Science of the Total Environment 705 (2020) 135304

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Science of the Total Environment

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv

The first occurrence, spatial distribution and characteristics of

microplastic particles in sediments from Banten Bay, Indonesia
Dede Falahudin a,⇑, Muhammad Reza Cordova a, Xiaoxia Sun b,c, Deny Yogaswara a, Ita Wulandari a,
Dwi Hindarti a, Zainal Arifin a
a
Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Pasir Putih 1, Ancol Timur, Jakarta, Indonesia
b
Jiaozhou Bay National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
c
Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China

h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t

Microplastics were investigated in a

shallow and semi enclosed bay of the
Banten Bay, Indonesia.

Mainland distance and river outflows
affecting to microplastics
distribution.

Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) was the
most abundant microplastics found.

The high abundance of EPS confirmed
the aggregation and biofouling
mechanism.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as an emerging issue worldwide, including Indonesia. Due to the lim-
Received 31 May 2019 ited of data available regarding MPs pollution in Indonesian waters, we investigated the occurrence, spa-
Received in revised form 28 October 2019 tial distribution, characteristics, and potential ecological impacts of MPs in sediments from 25 stations in
Accepted 29 October 2019
the Banten Bay, a shallow and semi enclosed bay located on the northwestern coast of Java, Indonesia.
Available online 24 November 2019
The bay has experienced very high population pressure due to increasing coastal development in the last
Guest Editor: James Chapman decade. MPs were extracted by flotation methods, observed under a stereomicroscope, and identified by
FTIR imaging. This study showed that MPs pollution is prevalent in the Banten Bay, where all sediments
Keywords:
contained MPs with an average concentration of 267 ± 98 particles/kg dw sediment. The most common
Microplastics shape, size, and polymer type were foam (38% of the observed MPs), size between 500 and 1000 lm
Banten Bay (>50%), and extended polystyrene, respectively. The particles were found to be more highly distributed
Sediment in the stations with fine sediment grain sizes and in locations near the river mouth of the island than
Flotation methods in areas offshore, which suggests that the impact of the MPs currently in the sediments might be harmful
to the benthic community and potentially increase the magnitude into the pelagic community. Moreover,
the river effluent is suggested as a pathway for plastic pollution to the Banten Bay.
Ó 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: dede.falahudin@lipi.go.id (D. Falahudin), muhammad.reza.
Plastic marine debris is recognized as an emerging issue in
cordova@lipi.go.id (M.R. Cordova), xsun@qdio.ac.cn (X. Sun), deny.yogaswara@lipi.
go.id (D. Yogaswara), ita.wulandari@lipi.go.id (I. Wulandari), dwi.hindarti@lipi.go.id oceans and must be addressed through an intergovernmental
(D. Hindarti), zainal.arifin@lipi.go.id (Z. Arifin). action framework (Gregory, 2009; Barnes et al., 2009). Once

