Date

Expt. No.
Page No.

A|m the
Experiment
To prz2 parre
CR4Stals oo potash Alum
(K2soy At, (so4)z 24 H,D)
Theoy
potash lumn |s a dauble Sulphate ob
potass|Um and Alumin|um when equ|nnplarr
Qantit|e s ok potaS}M
potassum Sulphate and
alam|n|um Sulphate are dzssalved |n wter
Soldi6 concentratet to creystallizatzDn Po|nt
by bo|l|ng and aloed to Caoly colarless
ctahedrzal cZy Stals ot potash alum ane obtaid.

Alz(Sal244,0
(Potash Alin
|CryStads are separakd breom the mothee
L|uor by decantation drid between HhQ 6ods
the
tilter papen and wezghed

Teacher's Signature
 Expt.
Page No. 2

Apparatus rreamzRed
TwO 250m beakers
(2e FuOned
z) Gass rDd

z) chàna dis CPorcela|n basia)

( Tr~pod Stand

vw~ne gaAZe
V Bnber buenerr

(Vzs) F~ltere paper

(2) Fter stns
Chemical Rau|red

2 PotaSs|um Sulphate229m

2i2) Dzlute
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 Date
Expt. No.
Page No. 3

Przoce dure
12 D|ssole
the Hyo by Gtering
2In another beaker take
dke 8.3am o6 alum~n|um
sulphate and dsolve |n 3oml ot water by
Lwarmn9 he Solet|ons To make the Solut~on
Cleanand albDut smk ob d|lute H,Soy
z) M|x he ta oldions and bilterz TA
necessa2y to emoe the SAspendedTmpuities
Collet the clear biBer à a clean chiNa Dzsh

z) Heat the clear Solution 2n y ch|na dish by

placing on a tàpst stand concentrzadàn te
Soludon &|tt the cRystalizatzo pont Ssieiched
Rmove the chna dah GreSm the 6lame
and Alou to cool t at zoom temperature and
then by placing the dish aen 2 begker bul
O Cod wat¿rz Aloaw the Solcton to rrenain
hd|sturbed6o2 about hals - an- hour When
crystal ot potash Alum w|l Sepanate ct
Và Separate the cRystal &rom the mothere luor
by decantation and wash with Cold wtere.

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 Date
Expt. No.
Page No.

IV) NOw trans ber Hho

pressng between hecrystad and dzy thete by
pods ot the blter
paperr and take he apprzoximate esgt
Resut
()ColOArr o6 CRystl =ColDUless
ColDuRless wh|te

(~ Sha ob cRystad= Octahedral

i~)y~etd= 4-8)aram
) Theoretical Y|eld

Przecautions
(2) Use Mìn|mum antty oo aater bore
d~sov|ng the Satd.
Add d|lcde thsoyto
thsoy to Solt2on
Solatzon pt almin}n
Ssulphate o prevent hydrzolys|s.
8Do not Contentrate the solutiog beyond
eystallizatibn po|at.
Auow the solatzsn do coo! Slouly and undátued.
OMleol22
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 Date
Expt.No, 01
Page No.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENY: So mxenaH the standanò Olutiod

THEORYiMydnated Qraie seid CaHa Qu Ha)

12:6 Qag oxalic aaio on lithu ak he áolutign óhouud

len the other band, 12.6/10 = 1o26q ag Cnystal, ap uaic aciò

MATERIELG REQUIRE,: e Chtmicat alance

"HunnL CStand
Pistiuod 4oates

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 Date

Expt.No.
Page No. 04

PROCEORE:

Haue u watch Qlas,Luash it tuith ditilted watex nà dy it.

119eigh the Lnat amont ab Lan onð Ônieò usatCh qias d

~leigh ConuCtly am lhh watch qass fu26 qas oaic ocio Lad
LCOHà its eeci¡u in the notetbaola "

