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Evolution Ncert Based
Evolution Ncert Based
Evolution Ncert Based
Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
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given by
(a) Miller (b) Haldane
(c) Oparin (d) All of these
D
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166 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
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(b) studying history of organisms vertebrates
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Thorns of Bougainvillea and Eyes of Octopus and
(d) None of the above tendrils of Cucurbita mammals
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 167
30 In the animals, the same structures developed along (c) phylogenetic structures and represent divergent
the different directions due to the adaptations to evolution
different needs. This is called (d) homologous structures and represent convergent
evolution
(a) convergent evolution (b) divergent evolution
(c) disruptive evolution (d) directional evolution 38 The eyes of Octopus and eyes of cat show different
patterns of structure, yet they perform similar
31 Divergent evolution gives rise to function. This is an example of NEET 2013
(a) homologous organs (b) analogous organs (a) homologous organs that have evolved due to convergent
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these evolution
32 Among the following sets of examples for divergent (b) homologous organs that have evolved due to divergent
evolution, select the incorrect option. NEET 2018 evolution
(a) Brain of bat, man and cheetah (c) analogous organs that have evolved due to convergent
(b) Heart of bat, man and cheetah evolution
(c) Forelimbs of man, bat and cheetah (d) analogous organs that have evolved due to divergent
evolution
(d) Eye of Octopus, bat and man
39 The process by which organisms with different
33 What does presence of homologous organs in evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic
different animals indicate? adaptations in response to a common environmental
(a) Different ancestry challenge, is called NEET 2013
(b) Common ancestry (a) natural selection
(c) Independent development (b) convergent evolution
(d) Dependent development (c) non-random evolution
34 Tendrils of Cucurbita and thorns of Bougainvillea are (d) adaptive radiation
examples of 40 Evolutionary convergence is the development of
(a) vestigial organs (b) analogous organs (a) common set of characters in closely related groups
(c) homologous organs (d) homoplasy (b) common set of characters in the group of different
35 Which of the following structures is homologous to ancestry
the wing of a bird? CBSE-AIPMT 2015 (c) random mating
(a) Wing of a moth (b) Hindlimb of rabbit (d) dissimilar characters in the closely related groups
(c) Flipper of whale (d) Dorsal fin of a shark 41 Biochemical similarities are based on study of
36 Diagram given below indicates (a) similarities in carbohydrates of organisms
(b) similarities in fat (fatty acid) of organisms
(c) similarities in protein and genes of organisms
(d) All of the above
42 Change of lighter coloured variety of peppered moths
(Biston betularia) to darker variety in the industrial
Man Cheetah Whale Bat
era occurred due to
(a) selection of darker variety for survival
(b) deletion of gene
(c) industrial carbon deposited on the wings
(d) translocation of gene
43 England in 1850s, i.e. before industrialisation set in, it
was observed that there were more white-winged
moths on trees than dark-winged or melanised moths.
However, in the collection carried out from the same
area, but after industrialisation, i.e. in 1920, there
(a) analogous organs (b) homologous organs
were more dark-winged moths in the same area, i.e.
(c) convergent evolution (d) All of these
the proportion was reversed.
37 The wings of a bird and the wings of an insect are Predict the possible reason for such change.
CBSE-AIPMT 2015
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(a) Natural selection
(a) homologous structures and represent divergent
(b) Artificial selection
evolution
(c) Conditional selection
(b) analogous structures and represent convergent evolution
(d) Divergent selection
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168 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
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(d) convergent radiation (d) Only II
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 169
57 Identify what the given diagram indicates? 60 Which of the following is not an examples of
Tasmanian wolf adaptive radiation?
(a) Wombat, numbat, flying phalanger
(b) Darwin’s finches
Australian
Koala bear Marsupials Marsupial rat (c) Different mammals in other parts of world
(d) Lemur and spotted cuscus
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(c) Mutation and natural selection (d) reduced feeding efficiency in one species due to the
(d) Branching descent and natural selection presence of interfering species
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170 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
71 Which one of the following was not explained by 76 Which of the following differences between
Darwinism? Lamarckism and Darwinism is incorrect?
(a) Natural selection Lamarckism Darwinism
(b) Struggle for existence
(a) It does not consider struggle Struggle for existence is
(c) Arrival of the fittest for existence very important in this theory
(d) Origin of species
(b) Only useful variations are All the acquired characters
72 Which of the following factors was not taken into transferred to the next are inherited to the next
account by Darwin in his theory of natural selection? generation generation.
(a) Struggle for existence (c) Neglects survival of the Based on survival of the
(b) Discontinuous variations fittest fittest
(c) Parasites and predators as natural enemies (d) None of the above
(d) Survival of the fittest
77 Hugo de Vries put forth his idea of mutation by his
73 Lamarck’s theory of evolution is also known as work on
(a) theory of use and disuse of organs
(a) pea plant (b) Drosophila
(b) theory of genetic characters
(c) evening primrose (d) maize plant
(c) theory of spontaneous characters
(d) theory of impose characters 78 Who proposed the concept of saltation?
(a) Darwin (b) Mendel
74 Who proposed that long neck of giraffes evolved due
(c) de Vries (d) Thomas Malthus
to foraging of leaves on tall trees?
(a) Lamarck 79 What does the term ‘Saltation’ imply?
