Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sequence and Series en 209
Sequence and Series en 209
Sequence and Series en 209
Session 01 𝟎𝟑 Session 03 𝟒𝟗
Session 05 𝟗𝟔
Sequence 04 Sum of 𝑛 Terms of a G.P. 50 Relation between A.M., G.M. & H.M. of 97
Sum of Infinite Terms of a G.P. Positive Quantities
Types of Sequence 07 58
Arithmetic - Geometric Progression (A.G.P.) 105
Progression 10 Properties of G.P. 65
Arithmetic Progression 11 Sum of 𝑛 terms of an Arithmetic – Geometric 106
Sequence
Sum of 𝑛 terms of an A.P. 15 Session 04 𝟕𝟓
Summation of Series 111
Properties of an A.P. 21 Geometric Mean 76
Formulas for Summation 115
Insertion of 𝑛 Geometric Means 78
Session 02 𝟐𝟖 Harmonic Progression 82
Arithmetic Mean 39 Properties of H.P. 85 Session 06 𝟏𝟏𝟖
Insertion of 𝑛 arithmetic means 41 Harmonic Mean 89 Method of Difference to get 𝑡𝑛 129
between two numbers
Insertion of 𝑛 Harmonic Means 92 Special Methods to find sum of series 137
Geometric Progression (G.P.) 45 between two Numbers
Session 07 𝟏𝟒𝟑
Return To Top
Sequence:
1, 2, 4, 8, ⋯
1, 3, 5, 7, ⋯
Return To Top
Sequence:
Mathematically,
If a function 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ,
then 𝑓 𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ is called a real sequence and is denoted by
𝑓 1 , 𝑓 2 , 𝑓 3 , ⋯ = 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , ⋯ = 𝑡𝑛
The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of the sequence is denoted by 𝑇𝑛 , 𝑡𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎 𝑛 , 𝑢𝑛 , ⋯ etc.
It is a function with domain as set of natural numbers ℕ .
Note
➢ The sequence 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ is generally
Return To Top
Find the first five terms of the sequence whose 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛−2 𝑛 ∈ ℕ , 𝑛 > 2 and 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 1
Solution:
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛−2
𝑡3 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 2
𝑡4 = 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 = 3
𝑡5 = 𝑡3 + 𝑡4 = 5
𝑡6 = 𝑡4 + 𝑡5 = 8
Return To Top
Types of Sequence:
• 3, 5, 7, ⋯ , 37
➢ A sequence having infinite number of terms is called an infinite sequence.
Example
1 1 1
• 1, , , , ⋯
2 4 8
Return To Top
Series:
Example
• Sequence: 1, 2, 3, 4, ⋯ 𝑛
Series: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯ + 𝑛
Return To Top
Series:
➢ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛−1 + 𝑇𝑛
➢ 𝑆𝑛−1 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛−1
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Progression:
• 1, 2, 4, 8, ⋯ 2𝑛−1
• 1, 3, 5, 7, ⋯ 2𝑛 − 1
Types of progression
➢ Arithmetic progression (A.P.)
Arithmetic Progression:
➢ Arithmetic progression:
A sequence in which the difference between any term and its just preceding
term is constant throughout.
This constant difference is called the common difference and is
generally denoted by 𝑑.
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Arithmetic Progression:
Note
➢ A sequence 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , ⋯ , 𝑡𝑛 is an A.P., if 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = ⋯ = 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1 = 𝑑
Example
• 1, 3, 5, 7, ⋯
Arithmetic Progression:
• 1, 3, 5, 7, ⋯
𝑎=1 𝑑=2
Return To Top 𝑡𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛 − 1 ⋅ 2 = 2𝑛 − 1
If 𝑡54 of an A.P. is − 61 and 𝑡4 = 64, then the 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence is :
Solution:
Let 𝑎, 𝑑 be the first term and common difference respectively.
𝑡4 = 64 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
Subtracting 𝑖𝑖 from 𝑖 ,
A 143
5 2
50𝑑 = −125 ⇒ 𝑑 = − 2
Substituting in 𝑖𝑖 , we get B 49
143
𝑎=
2
143 5
C 47
𝑡10 = 𝑎 + 9𝑑 = +9 − 2
2 2
𝑡10 = 49 D 111
2
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Sum of 𝑛 terms:
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 + ⋯ ⋯ +𝑎
+
2𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 + 𝑎
2𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑛
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎+𝑎+ 𝑛−1 𝑑
2 2
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛
𝑎+𝑙 Where, 𝑎 = 1𝑠𝑡 term 𝑙 = Last term
2
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑆𝑛−1 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑
∴ 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
Return To Top
A man saves Rs. 200 in each of the first three months of his service. In each of the subsequent
months, his saving increases by Rs. 40 more than the saving of previous month. In how many
months he would have saved Rs. 11040 since beginning his service?
Return To Top
1 1
If the 10𝑡ℎ term of an A.P. is and its 20𝑡ℎ term is , then the sum of
20 10
its first 200 terms is
JEE Main Jan 2020
Solution:
1 1
𝑇10 =
20
, 𝑇20 =
10 A 50
1
4
⇒ 𝑇20 − 𝑇10 = 10𝑑 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
1 B 100
⇒ = 10𝑑
20
1
⇒𝑑=
200 C 50
1
Now, 𝑇10 =
20
⇒ 𝑎 + 9𝑑 =
1 D 100
1
20 2
1
⇒𝑎=
200
200 1 1 201 𝑛
𝑆200 = 2 + 199 = 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2 200 200 2 2
1
∴ 𝑆200 = 100
2
Return To Top
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎10 100 𝑎11
Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ be an A.P. If = ,𝑝 ≠ 10, then is equal to:
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑝 𝑝2 𝑎10
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎10 10 2𝑎1 + 9𝑑
⇒ = D 121
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑝 𝑝 2𝑎1 + 𝑝 − 1 𝑑 100
10 2𝑎1 + 9𝑑 100
⇒ = 2
𝑝 2𝑎1 + 𝑝 − 1 𝑑 𝑝
2𝑎1 + 9𝑑 10
⇒ =
2𝑎1 + 𝑝 − 1 𝑑 𝑝
Return To Top
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎10 100 𝑎11
Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ be an A.P. If = ,𝑝 ≠ 10, then is equal to:
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑝 𝑝2 𝑎10
⇒ 2𝑎1 𝑝 − 10 − 𝑑 𝑝 − 10 = 0 D 121
100
⇒ 2𝑎1 − 𝑑 𝑝 − 10 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑎1 − 𝑑 = 0 ∵ 𝑝 ≠ 10
∴ 2𝑎1 = 𝑑
𝑎11 𝑎1 + 10𝑑 𝑎1 + 20𝑎1 21
∴ = = =
𝑎10 𝑎1 + 9𝑑 𝑎1 + 18𝑎1 19
Return To Top
Properties of an A.P.
➢ Property I:
Return To Top
7
If log 3 2 , log 3 2𝑥 − 5 , log 3 2𝑥 − are in an arithmetic progression, then the
2
value of 𝑥 is equal to ______.
JEE Main July 2021
Solution:
7
Since log 3 2 , log 3 2𝑥 − 5 , log 3 2𝑥 − are in A.P.
2
7
⇒ 2 log 3 2𝑥 − 5 = log 3 2 + log 3 2𝑥 − 2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐
2
⇒ log 3 2𝑥 − 5 2
= log 3 2 ⋅ 2𝑥 −
7
log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 log 𝑎 𝑥
2
log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 = log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛
⇒ 22𝑥 − 10 ⋅ 2𝑥 + 25 = 2 ⋅ 2𝑥 − 7
⇒ 22𝑥 − 12 ⋅ 2𝑥 + 32 = 0
⇒ 2 𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 − 8 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 3
Return To Top
7
If log 3 2 , log 3 2𝑥 − 5 , log 3 2𝑥 − are in an arithmetic progression, then the
2
value of 𝑥 is equal to ______.
JEE Main July 2021
Solution:
7
Since log 3 2 , log3 2𝑥 − 5 , log 3 2𝑥 − are in A.P.
2
⇒ 𝑥 = 2 or 3
∴𝑥=3
Return To Top
Properties of an A.P.
➢ Property II:
Example
𝐴𝑃1 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
+2
𝐴𝑃2 : 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Return To Top
Properties of an A.P.
➢ Property III:
If each term of an A.P. is multiplied or divided by a non-zero constant (𝑘) then the
𝑑
resulting sequence is also an A.P. with the common difference 𝑘𝑑 or ; 𝑑 is the
𝑘
common difference of the original A.P.
Example
𝐴𝑃1 : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 →𝑑=1
×3
Sum of terms equidistant from beginning and end, is equal to sum of first and last term.
i.e., 𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡2 + 𝑡𝑛−1 = 𝑡3 + 𝑡𝑛−2 = ⋯
Example
• A.P.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
So, 1 + 6 = 2 + 5
Return To Top 1+6=3+4
Properties of an A.P.
➢ Property V:
Every term except the first and the last can be written as half the sum of
terms equidistant from it.
Example
• A.P.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
1
2= 1+3
2
1 1
𝑡3 = 4+2 = 1+5
Return To Top 2 2
Session 02
Arithmetic Mean and
Introduction to
Geometric Progression
Return To Top
If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are distinct terms of an A.P., which of the following is
always CORRECT ?