5lah ihe iatch qLaLA ueilla lixtiueo uodteH lo motb he nauticla

that stiCk to it into the eam with ssistance ah a uanh bottie
GltOn thi th vouA Dt istilleouaten shouLo Mot 2Nceeo Eome
Mlare unnus KeVOHAL tinus uoith iutiuoo usatey o move lhe

kos coiter in tins equantitiu ushiee

distilLzo usaten qçantity seo teghu puxnDLe_ G¯euuo uot exco8)
ldistiuowoatex
160 m
Luinq a unne earakuly uitntatiua

uun he klusk ag meauMe until he Guaic eio oiaoLves

gedueeD meniscu vee fut touca hemAH

Keuu unti tn

Teacher's Signature
 Signature. Teacher's
T0°C 60 to
OLate, on
acio oxatic tit1ate MCeSRAy
io i it
cyinde meastuiag
ihe nmok thl ¯beve aater citleo acoitim7 Ratia
dingl lvaen qasaaebuy
that co uoatCh h h
PRECAQILON:
RESULT:
lateditilco Volume
GA
1264 ctcià- OxaLic "oeiqut
o7
OBSERVATIONN
O5 No. Page
No. Expt.
Date
 Date
Expt.No.
Page No. 06

oIM OE HE EXPERIMENT: Jo uotermin thedtLnQth as

notauium nnmongangte by titnating it
aqainst hh dtandano dolutin 0p O.fu
OxOic acio.

THEORY: Mottasium nemanganate i ta stnong idiing

mcium h Oxiditog abilitf at kMNGy iA

Om acicic 8OLLtiem
Mndut &H 5e- Mn2t ++ 4 Ha0

doutien Centaining
Cent
th dolution tonthinirg Mnat ian one coLCtLLLBRk
rence eMOnganate slution ocducoLCutiseo usken
thee i n eNcesA as 20tauiun 2enmanganate nesent

del7 indicatorin acicic aoution.

yhe iconic eouotion inslee in he poceas in given feloto

Reaction -lMaoy+ RH*+ 5e-nHL OTk
Naus Reuction
Ouidotiom dhit Raoation- (C:oy
-MNOt l6H+5C2Ci-Mn2+I0Coa
Ovannl!iostnic Lpaction + 8Ha0
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 Date
Expt.No.
Page No.

MATERIALS REQUIRE,:
oCuatic cbcio
otasim jpenmanganate solutlen
lChemical balance
Buxette
olBunette ótand
pine tte
Canicatteaik
Fuonee
"cleosuiDg FLask
leighinq Toottie
"Oite pile
Bunmez

|APPARA TQS SETOP

buHe tte Kmnoy Slution

Ceniogl fea-10 me a7 CNaLic Qcio t bulpwic thcia.
n
"9naicatox eLk indicator (KMDOu)

PROCENURE:
potasRiUm PinmangAte cdlutioné
the
AiNAe the kuzette wsithpotauim delutin
DLimanganate
i he buwte tolth
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 Date

Expt.No. Page No.

ix th functe in the otane ang pLacc the estrite tia beloL)

Awette n pIÔ07 to fenô the ehd point oONneCtly

cenical Blask
0atest tbe ueos dutntaeexic aclo in oHôon fo prevent
Loxiaticn manganese to tonm manganese Oloxioe.
" lear tne mixtwe upto 60' beßona titnating with otaaiam
manganate
stc Oan thi lnltia 2eaôing in tan buutte bagox
dhe titnation.
otontisag
" Hhe hot bolutioniutituataD against otassium 2ennango.
ate dolutin no BinuutaneaLuly óul the Bolutie4 in
the klaru qently
oitiauy the taupte colaur oß KMnoy i dischanqeo cueiiA
nn oxatc acio the appeaxence as tao peamonent pink
(OioUr ii 0eauo the eno poiat.

Ke peat the titnotion tunti tae ConcoHÔOnt aun are Obtain

Mote oawo the uppen nisu on he buutte gcaling

Recenohe ohAo971/atian fe lowano Calelate tae mblaity

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 Date

Expt.No. Page No.

OBSERVATIONVA

VOume as 0xatic. Gwcete Readig voumo (v) at

9nitauC Final (Y KMnou VEy-ml
10 me 10:2 10-2
40 me
10 mh
4 B9-6

OALCOLATIOA

ocaLcuote the cOtAenqth a7 qiven kMNOy in tems as

a, MV, = a, M, Va
anô a one ato Chíometnlc CoL7ficient at Gxatic
laciò ana kMnay io a balanceo R¡uaticn

ane molanitiLu O6 2Ottaium pehmanganalt

Roxoe aoid CoOLutien cupo in the titnatin

ano oxaic acto 9ution tueo_in thotitnotin

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 Date

Expt.No. Page No. 10

|henefon,
KMnoy OxaLictcid

5xQR

by wuing th moiaiy
Atengtn Molaity x MoLar mass OooyXLSR= G324
RESOLSS:

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 Rorod tho
Date

Expt.No. 04 Page No. 11

AuM_OE THE EXPERIMENI: Jo detenmin the btrength Q7

given pottasaium_peimanganae óolutien
against a stanôHo heni ammonitum
Duphaie Cobn's daLt) Bolution
THEORñ:

ottassium Pmanganate iaa ttonq Qxidont in the presene Ob

l6uLkic acià. Mohn óalt is ua cobuble sat tominq a single
CHystoLine dtiuetue fauing the tenmuta (NHt)a, Feaos- 6Hi0
dulphate.
ln thi titnatiomlotn ÓaLt uact a a e@ucing agnt nd
0ttasum rermanganota. aet: an axioising aint'.oo the
z0actien betuseon 2chz's aOtt ond potasi~a penaanganake

manganeAe rresent in ottasaium enmonganakeshicn

i en the +Icuiôntien tate acts reâueo lo elawless
Mototate
ienic 2qratian ipvelved in the 20cess L q¯en buLCle
|he
xtdation bas reaLtion-To2t Fg3t teTx5
tion - MOQu-+RH+5eMot 4H0
|Reouetion has Puac
Mn21+5Fe4HaO
t SH+5FRt
YOa! inic heactien- Mno
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 Date

Expt. No. 04
Page No. 42

e titiation ii Basec cuponCnioatiom -00

-hcôLuetion titnation
ocn feOUI amnenitl Suptate olutien i titnateð uagaimst
yetasicm peamanganotein the pnesence aA acidic coius

a a deLy ipoiCatsn R tlhi titnatien i cateco nermangauak

Hitnatin

MATERIALS REOUREM
louer's oat (fennges AMmenium sultate
ootarsim penmanganate dalution
"ilute daltunic cacta
"Chemal balance
"Burette
Buutte Gtano
Pipe te
CenicalBask
"fonel
aliequinq'fottlc.
titotile

APPARATOS SET OP:

conica tLaul Teacher's Signature

 122 edd2r n

Date

Expt.No. 04 Page No. 13

euotns dat)t Cuuguntc acteid.

Snoicateh - Delp ibdicoton(kunau)

PRCCET\URE:

(ablanepanaticn ak otanano dOlutien as foIGUL QMmeniam

kuuntaat
Ae qLuantits o oltohn's sali kuguinuo ton tae

= 01 X392=

l2keiqk LeLIatets 3:92 ap cehik cae iod chenatcol babnce.

into e
oith Zae faclp otanal tansters the nobas alt
ncasuzin task aittaut
No) usdsh the funnel wtto diatileo 9ates
the 8OLtien 2p to ile mmanae0 2oint asith
alae
uy oiscluo
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 Date

Expt.No. 04 Page No. 14

Maa soLution i l00md stanÔQnÒ KOLuticn o7 cUoc's

hltrction ab r0ttasium henmang.ata te dOltetion against

otanûano fernous ammanium sulsate (Mohi's daLt)
laclutioM.

4oash Rhinse the fuette and nintte sith ditillao cwaten

Land then ninae esith dht von7aponûinq aolutin to be

A Rinse the bacwte oith 1he Stuium hrmanganate aoluhicn

nâ tiu the bewete ucitb the rettanitun neamangantte
l8elutin.

APix the Burette in the buxete Btoo0 ano plaee dh cshile

4 Pine ihe 2itte no enicat lase with dtancaxo

HevIau GuLphate Golatien
5"|PipetHe Cut Omd standaIo con'su's sat Kolctian

Dioxioe
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 Date

Expt.No. 04 Page No. 15

HMode on thinitiat uaDiog in thetourette Butou Btattind

the titnation:

cNew Gtatt tlhe iit1atiern, titnate againat pettasium nlina

ngatate CGOlution anô Gimultanecals BcsiHL the solution

epeatthe tittien mtil cencen0Qnt ales aIe Obtaine

note ooLén The cpper meniscLa gn the fuette eoings

Rocond the neaoing in the obse1aion toble given Below
lio onden to ualcitato tae moLanits as KMDÕs qiven.
LOBSERVATION:
Bing VoLunmo abenxOLIA PLutte Reading
Onitiank) Fnal KMDOu_ Useo
ammenium Butale Ve(yx) me

20:5 q"1 7tono

20:5 SO2 q ant
4 doo m q.