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135304
0048-9697/Ó 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2 D. Falahudin et al. / Science of the Total Environment 705 (2020) 135304
introduced into marine ecosystems, plastic polymers are
degraded over a time span of several hundred years (UNEP,
2016; Löhr et al., 2017; Schulz et al., 2017; Iwasaki et al.,
2017) and lose their structural rigidity due to physical, chemical
and biological processes (Browne et al., 2008). These processes
degrade plastic into microscopic sizes smaller than 5 mm
(Thompson et al., 2004), which are called microplastics (MPs)
(Barnes et al., 2009).
In oceans, the distribution of MPs is affected by their size, shape
and density (Iwasaki et al., 2017, Zhang, 2017). MPs with a density
lower than seawater will be in the surface water, while MPs with a
higher density will subsequently sink to the seafloor (Kaiser et al.,
2017). However, a previous study has shown that aggregation and
fouling processes affect the ability of low-density MPs, such as sty-
rofoam, to reach the seafloor (Long et al., 2015). In addition, the
size and shape of MPs mimic plankton; therefore, MPs can be easily
ingested and negatively affect planktivorous biota (Lehtiniemi
et al., 2018; Setälä et al., 2014). Moreover, benthic biota in the sed-
iment, and pelagic organisms that live in the water column are also
affected (Wright et al., 2013). Various effects will affect not only
the aquatic ecosystems, coastal fisheries, and aquaculture, but also
human health through the consumption of MPs-contaminated sea-
food (Lusher et al., 2017a,b; Carbery et al., 2018; Barboza et al.,
2018; Hantoro et al., 2019). Without any prevention strategies,
MPs have already entered the marine ecosystems locally and
threaten to spread globally to other regions of sea (Horton and
Dixon, 2018; Lusher et al., 2015).
Establishing comprehensive data on plastic pollution in differ-
ent location and various environmental matrices particularly in
marine sediment in Indonesia is needed. At this moment, several
studies have conducted to estimates plastic pollution in Indone-
sian seas not only based on modeling (Rochman et al., 2015;
Cordova and Wahyudi, 2016; Syakti et al., 2017; Sur et al.,
2018; Cordova and Hernawan, 2018; Syakti et al., 2018;
Handyman et al., 2018; Khoironi et al., 2018; Bangun et al.,
2018; Lestari and Trihadiningrum, 2019; Khoironi et al., 2019;
Cordova et al., 2019; Yona et al., 2019; Lubis et al., 2019;
Hastuti et al., 2019; Alam et al., 2019). Moreover, another study
also reported that the Southeast Asia region (mainly Indonesia
and Thailand) was the main origin of more than 75% of labeled
stranded debris on Alphonse Island, the Seychelles (Duhec et al.,
2015). However, the data for plastic pollution particularly
microplastics in marine sediment are still insufficient and the
investigations remain challenging due to limited equipment and
large marine ecosystem of Indonesian Seas. A part from previous
study, only 25% of plastic studies was determined from marine
sediment and one study from river sediment in Indonesian seas
compared with other region worldwide (Mohamed Nor and
Obbard, 2014; Auta et al., 2017; Mistri et al., 2017; Peng et al.,
2018; Wang et al., 2019).
Through this study, we investigated the current conditions of
plastic pollution, particularly MPs, in the middle part of Indonesia
with high marine biodiversity, Banten Bay, as field case study. The
bay is a small coastal embayment located on the northern coast of
Banten and is 60 km west of Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia
(Hoitink and Hoekstra, 2005). The bay is potentially receive large
input of domestic waste including plastic through the river as well
as from several ports around the bay. Moreover, waste manage-
ment in the coastal area in Indonesia is very poor, and people gen-
erallay prefer to burn, bury or throw waste directly into the rivers
(Lestari and Trihadiningrum, 2019). Therefore, related to this
potential emerging condition, this study was conducted to investi-
gate the composition, distribution and characteristics of MPs in the
sediments and to search their relationship with sediment charac-
teristics and seawater depth.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Sampling area and sample collection
Samples were collected from the Banten Bay and its surrounding
at water depths ranging from 1 to 28 m in April 2016 (First Transi-
tional Monsoon). During this transitional season, the hydrodynamic
condition including current speed and direction in the Banten Bay
were unstable because the characteristics of the Banten Bay as
semi-enclosed water area and home of approximately ten small
islands with special sites for coral reefs and seagrass (Hoitink and
Hoekstra, 2005). The water in the bay receives large freshwater
inputs through rivers and canals from shrimp ponds, with the pri-
mary river is Ciujung River that discharging freshwater to the east
part of the bay, the secondary river is Cibanten River and Cika-
mayung River, both of them was discharging freshwater in the south
and south-west part of the bay. In addition, the bay also received
freshwater input from others 11 smaller rivers (Booij et al., 2001).
The area for sediment sampling was designed for an initial over-
view of microplastics in the surface sediments of Banten Bay. A
total of 25 composite sediment samples were collected from sta-
tion TB-01 to TB-25 with sampling coordinates was listed as sup-
plementary information in Table SI. To accommodate statistical
analysis, the stations were divided into 7 sections based on differ-
ent distances to the coastline of Java Island and the influence of
river discharge from the Cipontang River and Ciujung River. The
sections were BB1 (TB-01 to TB-04), BB2 (TB-05 to TB-08), BB3
(TB-09 to TB-12), BB4 (TB-13 to TB-16), BB5 (TB-17 to TB-19),
BB6 (TB-20 to TB-22) and BB7 (TB-23 to TB-25) (Fig. 1).
The sediment samples were collected using Smith-McIntyre
grabs three times. The top layer of sediment (approximately
10 cm) from each individual grab sampling was taken using a clean
aluminum spoon and well-mixed sediments were combined to
form a composite sample. The composite sediment was stored in
closed 1 L NalgeneTM bottles, and kept in an ice box during transfer
to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the sediment was split into
several subsamples for analysis of grain size distribution, and
microplastics concentration.
2.2. Sediment preparation
The grain size of the sediment was analyzed based on granulo-
metric methods (Hsieh, 1995). Briefly, subsamples of sediment
were taken, dried in an oven for 12 h, T = 80 °C, and weighed. Dis-
tillated water were added to the dried sediment (50 g) and were
directly homogenized. Afterward, the slurry were wet sieved
through a Wentworth series of stainless steel sieves with mesh
sizes of 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.063, and
0.004 mm. The remaining particles in each sieve were dried, and
their percentages were calculated based on the Wentworth scale
(Wentworth, 1922).
Subsample of wet sediment for microplastics analysis were
dried in an oven 24 h at 80 °C and kept in the glass jar for further
analysis. In addition, a wet/dry factor of sediment which used on
final calculation of microplastics were determined. Briefly, 10 g
of wet sediment was transferred to a preweighed porcelain cup,
weighed (A) and dried in an oven overnight (minimum 12 h) at
105 °C (B). The wet/dry factors were determined by the following
Wetweight
formulas: Dryweight
¼ AB.
2.3. Extraction of microplastics
The microplastics were extracted from dried sediments samples
based on a modified flotation method (Claessens et al., 2011;
 D. Falahudin et al. / Science of the Total Environment 705 (2020) 135304
Fig. 1. Map of the Banten Bay and locations of the sampling sites in the Banten Bay, Indonesia. The square boxes represent section: BB1 (TB-01 to TB-04), BB2 (TB-05 to TB-
08), BB3 (TB-09 to TB-12), BB4 (TB-13 to TB-16), BB5 (TB-17 to TB-19), BB6 (TB-20 to TB-22) and BB7 (TB-23 to TB-25).
Thompson et al., 2004; Mohamed Nor and Obbard, 2014). Briefly,
250 ml of a filtered NaCl solution (q = 1.2 g/mL) was added to
250 g of the dry sediment and stirred with a mechanical shaker
at 200 rpm for 10 min. After settling, the supernatant was dec-
anted, and the extraction was repeated twice more. Then, the
supernatant containing the MPs was then filtered under vacuum
through sterile cellulose nitrate filter paper (Whatman Ø47 mm;
pore size 0.45 mm). The filters were placed in covered sterile petri
dishes to dry overnight at room temperature (Approx. T = 25 °C)
and to prevent air contamination.
In addition, quality control was also applied during the extraction
processes and microscopic examination by using cotton laboratory
coats, polymer-free gloves and a clean microscopy room, for exam-
ple (Wesch et al., 2017; Lusher et al., 2017a,b). To observe airborne
contamination, clean filter paper was placed near the filtering appa-
ratus and microscope (Torre et al., 2016). Then, the filters from a
blank sample and the airborne control were examined under a
microscope. No plastic was found on the filters of the air control of
the microscopy room, implying that there was no contamination
from the glass jars, filtering processes, or microscopy identification.
2.4. Observation and identification of microplastics
All recovered MPs on the filter paper were visualized and
counted under a Nikon Eclipse E600 stereo microscope equipped
with a digital camera at magnifications up to 100x and were cate-
gorized into different shapes and sizes as previous studies
(Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012). For the shape composition, the counted
MPs were divided into four categories, including fragments, fibers,
granules and foam (Claessens et al., 2013). The sizes of the MPs
were analyzed from pictures using ImageJ software and were cate-
gorized into five different size classes (<100, 100–500, 500–1000,
1000–5000, and >5000 mm) (Schneider et al., 2012). To distinguish
MPs from other particles, some criteria from Cole et al. (2013) were
considered during the investigation with a microscope: (a) particle
has no organic or cellular structure, (b) particle has a homogenous
color and is not sparkling or shiny, and (c) plastic fibers are
unbranched and have no segments. The number of MPs recovered
from the samples was expressed in particles/kg dry weight (dw).
Based on image analysis using a microscope, plastic-like parti-
cles on the filter paper (n = 85 particles from total 599 particles,
or 14%) were randomly selected as representative of the sample
for polymer verification using micro fourier-transform infrared
microscopy (m-FTIR) imaging under attenuated total reflection
(ATR) mode (Thermo Scientific Nicolet iN10 infrared microscope,
3
Thermo Fisher, USA) (Sun et al., 2018). FTIR used to evaluate poly-
mers due to the capacity to analyze samples effectively (Käppler
et al., 2015). FTIR-tested microplastic particles were washed using
sterile ethanol (96%). FT-IR was performed on the basis of the
experimental configuration of (Käppler et al., 2015; Löder et al.,
2015; Löder and Gerdts, 2015), Cordova et al. 2019), 8 cm resolu-
tion single reflection mode, 600–3800 cm1 range, and 16 scans
per test. The method of defining microplastic polymer categories
with ATR FT-IR was performed by analyzing the prominent pres-
ence peak (Käppler et al., 2015; Löder et al., 2015); and comparing
the spectrum of each sample with the Hummel Polymer and Addi-
tives library. Microplastic identification scheme based on a
research from Käppler et al. (2015) and Löder et al. (2015) by band
region 1174–1087 cm1 (CF2 stretching vibration), 1400–
1480 cm1 (CH2 bending vibration), 1670–1760 cm1 (C@O
stretching vibration), 1740–1800 cm1 (C@O stretching vibration)
and at band region 2780–2980 cm1 (stretching vibrations of CH/
CH2/CH3 groups).
2.5. Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses and graphical data were conducted using
RStudio (v. 1.2.5001) with package ggplot2, ggstatsplot, and readxl
(RStudio Team, 2019; Wickham, 2016; Patil, 2018; Wickham and
Bryan, 2019). All data were tested for their normality and homo-
geneity. If the data did not follow a normal distribution and homo-
geneity of variance, therefore, it was analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis
non-parametric test. Welch’s ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance
was applied to investigate differences between abundance of
microplastic shapes in different section along the Banten Bay. Non-
parametric tests were used to analyze the differences between
abundance of microplastic sizes and their total abundance in dif-
ferent section along the Banten Bay. Correlation analysis was per-
formed using package ggstatsplot:ggcorrmat to determine the
relationship between the abundance of MPs, seawater depth, and
the grain size of sediment (Patil, 2018). All R scipt were presented
in Supporting Information.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Concentration and spatial distribution of microplastics
MPs were found in all sediment samples from the 25 stations (7
group sections), with the number of MPs ranging from 101 to 431
particles/kg dw. The average concentration was 267 ± 98 particles/
4 D. Falahudin et al. / Science of the Total Environment 705 (2020) 135304