Solution: A 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0
A.P.: 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑎2 =
1
𝑎1 + 𝑎3
2
• 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0 B 2𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0
𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 2𝑎2 = 2𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 = 4𝑎2
Solution: A 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 + 𝑎3 = 0
A.P.: 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛
Return To Top
If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 are in A.P. and 𝑎1 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎7 + ⋯ + 𝑎16 = 114, then
𝑎1 + 𝑎6 + 𝑎11 + 𝑎16 is equal to:
JEE Main Apr 2019
Solution:
A
38
A.P.: 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑎1 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎7 + ⋯ + 𝑎16 = 114
Return To Top
Which of the following options is/are correct ?
Solution:
𝐴 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 → A.P. (Multiply 2)
∴ 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎, 𝑐 + 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 are in A.P.
Return To Top
Which of the following options is/are correct ?
Solution:
𝑏+𝑐−𝑎 𝑐+𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐
𝐶 If , , → A.P.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑐
⇒ , , → A.P.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(Adding 2)
(Dividing by 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )
1 1 1
∴ , , → A.P.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Return To Top
Which of the following options is/are correct ?
Solution:
𝐷 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 → A.P. (Multiplying 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) A If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P.,
then 2𝑎, 2𝑏, 2𝑐 are in A.P.
𝑎 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 , 𝑏 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 ,
𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 → A.P. B If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P.,
then 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎, 𝑐 + 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 are in A.P.
𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 , 𝑏 2 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐,
𝑐 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐 → A.P. C If
𝑏+𝑐−𝑎 𝑐+𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐
, 𝑏 , 𝑐
1 1 1
are in A.P., then 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐
𝑎
are in A.P.
(Subtracting 𝑎𝑏𝑐)
D If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P.,
i.e. 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐 , 𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑎 , 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏 → A.P.
2 2 2 then 𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑐 , 𝑏2 𝑐 + 𝑎 , 𝑐 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 are in A.P.
Return To Top
Properties of an A.P.
➢ Property VI:
In an A.P. :
➢ 3 consecutive numbers can be taken as
𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑
➢ 4 consecutive numbers can be taken as
𝑎 − 3𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑
𝑎 − 2𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑
Return To Top
Five numbers are in A.P. whose sum is 25 and product is 2520. If one of
1
these five numbers is − , then the greatest number amongst them is:
2
Solution: JEE Main Jan 2020
Let five numbers be
A
𝑎 − 2𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑 16
5𝑎 = 25 ⇒ 𝑎 = 5
B
27
𝑎 − 2𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑑 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 2520
⇒ 25 − 4𝑑 2 25 − 𝑑 2 = 504 C
7
4 2
⇒ 4𝑑 − 125𝑑 + 121 = 0
⇒ 4𝑑 4 − 4𝑑 2 − 121𝑑 2 + 121 = 0 D 21
2
⇒ 4𝑑 2 − 121 𝑑2 − 1 = 0
121
⇒ 𝑑 2 = 1 or 𝑑 2 =
4
Return To Top
Five numbers are in A.P. whose sum is 25 and product is 2520. If one of
1
these five numbers is − , then the greatest number amongst them is:
2
JEE Main Jan 2020
Solution:
Let five numbers be 𝑎 − 2𝑑, 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑎=5
A
16
121
⇒ 𝑑 2 = 1 or 𝑑 2 =
4
Return To Top
Properties of an A.P.
➢ Property VII:
Example
Return To Top
Arithmetic Mean
➢ If three terms are in A.P., then the middle term is called the arithmetic mean (A.M.)
between the other two,
𝑎+𝑐
i.e., if 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P., then 𝑏 = 2
= A.M. of 𝑎 & 𝑐.
Example
3 is A.M. of 1 & 5
Note
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
➢ If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are 𝑛 numbers, then their A.M. is
𝑛
Example
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
A.M. of three numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is
Return To Top 3
The marks obtained by 6 students in a class test are 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30.
then arithmetic mean of their marks is:
Solution:
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑛
20 + 22 + 24 + 26 + 28 + 30 A.M. =
A.M. = 𝑛
6
= 25
B 25
C 24
D 26
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
𝑏 = 𝑡𝑛+2 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 + 1 𝑑
𝑏−𝑎
𝑑=
𝑛+1
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴1 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑎 +
𝑛+1
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴2 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 𝑎 + 2 𝑛+1
.
. 𝑏−𝑎
Return To Top
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛𝑑 = 𝑎 + 𝑛
𝑛+1
Key Takeaways
➢ Sum of 𝑛 Arithmetic Means between two numbers 𝑎 & 𝑏, is equal to 𝑛 times the single
A.M. between 𝑎 & 𝑏
i.e. If 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝑛 are 𝑛 arithmetic means between 𝑎 & 𝑏,
then 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑛𝐴 (where 𝐴 is A.M. of 𝑎 & 𝑏).
Proof
Sum of A.M. = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛
𝑛+2
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑏
2
𝑛
⇒ +1 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑏
2
𝑛
∴ 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎+𝑏
2
Return To Top
If 𝑛 arithmetic means are inserted between 20 and 80 such that the ratio
of the first mean and the last mean is 1 ∶ 3, then the value of 𝑛 is ______.
Solution:
𝑏−𝑎
Let 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , ⋯ , 𝐴𝑛 be the 𝑛 A.M. ⇒
20𝑛 + 80 1
=
𝐴1 = 𝑎 +
𝑛+1
20 + 80𝑛 3
20, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 , 80 𝑏−𝑎
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛
𝑛+1
𝑎 = 20, 𝑏 = 80 ⇒ 60𝑛 + 240 = 80𝑛 + 20
𝑏 − 𝑎 80 − 20 60
⇒𝑑= = = ⇒ 220 = 20𝑛
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
𝐴1 1 ⇒ 𝑛 = 11
=
𝐴𝑛 3
60
𝐴1 𝑎+𝑑 20 +
⇒ = = 𝑛 +1=1
𝐴𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑛𝑑 20 + 60𝑛 3
𝑛+1
20𝑛 + 20 + 60
𝑛+1 1
⇒ =
20𝑛 + 20 + 60𝑛 3
Return To Top 𝑛+1
Let 6 arithmetic means 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 , 𝐴5 , 𝐴6 are inserted between two
consecutive natural number 𝑎 and 𝑏 𝑎 > 𝑏 . If
𝐴12 − 𝐴22 + 𝐴23 − 𝐴24 + 𝐴25 − 𝐴26 is equal to prime number then 𝑏 is equal to:
Solution:
𝑛
A.P.: 𝑎, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 … , 𝐴𝑛 , 𝑏 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)
2
𝐴1 2 − 𝐴2 2 + 𝐴3 2 − 𝐴4 2 + 𝐴5 2 − 𝐴6 2
= 𝐴1 − 𝐴2 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 − 𝐴4 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 + 𝐴5 − 𝐴6 𝐴5 + 𝐴6
= −𝑑 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 + 𝐴5 + 𝐴6 A 1
6
= −𝑑 𝑎+𝑏
2
B 2
𝑏−𝑎
= −3 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 7𝑑
7
&𝑎+𝑏 =7
⇒𝑏=3 D 4
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Examples
Return To Top
⇒𝑟=1
If 𝑝𝑡ℎ , 𝑞 𝑡ℎ & 𝑟 𝑡ℎ of a G.P are 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 respectively, then the value of
𝑎𝑞−𝑟 ⋅ 𝑏 𝑟−𝑝 ⋅ 𝑐 𝑝−𝑞 is:
Solution:
Let 𝐴 be the first term and 𝑅 be the common ratio of G.P.
𝑇𝑝 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝐴𝑅𝑝−1 = 𝑎
𝑇𝑞 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝐴𝑅𝑞−1 = 𝑏
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇𝑟 = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝐴𝑅𝑟−1 = 𝑐
𝑞−𝑟 𝑟−𝑝 𝑝−𝑞
𝑎𝑞−𝑟 ⋅ 𝑏 𝑟−𝑝 ⋅ 𝑐 𝑝−𝑞 = 𝐴𝑅 𝑝−1
⋅ 𝐴𝑅 𝑞−1
⋅ 𝐴𝑅 𝑟−1
0
= 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑅(𝑝𝑞−𝑟𝑝−𝑞+𝑟) +(𝑞𝑟−𝑞𝑝−𝑟+𝑝) + 𝑟𝑝−𝑟𝑞−𝑝+𝑞
0
= 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑅0
=1
Return To Top
In an increasing geometric series, the sum of the second and the sixth term
25
is and the product of the third and fifth term is 25. Then, the sum of
2
th th
4 ,6 and 8th terms is equal to: JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
25
Given: 𝑡2 + 𝑡6 = 𝑡3 ⋅ 𝑡5 = 25
2
𝑡4 + 𝑡6 + 𝑡8 = ?