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 Date

Expt.No. 04 Page No. 16

CALCOLATION:

leNonmatits ag kMOoy dOLutien t

NV= NV)
Na = NVL

>OolXlO = Q. lO3 N
qT

|MoLarity Nosmaliksy O020 m

9factor
Stxength Molaxits x MoAx Qu=Gu020 Xx |CS =Zl6q

xoceoUTL Cttf)SttngttrNOMALtyx ÉqivatonA LOeight

RESOLT
molea/libdg
Saáe atxength Qé qiven zottaslum hamanganate dotieo

PRECAOTION:

2pper mnisCs

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 Date

04 Page No.
Expt.No.

lse aiute aulpcic aciO ton acioibying the notaRiLm

nemanganate:
4Ceean al the appatatus csith oitilleO coat be kaHL
dtarting thu ep0simont anò thon inse cwith the soLLtion
to be tluen an them.

5Hake CCUKate seaoing once iEit H00Che tle enÔpoint no

oeAnot qo with taunage neoingi

pTAe etHongth as tu cuncnan solution aouto be

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 Experiment 5

Test for acidic radicals

I. CO32-
1. No. of salts :-

2. Colour of salt :-

3. Texture of salt :-

4. Solubility :-

Reaction with dilute HCl:

Observation Inference

2-3ml of dil HCl was 1. Effervescence took place may be CO2 gas from CO32-
taken in a clean test tube, with evolution of colourless (NH4)2CO3 + HCl
heated to boiling . then and odourless gas. NH4Cl+H2O+CO2
pinch of salt was added to it.

Confirmatory test . Observation . Inference .

Add barium chloride or
calcium chloride solution to
2ml of original solution taken
in test tube.
White precipitate of
calcium or barium carbonate
is formed which is soluble in
carbonic acid and mineral
acid.
The formation of white ppt confirms
the present of CO32- in the given salt.
CO32-+Ca2+ CaCO3(white
. ppt.)

CO32-+Ba2+ BaCO3(white
. ppt.)
II. Cl-
1. No. of salts :-

2. Colour of salt :-

3. Texture of salt :-

4. Solubility :-

Reaction with dilute HCl or concentrated H2SO4 :

Observation Inference

2-3ml of dil HCl was 1. No reaction took place. CO32-, S2-, SO32-, CH3COO- are absent.
taken in a clean test tube,
heated to boiling . then
pinch of salt was added to
it.

Pinch of salt was taken in a 2. Reaction took place with It may be HCl gas.
clean test tube and add 3-4 evolution of white fumes.
drops of conc. H2SO4 and
warm it gently.

Confirmatory test . Observation . Inference .

Silver nitrate (AgNO3) test
2ml of salt solution was
taken in a test tube acidified
with dil AgNO3 was added
slowly.
It confirms the presence of Cl- ion.
A curdy white ppt formed
which is soluble in NH4OH AgCl + 2NH4OH
[Ag(NH3)2] + 2H2O
III. CH3COO-
1. No. of salts :-

2. Colour of salt :-

3. Texture of salt :-

4. Solubility :-

Reaction with dilute HCl or concentrated H2SO4 :

Observation Inference

May be CH3COO-

Pinch of salt was taken in a 1. Vinegar like smell is

clean test tube and add 3-4 obtained M(CH3COO) + H2SO4
drops of dil. H2SO4 and
warm it gently. CH3COOH +MSO4

Confirmatory test . Observation . Inference .

1ml of water extract is Deep red colored ppt is
neutralized with dilute acetic observed due to formation of CH3COO- confirmed
acid followed by addition of a complex.
ferric chloride solution. [Fe(OH)2(CH3COO)]
IV. SO32-
1. No. of salts :-

2. Colour of salt :-

3. Texture of salt :-

4. Solubility :-

Reaction with dilute HCl or concentrated H2SO4 :

Observation Inference

2-3ml of dil sulphuric was 1. A colorless and pungent May be SO32-

taken in a clean test tube, Smelling gas evolves.
heated to boiling . then
pinch of salt was added to
it.

Confirmatory test . Observation . Inference .

