Electrical Engineering Lab

3rd SEMESTER

Lab Instructor: Engr. Ali Hassan

Session: ME-14 Section: B Workstation No:
Group Details
Names Registration No. Listen
Total(10)
Learnt/
Viva (2)
Zain Ahmed 428451
Sher Nawaz 411357
Basit Ali 414318
Ashique Ali 407726

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

 Assignment # 2

Objective:
The objective of this assignment is to conduct a literature review for the project.

By Sher Nawaz:

1. Improving the Efficiency of Environmental Temperature Control

in Homes and Buildings.
Summary:
a) Problem Studied:
The research paper addresses the problem of improving the efficiency of environmental
temperature control in homes and buildings. The study focuses on the development of a solar
thermal system, utilizing a photovoltaic panel (PV) and a solar installation with thermosiphon
circulation. The primary aim is to enhance temperature control in an environmentally friendly and
energy-efficient manner.
b) Publication Date:
The paper was published on November 23, 2022.
c) Publication Source:
The paper was published in the journal "Energies."
d) Authors:
The authors are Murat Kunelbayev, Yedilkhan Amirgaliyev, and Talgat Sundetov.
e) Motivation:
The research is motivated by the need to address environmental concerns and enhance energy
efficiency in residential and commercial buildings. The utilization of solar energy for temperature
control is an eco-friendly solution, and the study seeks to contribute to advancements in this field.
f) Research Methodology:
The authors developed a solar thermal system incorporating a photovoltaic panel and a
thermosiphon circulation system. The system includes a flat solar collector with heat-insulating
translucent glass, double glazing, and a thin-walled corrugated stainless pipe as a coolant.
Additionally, a solar system control controller with six sensors, controlled by the STM32
programmable Logistics Integrated circuit (FPGA), was implemented to monitor, and optimize the
system's performance.

g) Results:
The research resulted in the development of an effective environmental temperature control system.
During simulations and testing, the system demonstrated a standard error of 20% compared to other
controllers. Energy consumption savings of about 1% were achieved during experiments,
highlighting the positive impact of the control signal on the equipment's service life. The study
provides insights into improving temperature control efficiency using solar energy.
By Ashique Ali :

Research Paper "A Review on Optimal Energy Management in

Commercial Buildings":
Summary:

A) Problem Studied:

The research paper addresses the challenge of rising energy costs and the need for
innovative methods in energy monitoring, control, and conservation in commercial
buildings. Specific issues include energy losses due to mismanagement, the importance
of energy management, integration of renewable energy resources, unsolved issues in
current tactics, and the objective of conducting a critical review for improving building
energy efficiency.

B) Publication Details:

Publication Date: Published on February 6, 2023. Publication Source: Published in the

journal "Energies."

C) Authors:

Jahangir Hossain Aida F. A. Kadir Ainain N. Hanafi Hussain Shareef Tamer Khatib
Kyairul A. Baharin Mohamad F. Sulaima Corresponding Authors: Aida. F. A. Kadir
Tamer Khatib

D) Motivation:

 Economic and Environmental Impacts: Addressing the impact of economic

growth on global energy demand and its environmental consequences.

 Buildings as Primary Energy Consumers: Recognizing buildings as major energy

consumers and the need for effective management.

 Global Energy Consumption Trends: Analyzing the increasing global energy

consumption, particularly in developing countries.

 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Highlighting buildings' contribution to greenhouse gas

emissions and energy losses.

 Specific Focus on Malaysia: Emphasizing the energy consumption scenario in

Malaysia. Carbon Emissions and Global Ranking: Discussing Malaysia's ranking
among top greenhouse gas emitters. Global and Regional Energy
 Consumption Statistics: Presenting energy consumption statistics in the United
States, Europe, and France. Energy

 Efficiency Potential: Advocating for Intelligent Energy Management Systems

(IEMS) and Internet of Energy (IoE).

 Role of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS): Emphasizing the

importance of BEMS in reducing emissions.

 Integration of Renewable Energy Resources: Advocating for renewable energy

integration to reduce grid dependency.

 Role of Internet of Things (IoT): Exploring IoT's role in real-time monitoring and
control for energy efficiency.

 Reviewing Existing Strategies: Recognizing challenges in current optimization and

control tactics.

 Future Trends and Sustainable Development Goals: Anticipating future trends

and aligning with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

E) Research Methodology:

 Literature Review: Conducting a comprehensive review to identify existing

research and gaps.