(b) Darwin (a) Excess of species at a given area
(c) Malthus (b) Reduced number of species due to saline environment
(d) Aristotle (c) Occurrence of variations gradually, step by step
(d) Single step large mutations
75 What was the Lamarck’s explanation for long necked
giraffes? 80 Variations caused by mutation, as proposed by Hugo
(a) Stretching of necks over many generations de Vries are NEET 2019
(a) random and directionless
(b) Short neck suddenly changed into long one
(b) small and directional
(c) Natural selection (c) small and directionless
(d) Mutation (d) random and directional
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(d) All of the above (d) 0.36(AA); 0.48(Aa); 0.16(aa)
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 171
86 Which of the following conditions represents the 93 Name the type of natural selection depicted in the given
extent of evolutionary change in Hardy-Weinberg diagram (type I, type II and type III).
principle?
Type I Type II
(a) Value of ( p + q )2
Mean
(b) Difference between measured value and expected Mean
Conserved
value Conserved
(c) Sum of measured value and expected value Eliminated ed
at
(d) This principle cannot predict the extent of in
im
evolutionary change El
Mean
Mean
87 In Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of Conserved
heterozygous individual is represented by by selection Eliminated
CBSE-AIPMT 2015 Eliminated
(a) p 2 (b) 2 pq
(c) pq (d) q 2
88 The tendency of population to remain in genetic
equilibrium may be disturbed by NEET 2013
(a) random mating
(b) lack of migration Type III
(c) lack of mutations Mean
(d) lack of random mating Conserved
89 Identify the phenomenon in which a new set of Eliminated
population is formed from the set of existing
population due to the random excessive change in
the allele frequency. Eliminated
Mean Mean
(a) Founder effect (b) Genetic drift
(c) Bottle-neck effect (d) All of these Cons-
erved
90 Genetic drift operates in CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(a) small isolated population
(b) large isolated population
(c) non-reproductive population
(d) slow reproductive population
91 ‘XX’ is a type of selection process in evolution
that promotes population changes in one particular
direction. ‘XX’ favours small or large sized Type I Type II Type III
individuals mean size of population changes. (a) Disruptive Directional Stabilising
Identify ‘XX’. (b) Directional Disruptive Stabilising
(a) Stabilising selection (c) Stabilising Directional Disruptive
(b) Directional selection (d) Stabilising Disruptive Directional
(c) Disruptive selection 94 Artificial selection to obtain cows yielding high milk
(d) None of the above output represents NEET 2017
92 ‘PP’ is a type of selection that favours both small (a) stabilising selection as it stabilises this character in the
sized and large-sized individuals. ‘PP’ eliminates population
most of the members with mean expression, so as (b) directional as it pushes the mean of the character in one
to produce two peaks in the distribution of the direction
tract that many leads to the development of two (c) disruptive as it splits the population into two, one yielding
different populations. Identify ‘PP’. higher output and the other lower output
(a) Disruptive selection (b) Stabilising selection (d) stabilising followed by disruptive as stabilises the
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(c) Directional selection (d) None of these population of produce higher yielding cows
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172 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
95 In a large randomly mating population, only one 96 Allopatric speciation occurs when
person in 10,000 is an albino. What will be the (a) genetically related populations inhabit widely separated
frequency of carrier person of albinism? geographical area
(b) genetically unrelated populations inhabit widely
(a) 1 in 100 separated geographical area
(b) 99 in 10,000 (c) genetically related populations inhabit the same
(c) 2 in 10,000 geographical area
(d) 1 in 50 (d) genetically unrelated populations inhabit the same
geographical area
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(a) A–Tertiary, B–Jurassic, C–Permian
106 Mesozoic era is called the age of (b) A–Tertiary, B–Permian, C–Jurassic
(a) fishes (b) amphibians (c) A–Permian, B–Jurassic, C–Tertiary
(c) reptiles (d) birds (d) A–Jurassic, B–Tertiary, C–Permian
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 173
111 Choose the incorrectly matched pair. 113 In which epoch, only modern humans prevail?
(a) Reptiles — Thick-shelled eggs which do not dry up (a) Pleiostocene (b) Holocene (c) Pliocene (d) Miocene
(b) Tyrannosaurus rex — Fish like reptile 114 Which phenomena confined the pouched mammals to
(c) Dinosaurs — May be evolved into birds
Australia they survived because of lack of
(d) Continental drift — South America joined
North-America
competition from any other mammals?
(a) Continental origination
112 The first viviparous mammals whose fossils are (b) Continental shifting
small-sized were like (c) Continental drift
(a) shrews (b) monkeys (c) rats (d) lobefins (d) Continental evolution
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(c) Homo erectus stayed in Africa, while Homo sapiens did
not (a) Skull A has more teeth than skull B
(d) the size of the brain of Homo erectus was smaller than (b) Skull A has more brain capacity than skull B
that of Homo sapiens (c) Skull A is of a human and skull B is of an ape
(d) Skull A is of an ape and skull B is of human
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NEET
SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason Reason (R) Adaptive forms of a given trait tend to
become more common. Less adaptive ones becomes
■ Direction (Q. No. 129-143) In each of the following
less common or disappear.
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed
by corresponding statement of Reason(R). 136 Assertion (A) Whales and mammals share similarities
Of the statements, mark the correct answer as in the pattern of bones of forelimbs.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct Reason (R) These organisms suggest occurrence of
explanation of A divergent evolution.
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A
137 Assertion (A) Analogous structures are different in
(c) If A is true, but R is false
appearance and have same function.