Take a pinch of mixture and
add 2-3 ml of dilute HCl.
Pass the gas evolved through
lime water
Sulphur dioxide is evolved.
SO32- confirmed
.
White ppt is obtained
V. S2-
1. No. of salts :-

2. Colour of salt :-

3. Texture of salt :-

4. Solubility :-

Reaction with dilute HCl:

Observation Inference

2-3ml of dil HCl was
taken in a clean test tube,
heated to boiling . then
pinch of salt was added to
it.
1. evolution of colourless May be H2S gas from S2-
gas with rotten egg smell.
S2-+2H+ H2S

Confirmatory test . Observation . Inference .

Add dilute H2SO4 to 1ml Gas with rotten egg smell is Gas evolved is H2S.
water extract and warm the evolved. Black ppt of PbS is S2- may be present.
solution. Add lead acetate to formed which is insoluble in The black ppt confirms presence of
the above solution CH3COOH. S2- ion.

(CH3COOH)2Pb+H2S

PbS(black ppt)+2CH3COOH
 Test for basic radicals
Experiment -6
Ammonium ion (NH4+)

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1. Test tubes - 2
2. Sodium Hydroxide solution
3. Ammonium chloride salt
4. Litmus paper – Red
5. Nessler’s reagent
6. Dropper

PROCEDURE:
Test 1: Take ammonium chloride salt in a test tube and add sodium hydroxide. Test 2: Add few

drops of Nessler’s reagent. It reacts with ammonia gas.

EQUATIONS:
1. NH4Cl + NaOH →NaCl + H2O+ NH3
2. 2K2HgI4+ 3KOH + NH3→ 2H2O +7KI + HgO.Hg(NH2)I

OBSERVATION:
Test 1: Colourless pungent smelling gas- ammonia is evolved
As ammonia is an alkaline gas it turns moist red litmus paper to blue. But bluelitmus paper

remains as it is.
Test 2: Ammonia gas reacts with Nessler’s reagent to form a brownprecipitate. The

brown precipitate is Amidoiodo mercury.

RESULT: The cation identified is Ammonium ion (NH4+)

 EXPERIMENT – 7
Aim :- To analyse the given unknown inorganic salt for acidic and basic radicals.

Preliminary Investigation
Physical State Solid
Colour White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ , Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+absent)
Odour Ammonium smell (may be NH44+)
Solubility Soluble in water
Flame Test No Characteristic flame (Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+,
Zn2+ absent)

(A) Identification of Acidic Radical

(a) Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 Colourless, colourless gas with brisk Group A anion (CO 2-3 may be
effervescence which turn lime water present)
milky

Confirmative test :
1. BaCl2 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of BaCO3 CO 32- Confirmed
BaCl2
2. MgSO4 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of MgCO3 CO 32- Confirmed
MgSO4

(B) Identification of Basic Radical

a) Preliminary Test
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt Solution + NaOH+ Heat Smell of NH3 ( )
2. Place a red litmus on the mouth of Red litmus turns blue Zero group present NH + may be
4
test tube.
Confirmative test
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Nessler’s reagent test : Salt + Reddish brown ppt. is formed NH + confirmed.
4
Solution + NaOH + Nessler’s Reagent
2. NaOH test : Smell of NH3
Salt Solution + NaOH + Heat. Dense white fumes of NH4Cl are
Bring a glass rod dipped in conc. HCl NH + Confirmed.
formed. 4

Chemical Reactions : -
Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :-

1. (NH 4 )2 CO3 + H 2 SO4 ⎯⎯→(NH 4 )2 SO4 + CO2 ↑+ H 2O

2. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 →CaCO3 + H2O
Confirmative Test
1. BaCl2 Test :

(NH ) CO + BaCl → BaCO ↓+2NH Cl

4 2 3 2 3 4

2- MgSO4 + (NH 4 )2 CO3 + MgSO4 ⎯

⎯→ MgCO3  +(NH 4 ) 2 SO4
Basic Radical
(a) Preliminary Test :-

1. (NH 4 )2 CO3 + 2NaOH ⎯

⎯→ Na2CO3 + 2H 2O + 2NH 3 

NH3+ Red litmus ---- → Litmus turns blue

(b) Confirmative test :-
1. Nessler’s Test :
K2HgI4 ⎯→ 2KI + Hg I2
(Nessler’s Reagent)
HgI2 + NH3 ⎯→ NH2HgI + HI
2NH2HgI + H2O ⎯→ NH2
/
Hg
\
O + NH4I
/
Hg
\
I

Result : The given inorganic salt contains

following Acidic Radical
3
: - CO32-
Basic Radical :- NH4+
4
EXPERIMENT 8
EXPERIMENT 9