Fig. 2. Abundance and spatial distribution of microplastics (expressed as number of microplastics/kg dry sediment) along the Banten Bay.

Fig. 3. Comparison between abundance of microplastics in each section from the Banten Bay. No significance was observed. Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric test.

kg dw (Fig. 2). The highest number of MPs was at station 23 (431
particles/kg dw) in section group BB7, which was located toward
the river mouth of the Ciujung River; while the lowest particle
number was at station 15 (101 particles/kg dw) in section group
BB4, the offshore station which directly facing the Java Sea. The
abundances of MPs in the sediments were not statistically signifi-
cant between each section group based on non parametric test
(Fig. 3). However, if we observed on the spatial distribution map,
there was slightly trend on microplastics abundances, MPs concen-
tration decreased with increasing distance from the river mouth
and shore, except for stations TB-04 and TB-17 (Fig. 2). Those find-
ing revealed that distribution of microplastic particles in the sedi-
ment of the Banten Bay was homogeneous and did not affected by
various distance of group section to the land. Previous study on
organic pollution in the Banten Bay found that the concentration
of contaminant was elevated from the river entrances into the
bay. They suggested that well flushing and significant mixing
between contaminated river particle with sea-borne particle was
occurred in the Banten Bay (Booij et al., 2001).
The average concentrations of MPs reported in this study were
higher than those reported on the North Sea coast, the south pier of
Ijmuiden, the Netherlands (Karlsson et al., 2017), the Gulf of Thai-
land (Matsuguma et al., 2017), the Changjiang estuary (Peng et al.,
2017), and the North Sea island of Norderney (Nuelle et al., 2014).
However, the mean concentrations of MPs from Banten Bay were
also lower than those reported in Tokyo Bay (Matsuguma et al.,
2017), Venice lagoon (Vianello et al., 2013), and the Belgian coast
(Claessens et al., 2011). The comparison with other location world-
wide presented in the Table 1.
3.2. Shapes and sizes of microplastics
The shapes of the MPs present at all sampling stations were
foam (n = 182 particles, 30.4%), fragments (n = 159 particles,
26.5%), granules (n = 146, 24.4%), and fibers (n = 112, 18.7%) (Figs. 4
and 5). A one-way between subjects Welch’s ANOVA was con-
ducted to investigate whether the distribution of microplastic
shapes were vary among group section. There was a not significant
variation of fibers, foams and granules in each group section at the
p < 0.05 level, while fragments was significantly different between
section group at the p < 0.05 level (Fig. 6). Therefore, for the frag-
ment microplastics, we conducted a post hoc comparisons using
 D. Falahudin et al. / Science of the Total Environment 705 (2020) 135304 5