(d) If A is false, but R is true Reason (R) Divergent evolution leads to analogy.
129 Assertion (A) Theory of chemical evolution
138 Assertion (A) Lichens act as pollution indicators.
proposed that life came from pre-existing non-living Reason (R) These do not grow in areas that are polluted.
organic molecules. 139 Assertion (A) Lichens are symbiotic relationships of
Reason (R) Primitive earth conditions led to the algae and viruses.
production of organic molecules. Reason (R) These are sensitive to SO 2 levels in the air.
130 Assertion (A) The theory of special creation states 140 Assertion (A) Hugo de Vries said mutations cause
that God created life by his divine act of creation. speciation.
Reason (R) Louis Pasteur rejected the theory of Reason (R) Mutations are slow changes.
spontaneous generation. 141 Assertion (A) The introduction of new alleles into the
131 Assertion (A) Earth is about 15 billion years old. local gene pool by interbreeding of migrating
Reason (R) Life appeared 500 million back after the individuals with members of local population is called
formation of earth. gene migration.
Reason (R) If gene migration happens multiple times,
132 Assertion (A) Earliest organisms that appeared on it is called gene recombination.
the Earth were non-green and presumably
anaerobes. 142 Assertion (A) Sudden inheritable changes take place
in genome of an organism due to certain factors called
Reason (R) The first autotrophic organisms were the
mutations.
chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen.
Reason (R) Lamarck’s theory of evolution is popularly
133 Assertion (A) Microspheres were aggregates of called the theory of continuity of germplasm.
organic biomolecules surrounded by film of water
molecule. 143 Assertion (A) Among the primates, chimpanzee is the
closest relative of the present day humans.
Reason (R) Coacervates lack definite membrane,
Reason (R) The banding pattern in the autosome number
but do exhibit some life like characters.
3 and 6 of man and chimpanzee is remarkably similar.
134 Assertion (A) Ernst Haeckel supported the
embryological similarities as an evidence of II. Statement Based Questions
evolution.
144 Which of the following statements about orgin of life is
Reason (R) The embryos of all vertebrates including incorrect?
humans develop a row of vestigial gill slits which (a) The universe is almost 20 billion years old
are absent in adult vertebrates. (b) Big Bang theory explained that universe originated by a
135 Assertion (A) Natural selection is an outcome of the huge explosion
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differences in survival and reproduction among (c) Present day galaxies are formed by the condensation of
individuals that show variations in one or more hydrogen and helium under gravitational pull
traits. (d) None of the above
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 175
145 Identify the correct statement. IV. They could maintain an internal environment
(a) Earth was formed about 4.5 billion years ago absolutely.
(b) Early earth had no atmosphere Choose the correct option.
(c) The temperature of universe came down due to its (a) I and II (b) II and III
expansion (c) III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
(d) All of the above
152 Which of the following statements stands in favour of
146 Which one of the following statements is true abiogenesis?
regarding the theory of natural selection? I. Spontaneous generation.
(a) It was the first theory of organic evolution II. Origin of viruses and microbes.
(b) It does explain information derived from fossils
III. Origin of life from living organisms.
(c) It has failed to explain the origin of variations
(d) It has succesfully explained concept of speciation IV. Origin of life from non-living matter.
The correct statement(s) is/are
147 Which of the following statements would Darwinism
(a) I and II (b) II and III
most likely disagree with?
(c) III and IV (d) Only IV
(a) Individuals within a population vary in the
characteristics they possess 153 Which of the following statements are the correct pair
(b) Evolution is best viewed as a purpose less and non- of homologous organs?
directional change over time I. Hands of man and wings of bat.
(c) Natural selection is the mechanism by which biological
II. Wings of bat and wings of cockroach.
evolution takes place
(d) The fossil record supports the view that biological III. Wings of bird and wings of butterfly.
evolution has occurred IV. Fins of fish and forelimbs of horse.
148 Identify the incorrect statement. V. Forearm of human and forelimbs of horse.
(a) In natural selection, heritable variations enable better Choose the correct option
survival (a) I and II (b) I and V (c) III and IV (d) IV and V
(b) Variations due to gene flow changes allele frequency in
future generation 154 Which of the following statements are correct?
(c) Gene flow occurs due to multiple gene migration I. Wings of insects and birds are homologous organ.
(d) None of the above II. Wings of bats and birds are homologous organ.
149 Which one of the following statements is/are correct III. Wings of insects and bats are analogous.
about Australopithecus? IV. Wings of insects and birds are analogous.
(a) They essentially ate fruits
Choose the correct option.
(b) They hunted with stone weapons
(a) I and II (b) I and III
(c) They were transitional stage between ape and humans
(c) I and IV (d) II, III and IV
(d) All of the above
155 Select the incorrect statements.
150 Which of the following is the correct sequence of
events in the origin of life? NEET 2016 I. Natural selection is essential for evolution.
I. Formation of protobionts. II. Natural selection does not include variations.
II. Synthesis of organic monomers. III. Concept of natural selection was given by Hugo de
Vries.
III. Synthesis of organic polymers.
IV. Mutation is a sudden inheritable change.
IV. Formation of DNA-based genetic systems.
V. Synthetic theory is also called Neo-Darwinism theory
Choose the correct option. of evolution.
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) I, III, II and IV
The correct combination is
(c) II, III, I and IV (d) II, III, IV and I
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
151 Which of the following statements are correct about (c) III, IV and V (d) II and III
the characteristics of protobionts, like microspheres as
envisaged in the abiogenic origin of life? 156 Which of the following statements are correct?