𝑎𝑟 2 × 𝑎𝑟 4 = 25
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑟 6 = 25 ⇒ 𝑎𝑟 3 = 5
5 5𝑟 5𝑟 5 25
⇒𝑎= ⋯ 𝑖 3 + = [From 𝑖 ]
𝑟3 𝑟 𝑟3 2
Return To Top
In an increasing geometric series, the sum of the second and the sixth term
25
is and the product of the third and fifth term is 25. Then, the sum of
2
th th
4 ,6 and 8th terms is equal to: JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
1 5
+ 𝑟2 =
𝑟2 2 A
35
𝑡 2 +1
Put 𝑟 2 = 𝑡 ⇒ =
5
𝑡 2
B
⇒ 2𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 2 = 0 30
1
⇒ (2𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = , 2 C
2
26
1
⇒ 𝑟2 = , 2
2
D 32
⇒ 𝑟 = 2 as the G.P. is increasing.
∴ 𝑡4 + 𝑡6 + 𝑡8 = 𝑎𝑟 3 + 𝑎𝑟 5 + 𝑎𝑟 7
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Sum of 𝑛 Terms of a G.P.
− 𝑆𝑛 ⋅ 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + 𝑎𝑟 4 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
1 − 𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑟 𝑛
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Sum of 𝑛 Terms of a G.P.
Note
➢ If 𝑟 = 1, 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + ⋯ + 𝑎 = 𝑛𝑎
𝑛 − terms
Return To Top
Welcome
Vani is a to
student who works part-time as a food deliverer. She delivers all the orders to the rooms
of her customers. She received one order from each floor one day, and she had to deliver from
floor one to floor seven. She charged Rs 5 for the first floor, Rs 10 for the second floor, Rs 20 for the
third floor, Rs 40 for the fourth floor and so on, for her meal delivery service. What was her total
earning from that day's delivery?
Solution:
𝑟𝑛 − 1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑟−1
𝑎=5
𝑟=2
𝑛=7
27 − 1
𝑆7 = 5 = 635
2−1
Return To Top
65
The sum of first four terms of a geometric progression (G.P.) is and the
12
65
sum of their respective reciprocals is . If the product of first three terms
18
of the G.P. is 1 and the third term is 𝛼, then 2𝛼 is ______.
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
Let the first four terms be 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3.
65
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 = ⋯ 𝑖
12
1 1 1 1 65
+ + + =
𝑎 𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟 2 𝑎𝑟 3 18
1 𝑟3 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟 + 1 65
⇒ = ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
𝑎 𝑟3 18
𝑖 18 3
𝑖𝑖
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑟 3 = = ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖
2
12
𝑎. 𝑎𝑟. 𝑎𝑟 2 = 1
𝑎3 𝑟 3 = 1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑣
Return To Top
65
The sum of first four terms of a geometric progression (G.P.) is and the
12
65
sum of their respective reciprocals is . If the product of first three terms
18
of the G.P. is 1 and the third term is 𝛼, then 2𝛼 is ______.
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
Let the first four terms be 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3.
3
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑟 3 = ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖
2
𝑎3 𝑟 3 = 1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑣
(𝑖𝑣) 2
⇒𝑎=
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 3
33
From (𝑖𝑣), 𝑟 3 =
23
3
⇒𝑟=
2
2 3 2
Now 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑟 = ⋅ 2
3 2
∴ 2𝛼 = 3
Return To Top
Find the sum of the sequence: 9 + 99 + 999 + ⋯ up to the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term
Solution:
10(10𝑛 −1)
𝑆= −𝑛
9
Return To Top
The sum of first 20 terms the sequence: 0.7, 0.77, 0.777, … , is:
7
𝑆= 1 − 0.1 + 1 − 0.01 + 1 − 0.001 ⋯ ⋯
9
7 1 1 1 1
𝑆= 20 − + + +⋯+
9 10 102 103 1020
𝑆1
7
𝑆= 20 − 𝑆1 ⋯ 𝑖
9
Return To Top
The sum of first 20 terms the sequence: 0.7, 0.77, 0.777, … , is:
Solution : 𝑆=
7
20 −
1
+
1
+
1
+⋯+
1
9 10 102 103 1020
7 𝑆1 A 7
179 − 10−20
𝑆= 20 − 𝑆1 ⋯ 𝑖 81
9
1 1 1
𝑆1 =
10
+
102
+⋯
1020 B 7
99 − 10−20
9
1 1 20
1− 1−𝑟 𝑛
𝑆1 =
10 10 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 CC 7 −20
1−
1 1−𝑟 7 179
179 +
+ 10
10−20
10 81
81
1 1 20
𝑆1 = 1−
9 10
D 7
99 + 10−20
9
7 1 1 1 20
∴𝑆= 20 − +
9 9 9 10
7
∴𝑆= 179 + 10−20
81
Return To Top
Sum of Infinite Terms of a G.P.
Let a G.P. be: 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , …
𝑟𝑛 − 1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 ;𝑟 ≠ 1
𝑟−1
𝑟𝑛 → 0
𝑟𝑛 − 1 𝑎 −1 𝑎
𝑆∞ = lim 𝑆𝑛 = lim 𝑎 = =
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑟−1 𝑟−1 1−𝑟
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
Return To Top
Area of an equilateral triangle is 1 sq. unit. The mid points of its sides are joined to
form another triangle 𝑃1 , hence dividing the original triangle into 4 smaller triangles.
The mid points of the sides of one of these smaller triangles are joined to form
another triangle 𝑃2 . This process continues infinitely. Find the sum of areas of
triangles 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 ...
Solution: 1 6
4
1 5
2 3
1 1 1
4
1 4
𝑆∞ = + + +⋯
4
For an equilateral 1 3 4 4 4
𝐴 4
triangle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 1
𝑎
1 2 𝑆∞ = = 4
1−𝑟 1−1
4
4
1
𝑀 𝑁 1
1 1 =4=
3 3
4 4
𝐵 𝑂 𝐶 1
𝑎𝑟 ∆ 𝑀𝑁𝑂 = 𝑎𝑟 ∆ 𝐴𝑀𝑁 = 𝑎𝑟 ∆ 𝐵𝑀𝑂 = 𝑎𝑟 ∆ 𝐶𝑁𝑂 = 𝑎𝑟 ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
4
Return To Top
= + +
+ +
=
2 1
Return To Top 3 3
+ +
=
2 1
3 3
∞ 𝑛 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + + +⋯=
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3
𝑛=1
Return To Top
1 1 1 1
The value of 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋯ ∞ is:
2 4 8 16
Solution:
1 1 1 1
+ + + +⋯∞ 𝑎
𝑆∞ = 2 2 22 23 24 𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
2
1−2
1 A 2
𝑆∞ = 2
𝑆∞ = 2 B 4
C 1
D 1
2
Return To Top
1 1
If for 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 = log10 𝑥 + log10 𝑥 3 + log10 𝑥 9 + ⋯ upto ∞ terms and
2+4+6+⋯+2𝑦 4
= , then the ordered pair 𝑥, 𝑦 is equal to:
3+6+9+⋯+3𝑦 log10 𝑥
1 𝑎
1−
1 𝑆∞ =
= log10 𝑥 3 1−𝑟
3
= log10 𝑥 2
3
∴ 𝑦 = log10 𝑥
2
Return To Top
1 1
If for 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 = log10 𝑥 + log10 𝑥 3 + log10 𝑥 9 + ⋯ upto ∞ terms and
2+4+6+⋯+2𝑦 4
= , then the ordered pair 𝑥, 𝑦 is equal to:
3+6+9+⋯+3𝑦 log10 𝑥
3
∴ 𝑦 = log10 𝑥
2
2+4+6+⋯+2𝑦 4 A 10 6
106,,99
=
3+6+9+⋯+3𝑦 log10 𝑥
⇒
2(1+2+3+⋯+𝑦)
=
4
B 106 , 6
3(1+2+3+⋯+𝑦) log10 𝑥
2 4
⇒ =
3 log10 𝑥 C 104 , 6
⇒ log10 𝑥 = 6
D 102 , 3
⇒ 𝑥 = 106
∴𝑦 = ×6=9
3
log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑎
2
Return To Top
Properties of G.P.
➢ Property I
𝑏 𝑐
= =r
𝑎 𝑏
⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑐
➢ Property II
➢ Property III
1
Reciprocal of all the terms of a G.P. is also a G.P. with common ratio as
𝑟
where 𝑟 is the common ratio of original G.P.
1 1 1 1
, , , … → G.P., with common ratio as
𝑎 𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟 2 𝑟
➢ Property IV
➢ Property V
𝑡1 . 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡2 . 𝑡𝑛−1 = 𝑡3 . 𝑡𝑛−2 = ⋯
Example
• 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
So, 2 × 32 = 4 × 16
64 = 64
Return To Top
Properties of G.P.
➢ Property VI
Square of every term except the first and last can be written as product of
terms equidistant from it.
𝑡2 2 = 𝑡1 . 𝑡3
𝑡3 2 = 𝑡2 . 𝑡4 = 𝑡1 . 𝑡5
Example
• 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
So, 42 = 2 × 8 = 16
82 = 4 × 16 = 2 × 32 = 64
Return To Top
Properties of G.P.
➢ Property VII
In an G.P. :
➢ 3 consecutive numbers can be taken as
𝑎
, 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟
Return To Top
The product of first 11 terms of a G.P. , whose 6𝑡ℎ term is 5 , is :
Solution:
Square of every term except the first and
Let G.P be : 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … , 𝑡𝑛−2 , 𝑡𝑛−1 , 𝑡𝑛
last can be written as product of terms
𝑡6 = 5 (given) equidistant from it.