 Data Collection: Gathering data on global energy consumption, building energy

wastage, and emissions. Problem Identification: Identifying rising energy costs and
mismanagement as significant problems.

 Focus on Energy Management Systems: Concentrating on intelligent systems for

energy efficiency.

 Comparative Analysis: Analyzing various optimization and control tactics in

buildings. Integration of Active and Passive Solutions: Addressing both
technological and architectural solutions.

 Consideration of Controller Objectives and Constraints: Exploring diverse

controller objectives and constraints.

 Alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Connecting research

findings with UN SDGs.
 Prospective Future Trends and Issues: Discussing future trends and challenges in
building energy management.

F) Results:

 Energy Consumption and Global Trends: Highlighting global energy

consumption trends and regional disparities.

 Energy Consumption and Environmental Impact: Emphasizing buildings'

contribution to energy consumption and emissions.

 Potential for Energy Efficiency: Advocating for IEMS and IoE as solutions for
mitigating energy demand. Building

 Energy Management Systems (BEMS): Describing BEMS components and factors

in system design. Review of Previous Work: Summarizing previous research topics
related to BEMS

 Future Trends and Issues: Hinting at the importance of considering future trends
and issues. The paper provides a comprehensive review of the challenges, existing
strategies, and future trends in optimal energy management in commercial buildings,
with a focus on achieving sustainability goals
By Basit Ali:

Effect of an on/off HVAC control on indoor temperature distribution and cycle

variability in a single-floor residential building:

Problem Studied:
The problem studied in this paper is the impact of intermittent on/off operation of air-conditioning
(AC) equipment on indoor temperature distribution, airflow, and cycle variability within a medium
sized residential house. Specifically, the paper examines how the cycling of the AC system affects
the temperature inside the house and the energy consumption associated with heating and cooling.
It also looks at the design and control of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
the system can be improved based on these findings.

Publication Date: 15 November 2021

Publication Source: ScienceDirect: ScienceDirect is the world’s leading source for scientific,
technical, and medical research.

Authors:
YiQin Xu is an associate professor of aerospace and mechanical engineering at the School for the
Engineering Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, USA.
Yulia T. Peet: He is also an associate professor of aerospace and mechanical engineering in the
School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University USA.
Motivation: The motivation behind this research paper is to address several key concerns related to
the intermittent on/off operation of air-conditioning (AC) in residential houses. The primary motivation
includes:
1. Energy Efficiency: Understanding how the cycling of AC systems impacts energy consumption is
crucial in promoting energy-efficient practices. By analyzing the effects of intermittent operation,
researchers can identify ways to reduce energy waste and improve the overall efficiency of AC systems.
2. Thermal Comfort: Maintaining a comfortable indoor temperature is essential for the well-being
and comfort of building occupants. The study aims to investigate how the cycling of the AC system
affects indoor temperature distribution, which directly impacts the thermal comfort of residents.

HVAC System Design: The findings from this research can inform the design and control of heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in residential buildings.
 Research Methodology:
 Simulation Tools: The researchers used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations,
specifically focusing on Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) simulations.
 Building Model: They created a 3D model of a typical residential house including its internal
spaces and building envelope.
 HVAC Control Model: The study considered HVAC systems that use on/off control, common
in residential settings.
 Numerical Solver: The Nek5000 solver was used for CFD and CHT simulations to model
airflow and heat transfer accurately.
 Turbulent Flow Modeling: Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was used to capture turbulent airflow
patterns in detail.
 Climate Conditions: Simulations were based on a hot summer day in Phoenix, Arizona.
 Simulation Strategy: Researchers set up and ran simulations to analyze aspects of HVAC
operation and its effects on indoor conditions.
 Data Analysis: Data generated from simulations, including temperature profiles and airflow
patterns, were analyzed.