I. They were able to reproduce. I. Survival of the fittest is based upon the characteristics
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that are inherited.
II. They could separate the combinations of molecules
from the surroundings. II. Darwin’s variations are small and directional.
III. They were partially isolated from the surroundings. III. The fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt.
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176 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
IV. Genetic drift is operate in small populations. Choose the correct option.
V. Genetic drift operates in large populations. (a) I and II (b) II and III
VI. Presence of genetic drift upsets the Hardy-Weinberg (c) I and III (d) I and IV
equilibrium. 161 When a species gets separated geographically, it
Choose the correct option. evolves separately? Which of the following
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) IV, V, VI and II conditions would determine whether they are now
(c) I, II, III, V and VI (d) I, II, III, IV and VI different species?
157 True statements regarding the genetic drift is/are I. They fail to interbreed.
I. It mostly occurs in smaller populations. II. They failed to give fertile offspring.
II. Certain alleles can be lost forever because of genetic III. They have different coloured body.
drift. IV. They appear morphologically slightly different.
III. Founder effects and bottle neck effects are caused by Choose the correct combination from given options.
genetic drift. (a) I and II (b) II and III
IV. Mutations are primarily responsible for genetic drift. (c) III and IV (d) I and IV
The correct combination showing true statements is 162 Choose the correct statements with reference to
(a) Only I (b) III and IV organic evolution. AIIMS 2018
(c) II and IV (d) All except IV I. Flippers of whale and wings of bat exhibit analogy.
158 Which of the following statements regarding the II. Wings of butterfly and wings of bird exhibit
evolution of plants and animals are correct? homology.
I. Amphibians evolved into reptiles. III. Organs with dissimilar structure are called analogous
II. Fish with stout and strong fins could move on land and organs.
go back to water. This was about 350 million years ago. IV. Organs with similar structure and origin are called
III. Giant ferns fell to form coal deposits slowly. homologous organs.
IV. About 65 million years ago dinosaurs died out. (a) I and IV (b) I and III
(c) III and IV (d) II and IV
V. Archaeopteryx is the connecting link between birds
and reptiles. 163 Which of the following statements is correct
The correct combination is regarding the evolution of humans?
(a) I and II (b) III and IV I. The skull of adult chimpanzee is more like adult human
(c) V and I (d) I, II, III, IV and V skull than baby chimpanzee skull.
II. The skull of baby chimpanzee is more like adult human
159 Mark the correct statements.
than adult chimpanzee skull.
I. Karl Ernst von Baer noted that embryo never pass III. Dryopithecus is oldest human like fossil.
through adult stages of other animals and thus
IV. Dryopithecus was found in Miocene rock of Africa and
discarded Ernst Haeckel’s embryological support for
Europe.
evolution.
The correct option is
II. Homology in vertebrate brain indicates common
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) I and IV (d) II, III and IV
ancestry.
III. Theory of acquired character was given by de Vries. 164 Consider the following statements.
IV. After industrialisation, the white moth population I. Darwin asserted that heritable variations and better
decreased due to predators. resource utilisation enable an individual to reproduce
efficiently.
The correct option is
II. Darwinian variations were small and directional select
(a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV
(c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and IV the correct option.
(a) I is true, II is false (b) I is false, II is true
160 Choose the incorrect statements. (c) Both I and II are true (d) Both I and II are false
I. The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution can
165 In his theory of evolution, Lamarck explained
be seen in the phenomenon of natural selection.
I. Internal vital force.
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II. The rate of appearance of new forms is not linked to the
evolution. II. Effect of environment on organisms.
III. Adaptive ability is a complete evolution. III. Inheritance of acquired characters.
IV. Mutations are random and directionless. IV. Use and disuse of organs.
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 177
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natural selection. I. Fossils discovered in Ethiopia and Tanzania revealed
Select the correct option. hominid features. Reflecting that about 3-4 mya man
(a) I is true, II is false (b) Both I and II are true like primates walked in Eastern Africa.
(c) I is false, II is true (d) Both I and II are false II. Home erectus fossils were discovered in Java in 1891.
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178 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
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D. Mutation in somatic cells 4. Founder effect
(d) 2 3 4 1
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 179
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180 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
NCERT Exemplar
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
189 The theory of spontaneous generation stated that 197 Appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an
(a) life arose from living forms only example of
(b) life can arise from both living and non-living (a) adaptive radiation
(c) life can arise from non-living things only (b) transduction
(d) life arises spontaneously, neither from living nor from (c) pre-existing variation in the population
the non-living (d) divergent evolution
190 In 1953, SL Miller created primitive earth conditions 198 Match the scientists listed under Column I with ideas
in the laboratory and gave experimental evidence for listed Column II.