Table 1 and synthetic cellulosic fibers, and one particle was identified as
Distribution of microplastics in the sediment from other region worldwide. diphenyl sulfide, a colorless crystalline material. Related to cello-
Country/region Concentration Polymer Reference phane, this synthetic particle also was the most common in the
(particles/kg dry sea salt measured in China, up to 43.2% of all identified MPs and
weight) in rock/well salts (Yang et al., 2015). The remaining particles were
Arctic, Chukchi Range: 5.30– PP, PET, RY Mu et al., 2019 identified as synthetic polymers, including polyester terephthalate
Sea and 68.88 (n = 3), polypropylene (n = 1), and polyethylene (n = 1). In addition,
Chunchi Basin
France, Gulf of Mean: 67 ± 76 PP, PE, PS, PVC, Phuong et al.,
38 particles of the foam type were directly identified based on
Giscay PEST 2018 visual identification and were further corroborated by m-FTIR as
Italy, Venice Range: 672–2175 PE, PP (Vianello et al., polystyrene (PS).
lagoon Mean: 1445 2013) Fig. 8 shows two examples of the dominant microplastic poly-
Belgian, the Range: 67–391 PS, PP, Nylon, (Claessens
mers FTIR spectra (cellophane and polystyrene) found in the Ban-
Belgian coast Mean: PVA, PE et al., 2011)
(Harbour) 166.7 ± 92.1 ten Bay sediments. The IR spectrum from the cellophane sample
China, the Mean: 121 ± 9 Rayon, polyester, (Peng et al., showed a prominent peak at 1061 cm1 and 3338.2 cm1. Absorp-
Changjiang Acrylic 2017) tion at wavelength 2912.2 cm1 indicating stretching vibrations of
estuary CH/CH2/CH3 groups cm1; and absorption at wavelengths 1428.3
China, South Range: 560–4205 PP, PE, PS, Nylon (Wang et al.,
and 1319.2 cm1 indicates methylene scissoring or asymmetrical
Yellow Sea 2019)
China, Sishili Bay Mean: Rayon, PE, PP, PA, Zhang et al., methyl CAH bending (Fotopoulou and Karapanagioti, 2015,
499.8 ± 370.1 PET, PS, PMMA, 2019 Käppler et al., 2016, Löder et al., 2015, Syakti et al., 2017). Sample
PU of polystyrene particle shows prominent peak at 1452.9 and
China, Haihe Range: 96.7– PE, PP, PS, PVC, Wu et al., 2019
1494.1 cm1 symbolize aromatic CAH bond stretching vibrations
Estuary 333.3 PET, CPM
Mean: (Fotopoulou and Karapanagioti, 2015); at wavenumber
216.1 ± 92.1 2923 cm1 indicate CAH stretching, symmetrical vibrations, and
China, Range: 56.7– PE, PP, PS, PVC, Wu et al., 2019 asymmetrical stretching (Fotopoulou and Karapanagioti, 2015,
Yondingxinhe 113.3 PET, CPM Käppler et al., 2016, Löder et al., 2015); and peak at wavenumber
Estuary Mean: 85.0 ± 40.1
3062 and 3029.3 cm1 correspond aromatic CAH stretching
Japan, Tokyo Bay Range: 1845– PE, PP (Matsuguma
5385 et al., 2017) vibrations.
Mean: 1900
Singapore, Range: 12.0–62.7 PE, PP, Nylon, (Mohamed Nor
Coastal Mean: 36.8 ± 23.6 PVC and Obbard, 3.4. Relationship of microplastics with grain size of sediment and
Mangrove 2014) seawater depth
Indonesia, Banten Range: 101–431 PS, Cellophane, Present study
Bay Mean: 267 ± 98 PET, PP, PE The grain size distribution of the sediments from Banten Bay is
presented in Table 1. The average percentage of the major fraction
in the sediment was silt (53.25%), followed by clay (26.19%), sand
the Tukey HSD test and indicated that the mean abundance for the (18.38%), pebbles (1.32%), and granules (0.86%) (Fig. S1, SI). Present
fragments in the section group BB4 (M = 32.14, SD = 16.53) was results was coherence with previous study conducted in the Ban-
significantly smaller than the section BB7 (M = 114.83, ten Bay that the predominant type of particle size of sediment
SD = 20.896). Taken together, these results suggest that even in were clays and silts in the size range of 3–55 mm (Hoitink and
similar degree of location between section group BB4 and BB7, Hoekstra, 2005). Microplastics concentrations were significantly
both of them directly facing Java Sea, the river flow from the Ciu- related to the clay and sand of sediment which a positive correla-
jung River was effectively boosting the amount of stranded frag- tion with silt (r = 0.71, p < 0.05) and negative correlation with sand
ments in the seafloor near with river mouth. The present findings (r = 0.7, p < 0.05). However, when we correlated with seawater
seem to be consistent with other research which found that river depth, there was no significant correlation with microplastics in
are the main source of microplastic contamination in the estuary sediment (Fig. 9). Previous study about suspended sediment con-
and adjacent areas (Fok and Cheung, 2015; Simon-Sánchez et al., centration (SSC) and particle size variation in the Banten Bay found
2019; Zhao et al., 2019; Campanale et al., 2019). that the erosion and subsequent deposition was the main trigger
As illustrated in Fig. 4B, most MPs were approx. between 500 on variation of suspended mass concentration (Hoitink and
and 1000 mm in size (53%), and only 1% of the MPs were Hoekstra, 2005). Therefore, in our hypothesis, the distribution of
>5000 mm. Moreover, the category percentages for microplastic microplastics in the sediment might be governed by similar factor
size of <100 mm, 100–500 mm, and 1000–5000 mm were 6%, 17%, that influence sedimentation in the Banten Bay such as sea current
and 23%, respectively. Furthermore, results from non-parametric and tidal flow.
test revealed that there was no significant differences between
microplastic’s size among section groups (Fig. 7). This results indi-
cated that there was no hotspot area for each size of microplastics 4. General discussion
in the seabed of the Banten Bay. However, a spatial trend in the
MPs distribution with a size fraction of 500–5000 mm was found Based on our results, there are several major points that need to
to be more dominant in the inner water of Banten Bay (Section BB1 be addressed, particularly related to the high abundance of EPS
to BB3) than in the outer water, and no trend was found for particle (Expanded Polystyrene) in Banten Bay, reaching up to 30.4%. These
sizes >5000 mm. results are consistent with those found in other studies where mar-
ine aquaculture with a Styrofoam buoyancy aquaculture system is
massively applied in the area (Eo et al., 2018). This finding also pro-
3.3. Composition of microplastics polymer vided information related to the sinking processes of buoyant MPs
to the seafloor and their potential impacts on pelagic and benthic
Subsamples of seventeen potential particles were selected organisms.
based on visual observation to determine the type of polymer Commonly, EPS, with density lower (0.01–0.04 g/cm3) than sea-
using m-FTIR. Of these, 12 fibers were cellophane (CP) (Fig. S2, SI) water (1.02–1.029 g/cm3), will float on the surface (Ashida and
6 D. Falahudin et al. / Science of the Total Environment 705 (2020) 135304