C 511
D 57
Return To Top
The product of three consecutive terms of a G.P. is 512. If 4 is added to
each of the first and the second of these terms, then the three terms now
form an A.P. Then the sum of the original three terms of the given G.P. is :
Solution: JEE Main Jan 2019
𝑎
Let three terms of G.P. are , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟
3 consecutive numbers
3 𝑎
∴ 𝑎 = 512 ⇒ 𝑎 = 8
can be taken as , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟
8
Now, term of G.P. are , 8, 8𝑟
𝑟
8
As per question, + 4, 12, 8𝑟 are in A.P.
𝑟
8
∴ 24 = 8𝑟 + +4
𝑟
2
⇒ 6 = 2𝑟 + + 1
𝑟
2
⇒ 5 = 2𝑟 +
𝑟
⇒ 2𝑟 2 − 5𝑟 + 2 = 0
Return To Top
The product of three consecutive terms of a G.P. is 512. If 4 is added to
each of the first and the second of these terms, then the three terms now
form an A.P. Then the sum of the original three terms of the given G.P. is :
Solution: JEE Main Jan 2019
𝑎
Let three terms of G.P. are , 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟
𝑟
A 36
2
⇒ 2𝑟 − 5𝑟 + 2 = 0
⇒ 2𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 − 𝑟 + 2 = 0 B 32
⇒ 2𝑟 𝑟 − 2 − 𝑟 − 2 = 0
⇒ 2𝑟 − 1 𝑟 − 2 = 0 C 28
1
⇒ 𝑟 = 2,
2
Sum of terms = 16 + 8 + 4 = 28
Return To Top
Properties of G.P.
➢ Property VIII
Proof:
G.P.: 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐
∴ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟 , 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑟 2
Now, consider log 𝑎 , log 𝑏 , log 𝑐
A.P.
Return To Top
Properties of G.P.
➢ Property IX
Proof:
As 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P.
𝑎+𝑐
𝑏=
2
As 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P.
𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑐
𝑎+𝑐 2
Eliminating 𝑏 , = 𝑎𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 = 0
2
2
⇒ 𝑎−𝑐 =0
Return To Top
⇒𝑎=𝑐=𝑏
Session 04
Geometric Mean &
Harmonic
Progression
Return To Top
Geometric Mean
1
e.g. G.M. of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is 𝑎𝑏𝑐 3
Return To Top
If arithmetic mean between positive numbers 𝑝 & 𝑞 (𝑝 ≥ 𝑞) is twice
their geometric mean, then 𝑝 ∶ 𝑞 is:
Solution:
𝑝+𝑞
𝑝+𝑞
= 2 𝑝𝑞 A.M. = , G.M. = 𝑝𝑞 A 1∶1
2 2
⇒ 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 4 𝑝𝑞
B 2∶1
Squaring both sides,
Since 𝑝 ≥ 𝑞 ⇒ 𝑝 ≥ 1
𝑞
𝑝 2 2 2− 3 2+ 3
So, = 7 + 4 3 = 2 + 3 = 2+ 3 ×
2− 3
=
2− 3
𝑞
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Insertion of 𝑛 Geometric Means
𝑎 , 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , 𝐺3 , ⋯ , 𝐺𝑛 , 𝑏
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡4 𝑡𝑛+1 𝑡𝑛+2
If 𝑎 & 𝑏 are two numbers such that 𝑎 , 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , … , 𝐺𝑛 , 𝑏 is a G.P. , then
𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , … , 𝐺𝑛 are known as 𝑛 geometric means between 𝑎 & 𝑏.
𝑎 , 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , … , 𝐺𝑛 , 𝑏 → G.P.
Let the common ratio of G.P. be 𝑟
1
𝑏 𝑛+1
𝑡𝑛+2 = 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛+2−1 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑎
1
𝑏 𝑛+1
𝐺1 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎
𝑎
2
2 𝑏 𝑛+1
𝐺2 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎
𝑎
⋮ 𝑛
𝑛 𝑏 𝑛+1
𝐺𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎
Return To Top 𝑎
9 geometric means are inserted between 3 and 729. Then the fifth
geometric mean is :
Solution:
A 27 3
3, 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , 𝐺3 , 𝐺4 , 𝐺5 , 𝐺6 , 𝐺7 , 𝐺8 , 𝐺9 , 729 → G.P.
∴ 𝐺5 = 27 3
Return To Top
Geometric Mean
Proof
𝑎, 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , … , 𝐺𝑛 , 𝑏 → G.P.
𝐺1 . 𝐺2 . … . 𝐺𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 ⋅ 𝑎𝑟 2 … 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 ⋅ 𝑟 1+2+⋯+𝑛
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑛
=𝑎 ⋅𝑟 2
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎+𝑙
2
𝑛
𝑛 𝑏 2 1
=𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 𝑛+1
𝑎 𝑟=
𝑎
𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐺𝑛
Return To Top
1
The product of 6 geometric means between 8 and is :
16
Solution :
𝐺1 ⋅ 𝐺2 . … . 𝐺6 = 𝐺 6
1
8, 𝐺1 , 𝐺2 , ⋯ , 𝐺𝑛 , → G.P.
16
1 1 1 A 1
𝐺𝑀 of 8, = 8⋅ = 16
16 16 2
1 6 1
B 1
⇒ 𝐺1 . 𝐺2 . … . 𝐺6 = = 8
2 8
C 1
2
D 1
4
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Harmonic Progression:
A sequence is said to be in H.P., if the reciprocal of its terms are in A.P.
Example
1 1 1
𝑖 1 , , , , … → 𝐻. 𝑃. (since 1, 3, 5, 7, … → 𝐴. 𝑃.)
3 5 7
1 1 1
𝑖𝑖 , −1 , − , − , … → 𝐻. 𝑃. (since 2, −1, −4, −7, … → 𝐴. 𝑃.)
2 4 7
Note
There is no formula for sum of 𝑛 terms of an H.P.
Return To Top
1 1 3
If the 3𝑟𝑑 , 6𝑡ℎ and the last term of an H.P. are , , respectively,
3 5 203
then the number of terms in H.P. is equal to ______.
Solution :
203
3𝑟𝑑 , 6𝑡ℎ and the last term of corresponding A.P are 3,5,
3
Let 𝑎 & 𝑑 be the first term and common difference of corresponding A.P. respectively.
𝑡3 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 3 ⋯ (𝑖)
𝑡6 = 𝑎 + 5𝑑 = 5 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
2 5
By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 , 𝑑= , 𝑎=
3 3
5 2 203
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 = + 𝑛 − 1 =
3 3 3
⇒ 2 𝑛 − 1 = 198 ⇒ 𝑛 − 1 = 99
⇒ 𝑛 = 100
Return To Top
Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … be in harmonic progression with 𝑎1 = 5 and 𝑎20 = 25.
The least positive integer 𝑛 for which 𝑎𝑛 < 0 is:
IIT JEE 2012
Solution:
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ → H.P.
1 1 1
⇒ , , , ⋯ → A.P.
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
A 22
1 1
⇒ = + 𝑛−1 𝑑
𝑎𝑛 𝑎1
1 5
−
⇒
1
=
1
+ 19𝑑 ⇒ 𝑑 =
25 25
=−
4
B 23
𝑎20 𝑎1 19 19×25
4 (𝑛−1) D 25
⇒ >1 ∵ 𝑎1 = 5
19×5
19×5
⇒ 𝑛−1 >
4
19×5
⇒𝑛> + 1 ⇒ 𝑛 > 24.75 ⇒ 𝑛 ≥ 25
4
Return To Top
Properties of H.P.
➢ Property I
2𝑎𝑐
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are three consecutive terms in H.P., then 𝑏 =
𝑎+𝑐
Proof
1 1 1
, , are in A.P.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
2 1 1
⇒ = +
𝑏 𝑎 𝑐
2 𝑎+𝑐 2𝑎𝑐
⇒ = ⇒𝑏=
𝑏 𝑎𝑐 𝑎+𝑐
Return To Top
Properties of H.P.
➢ Property II
Example
1 1
1 , , , … → H.P. ×𝑘
3 5
𝑘 𝑘 1 3 5
𝑘, , , … → H.P. (Since , , , … → A.P.)
3 5 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
Return To Top
𝐻 𝐻
If 𝑎, 𝐻, 𝑏 are in H.P., then the value of + − 1 is ______.
2𝑎 2𝑏
Solution:
2𝑎𝑏
𝐻=
𝑎+𝑏 A 0
𝐻 𝑏 𝐻 𝑎
⇒ = , =
2𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 2𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 B 1
𝐻 𝐻 𝑏 𝑎
∴ + −1= + −1
2𝑎 2𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 C 2
=0
D 3
Return To Top
Let the positive numbers 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 be in A.P. Then 𝑎𝑏𝑐, 𝑎𝑏𝑑, 𝑎𝑐𝑑, 𝑏𝑐𝑑 are:
Solution:
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 → A.P. ⇒ 𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎 → A.P.
A Not in A.P. nor G.P.
1 1 1 1 nor H.P.