origin of first form of life from pre-existing Column I Column II
non-living organic molecules. The primitive earth
A. Darwin 1. Abiogenesis
conditions created include
(a) low temperature, volcanic storms, atmosphere rich in B. Oparin 2. Use and disuse of organs
oxygen C. Lamarck 3. Continental drift theory
(b) low temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere D. Wagner 4, Evolution by natural selection
(c) high temperature, volcanic storms, non-reducing
atmosphere Codes
(d) high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere A B C D
containing CH4 , NH3 , etc. (a) 1 4 2 3
191 Palaeontological evidences for evolution refer to the (b) 4 1 2 3
(a) development of embryo (b) homologous organs (c) 2 4 3 1
(c) fossils (d) analogous organs (d) 4 3 2 1
192 Fossils are generally found in 199 Variations during mutations of meiotic
(a) sedimentary rocks (b) igneous rocks
recombinations are
(c) metamorphic rocks (d) any type of rock (a) random and directionless
(b) random and directional
193 The bones of forelimbs of whale, bat, cheetah and (c) random and small
man are similar in structure, because (d) random, small and directional
(a) one organism has given rise to another
(b) they share a common ancestor 200 ( p + q ) 2 = p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1, represents an
(c) they perform the same function equation used in
(d) they have biochemical similarities (a) Population genetics
(b) Mendelian genetics
194 Analogous organs arise due to
(c) Biometrics
(a) divergent evolution
(d) Molecular genetics
(b) artificial selection
(c) genetic drift 201 Which type of selection is industrial melanism
(d) convergent evolution observed in moth, Biston betularia?
(a) Stabilising
195 Which of the following is used as an atmospheric
(b) Directional
pollution indicator?
(c) Disruptive
(a) Lepidoptera (b) Lichens
(d) Artificial
(c) Lycopersicon (d) Lycopodium
202 Evolution of life shows that life forms had a trend of
196 Animal husbandry and plant breeding programmes
moving from
are the examples of
(a) land to water
(a) reverse evolution
(b) dryland to wetland
(b) artificial selection
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(c) freshwater to sea water
(c) mutation
(d) water to land
(d) natural selection
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 181
203 Which of the following is an example for link species? (c) the young ones are protected inside the mother’s body
(a) Lobe fish (b) Dodo bird and are looked after they are born leading to more
chances of survival
(c) Sea weed (d) Chimpanzee
(d) the embryo takes a long time to develop
204 For the MN-blood group system, the frequencies of M 206 The most accepted line of descent in human evolution
and N alleles are 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. The is NEET 2016
expected frequency of MN blood group bearing (a) Australopithecus → Ramapithecus → Homo sapiens
organisms is likely to be → Homo habilis
(a) 42% (b) 49% (c) 9% (d) 58% (b) Homo erectus → Homo habilis → Homo sapiens
205 Viviparity is considered to be more evolved because (c) Ramapithecus → Homo habilis → Homo sapiens
(a) the young ones are left on their own (d) Australopithecus → Ramapithecus → Homo erectus
(b) the young ones are protected by a thick shell → Homo habilis → Homo sapiens
Answers
❯ Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (a) 2 (d) 3 (a) 4 (b) 5 (a) 6 (c) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (d)
11 (a) 12 (d) 13 (c) 14 (a) 15 (a) 16 (a) 17 (d) 18 (a) 19 (b) 20 (a)
21 (a) 22 (d) 23 (d) 24 (a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (d) 28 (c) 29 (a) 30 (b)
31 (a) 32 (d) 33 (b) 34 (c) 35 (c) 36 (b) 37 (b) 38 (c) 39 (b) 40 (b)
41 (c) 42 (a) 43 (a) 44 (d) 45 (c) 46 (b) 47 (d) 48 (c) 49 (b) 50 (a)
51 (a) 52 (a) 53 (a) 54 (c) 55 (a) 56 (d) 57 (b) 58 (d) 59 (b) 60 (d)
61 (d) 62 (c) 63 (a) 64 (b) 65 (b) 66 (d) 67 (d) 68 (c) 69 (d) 70 (b)
71 (c) 72 (b) 73 (a) 74 (a) 75 (a) 76 (b) 77 (c) 78 (c) 79 (d) 80 (a)
81 (a) 82 (b) 83 (d) 84 (d) 85 (b) 86 (b) 87 (b) 88 (d) 89 (a) 90 (a)
91 (b) 92 (a) 93 (c) 94 (b) 95 (c) 96 (a) 97 (c) 98 (b) 99 (d) 100 (c)
101 (c) 102 (b) 103 (c) 104 (c) 105 (c) 106 (c) 107 (b) 108 (c) 109 (b) 110 (c)
111 (b) 112 (a) 113 (b) 114 (c) 115 (d) 116 (b) 117 (c) 118 (a) 119 (b) 120 (a)
121 (d) 122 (b) 123 (c) 124 (a) 125 (d) 126 (a) 127 (a) 128 (d)
❯ NEET Special Types Questions
129 (a) 130 (b) 131 (d) 132 (b) 133 (d) 134 (a) 135 (a) 136 (a) 137 (c) 138 (a)
139 (d) 140 (c) 141 (c) 142 (c) 143 (a) 144 (d) 145 (d) 146 (c) 147 (b) 148 (d)
149 (d) 150 (c) 151 (d) 152 (d) 153 (b) 154 (d) 155 (d) 156 (d) 157 (d) 158 (d)
159 (d) 160 (b) 161 (a) 162 (c) 163 (d) 164 (c) 165 (d) 166 (c) 167 (c) 168 (d)
169 (d) 170 (b) 171 (a) 172 (c) 173 (d) 174 (a) 175 (a) 176 (b) 177 (b) 178 (a)
179 (b) 180 (b) 181 (b) 182 (a) 183 (a) 184 (c) 185 (c) 186 (b) 187 (b) 188 (c)
❯ NCERT Exemplar Questions
189 (c) 190 (d) 191 (c) 192 (a) 193 (b) 194 (d) 195 (b) 196 (b) 197 (c) 198 (b)
199 (a) 200 (a) 201 (b) 202 (d) 203 (a) 204 (a) 205 (c) 206 (c)
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182 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
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Type’. Wallace was the scientist who came to the
similar conclusions around the same time of Charles evolution, i.e. different structures evolving for the same
Darwin. functions and hence, show similarity.