Fig. 4. Spatial distribution of microplastic shapes and size in the sediment from Banten Bay.

Fig. 5. Types of microplastics in the sediment from the Banten Bay: a. granules (n = 146), b. fibers (n = 112), c. foam (n = 182), and d. fragments (n = 159).
 D. Falahudin et al. / Science of the Total Environment 705 (2020) 135304 7

Fig. 6. Comparison of different types of microplastics between section site along the Banten Bay; significance was observed for (a) fragment; no significance was observed for
(b) fiber, (c) foam, and (d) granule. Welch’s ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance.

Fig. 7. Comparison of different sizes of microplastics between section along the Banten Bay; no significance was observed. Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric test.

Iwasaki, 1995). However, most of the foam’s MPs surface observed
during this analysis was mainly covered by the sediment layer.
Based on these findings, the EPS density could be changed via
aggregation processes in the water column between EPS MPs, sed-
iment particles, and microorganisms. Moreover, a previous study
reported that microorganisms are able to attach to MPs and create
a biofilm surface (Rummel et al., 2017). Similar processes were also
found in other experimental studies with phytoplankton
aggregations.
Two different algae species were used (the diatom Chaetoceros
neogracile and the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina) (Long et al.,
2015). These processes are defined as ‘‘fouling”, where increasing
numbers of MPs with densities reaching the density of water
directly caused the MPs to sink and settle in the sediment (Fazey
and Ryan, 2016). As a result of this kind of process, buoyant MPs
in the ocean will be distributed both horizontally in the water sur-
face and vertically through the water column. Therefore, these pro-
cesses will allow the impacts of MPs to spread outside their source
location and increase their bioavailability to be ingested by a large
range of biota (Kooi et al., 2017). Moreover, this mechanism (aggre-
gation and fouling processes) also provides information for further
monitoring MPs in sediments. Areas with high percentages of total
8 D. Falahudin et al. / Science of the Total Environment 705 (2020) 135304
Fig. 8. FTIR spectra of selected microplastic particles, cellophane (left) and polystyrene (right) from sediment in the Banten Bay.
Fig. 9. Correlation graph between microplastics abundance with sediment charac-
teristics and seawater depth. Positive correlation between total microplastics with
silt and clay, and negative correlation with sand.
organic carbon (TOC) contents and the finest sediment grain sizes
will be hotspots for MPs monitoring in marine environment (Maes
et al., 2017). As mentioned in a previous study, sediment character-
istics, including TOC content and grain size, have important roles in
the distribution and accumulation of MPs on the seafloor
(Vermaire et al., 2017). Though different interaction between
MPs, TOC and sediment grain size have already been reported
(Maes et al., 2017), in this study, we conducted a correlation anal-
ysis and found that the abundance of MPs was negatively corre-
lated with sand and positively correlated with clay (p < 0.01).
This condition indicates that the abundance of MPs increased with
decreasing sediment particle size. Moreover, Eo et al. (2018)
observed that fine grain size was associated with a high proportion
of TOC and contaminants.
In addition, Rochman et al. (2013) stated that EPS MPs acted not
only as a sink location but also as a source of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. Thus, the impact of PS
particles, including EPS, will potentially pose a greater risk to the
environment than other types of MPs because of their dual-
action. Therefore, the impact will be even more severe for benthic
organisms because of the physical stressor of MPs in addition to
chemical contaminants being transferred from water when moving
through the water column and partitioning from the sediments to
MPs (Crawford et al., 2017). Moreover, due to their size being sim-
ilar to natural prey and their high concentration in the sediments,
the MPs in sediments will have a high bioavailability and be
ingested by benthic organisms in the sediment and could be toxi-
cologically affected by the co-pollutants present in the MPs, such
as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (Andrady, 2011). As a con-
sequence, the ingestion of MPs-associated contaminants in sedi-
ments increases the exposure of benthic organisms to hazardous
chemicals and possibly the threat of bio magnification throughout
the food web. Finally, further research is needed to validate the
methodology used in the current study and to observe the tempo-
ral conditions of MPs pollution in coastal ecosystems in other loca-
tions in Indonesian waters.
5. Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that the MPs found in the sed-
iments of Banten Bay are present at relatively low concentrations
compared to the levels found other regions. Furthermore, the high
abundance of EPS particles in the sediment confirmed the aggrega-
tion and biofouling mechanism in the water column that made the
low-density MPs sink to the seafloor. A clear significant relation-
ship between the MPs concentrations and the sediment grain size,
but not with seawater depth. Finally, further research is needed to
validate the methodology used in the current study, to observe
interaction between different microplastic shape and size with
grain size of sediments, and to observe the temporal conditions
of MPs pollution in the shallow water of the Banten Bay.
Funding
This project was funded by a Research Center for Oceanography,
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) DIPA grant 2016 (No. B-B-
5291/IPK.2/SK/XII/2016) and the Strategic Priority Research Pro-
gram of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDA19060204).
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Dede Falahudin: Investigation, Resources, Formal analysis,
Writing - original draft. Muhammad Reza Cordova: Conceptual-
ization, Resources, Investigation, Methodology, Writing - original
draft. Xiaoxia Sun: Resources, Funding acquisition, Supervision,
Writing - review & editing. Deny Yogaswara: Visualization, Data
curation. Ita Wulandari: Visualization. Dwi Hindarti: Supervision,
Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Zainal Arifin:
Supervision, Writing - review & editing.
 D. Falahudin et al. / Science of the Total Environment 705 (2020) 135304
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express much gratitude to Dr. Dwi
Hindarti, M.Sc as the coordinator of this research project. The
authors thanks Riyana Subandi, M. Taufik Kaisupy, Qingjie Li and
Junhia Liang who helped the process in the laboratory. In addition,
many thanks are extended to the researchers and team who were
involved in this research project and made the project successful;
additional thanks are extended to Micha Gracianna Devi, S.P., M.
Sc for spell-checking the manuscript.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135304.
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Research article Open access

