TUGS

TUGS
A tug is a boat or a ship that moves vessels by pushing or towing them. Tugs
move vessels that either should not move themselves, such as ships in a
crowded harbours or a narrow canal, or those that cannot move by themselves,
such as barges, disabled ships, log rafts, or oil platforms. Tugboats are powerful
for their size and strongly built, and some are oceangoing. Some tug boats serve
as icebreakers or salvage boats. Early tugboats had stream engines, but today
most have diesel engines. Many tugboats have firefighting monitors ,allowing
then to assist in firefighting , especially in harbours.
River Tugboats:
River tugs are also referred to as towboats or push boats. Their hull designs
would make open ocean operation dangerous. River tugs usually do not have
any significant hawser or winch. Their hulls feature
a flat front or bow to line up with the rectangular stern of the barge, often with
large pushing knees.
Harbour Tugboats:
Harbour tugboats are generally smaller and the width-to-length ratio is often
higher, due to the need for a lower draught. In smaller harbours these are often
also termed lunch bucket boats, because they are only manned when needed and
only at a minimum (captain and deckhand), thus the crew will bring their own
lunch with them. The number of tugboats in a harbour varies with the harbour's
infrastructure and the types of tugboats. Things to take into consideration
includes ships with/without bow thrusters and forces like wind, current and
waves and types of ships.
There are total 7 tug boats in Visakhapatnam port trust. They are:
1. SARDAR PATEĮ
2. DEĮIMA
3. MAHATMA
4. VAJRA
5. REID
6. JHANSI RANI
7. SWATANTRA

DELIMA TUGBOAT JHANSI RANI TUGBOAT

Types of Tugboats:
Seagoing tugs (deep sea tugs are ocean tugboats) fall into four basic categories:
1. The standard seagoing tug with model bow that tows its "payload" on a
hawser.
2. The "notch tug" which can be secured in a notch at the stem of a specially
designed barge, effectively making the combination of a ship. This
configuration is dangerous to use with a barge that is "in ballast" (no cargo) or
in a head or following sea. Therefore, the "notch tugs" are usually built with a
towing winch. With this configuration, the barge being pushed might approach
the size of a small ship, with the interaction of the water flow allowing a higher
speed with a minimal increase in power required or fuel consumption.
3. The "integral unit," or "integrated tug and barge" (TTB), comprises specially
designed vessels that lock together in such a rigid and strong method as to be
certified as such by authorities (classification societies) such as the American
Bureau of shipping. Įloyd's Register of Shipping. Indian Register of Shipping.
Det Norske verities or several others.
These unit stay combined under virtually any sea conditions and the "tags"
usually have poor sea- keeping designs for navigation without their "barges"
attached. Vessels in this category are legally considered to be ships rather than
tugboats and barges must be staffed accordingly. These vessels must show
navigation lights compliant with those required of ships rather than those
required of tugboats and vessels under tow.
4, "Articulated tug and barge" (ATB) units also utilize mechanical means to
connect to their barges. ATBS are generally utilizing Intercom and Bludworth
connecting systems. ATBS are generally staffed as a large tugboat, with
between seven to nine crew members. The typical American ATB operating on
the east coast, per custom, displays navigational lights of a towing vessel
pushing ahead, as described in the '72 COĮREGS.

DREDGER:
Dredging is an excavation activity usually carried out underwater, in shallow
seas or freshwater areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and
disposing of them at a different location. This technique is often used to keep
waterways navigable. It is also used as a way to replenish sand on some public
beaches, where sand has been lost used as a technique for fishing for certain
species of edible clams and crabs.
Suction: For suction-type operate by sucking through a long tube, like some
vacuum cleaners but a large scale. A plain suction dredger has no tool at the
end of the suction pipe to disturb the material. This is often the most commonly
used form of dredging. There are many other types of suction dredging vessels.
The suction basic type which has no specific equipment at the end of the tube is
used in the port to make the bottom of the sea level, by removing the unwanted
amount of sand. The unwanted waste is again dumped into the ship which
consists of garbage carrier in it.
Disposal of materials: The disposal of materials is done in the boat itself. The
ship which performs dredging is provided with a space where the dredged
materials can be disposed. Įater there will be spread out in the different areas
where sand has been lost.
Environmental impacts: Dredging can create disturbance to aquatic ecosystems
often with adverse impacts. In addition, dredge spoils may contain toxic
chemicals that may have an adverse effect on the disposal area. The activity of
dredging can create the following principal impacts to the environment:

 Release of toxic chemicals from bottom sediments into the water

column
 Collection of heavy metals
 Secondary impacts to aquatic and organisms and mortality.
 Possible contamination of dredge spoils sites.
 DREDGER

Propeller
A propeller (colloquially often called a screw if on a ship or an airscrew if on an
aircraft) is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch
to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working
fluid such as water or air Propellers are used to pump fluid through a pipe or
duct, or to create thrust to propel a boat through water or an aircraft through air.
The blades are specially shaped so that their rotational motion through the fluid
causes a pressure difference between the two surfaces of the blade theorem
which exerts force on the fluid Most marine propellers are screw propellers with
helical blades rotating on a shaft with an approximately horizontal axis.

The propeller works by displacing the air pulling it behind itself (the action),
this movement of air then results in the aircraft being pushed forward from the
resulting pressure difference (the opposite reaction) The more air that is pulled
behind the propeller the more thrust or forward propulsion is generated.
Propellers can be made up of anywhere from a single blade to six or more
blades in line engine power are the major determining factors in the number of
propeller blades. As engine power increases, additional blades are needed to
efficiently utilize the increased level of power. The angle of a propeller's
blades and its overall size and shape (along with the power of the engine)
affect the amount of thrust generated.

The drive shaft (also called propeller shaft or prop shaft) is a component of
drive train in a vehicle, with the purpose of delivering torque from the
transmission to the differential, which then transmits this torque to the wheels in
order to move the vehicle. The drive shaft is primarily used to transfer torque
between components that are separated by a distance, since different
components must be in different locations in the vehicle. A front-engine rear-
wheel drive car must have a long drive shaft connecting the rear axle to the
transmission since these parts are on opposite sides of the car.

Drive shafts are used differently in different vehicles, varying greatly in cars
with distinct configurations for front-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, and the
previously. mentioned front engine rear-wheel drive. Other vehicles also use
drive shafts, like motorcycles, locomotives, and marine vessels. Below is the
drive shaft configuration for a common front-engine rear wheel drive vehicle
(some cars have the
transmission at the back).

Propeller blades are fixed to their hub at an angle, just as the thread on a screw
makes an angle to the shaft. This is called the pitch (or pitch angle) of a
propeller and it determines how quickly it moves you forward when you turn it,
and how much force you have to use in the process. Sometimes (and this can be
confusing) the distance a propeller moves you forward as it turns through one
complete revolution is also called its pitch, but it's easy to see that the angle of
the blades and how far they move you forward in a single rotation are related
Propellers look like screws, so how are the two connected? A screw converts
the turning motion of your hand into forward motion that drives the screw's
body (and anything it's attached to) firmly into the wall. The angle of the thread
on a screw determines how much force you have to use to turn it. A screw with a
steep thread (and fewer turns along its length) will be harder to turn but will go
into the wall
faster, while one with a shallow thread (and more turns along its length) is easier
to rotate but you have to turn it more times to drive it in. If you find screws
confusing, think of a screw standing upright on its flat end (like the photo above)
and imagine you're an ant walking up the thread from the bottom the top, so the
thread is like a zig-zag path winding up
a hillside. The more gently the path winds (the shallower the thread), the easier
it is to climb (the less force your body needs to exert), but the further you'll
walk and the longer it will take. Įike gears, pulleys, and levers, screws are
examples of simple machines-devices.
Propellers are similar to screws but not exactly the same, because they're
doing a totally
different job. The purpose of a screw is to hold something like a shelf to a wall
and minimize the amount of force you need to drive it into a solid material such
as wood or plasterboard, with a screw, the driving force is pretty much
constant. But the purpose of an airplane propeller is to make more or less thrust
(driving force) at different points of a flight (during take-off, for example, or
steady cruising). The angle of a propeller's blades and its overall size and shape
affect the thrust, and so too does the speed of the engine. Another difference is
that while a screw is moving into a simple, solid material and meeting a more
or less constant force of opposition, a propeller is moving in a fluid airstream
and there all kinds of extra factors to take into consideration. For example,
although a propeller makes thrust to move.