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 183
The eyes of Octopus and eyes of cat are examples of 61 (d) In Australia, marsupials and placental mammals
analogous organs. That have evolved due to the have evolved to share many similar characteristics. This
convergent evolution. type of evolution is referred to as convergent evolution.
39 (b) Convergent evolution refers to independent Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of
evolution of similar features in species of different similar features in species of different lineages. For
periods in time. These features evolve in response to example, a number of marsupials, each different from
common environmental abnormalities. the other evolved from an ancestral stock, but all within
Thus, option (b) is correct. the Australian Island continent. Also, marsupials in
Australia resemble placental mammals in the rest of the
41 (c) Biochemical similarities are based on the study of world, they evolved in isolation after Australia separated
similarities in protein and genes of organisms. These from other continents.
biochemical similarities point towards same shared
ancestry as structural similarities among diverse 62 (c) Option (c) is correct.
organisms. Adaptive radiation occurs when a population of a
species invades a new area. It is because it provides the
42 (a) Change of lighter coloured variety of peppered organisms of the population a new habitat with plenty
moths (Biston betularia) to darker variety in the of niche spaces. Darwin’s finches represent one of the
industrial area best examples of this phenomenon.
occurred due to the selection of darker variety for
survival. It is an excellent example which supports the 63 (a) Darwin’s fitness is related to and organism’s ability
theory of natural selection by Charles Darwin. to survive and reproduce better than the other members
of the species under abnormal environmental conditions.
44 (d) Industrial melanism is an adaptation where the
moths living in the industrial areas developed melanin 64 (b) The organisms, which acquire or develop favourable
pigments to match their body to the black soot (smoke) variations would survive because they are fittest to face
covered surroundings. Before industrialisation, all their surrounding, while unfit organisms are eliminated.
moths were white and were unnoticed from predatory 65 (b) Darwinian fitness can be estimated by the number
birds. After industrialisation, white moths were more of offspring produced by different individuals in a
evidently visible and thus, picked up by birds. But population. The organisms which bear favourable
black moths escaped unnoticed, so they managed to variations in accordance to the environment have more
survive resulting in more population of black moths and offspring than the others which do not have variations in
less population of white moths. accordance with environment.
45 (c) Lichens are very sensitive to air pollution specially 68 (c) Sexual selection is an example of natural selection
to gas sulphur dioxide. Lichens are the symbiotic as it is the type of natural selection in which one sex is
association of algae and fungi. Generally, lichens are preferred for certain characteristics by the individuals of
not found in polluted industrial areas. other sex.
46 (b) Industrial melanism is the term used to describe the Natural selection involves the selection of those animals
evolutionary process in which darker moths came to be which are better adapted to an environment for
predominate over the lighter moths, since the industrial reproduction and growth (survival).
revolution in England in 1850s as a result of natural 69 (d) Reproduction by sexual methods brings about
selection. changes in genes of progeny. In genes of sexually
48 (c) Evolution is not a direct process and is based on reproduced organisms, independent assortment of genes
chance events and chance mutations in organisms. and genetic recombination takes place. Due to these
Thus, it is a discontinuous and stochastic process. events, the progeny have high rate of natural selection
49 (b) Development of different functional structures from than the asexually repoducing organisms.
a common ancestral form is called adaptive radiation. 70 (b) Darwin stated that the organic evolution is due to
the interspecific competition. It is the competition
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60 (d) Lemur and spotted cuscus are not examples of 80 (a) Hugo de Vries proposed that the variations caused
adaptive radiation. These are examples of convergent by mutation are random and directionless. These are the
evolution. sudden, heritable changes in the genetic material and
these variations constitute the raw material for
Rest of the pairs are examples of adaptive radiation.
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184 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
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is an extinct animal. It was found in the rocks of
eliminates small sized individuals. It reduces variation Jurassic period. It was discovered by Andreas Wagnar
and hence, does not promote evolutionary changes. in 1861. It displayed the characters of both reptiles and
Hence, it is given by Type I graph birds.
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 185
111 (b) Option (b) represents the incorrectly matched pair. 129 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
Its corrected form is as follows the correct explanation of Assertion.
Tyrannosaurus rex was the biggest land reptile which Theory of chemical evolution states that life originated
was about 20 feet in height and had huge dagger-like from pre-existing non-living organic molecules and the
teeth. Fish like reptile was Ichthyosaurus. formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution.
Rest of the pairs are correctly matched. The conditions on primitive earth which favoured
chemical evolution were high temperature (4800°C),
113 (b) In the quaternary period there were two epochs
volcanic storms and a reducing atmosphere that
●
Holocene including only modern humans. contained CH4 , NH3 , water vapours, etc.
●
Pleiostocene including ice age and various human 130 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
species. not the correct explanation of Assertion.
115 (d) Option (d) represents the incorrectly matched pair. The theory of special creation states that God created
It can be corrected as life by his divine act of creation. This theory lacked
Two mya Australopithecus probably lived in East scientific evidences and thus was not accepted.