Molecular characteristics and stable carbon isotope compositions of dicarboxylic acids and
related compounds in the urban atmosphere of the North China Plain: Implications for aqueous
phase formation of SOA during the haze periods
Jingjing Meng, Xiaodi Liu, Zhanfang Hou, Yanan Yi, ... Gehui Wang
Article 135256

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Ultraviolet/peroxydisulfate degradation of ofloxacin in seawater: Kinetics, mechanism and
toxicity of products
Yunjie Zhu, Min Wei, Zihan Pan, Leiyun Li, ... Yuanyuan Zhang
Article 135960

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Research article Abstract only

The first occurrence, spatial distribution and characteristics of microplastic particles in
sediments from Banten Bay, Indonesia
Dede Falahudin, Muhammad Reza Cordova, Xiaoxia Sun, Deny Yogaswara, ... Zainal Arifin
Article 135304

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Abstract Graphical abstract

Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as an emerging issue worldwide, including Indonesia. Due to the
limited of data available regarding MPs pollution in Indonesian waters, we investigated the occurrence,
spatial distribution, characteristics, and potential ecological impacts of MPs in sediments from 25 stations
in the Banten Bay, a shallow and semi enclosed bay located on the northwestern coast of Java, Indonesia.
The bay has experienced very high population pressure due to increasing coastal development in the last
decade. MPs were extracted by flotation methods, observed under a stereomicroscope, and identified by
FTIR imaging. This study showed that MPs pollution is prevalent in the Banten Bay, where all sediments
contained MPs with an average concentration of 267 ± 98 particles/kg dw sediment. The most common
shape size and polymer type were foam (38% of the observed MPs) size between 500 and 1000 μm (>50%)

Research article Abstract only

Long-term decomposition captures key steps in microbial breakdown of seagrass litter
Stacey M. Trevathan-Tackett, Thomas C. Jeffries, Peter I. Macreadie, Bojana Manojlovic, Peter Ralph
Article 135806

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Research article Abstract only

Sanitary effect of FE-DBD cold plasma in ambient air on sewage biosolids
P. Svarnas, E. Giannakopoulos, I. Kalavrouziotis, C. Krontiras, ... D. Chrysochoou
Article 135940
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Research article Abstract only

Estimation of urine volume in municipal sewage originating from patients receiving antibiotics
at a private clinic in Crete, Greece
Antonios G. Katsikaros, Constantinos V. Chrysikopoulos
Article 134858

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Research article Abstract only

Chitin degradation and the temporary response of bacterial chitinolytic communities to chitin
amendment in soil under different fertilization regimes
Cai Hui, Hui Jiang, Bing Liu, Ran Wei, ... Yuhua Zhao
Article 136003

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Research article Abstract only

Novel electrochemical aptasensor with dual signal amplification strategy for detection of
acetamiprid
Xiaojie Shi, Jianfei Sun, Yao Yao, Huimin Liu, ... Xia Sun
Article 135905

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Research article Abstract only

Removal of phosphate by aluminum-modified clay in a heavily polluted lake, Southwest China:
Effectiveness and ecological risks
Haiquan Yang, Kangkang He, Dingpan Lu, Jingfu Wang, ... Jingan Chen
Article 135850

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Medicine.

Julian Blasco (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/julian-blasco)
Institute of Marine Science of Andalucia, Puerto Real, Spain
Email Julian Blasco (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/julian-blasco)
Metals; Pharmaceuticals; Nanoparticles; Pollution; Ecotoxicology; Risk assessment; Seawater;
Sediment
Baoliang Chen (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/baoliang-chen)
(https://w SEARCH MENU
Zhejiang University,
ww.elsevi
Hangzhou, China
Email Baoliang Chen (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
er.com)
environment/editorial-board/baoliang-chen)
Soil pollution control and remediation; Traditional and novel functional materials and
environmental applications (biochar, graphene, biosorbent, and organoclay); Sorption and
reactions of organic and inorganic contaminants with natural and synthesised media; Novel
membrane and pollutant abatement

Jianmin Chen (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/jianmin-chen)
Fudan University Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai,
China
Email Jianmin Chen (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/jianmin-chen)
Gaseous and particulate air monitoring and chemistry (particularly urban); Secondary aerosol;
Haze formation and fog chemistry; Human toxicity of atmospheric particulates; Aerosols and
climate impacts

Frederic Coulon (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/frederic-coulon)
Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
Email Frederic Coulon (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/frederic-coulon)
Remediation, hazardous waste, water and wastewater treatment ; Risk assessment and
remediation; Bioaerosols; Hydrocarbons; Environmental microbiology; Antarctic science

Adrian Covaci (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/adrian-covaci)
University of Antwerp Toxicological Centre, Wilrijk, Belgium
Email Adrian Covaci (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/adrian-covaci)
Human exposure; Exposure assessment; Human health effects; Biomarkers; Food safety;
Biomonitoring; Indoor pollution; Emerging contaminants; Legacy contaminants; Wastewater
epidemiology