𝑑, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑎 → A.P. ⇒ , , , → H.P.
𝑑 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
D in H.P.
Return To Top
Harmonic Mean
2𝑎𝑐
➢ If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in H.P., then 𝑏 = = 𝐻. 𝑀. of 𝑎 & 𝑐
𝑎+𝑐
𝑛
➢ If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are 𝑛 numbers, then their H.M. is 1 1 1
+ +⋯+
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛
3
e.g. H.M. of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is 1 1 1
+ +
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Return To Top
𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛−1
If the harmonic mean of two distinct numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 is , then the
𝑎𝑛−2 + 𝑏𝑛−2
value of 𝑛 is ______.
Solution:
2𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑏 𝑛−1
H.M. of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is = 𝑛−2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛−2
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑛−1 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑏 𝑛−1 = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑏 𝑛−1
Return To Top
𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛−1
If the harmonic mean of two distinct numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 is , then the
𝑎𝑛−2 + 𝑏𝑛−2
value of 𝑛 is ______.
Solution:
𝑎𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑛−1 = 1
𝑏
𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑎 0
⇒ =1=
𝑏 𝑏
⇒𝑛−1=0
∴𝑛=1
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 −
, , ,…, , → 𝐴. 𝑃. ⇒ 𝑑 = 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻𝑛 𝑏 𝑛+1
1 1 1
Let = 𝐴1 , = 𝐴2 , … , = 𝐴𝑛
𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻𝑛
1 1
So, , 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝑛 , → 𝐴. 𝑃.
𝑎 𝑏
𝑛 arithmetic means
1 1
➢ Insert 𝑛 arithmetic means between & and find 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , … , 𝐴𝑛
𝑎 𝑏
Solution:
Let 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , 𝐻4 be the four harmonic means.
2 2
⇒ , 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , 𝐻4 , → H.P.
3 13
3 1 1 1 1 13
⇒ , , , , , → A.P.
2 𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3 𝐻4 2
6 terms
Let the common difference of the A.P.= 𝑑
13 3
− 5
𝑑= 2 2⇒𝑑= =1
4+1 5
3
𝑎 = ,𝑑 = 1
2
3 5 7 9 11 13
⇒ A.P. → , , , , , Thus, 4 H.M.’s are :
2 2 2
, , ,
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 5 7 9 11
Return To Top
Let cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 , cos 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 be in H.P., where 𝑦 ≠ 2𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ. If . denotes
𝑦
the greatest integer function, then the value of cos 𝑥 sec is/are:
2
Solution:
cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 , cos 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 are in H.P.
2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + 𝑦
⇒ cos 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦
2 cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑦
⇒ cos 𝑥 =
2 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦
Solution:
∵ 𝑦 ≠ 2𝑛𝜋 ⇒ cos 𝑦 ≠ 1 ⇒ 1 − cos 𝑦 ≠ 0
2
A −2
⇒ cos 𝑥 − 1 − cos 𝑦 = 0
⇒ cos 2 𝑥 = 1 + cos 𝑦
B −1
𝑦
⇒ cos 2 𝑥 = 2 cos 2
2
cos2 𝑥
C 0
⇒ 𝑦 =2
cos2
2
⇒
cos 𝑥
=± 2 D 1
𝑦
cos
2
𝑦 𝑦
⇒ cos 𝑥 × sec = 2 or − 2 ∴ cos 𝑥 × sec = 1, −2
2 2
Return To Top
Session 05
A.M., G.M. & H.M
Inequality and
A.G.P.
Return To Top
Relation between A.M., G.M. & H.M. of Positive Quantities
𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
𝐴. 𝑀. 𝐴 = ; 𝐺. 𝑀. 𝐺 = 𝑎𝑏 ; 𝐻. 𝑀. 𝐻 = 𝑎+𝑏
2
𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎𝑏
𝐴𝐻 = ⋅ = 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐺 2
2 𝑎+𝑏
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
𝐺. 𝑀. 𝐺 = 𝑎𝑏
2𝑎𝑏
𝐻. 𝑀. 𝐻 =
𝑎+𝑏
2
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏−2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎− 𝑏
𝐴−𝐺 = − 𝑎𝑏 = = ≥ 0 (equality occurs when 𝑎 = 𝑏)
2 2 2
∴ 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ⋯ (𝑖)
2𝑎𝑏
𝐺 − 𝐻 = 𝑎𝑏 −
𝑎+𝑏
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Proof
∴ 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ⋯ (𝑖)
2𝑎𝑏
𝐺 − 𝐻 = 𝑎𝑏 −
𝑎+𝑏
2
𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎− 𝑏
= 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0 (equality occurs when 𝑎 = 𝑏)
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
∴ 𝐺 ≥ 𝐻 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 ,
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑛
𝐴. 𝑀. 𝐴 =
𝑛
1
𝐺. 𝑀. 𝐺 = 𝑎1 . 𝑎2 . … . 𝑎𝑛 𝑛
𝑛
𝐻. 𝑀. 𝐻 = 1 1 1
+ +⋯+
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛
Applying 𝐴 ≥ 𝐺 ≥ 𝐻,
1
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑛 𝑛
≥ 𝑎1 . 𝑎2 . … . 𝑎𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 1 1 1
𝑛 + +⋯+
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛
Solution:
As 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0,
Applying 𝐴. 𝑀. ≥ 𝐺. 𝑀.
1
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
⇒ ≥ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 3
3
⇒𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 ≥9
Return To Top
1 1 1
If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 > 0, then prove that 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + + ≥ 9.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Solution:
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 > 0
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 3
≥1 1 1
3 + +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 + + ≥9
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Return To Top
1
For 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 0 , what is the range of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + ?
𝑥
Solution:
1
1
If 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 and both are positive If 𝑥 < 0, −𝑥 > 0 & − > 0
𝑥 𝑥
1
Applying A.M. ≥ G.M. Applying A.M. ≥ G.M. between −𝑥 & − ,
𝑥
1 1
𝑥+ −𝑥 + −
⇒ 𝑥≥1 𝑥≥ 1
2 −𝑥 ⋅ −
2 𝑥
1
⇒𝑥+ ≥2
𝑥 1
𝑥+
⇒− 𝑥 ≥ 1 Multiply by −2 on both the sides
2
1
⇒ 𝑥 + ≤ −2
𝑥
1
∴ 𝑥 + ∈ −∞, −2 ∪ 2, ∞ for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {0}
𝑥
Return To Top
If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 3 and 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0, then the greatest value of 𝑎2𝑏3𝑐2 is ______.
Solution:
A 310.24
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =3⇒ + + + + + + =3 77
2 2 3 3 3 2 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 B 39 .24
Applying AM ≥ GM on the numbers , , , , , ,
2 2 3 3 3 2 2 77
1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 3 7
2+2+3+3+3+2+2≥ 39 .25
2 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 C
7 2 3 2 77
1
3 𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑐 2 7 37 𝑎 2 𝑏 3 𝑐 2 D 310.25
⇒ ≥ ⇒ 7≥ 4 3 77
7 24 ⋅ 33 7 2 ⋅3
310 . 24
⇒ ≥ 𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑐 2
77
310 . 24
∴ Greatest value of 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 is
2 3 2
77
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Arithmetic - Geometric Progression (A.G.P.)
Example
1 ⋅ 2 , 3 ⋅ 22 , 5 ⋅ 23 , 7 ⋅ 24 , … is an A.G.P.
𝑛𝑡ℎ term of A.G.P. is product of 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of A.P. and 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of G.P.
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Sum of 𝑛 terms of an Arithmetic – Geometric Sequence
Let the series be : 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 2 + ⋯ + up to 𝑛th term
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−2 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−1
Multiplying by 𝑟,
𝑟𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 2 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−2 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−1
− 𝑟𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑟 2 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑟 𝑎 + 𝑑 − 𝑎 + 𝑟 2 𝑎 + 2𝑑 − 𝑎 − 𝑑 + ⋯ + 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 − 𝑎 − 𝑛 − 2 𝑑 − 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 𝑟 𝑛
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑑𝑟 1 + 𝑑𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑟 𝑛−1 − 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑑𝑟 1 − 𝑟 𝑛−1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 𝑎 + − 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟𝑛
1−𝑟
𝑎 𝑑𝑟 1 − 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 ⋅ 𝑟𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = + − ,𝑟 ≠ 1
1−𝑟 1−𝑟 2 1−𝑟
Return To Top
If 10 9 + 2 11 1
10 8
+ 3 11 2
10 7
+ ⋯ + 10 11 9
= 𝑘 10 9 , then 𝑘 is
equal to: JEE Main 2014
Solution:
9 1 8 2 7 9 9
10 + 2 11 10 + 3 11 10 + ⋯ 10 11 = 𝑘 10
11 11 2 11 9
⇒𝑘 =1+2 +3 + ⋯ + 10 ⋯ 𝑖
10 10 10
11
Multiply equation 𝑖 with ,
10
11 11 11 2 11 3 11 9 11 10
⇒ 𝑘= +2 +3 +⋯9 + 10 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
10 10 10 10 10 10
𝑘 11 11 2 11 3 11 9 11 10
− =1+ + + +⋯ − 10
10 10 10 10 10 10
11 10
𝑘 1 −1 11 10
10
⇒− = 11 − 10
10 −1 10
10
Return To Top
If 10 9 + 2 11 1
10 8
+ 3 11 2
10 7
+ ⋯ + 10 11 9
= 𝑘 10 9 , then 𝑘 is
equal to: JEE Main 2014
Solution:
11 10
𝑘 1
10
−1 11 10 A 121
⇒− = 11 − 10 10
10 −1 10
10
𝑘 11 10 11 10 B 441
⇒− = − 1 10 − 10 100
10 10 10
𝑘 11 10 11 10 C 100
⇒− = 10 − 10 − 10
10 10 10
𝑘
⇒
10
= 10 D 110
⇒ 𝑘 = 100
Return To Top
Sum of 𝑛 terms of an Arithmetic – Geometric Sequence
𝑎 𝑑𝑟 1−𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑎+ 𝑛−1 𝑑 ⋅𝑟 𝑛
➢ 𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
+
1−𝑟 2
−
1−𝑟
,𝑟 ≠ 1
𝑎 𝑑𝑟
➢ 𝑆∞ = + , 𝑟 < 1 , 𝑛 → ∞, 𝑟 𝑛 → 0
1−𝑟 1−𝑟 2
Return To Top
4 7 10
Find the sum of the series 1 + + + + ⋯up to ∞ terms.