African grasslands. Evidences show that they hunted Theory of spontaneous generation states that life
with stone weapons but essentially ate fruits. originated from decaying and rotting matter like straw,
Rest of the pairs are correct. mud, etc. Louis Pasteur rejected the theory of
spontaneous generation and demonstrated that life came
119 (b) Neanderthal man with a brain size of 1400 cc lived from pre-existing life froms.
in near East and Central Asia, Europe and North Africa
between 10,00,00 to 40,000 years back. It had slightly 131 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
prognathus face, sloping forehead, eyebrow ridges, be corrected as
smaller or no chin, large receding jaws, thick-boned Earth is about 4.5 billion years old. Primitive earth had
skull and high domed head. no atmosphere and contained water vapours,
120 (a) Homo erectus (Erect man) appeared about CH4 , CO2 , NH3 . Life appeared 500 million years back
1.7 million years ago in middle Pleiostocene. after the formation of earth.
Homo erectus was evolved from Homo habilis. He was 132 (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason
about 1.5-1.8 metres tall. He was the progenitor of two is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
main sub species Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon man. Primitive earth was devoid of oxygen and hence, only
122 (b) Cro-Magnon man or Homo sapiens fossilis was those organisms which were able to survive in
more intelligent than modern man. They were cave anaerobic condition developed. All those organisms
dwellers having prominent chin and appeared after were heterotrophic. Later, after autotrophic organisms
Neanderthal man. The cranial capacity of Cro-Magnon developed, which used inorganic sources such as H2 S,
man was 1650 cm 3 and that of living modern man is NH3 , CH4 as source of energy. These organisms were
1450 cm 3 . called chemoautotrophs.
123 (c) The most significant trend in the evolution of 133 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can
modern man is the increased brain capacity from the be corrected as
ancestors. The first human being was the hominid, Coacervates were aggregates of organic biomolecules
called Homo habilis. Their brain capacity was between surrounded by film of water molecules. These lacked
650-800 cc. definite membrane, but did exhibit some life like
characters. Microspheres were non-living collections of
126 (a) Homo sapiens arose in Africa and moved across
organic macromolecules, double-layered and formed
continents and developed into distinct races. During the from proteinoids, by heating a mixture of amino acids at
ice age between 75,000-10,000 years ago modern Homo 180°C.
sapiens arose. Pre-historic cave art developed about
Answers & Explanations
18,000 years ago. One such cave paintings by 134 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
Pre-historic humans can be seen at Bhimbetka rock the correct explanation of Assertion.
shelter in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh. Ernst Haeckel supported the embryological similarities
Agriculture came around 10,000 years back and human as an evidence of evolution. He gave the biogenetic law,
settlements started. ‘Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’ which states that an
127 (a) The chronological order of human evolution is as organism repeats its ancestral history during its
follows development. The embryos of all vertebrates including
humans develop a row of vestigial gill slits which
Ramapithecus (earliest hominid fossil about 14-15 mya) degenerate and are absent in adult vertebrates.
↓
135 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
Australopithecus (first ape man about 2 mya) the correct explanation of Assertion.
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↓
Darwin believed that the small and useful variations
Homo habilis (tool maker handyman about 1.2-1.5 mya)
make some species more adapted to the changing
↓
environment than others.
Homo erectus (Erect man about 1.5 mya)
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186 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
rejected by August Weismann who proposed the theory alleles in a population over successive generation due to
of continuity of germplasm. the sampling error in gametes. It operates in small
Sudden inheritable changes take place in genome of an populations.
organism due to certain factors called mutations.
157 (d) Statements I, II and III are true for genetic drift.
143 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is Statement IV is incorrect and can be corrected as
the correct explanation of Assertion. Migration rather than mutation is primary responsible
Among the primates, chimpanzee is the closest relative for genetic drift as it operates in small populations.
of the present day humans. This is because the banding
pattern in the autosome number 3 and 6 of man and 159 (d) Statements I, II and IV. But statement III is
chimpanzee is remarkably similar. incorrect and can be corrected as
Theory of acquired character was given by Lamarck
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146 (c) The statement in option (c) is true regarding the
theory of natural selection. Other statements are (also called Lamarckism). Mutational theory of
incorrect and can be corrected as evolution was given by Hugo de Vries which states that
sudden inheritable change is the cause of evolution.
●
Lamarckism is the first theory of organic evolution.
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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 187
160 (b) Statements II and III are incorrect and can be 177 (b) Statement IV is incorrect about Homo habilis. It
corrected as can be corrected as
●
Evolution is always considered as the appearance of Homo habilis had about 700 cc cranial capacity. Ape
characters should also be transmitted to the offspring man had about 500 cc cranial capacity.
otherwise the changes are lost. Rest of the statements are correct.
●
Adaptive ability cannot be considered as evolution 178 (a) Statements III and IV are incorrect and can be
because this ability may be temporary due to the corrected as
environmental changes. ●
Neanderthal man had a slightly prognathous face
Rest of the statements are correct. (having a forward projecting face and jaws).
161 (a) Statement I and II are correct conditions to determine ●
Cro-Magnon man is regarded as most recent ancestor
that two species are different. This can be explained as of today’s man.
Species are a group of interbreeding individuals Rest of the statements are correct.
producing fertile offsprings. If two individuals fails to
189 (c) The theory of spontaneous generation stated that
follow this criteria they belongs to different species.
life can arise from non-living things only. It is also
But members of a species can have different body colour known as the theory of abiogenesis.
and appear morphologically slightly different. Therefore,
Louis Pasteur by careful experimentation disapproved
these criterias do not justify that two individuals are of
this theory and demonstrated that life arose from
different species.
living forms (pre-existing life).