Martin Drews
Technical University of Denmark Department of Environmental Engineering, Kogens Lyngby,
Denmark
Email Martin Drews (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/martin-drews)
(https://w SEARCH MENU
ww.elsevi
Xinbin Fenger.com)
(https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/xinbin-feng)
Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
Email Xinbin Feng (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/xinbin-feng)
Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the environment and its health impact; Mercury stable
isotope geochemistry and remediation of mercury contaminated lands; Cd, Pb, As and Sb
biogeochemical cycling in the environment

José Virgílio Matos Figueira Cruz (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-

of-the-total-environment/editorial-board/jose-virgilio-matos-figueira-cruz)
University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
Email José Virgílio Matos Figueira Cruz
(https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-environment/editorial-
board/jose-virgilio-matos-figueira-cruz)
Groundwater geology; Groundwater geochemistry; Surface water chemistry; Water quality; Water
pollution; Water management; Water planning

Pingqing Fu (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/pingqing-fu)
Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Email Pingqing Fu (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/pingqing-fu)
Organic aerosols; Atmospheric chemistry; Isotopes of atmospheric aerosols; Fog water; Ice-core
organics; Dissolved organic matter; Biomarkers

Ashantha Goonetilleke (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/ashantha-goonetilleke)
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Email Ashantha Goonetilleke (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-
the-total-environment/editorial-board/ashantha-goonetilleke)
Water quality; Water pollution; Water reuse; Water treatment; Stormwater pollutant processes;
Integrated Water Resources Management; Water infrastructure resilience; climate change
adaptation

Mae Sexauer Gustin (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/mae-sexauer-gustin)
University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
Email Mae Sexauer Gustin (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/mae-sexauer-gustin)
(https://w SEARCH MENU
Biogeochemical cycling of mercury, metals, and isotopes; Air pollution
ww.elsevi
er.com)
Patricia A. Holden
University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
Email Patricia A. Holden (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/patricia-a-holden)
Water quality; Environmental microbiology; Fecal pollution, Biodegradation and
bioremediation; Soil pollution and soil processes; Nanomaterials; Wastewater treatment;
Biogeochemistry; Emerging contaminants; Hydrocarbons; Metals

Henner Hollert (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/henner-hollert)
Goethe University Frankfurt Faculty Bio Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
Email Henner Hollert (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/henner-hollert)
Bioanalytical environmental toxicology; Aquatic toxicology; Triad (Weight of evidence)
approaches; Effect directed analysis; Sediments; In-situ investigations and monitoring; In-vitro
bioassays; Waste- and ground water investigations (advanced wastewater treatment); Ecology

Deyi Hou
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Email Deyi Hou (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/deyi-hou)
Sustainability assessment; Life cycle assessment; Environmental footprint
analysis; Risk management; Contaminated soil and groundwater remediation; Heavy metal
contamination; Biochar production and application; Green synthesis of environmental
functional materials; Fate and transport of volatile organic compounds in porous media

Ching-Hua Huang (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/ching-hua-huang)
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Email Ching-Hua Huang (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-
total-environment/editorial-board/ching-hua-huang)
Environmental chemistry; Water quality; Physicochemical treatment processes; Drinking water
quality; Wastewater reuse; Contaminants of emerging concern; Reaction kinetics and
mechanism
Wei Huang (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/wei-huang)
(https://w SEARCH MENU
Peking University,
ww.elsevi
Beijing, China
Email Wei Huang
er.com) (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/wei-huang)
Exposure assessment; Environmental epidemiology; Health intervention

G. Darrel Jenerette
University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States
Email G. Darrel Jenerette (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/g-darrel-jenerette)
Land use/ land cover; Carbon and nitrogen cycling; Ecohydrology; Drylands; Urbanization;
Spatial analysis; Remote sensing

Pavlos Kassomenos (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/pavlos-kassomenos)
University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
Email Pavlos Kassomenos (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/pavlos-kassomenos)
Air pollution; Meteorology; Environmental health; Climate change; Particulates; Ozone;
Bioaerosols; Dust transportation; Vehicle emissions; Noise

Ewa Korzeniewska (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/ewa-korzeniewska)
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
Email Ewa Korzeniewska (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-
total-environment/editorial-board/ewa-korzeniewska)
Air pollution quality and human health; Contaminant (bio)monitoring and assessment;
Ecotoxicology and risk assessment; Environmental management and policy; Human health risk
assessment and management; Waste and water treatment; Antibiotic resistance; Biogas
production

Christian Herrera Lameli

Universidad Católica del Norte, Fac. de Ciencias del Mar, Coquimbo, Chile
Email Christian Herrera Lameli (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/christian-herrera-lameli)

Jurgen Mahlknecht
Technological and Higher Education Institute of Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
Email Jurgen Mahlknecht
(https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
(https://w SEARCH MENU
environment/editorial-board/jurgen-mahlknecht)
ww.elsevi
Groundwater chemistry, Isotope hydrology, Groundwater flow,
er.com)
Groundwater management, Groundwater pollution, Groundwater
planning, Urban groundwater, Surface water chemistry,
Groundwater policy

Lidia Morawska (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/lidia-morawska)
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Email Lidia Morawska (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/lidia-morawska)
Air pollution; Air quality; Indoor air pollution; Exposure assessment; Contaminated particulates;
VOC; anthropogenic; Characterization; Automotive; Apportionment; Pollution transport;
Monitoring: Analytical

Huu Hao Ngo

University of Technology Sydney School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Broadway, Australia
Email Huu Hao Ngo (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/huu-hao-ngo)
Water and wastewater treatment and reuse technologies; Alternative water resources; Water
management and impact assessment; Solid waste management; Specific green technologies;
Water – waste – energy nexus; Greenhouse gas emission control and minimisation

Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-

total-environment/editorial-board/jose-julio-ortega-calvo)
Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Sevilla Agrochemistry
Environmental Microbiology and Soil Conservation, Sevilla, Spain
Email Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-
the-total-environment/editorial-board/jose-julio-ortega-calvo)
Biodegradation and biotransformation of organic pollutants in soils and sediments;
Bioremediation; Environmental microbiology; Bioavailability and persistence; Risk assessment