5 52 53
Solution:
4 7 10
Let 𝑆 = 1 + + + + ⋯∞
5 52 53
𝑆 1 4 7
= + + + ⋯∞
5 5 52 53
5 1 1 1 1
⇒𝑆= 1+3 + 2 + 3 + + ⋯∞
4 5 5 5 54
1 𝑎
5 5 𝑆∞ =
⇒𝑆= 1+3 1 1−𝑟
4 1−
5
5 3 5 7
⇒𝑆= 1+ = ×
4 4 4 4
35
⇒𝑆=
16
Return To Top
Summation of Series:
Example:
𝑛
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑖
𝑖=1
Lower Limit = 1
Upper Limit = 𝑛
Return To Top
Property I:
• 𝑘 = 𝑛𝑘; 𝑘 is a constant
𝑖=1
Proof : 𝑘 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + ⋯ 𝑛 times = 𝑛𝑘
𝑖=1
Example:
𝑛
3 = 3 + 3 + 3 + ⋯ 𝑛 times = 3𝑛
𝑖=1
Return To Top
Property II:
𝑛 𝑛
• 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑎𝑖 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑖 ; 𝑘 is a constant
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
Proof : 𝑘𝑎𝑖 = 𝑘𝑎1 + 𝑘𝑎2 + 𝑘𝑎3 + ⋯ = 𝑘(𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ ) = 𝑘 𝑎𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Property III:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
• 𝑎𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖 ± 𝑏𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Example:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2
𝑥+𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
𝑥=1 𝑥= 1 𝑥= 1
Return To Top
Property IV:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
• 𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟′ ≠ 𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟′
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
𝑛 𝑇𝑟
•
𝑇𝑟
𝑇𝑟′
≠
𝑟=1
𝑛
𝑟=1 𝑇𝑟′
𝑟=1
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
➢ 𝑟 2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + ⋯ + 𝑛 2 =
6
𝑟=1
𝑛 2
𝑛 𝑛+1
➢ 𝑟 3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53 + ⋯ + 𝑛 3 =
2
𝑟=1
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
➢ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2
1 2 3 4 5
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
➢ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2
𝑛
𝑛
𝑛+1
σ𝑟 + σ𝑟 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
⇒ 2σ𝑟 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑛 𝑛+1
⇒ σ𝑟 =
Return To Top 2
Session 06
Summation of
Series
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Formulas for Summation
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
➢ 𝑟 = 1+2 +3 +4 +5 +⋯+𝑛 =
2
𝑟=1
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
➢ 𝑟 2 = 1 2 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + ⋯ + 𝑛 2 =
6
𝑟=1
𝑛 2
3 3 3 3 3
𝑛 𝑛+1
3 3
➢ 𝑟 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯+ 𝑛 =
2
𝑟=1
Summation of Series
➢ Consider a series 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛 ,
which is neither an A.P. , G.P. or A.G.P.
To get sum up to 𝑛 terms, first we have to get the general term i.e., 𝑡𝑛
Then 𝑆𝑛 = σ 𝑡𝑛
Return To Top
The sum up to 𝑛 terms of the series, whose general term is
(𝑖) 3𝑟 + 2 𝑖𝑖 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟
Solution:
𝑖 𝑡𝑛 = 3𝑟 + 2 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛+1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3𝑟 + 2 𝑟 = 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟
𝑟=1 2 𝑟=1
𝑟=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 𝑟 + 2 = 𝑟 −3 2 𝑟 𝑟2 =
6
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
3𝑛 𝑛 + 1 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = + 2𝑛 ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = − 3 + 32 + 33 + ⋯ + 3𝑛
2 6
𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 3 3𝑛 − 1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = −
6 2
Return To Top
The sum 42 + 52 + 62 + ⋯ + 152 is equal to:
Solution:
𝑆 = 42 + 52 + 62 + ⋯ + 152
= 12 + 22 + ⋯ + 152 − 12 + 22 + 32
15×16×31 𝑛
= − 14 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
6 𝑟2 =
6
𝑟=1
= 1240 − 14
= 1226
Return To Top
The sum 42 + 52 + 62 + ⋯ + 152 is equal to:
A 1240
B 25
1226
C 1216
D 1200
Return To Top
If the sum of first 𝑛 terms of an A.P. is 3𝑛2 , then the sum of the squares
of its first 15 terms is :
Solution:
Given, 𝑆𝑛 = 3𝑛2
⇒ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1 = 3 2𝑛 − 1
15 15
2
Required sum = 𝑡𝑟2 = 3 2𝑟 − 1
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
15 15 15 15
= 9 4𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 + 1 = 9 4𝑟 2 −9 4𝑟+9 1
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
15 × 16 × 31 15 × 16
=9 4 −4 + 15
6 2
= 9 × 4495 = 40455
Return To Top
If the sum of first 𝑛 terms of an A.P. is 3𝑛2 , then the sum of the squares
of its first 15 terms is :
A 44045
B 44055
C 40445
D 40455
Return To Top
The sum of the following series
9(12 +22 +32 ) 12(12 +22 +32 +42 ) 15(12 +22 +32 +42 +52 )
1+6+ + + + ⋯ upto 15 terms, is:
7 9 11
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:
9 12 + 22 + 32 12 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 15 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52
Let 𝑆 = 1 + 6 + + + + ⋯ up to 15 terms
7 9 11
3 12 6 12 + 22 9 12 + 22 + 32 12 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 15 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52
⇒𝑆= + + + + + ⋯ up to 15 terms
3 5 7 9 11
𝑛
3𝑟 12 + 22 + ⋯ + 𝑟 2 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
General term: 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟2 =
2𝑟 + 1 6
𝑟=1
𝑟 𝑟 + 1 2𝑟 + 1
3𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟 + 1
6
= =
2𝑟 + 1 2
15 15
𝑟3 + 𝑟2
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑇𝑟 =
2
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
Return To Top
The sum of the following series
9(12 +22 +32 ) 12(12 +22 +32 +42 ) 15(12 +22 +32 +42 +52 )
1+6+ + + + ⋯ upto 15 terms, is:
7 9 11
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:
𝑛
15
𝑟3 + 𝑟2 𝑟2 =
𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 A 7510
𝑆𝑛 = 6
2 𝑟=1
𝑟=1
𝑛 2
15 15 𝑟3 =
𝑛 𝑛+1 B 7830
1 1 2
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟 3 + 𝑟 2 𝑟=1
2 2
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
C 7520
2
1 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = +
2 2 6
D 7820
Put 𝑛 = 15
1 15×16 2 15×16×31
⇒ 𝑆15 = + = 7820
2 2 6
Return To Top
If the sum of the first 15 terms of the series
3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3
+ 1 + 2 + 33 + 3 + ⋯ is equal to 225𝑘, then 𝑘 is
4 2 4 4
equal to:
JEE Main Jan 2019
Solution:
3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3
+ 1 + 2 +3 + 3 +⋯
4 2 4 4
3 3 3 3 9 3 15 3
= + + + 33 + +⋯
4 2 4 4
3 3 6 3 9 3 12 3 15 3
= + + + + +⋯
4 4 4 4 4
3 3
= [13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ upto 15 terms]
4
3 3 15×16 2
= ×
4 2
27
= × 225 × 64 = 27 × 225 ∴ 𝑘 = 27
64
Return To Top
If the sum of the first 15 terms of the series
3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3
+ 1 + 2 + 33 + 3 + ⋯ is equal to 225𝑘, then 𝑘 is
4 2 4 4
equal to:
JEE Main Jan 2019
A 9
B 27
C 54
D 108
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛
Subtracting,
0 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 + 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑛
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 + 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1
where 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 , 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 , … , 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1 is either an A.P. or a G.P. whose sum
could be found out.
Return To Top
For the arrangement of balls shown below, find the total number of balls
if the process continues for 50 times.