162 (c) Statements III and IV are correct for organic
190 (d) The primitive earth conditions include high
evolution, while statements I and II are incorrect. It can be
temperature, volcanic storms and reducing
corrected as
environment containing methane ( CH4 ), ammonia
●
Homologous structures have the same embryonic origin ( NH3 ), hydrogen ( H2 ) and water ( H2 O ).
and basic structure, but they do not perform same The Miller-Urey experiment tested for the occurrence
function, e.g. flipper of whale and wings of bat. of chemical evolution by stimulating hypothetical
●
Analogous organs are the structures which are different in conditions present on early earth.
their basic structure and developmental origin, e.g. wings They ultimately found that a large number of simple
of butterfly and wings of bird. organic compounds including some amino acids such
167 (c) Statements I and IV are correct. as alanine, glycine and aspartic acid can be
Mendel’s laws of inheritance and Weismann’s theory of synthesised as during chemical origin of life.
continuity of germplasm (1892) discarded Lamarck’s 191 (c) Palaeontological evidences for evolution refer to
concept of inheritance of acquired characters. These two the evidences obtained from fossils. Fossils are the
concepts gave the insight of inheritance pattern in preserved remains or traces of organisms from the
organisms and the mechanism inovled in it. distant past. The study of fossils is called
168 (d) According to modern theory of evolution, the five Palaeontology.
factors involved in the process of organic evolution are as Homologous and analogous organs provide evidences
mutations, genetic drift, gene migration (gene flow), gene for comparative anatomy and morphology.
recombination and hybridisation. 192 (a) Fossils are generally found in sedimentary rocks,
Thus, statements I, II and III support the modern theory of which are formed by the gradual deposition of silt,
evolution. sand or calcium carbonate over millions of years in
169 (d) Statements I, II, IV and V are correct and statement regions such as lakes or sea.
III is incorrect. It can be corrected as During their formation, the dead animals are carried
Genetic drift is the random change in the allele frequency to the sea or large lake, sink down and get burried in
Answers & Explanations
caused by sampling error across generation in a definite the rocks. The animals, thus preserved in the rocks,
population. The consequences of genetic drift are not are converted into fossils.
predicted that is why it is called non-directional. 193 (b) The bones of forelimbs of whale, bat, cheetah and
172 (c) Statements II and III are correct for natural selection. man are similar in structure, because they have a
Statement I is incorrect and it can be corrected as common ancestor.
Natural selection tends to increase the characters that These are homologous organs which have different
inturn increases the chances of survival and reproduction functions across diverse forms, but are developed
of an organism. along the same pattern. These organs arise due to
divergent evolution.
174 (a) Statements II and IV are correct. Statements I and III
are incorrect and can be corrected as 194 (d) Analogous organs arise due to the convergent
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evolution. These organs have similar functions, but
●
Gene mutations are random changes in the bases of are different in their structural details and origin, e.g.
sequences of genes. wings of insect and bird.
●
Genetic drift is also called Sewall Wright effect.
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188 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)
195 (b) Lichens can be used as an atmospheric pollution 201 (b) Directional selection is observed in the moth, Biston
indicator. These do not grow in areas that are polluted, betularia during industrial melanism. Under this,
as they are sensitive (especially phycobiont) to oxides individuals at one end of the frequency distribution are
of nitrogen and sulphur hence, unable to synthesise favoured and so more individuals of that type will be
organic food and do not grow well. present in the next generation.
197 (c) Appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an 202 (d) Evolution of life shows that life forms had a trend of
example of pre-existing variation in the population. moving from water to land. The early vertebrates were
When a bacterial population encounters a particular fishes (which lived in only water). Some fishes gradually
antibiotic, those sensitive to it die. But some bacteria changed into amphibians (can live both on land and in
having mutations become resistant to the antibiotic. water). Certain amphibians then transformed into the
Soon, the resistance providing genes become reptiles (live on land) some of the later finally evolved
widespread and the entire population becomes into birds (can fly) and than mammals. Thus, showing
resistant to that particular antibiotic. that life forms moved from water to land.
199 (a) Variations during mutations of meiotic 204 (a) The expected frequency of MN-blood group bearing
recombinations are random and directionless. Hugo de organisms is likely to be 42%. If the frequencies of M
Vries based on his work on evening primrose stated and N alleles are 0.7 and 0.3, respectively, the frequency
that it is mutation, which causes sudden appearance of of MN-blood group can be calculated as follows
variations that results in speciation. Frequency of MN-blood group = 2 pq
He stated that mutations are sudden, heritable and = 2 × 0.7 × 0.3
persistant in successive generation. He contradicted = 0. 42 or 42%
Darwinian variations which are stated as small and 205 (c) Viviparity is considered to be more evolved because
directional. the youngs ones are protected inside the mother’s body
200 (a) (p + q) 2 = p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1represents an and are looked after once they are born, leading to more
equation used in population genetics. chances of survival, e.g. mammals.
It is the mathematical representation of However, in oviparity, the female lays fertilised /
‘Hardy-Weinberg principle’. This principle says that unfertilised eggs covered by a hard calcareous shell in a
allele frequencies in a population are stable and is safe place in the environment. The chances of survival
constant from generation to generation, i.e. the gene are less as the young ones are left on their own.
pool remains a constant.
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