Wei Ouyang (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-environment/editorial-

board/wei-ouyang)
Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
Email Wei Ouyang (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/wei-ouyang)
(https://w SEARCH MENU
Water environment
ww.elsevi and climate risk; Watershed environment management; Non-
point sourceer.com)
modeling and control; Diffuse pollution assessment

Elena Paoletti (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/elena-paoletti)
Research Institute for the Sustainable Protection of Plants National Research Council
Florence Unit, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Email Elena Paoletti (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/elena-paoletti)
Plant health; Plant ecophysiology; Forests; Climate stressors; Air pollution impacts on terrestrial
ecosystems; BVOC; Ground-level ozone

Paulo Alexandre da Silva Pereira (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-

the-total-environment/editorial-board/paulo-alexandre-da-silva-pereira)
Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Email Paulo Alexandre da Silva Pereira
(https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-environment/editorial-
board/paulo-alexandre-da-silva-pereira)
Soil degradation, Soil erosion, Soil processes, Forest Fires, Spatial Analysis, Mapping,
Geostatistics, Ecosystem Services

Yolanda Picó (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-environment/editorial-

board/yolanda-pico)
University of Valencia Faculty of Pharmacy, Burjassot, Spain
Email Yolanda Picó (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/yolanda-pico)
Media / Habitats: drinking water, water quality, water pollution, rivers, lakes, sediments,
watersheds, soils, exposure assessment, human health effects, biomarkers, bioindicators, dietary
exposure, food contamination, food safety; Human Health Effects: pesticides, endocrine
disruptors, pharmaceutical residues, organics, analytical, surveys
 (https://w SEARCH MENU
ww.elsevi
er.com)

Charlotte Poschenrieder (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-

total-environment/editorial-board/charlotte-poschenrieder)
Autonomous University of Barcelona Faculty of Biosciences, Bellaterra, Spain
Email Charlotte Poschenrieder (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-
the-total-environment/editorial-board/charlotte-poschenrieder)
Plant-Environment Interactions; Plant-Soil Relationships; Salinity; Plant- Microbe Interactions;
Plant Toxicology; Crop Production; Plant Natural Adaptation

Sergi Sabater (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-environment/editorial-

board/sergi-sabater)
University of Girona, Girona, Spain
Email Sergi Sabater (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/sergi-sabater)
River and stream ecology; Biofilm ecology and ecotoxicology; Mediterranean; Water scarcity;
Ecosystem functioning; Bioidiversity; Conservation of rivers
Scott C. Sheridan (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/scott-c-sheridan)
(https://w SEARCH MENU
Kent State University,
ww.elsevi
Kent, Ohio, United States
Email Scott er.com)
C. Sheridan (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-
total-environment/editorial-board/scott-c-sheridan)
Human biometeorology, climate change, synoptic climatology, extreme temperature events

Filip M.G. Tack (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/filip-mg-tack)
Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Email Filip M.G. Tack (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/filip-mg-tack)
Heavy metals; Trace element biogeochemistry; Dredged materials; Soil and sediment
remediation; Phytoremediation

Kevin Thomas (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/kevin-thomas)
University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences,
Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
Email Kevin Thomas (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/kevin-thomas)
Contaminants of emerging concern; Non-target analysis; High resolution Mass Spectrometry;
Microplastics; Biomonitoring

Daniel Tsang
(https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-
total-environment/editorial-board/daniel-tsang)
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Email Daniel Tsang
(https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-
total-environment/editorial-board/daniel-tsang)
Green chemistry/engineering; Soil/sediment
remediation; Engineered biochar; Waste valorization;
Resource recovery; Wastewater/stormwater treatment;
Catalytic conversion/degradation; Pollutant transport;
Environmental pollution | Sustainable urban
development, urban wastes, contaminated land and
water, waste management (food, wood, plastic agro,
sludge), green remediation, wastewater treatment.
Paola Verlicchi (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/paola-verlicchi)
(https://w SEARCH MENU
University ofww.elsevi
Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Email Paolaer.com)
Verlicchi (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/paola-verlicchi)
Water treatment; Wastewater treatments; Reuse of reclaimed water; Occurrence and removal of
pharmaceuticals from (waste)water; Hospital effluent management and treatment; Petrochemical
wastewater treatment; Environmental risk assessment

Jan Vymazal (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/jan-vymazal)
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
Email Jan Vymazal (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/jan-vymazal)
Constructed and natural wetlands; Plant nutrient uptake; Heavy metals in
macrophytes; Macrophyte biomass and production; Eutrophication

Fang Wang (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/fang-wang)
Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
Email Fang Wang (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/fang-wang)
Soil pollution and remediation; Persistent organic pollutants; Polycyclic aromatic compounds;
Antibiotics; Antibiotic resistance; Phthalate ester; Emerging Contaminants; Biochar;
Bioavailability; Biodegradation and biotransformation of organic pollutants; Biofilms; Signaling
molecules; Analytical method; Environmental monitoring

Daniel A. Wunderlin (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-

environment/editorial-board/daniel-a-wunderlin)
National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
Email Daniel A. Wunderlin (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-
total-environment/editorial-board/daniel-a-wunderlin)
Tracing pollutants from their source to foods; Food Integrity, including the evaluation of
bioactive compounds in foods; Studying links between food production and environmental
pollution

Daqiang YIN
Tongji University School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai, China
Email Daqiang YIN (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/daqiang-yin)
Shuzhen Zhang (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
environment/editorial-board/shuzhen-zhang)
(https://w SEARCH MENU
Chinese Academy
ww.elsevi
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Email Shuzhen Zhang (https://www.journals.elsevier.com: /science-of-the-total-
er.com)
environment/editorial-board/shuzhen-zhang)
soil contamination; Sorption/desorption of organic contaminants; Bioaccumulation and
transformation of organic contaminants in the terrestrial environment; Applications of
synchrotron-based spectroscopy techniques in environmental chemistry, NOM analysis and
effects on contaminant behaviors