Solution:
50 rows
⋯
Return To Top
Number of balls in 1st row 𝑎1 = 1
⋯
𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛
−
0 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
𝑛 𝑛+1
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ⋯ + 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑛 =
2
1 𝑛
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 + Number of balls in 𝑛th row
2 2
Return To Top
1 𝑛
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 + Number of balls in 𝑛th row
2 2
50 rows
∴ Total number of balls till 𝑛th row:
𝑛 𝑛
1 2 𝑖
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎𝑖 = 𝑖 +
2 2
⋯
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
1 1
= 𝑖2 + 𝑖
2 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
1 𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 1 𝑛 𝑛+1
= × + ×
2 6 2 2
𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛 + 4
= +1 =
4 3 4 3
Return To Top
1 𝑛
⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 + Number of balls in 𝑛th row
2 2
50 rows
∴ Total number of balls till 𝑛th row:
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2
𝑆𝑛 =
6
⋯
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2
∴ Total number of balls till 𝑛𝑡ℎ row =
6
50 × 51 × 52
Total number of balls till 50𝑡ℎ row =
6
= 22100
Return To Top
Find the sum up to 𝑛 terms of 5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + ⋯
Solution:
𝑆 = 5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + … + 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛
𝑆= 5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + … + 𝑡𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑛
0 = 5 + 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 + ⋯ + 2 × 3𝑛−2 − 𝑡𝑛
2 3𝑛−1 − 1 2 3𝑛−1 − 1
⇒ 𝑡𝑛 = 5 + =5+ = 4 + 3𝑛−1
3−1 2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑡𝑟 = 4 + 3𝑟−1 = 4 + 3𝑟−1
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
= 1 + 3 + 32 + ⋯ + 3𝑛−1 + 4𝑛
3𝑛 − 1
∴ 𝑆𝑛 = + 4𝑛
2
Return To Top
The sum of 𝑛 terms of the series 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + ⋯ is :
Solution:
Let 𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + . . . + 𝑇𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + . . . + 𝑇𝑛
0 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 12 + ⋯ + (𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛−1 ) − 𝑇𝑛
⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = 1 + (3 + 6 + 12 … )
3 2𝑛−1 −1
⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = 1 +
2−1
⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = 3 2𝑛−1 − 2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑇𝑘 ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 2𝑘−1 − 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
2𝑛 −1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 1 + 2 + 22 + ⋯ 2𝑛−1 − 2𝑛 ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 − 2𝑛
2−1
⇒ 𝑆𝑛 = 3 ⋅ 2𝑛 − 2𝑛 − 3
Return To Top
The sum of 𝑛 terms of the series 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + ⋯ is :
A 3 ⋅ 2𝑛 + 2𝑛 − 3
B 3 ⋅ 2𝑛 − 3𝑛 − 2
C 3 ⋅ 2𝑛 − 2𝑛 − 3
D 2 ⋅ 3𝑛 + 2𝑛 − 3
Return To Top
Special methods to find the sum of given series :
Return To Top
Case 1 :
Case 2 :
Return To Top
The 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence 9, 16, 29, 54, 103, ⋯ is :
9 16 29 54 103
Stage I : 7 13 25 49
Stage II : 6 12 24
Return To Top
The 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence 9, 16, 29, 54, 103, ⋯ is :
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 2𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐
𝑇1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 9
𝑇2 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 16 𝑇3 = 4𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 29
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 16 ⇒ 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 29
⇒𝑎+𝑏 =7 1 ⇒ 3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 20 2
3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 20 𝑎=6
2𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 14 𝑏=1
𝑎=6
𝑐=2
Return To Top
The 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence 9, 16, 29, 54, 103, ⋯ is :
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 2𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐 𝑎=6
⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = 6 ⋅ 2𝑛−1 + 1 ⋅ 𝑛 + 2 𝑏=1
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 6 . 2𝑛−1 + 𝑛 + 2
𝑐=2
⇒ 𝑇10 = 3084
Return To Top
The 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence 9, 16, 29, 54, 103, ⋯ is :
A 3064
B 3124
C 3664
D 3084
Return To Top
Session 07
Special Series
Return To Top
Key Takeaways
Telescopic Series
Consider a sequence 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , … , 𝑡𝑛
If 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑉𝑟 − 𝑉𝑟+1
Return To Top
1 1 1 1
+ + + …+ is equal to:
32 −1 52 −1 72 −1 (201)2 −1
JEE Main Mar 2021
1 1
Solution: 𝑇𝑟 = =
2𝑟 + 1 2 −1 2𝑟 + 1 + 1 2𝑟 + 1 − 1 A 101
404
1 1
⇒ 𝑇𝑟 = =
2 𝑟 + 1 ⋅ 2𝑟 4𝑟 𝑟 + 1 B 101
408
𝑟+1 −𝑟 1 𝑟+1 𝑟
⇒ 𝑇𝑟 = = −
4𝑟 𝑟 + 1 4𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 𝑟+1
C 99
400
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑇𝑟 = −
4 𝑟 𝑟+1
D 25
101
100 100
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑆100 = 𝑇𝑟 = −
4 𝑟 𝑟+1 ⇒𝑆 =4 1−
2
+ −
2 3
+ −
3 4
+ ⋯+ −
100 101
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
1 1 1 100 25
⇒𝑆= × 1− = × =
4 101 4 101 101
Return To Top
1 2 3
The sum to 𝑛 terms of the series + + + ⋯ is
1+12 +14 1+22 +24 1+32 +34
1 1
− then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 =
2 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 +𝑛𝑐 +𝑑𝑛4 +1
Solution:
Let 𝑇𝑟 be the 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term of the given series. Then,
𝑟 𝑟
𝑇𝑟 = =
1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟4 𝑟2 + 1 2 − 𝑟2
𝑟
= 2
𝑟 − 𝑟 + 1 𝑟2 + 𝑟 + 1
1 1 1
= −
2 𝑟2 − 𝑟 + 1 𝑟2 + 𝑟 + 1
𝑛 𝑛
1 1 1
∴ 𝑇𝑟 = 2 − 2
2 𝑟 −𝑟+1 𝑟 +𝑟+1
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑇𝑟 = 1− + − + − + ⋯+ −
2 3 2 3 7 2 7 13 2 𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 1 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1
𝑟=1
Return To Top
1 2 3
The sum to 𝑛 terms of the series + + + ⋯ is
1+12 +14 1+22 +24 1+32 +34
1 1
− then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 =
2 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 +𝑛𝑐 +𝑑𝑛4 +1
Solution:
1 1
∴ 𝑆𝑛 = 1− 2
2 𝑛 +𝑛+1
Hence 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 1, 𝑑 = 0
∴𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 =2+2+1+0=5
Return To Top
1 2 3
The sum to 𝑛 terms of the series + + + ⋯ is
1+12 +14 1+22 +24 1+32 +34
1 1
− then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 =
2 𝑎 𝑛𝑏 +𝑛𝑐 +𝑑𝑛4 +1
A 5
B 8
C 4
D 6
Return To Top
1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 + 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms is :
Solution:
Given:1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 + 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 + ⋯ 𝑛
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 𝑟 + 3 , 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3, ⋯
1
⇒ 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 𝑟 + 3 𝑟+4 − 𝑟−1
5
1
⇒ 𝑡𝑟 = [𝑟 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 𝑟 + 3 𝑟 + 4 − 𝑟 − 1 𝑟 + 1 𝑟 + 2 𝑟 + 3 ]
5
Return To Top
1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 + 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 + ⋯ 𝑛 terms is :
Solution:
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + ⋯ + 𝑡𝑛
1
= 1⋅2⋅3⋅4⋅5−0
5
1
+ 2⋅3⋅4⋅5⋅6−1⋅2⋅3⋅4⋅5
5
1
+ 3⋅4⋅5⋅6⋅7−2⋅3⋅4⋅5⋅6 +
5
⋮ ⋮
1
+ 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛+4 − 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3
5
1
∴ S𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛+4
5
Return To Top
Steps to find 𝑆𝑛 when 𝑡𝑟 is given:
• 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟 ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛(𝑛+1)
2
• 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑟 + 1) ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
3
•
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)(𝑟 + 2) ⇒ 𝑆𝑛 =
4
(𝑛2 +𝑛+1)2
⇒ 𝑡𝑛 =
𝑛2 𝑛+1 2
𝑛2 +𝑛+1
=
𝑛(𝑛+1)
1
=1+
𝑛(𝑛+1)
1 1
=1+ −
𝑛 𝑛+1
1 1
∴ 𝑥 = σ2009 2009
𝑛=1 𝑡𝑛 = σ𝑛=1 1 + −
𝑛 𝑛+1
Return To Top
1 1 1 1 1 1
Let 𝑥 = 1+ 2 + 2 + 1+ 2 + 2 +⋯+ 1+ 2 +
1 2 2 3 2009 20102
2010 𝑥−2009
Then is equal to :
2010
1 1
⇒ 𝑥 = σ2009 2009
𝑛=1 1 + σ𝑛=1 −
𝑛 𝑛+1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2009 + 1− + − + − + ⋯+ −
2 2 3 3 4 2009 2010
1
= 2009 + 1 −
2010
2009
⇒𝑥− = 2009
2010
2010𝑥−2009
⇒ = 2009
2010
Return To Top
1 1 1 1 1 1
Let 𝑥 = 1+ + + 1 + + +⋯+ 1+ + .