Results: The study presented findings and conclusions based on the simulation results. The paper
investigates the influence of intermittent on/off operation of the air-conditioning (AC) equipment on
indoor temperature distribution, airflow, and cycle variability in a single-floor residential building.
The analysis is performed using a computational tool based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) method and conjugate heat transfer simulations within a three-dimensional model of a solid
building envelope, along with an HVAC on/off control model. The study finds that both heat transfer
from the walls and turbulent intermittent indoor air affect the duration of the cooling and heating
cycles. It is demonstrated that a central air system controlled by a single thermostat placed in the
hallway results in consistent overcooling of the interior spaces. The findings of the study are important
for electric grid management and for improving HVAC systems design and control.
By Zain Ahmed:
Title:
Optimal Operation of a Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle with
Battery Thermal and Degradation Model
 Problem Studied:
The research paper addresses the optimal operation of a plug-in hybrid vehicle, considering battery thermal
management and degradation. The paper tackles the complex challenge of optimizing the operational
performance of plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs). Unlike traditional approaches that focus solely on energy
efficiency or battery health, this research introduces a model that simultaneously accounts for battery
thermal dynamics and degradation characteristics. This dual consideration aims to devise a holistic
operational strategy that not only maximizes the vehicle's immediate efficiency but also ensures the
prolonged health of the battery over its lifespan.
 Publication Date:
The paper was published in July 2022.
 Publication Source:
American control conference (2022)
 Authors:
Jongho Kim, Youngsuk Park, John D. Fox, Stephen P. Boyd, William Dally.
 Motivation:
The motivation for this research stems from the inherent difficulties faced by PHEVs. Plug-in hybrid
vehicles face challenges related to battery thermal management and degradation. Optimizing the vehicle's
operation considering these factors is crucial for extending battery life and improving overall efficiency.
The authors recognize that temperature fluctuations and battery degradation significantly impact the overall
efficiency and longevity of the vehicle. Addressing these challenges becomes crucial in establishing a
sustainable and optimal operation strategy, especially given the increasing importance of PHEVs in the
automotive landscape.
 Methodology:
The heart of the research lies in the proposed methodology, a sophisticated mathematical model that
incorporates real-time battery thermal dynamics and degradation predictions. This model goes beyond the
conventional by adapting the vehicle's operational parameters dynamically. The aim is to strike a delicate
balance between achieving optimal performance and mitigating factors contributing to battery wear, thereby
extending its operational life.
 Key Findings:
The research presents an optimal operational strategy for a plug-in hybrid vehicle that balances performance
and battery health. The proposed model considers real-time thermal conditions and degradation constraints
to achieve an efficient and sustainable operation. The key findings emphasize the significance of the
proposed operational strategy. By accounting for both thermal and degradation aspects, the model strives to
optimize the vehicle's energy consumption, reduce the risk of premature battery failure, and enhance the
overall efficiency of the PHEV. These findings contribute to the evolving field of electric and hybrid vehicle
technologies, offering insights into improving the sustainability and performance of such systems.
Comparison Table:

Parameter Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4

Improving the efficiency

of environmental
temperature control in Impact of intermittent on/off Optimal operation
homes and buildings Optimal energy operation of AC on indoor of PHEV with
Problem using a solar thermal management in temperature distribution, thermal and
Studied system commercial buildings airflow, and cycle variability degradation model

Publication
Date November 2022 February 2023 November 2021 July 2022

Publication American Control

Source Journal “Energies” Journal “Energies” Science direct conference 2022

Jongho Kim,
Youngsuk Park,
Murat Kunelbayev, John D. Fox,
Yedilkhan Amirgaliyev, Jahangir Hossain Aida. Stephen P. Boyd,
Authors and Talgat Sundetov. F. A. Kadir Ainain. YiQin Xu, Yulia T. Peet William Dally

Address concerns related to

Address environmental intermittent on/off operation Optimize PHEV
concerns and enhance of AC in residential houses, operation
energy efficiency in Address rising energy focusing on energy considering
buildings through solar costs and demand in efficiency, thermal comfort, thermal and
Motivation energy commercial buildings and HVAC system design degradation factors
CFD simulations, focusing
Review of energy on Conjugate Heat Transfer
Solar thermal system management (CHT), 3D model of Battery thermal
development with a strategies, residential house, HVAC and degradation
photovoltaic panel and technologies, and on/off control model, model,
thermosiphon solutions in Nek5000 solver, Large Eddy optimization
Methodology circulation commercial buildings Simulation (LES) . framework

Advocacy for influence of intermittent Optimal strategy

Development of an Intelligent Energy on/off operation of AC on for PHEV
effective environmental Management Systems, indoor temperature operation
temperature control emphasis on Building distribution, airflow, and considering
system using solar Energy Management cycle variability, impact on thermal and
Key Findings energy Systems cooling and heating cycles. degradation