12 22 22 32 20092 20102
2010 𝑥−2009
Then is equal to :
2010
A 2010
B 2009
C 1999
D 2000
Return To Top
3 5 7
The sum of 10 terms of the series + + + ⋯ is
12 ×22 22 ×32 32 ×42
JEE Main Aug 2021
Solution:
2𝑟 + 1
𝑇𝑟 = A 143
𝑟2 𝑟 + 1 2 144
𝑟 + 1 2 − 𝑟2 1 1
⇒ 𝑇𝑟 = = − B 99
𝑟 + 1 2𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟+1 2 100
𝑆10 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + ⋯ + 𝑇10
C 120
121
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑆10 = 1 − + − + ⋯ + −
22 22 32 102 112
D 1
121 − 1 120
⇒ 𝑆10 = =
121 121
Return To Top
Find the sum of given series up to 𝑛 terms :
1 1 1
+ + + ⋯ (𝑛 terms)
1⋅2⋅3 2⋅3⋅4 3⋅4⋅5
Solution :
1
𝑇𝑛 =
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2
1 1 1
𝑇𝑛 = −
2 𝑛(𝑛+1) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
1 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = σ −
2 𝑛(𝑛+1) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = − + − + − ⋯ −
2 1⋅2 2⋅3 2⋅3 3⋅4 3⋅4 4⋅5 𝑛(𝑛+1) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
1 1 1
𝑆𝑛 = −
2 1⋅2 𝑛+1 𝑛+2
Return To Top
EXPONENTIAL SERIES
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
• 𝑒𝑥 = 1 +
1!
+
2!
+
3!
+ ⋯; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑥𝑟
• 𝑒 𝑥 = σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑟!
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
• 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 −
1!
+
2!
−
3!
+ ⋯; ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
−1 𝑟 𝑥 𝑟
• 𝑒 −𝑥 = σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑟!
Return To Top
EXPONENTIAL SERIES
• 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
2
=1+
𝑥2
2!
+
𝑥4
4!
+⋯
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑟
• 2
= σ∞
𝑟=0 (2𝑟)!
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥5
•
𝑥
= + + ⋯
2 1! 3! 5!
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑟+1
• 2
= σ∞
𝑟=0 (2𝑟+1)!
Return To Top
EXPANSION OF 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 > 𝑜
•
1 1 1 1
𝑒 =1+ + + + ⋯ = σ∞
𝑟=0
1! 2! 3! 𝑟!
−1 𝑟
•
1 1 1
𝑒 −1 = 1 − + − + ⋯ = σ∞
𝑟=0
1! 2! 3! 𝑟!
𝑒+𝑒 −1
• 2
=1+
1
2!
+
1
4!
+ ⋯ = σ∞
𝑟=0 (2𝑟)!
1
𝑒−𝑒 −1
•
1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯ = σ∞
𝑟=0
2 1! 3! 5! (2𝑟+1)!
Return To Top
∞
𝑛2 +6𝑛+10
The sum of the series is equal to :
2𝑛+1 !
𝑛=1
Put 2𝑛 + 1 = 𝑟, where 𝑟 = 3, 5, 7 …
𝑟−1
⇒𝑛=
2
𝑟−1 2 𝑟−1
𝑛2 +6𝑛+10 +6 +10 𝑟 2 +10𝑟+29
2 2
∴ = 𝑟−1 =
2𝑛+1 ! 2 2 +1 ! 4⋅𝑟!
Now,
𝑟(𝑟−1)+11𝑟+29 = 1 1
+
11
+
29
4⋅𝑟! 4 𝑟−2 ! 𝑟−1 ! 𝑟!
𝑟=3,5,7… 𝑟=3,5,7…
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + … + 11 + + … + 29 + + …
4 1! 3! 5! 2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!
Return To Top
∞
𝑛2 +6𝑛+10
The sum of the series is equal to :
2𝑛+1 !
𝑛=1
1 1 1
(∵ 𝑒 − 𝑒 −1 = 2 + + …
1! 3! 5!
1 1 11 29
= 𝑒 − + 11𝑒 + − 22 + 29𝑒 − − 58
8 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
1 19
= 41𝑒 − − 80
8 𝑒
41𝑒 19 −1
= − 𝑒 − 10
8 8
Return To Top
∞
𝑛2 +6𝑛+10
The sum of the series is equal to :
2𝑛+1 !
𝑛=1 JEE Main Feb 2021
A 41
𝑒+
19 −1
𝑒 − 10
8 8
B −
41
𝑒+
19 −1
𝑒 − 10
8 8
C 41
𝑒−
19 −1
𝑒 − 10
8 8
D 41
𝑒+
19 −1
𝑒 + 10
8 8
Return To Top
Logarithmic Series:
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
• If 𝑥 < 1, then log e 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 −
2
+
3
−
4
+⋯
∞
𝑥𝑟
• loge 1 + 𝑥 = −1
𝑟=`1
𝑟−1
𝑟
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
• log e 1 − 𝑥 = −𝑥 −
2
−
3
−
4
−⋯
∞
𝑥𝑟
• log e 1 − 𝑥 = −
𝑟=`1
𝑟
Return To Top
Logarithmic Series:
1+𝑥
Consider, log e = log e 1 + 𝑥 − log e (1 − 𝑥)
1−𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
=𝑥− + − + ⋯ − −𝑥 − − − −⋯
2 3 4 2 3 4
𝑥3 𝑥5
=2 𝑥+ + +⋯
3 5
𝑥3 𝑥5 1 1+𝑥
⇒ 𝑥+ + + ⋯ = log 𝑒
3 5 2 1−𝑥
Return To Top
1 2 3 1
If 0 < 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + ⋯ , then the value of 𝑒 1+𝑦 at 𝑥 = is:
2 3 4 2
1 1 1
⇒𝑦 = 1− 𝑥2 + 1 − 𝑥3 + 1 − 𝑥4 + ⋯
2 3 4
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯ + − − − −⋯
2 3 4
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
⇒𝑦= +𝑥+ − − − − −⋯
1−𝑥 1 2 3 4
𝑥
⇒𝑦= + ln 1 − 𝑥
1−𝑥
1
⇒𝑦+1= + ln 1 − 𝑥
1−𝑥
1 1 1
𝑒 𝑦+1 = 𝑒 1−𝑥+ln 1−𝑥 = 𝑒 1−𝑥 × 𝑒 ln 1−𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 𝑒 1−𝑥
1 1
∴ at 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 𝑒 2
2 2
Return To Top
1 2 3 1
If 0 < 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + ⋯ , then the value of 𝑒 1+𝑦 at 𝑥 = is:
2 3 4 2
A 2𝑒
B 1 2
𝑒
2
C 2𝑒 2
D 1
𝑒
2
Return To Top
1 1 1 1
− + − +⋯∞ =
1⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅4 4⋅5
AIEEE 2003
Solution:
1 1 1
We know that, log e 2 = 1 − + − + ⋯
2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
Consider this: loge 2 = 1 − + − + − +⋯
2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1
⇒ log 𝑒 2 = + + +⋯ ⋯ 𝑖
1⋅2 3⋅4 5⋅6
1 1 1 1
Consider this: loge 2 = 1 + − + + − + +⋯
2 3 4 5
1 1 1
⇒ log 𝑒 2 = 1 − − − −⋯ ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
2⋅3 4⋅5 6⋅7
Return To Top
1 1 1 1
− + − +⋯∞ =
1⋅2 2⋅3 3⋅4 4⋅5
AIEEE 2003
A log 𝑒
4
𝑒
B log 𝑒
𝑒
4
C log 𝑒 4
D log 𝑒 2
Return To Top
1 1 1 1 1
The sum of + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋯ ∞ is
2 3 23 5 25
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1
𝑆= + ⋅ 3 + ⋅ + ⋯∞
2 3 2 5 25
𝑥3 𝑥5 1 1+𝑥
We know that, 𝑥 + + + ⋯ = log 𝑒
3 5 2 1−𝑥
1
At 𝑥 = we get,
2
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1+
2
+ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋯ ∞ = ⋅ log 𝑒 1
2 3 23 5 25 2 1−
2
1
= ⋅ log 𝑒 3
2
= log𝑒 3
Return To Top
1 1 1 1 1
The sum of + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋯ ∞ is
2 3 23 5 25
A log 𝑒
3
2
B log 𝑒 3
C log 𝑒
1
2
D log 𝑒 3
Return To Top
The sum of the series log 4 2 − log 8 2 + log16 2 − ⋯ is
Solution:
𝑚
Since log 𝑦𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 = log 𝑦 𝑥 and log 𝑥 𝑥 = 1
𝑛
1 1 1 1
∴𝑆 = − + − +⋯
2 3 4 5
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
Also log 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − +⋯
2 3 4
Putting 𝑥 = 1
𝑆 = 1 − log 𝑒 2
Return To Top
The sum of the series log 4 2 − log 8 2 + log16 2 − ⋯ is
A 𝑒2
B log 𝑒 2
C log 𝑒 3 − 2
D 1 − log𝑒 2
Return To Top
THANK
YOU
Return To Top