Mindoro State University

College of Computer Studies

Module 3 :
Basic Computer Concepts
Prepared by:

JENNIE T. FERNANDO
Assistant Professor I
E-mail Address: jenfernando@minscat.edu.ph /jenfernando04@gmail.com
Mobile Number: +639778254102/ +639885804531

ITP 222
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QUANTITATIVE METHODS
: INTRO TO COMPUTING Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
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At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to

be:
 Familiarized with the basic components of computer
and computer system
 Understood how computer processed data
 Learned how data represent in computer
 Performed conversion of different number systems

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a device or set of devices that work under the control of

a stored program, automatically accepts and processes
data to provide information
 Basic characteristics:
◦ Automatic: it carries out instructions with minimum human intervention
◦ Re-programmable: it stores instruction (the program)
◦ A data processor: it carries out operations on data (numbers or words) made up of a
combination of digits to produce information.

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 Hardware- The physical components of a computer.

 Software- A set of programs that form an interface between the
hardware and the user of a computer system.
◦ System software- A set of programs to control the internal operations
◦ Application software- Programs designed by the user to perform a specific
function
 People - also called live-ware of the computer system.
 Data and Information- Data is the name given to facts while
information is a processed and useful data that is relevant, accurate,
up to date and can be used to make decisions.

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Storage

Memory Unit

CPU

Input Control Unit

Output

Register

ALU

Basic Organization of Computer

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 Input - process of entering data and programs in to computer system

 Processing - task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations.
The Central Processing Units (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage
unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on instructions given and the type
of data provided
 Storage - process of saving data and instructions permanently. The storage unit
performs the following major functions:
 All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing
 Intermediate processing are also stored here.
 Output - process of producing results from the data for getting useful information

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brain of the computer because it takes all major decisions, make all sort of
calculations and control different parts of the computer elements

CPU has four key parts such as:

 Control Unit - takes care of step by step processing of all operations inside the
computer

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - performs arithmetic and logical operations on the
binary data. The ALU contains an Adder which is capable of combining the
contents of two registers in accordance with the logic of binary arithmetic.

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 Registers - small high-speed memory inside the CPU used to store temporary
results.
◦ Accumulator- This is the most frequently used register used to store data taken from memory
◦ Memory Address Registers (MAR) - holds the address of the location to be accessed from
memory
◦ Memory Data Registers (MDR) - contains data to be written into or to be read out from the
addressed location.
◦ General Purpose Registers - These are numbered as R0, R1, R2….Rn-1, and used to store
temporary data during any ongoing operation
◦ Program Counter (PC) - used to keep the track of execution of the program
◦ Instruction Register (IR) - holds the instruction which is just about to be executed
 Clock - generates a regular sequence of electronic pulses used to synchronize
operations of the processor’s components

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Refer to computer components, devices and recording media that retain digital data
used for computing for some interval of time. Computer memory includes internal
and external memory.

 Internal Memory - accessible by a processor without the use of the input-output

channels
◦ Cache Memory - acts as a buffer, smaller and faster than main storage.
◦ Main Memory (Main Storage) - addressable storage from which instructions and other data
may be loaded directly into registers for subsequent execution or processing. Main memory are
consist of the following:
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 External Memory - holds information too large for storage in main memory.
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 Input devices – convert data into a form which can be understood by the
computer
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Camera
 Microphone
 Output devices – show the output after processing the data
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker

Peripheral devices – used to perform specific task but not necessarily needed in basic computer operation

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serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together. It connects the CPU,
memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card, and other ports and expansion cards
directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer.

 Features of Motherboard
◦ Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components.
◦ Motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types
of memories.
◦ Video cards, hard disks, sound cards have to be compatible
with the motherboard to function properly.
◦ Motherboards, cases, and power supplies must be compatible
to work properly together.

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Numeral Systems

 Collection of symbols used to represent small numbers together with a system of

rules for representing large numbers
 Uses a set of digits
 Has a base or radix
◦ Decimal (base 10)
◦ Binary (base 2)
◦ Octal (base 8)
◦ Hexadecimal (base 16)

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 External representation – way in which information is represented by humans

 Internal representation – way it is stored in a memory

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 Also known as decimal notation

 Has ten symbols : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
 Uses positional notation
◦ Least significant digit (right-most digit) is of order 10^0 - ones
◦ Second right-most digit is of order 10^1 - tens
◦ Third right-most digit is of the order 10^2 - hundreds
 Optional suffix D if ambiguity arises

Example: 735 = 7 x 10^2 + 3 x 10^1 + 5 x 10^0

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 Has two symbols : 0 and 1

 Number are called binary digits or bits
 Eight bits is called byte
 Uses also positional notation
 Denoted by suffix B

Example: 10110B = 1 x 2^4 + 0 x 2^3 + 1 x 2^2 + 1 x 2^1 + 0 x 2^0

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. 2^-1 = 1/2 2^-2 = 1/4

 11101.11(2) = (1x16) + (1x8) + (1x4) + (0x2) + (1x1) + (1x0.5) + (1x0.25)
= 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25
= 29.75(10)

 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

 110101(2) = (1x32) + (1x16) + (0x8) + (1x4) + (0x2) + (1x1)
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 53(10)

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 Decimal to Octal
◦ Same process as in decimal to binary but the divisor is 8
359/8 = 44 r.7 359 = 5478
44/8 = 5 r.4
5/8 = 0 r.5
 Octal to Decimal
◦ Using expanded notation
23228 = 2 x 8^3 + 3x8^2 + 2x8^1 + 2x8^0
= 1024 + 192 + 16 + 2
= 123410

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 Binary to Octal
◦ Group the given bits into 3s starting from the right hand side and look onto the
table of the corresponding octal number form

11010101110011112 = 001 101 010 111 001 111

= 1 5 2 7 1 7
= 1527178
 Octal to Binary
◦ Based on the table of the corresponding octal number form

528 = 101 010

= 1010102
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 Uses sixteen symbols : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

 Uses also positional notation
 Digits are called hex digits
 Denoted by suffix H

Example: A3EH = 10 x 16^2 + 3 x 16^1 + 14 x 16^0

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 Decimal to Hexadecimal
◦ Same process as in decimal to octal but the divisor is 16
255/16 = 15 r.15 255 = FF16
15/16 = 0 r.15

 Hexadecimal to Decimal
◦ Use expanded notation

FF216 = 15 x 16^2 + 15 x 16^1 + 2 x 16^0

= 3,840 + 240 + 2
= 4,082

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 Octal to Hexadecimal
◦ Convert to binary first then to hexadecimal
3618 = 011 110 001
= 1111 0001
= F116

 Hexadecimal to Octal
◦ Convert to binary first then to octal

9E16 = 1001 1110

= 010 011 110
= 2368
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 Refers to the methods used internally to represent information stored
in computer
 Types of information stored by computer using the same format: a
sequence of binary such as 1 or 0 or machine language
 Numbers
 Text
 Graphics of many varieties (still, videos, animations)
 Sound
 Division of data items
 Basic Types (simple or type primitive)
 Structured Types (higher level type)

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 Bit – basic unit of information in digital computer

 Bytes – basic unit of addressable computer storage

 Other units of information

 Nibble – unit of memory made up of 4 bits, can store 16 possible binary values (0000
to 1111)
 Kilobyte – 1024 bytes, could store roughly one full A4 page of text
 Megabyte – 1024 kilobytes, typical MP3 music file is around 4MB
 Gigabyte – 1024 megabytes, typical DVD can store around 4.7GB of data
 Terabyte – 1024 gigabytes

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 Integers – whole numbers or fixed-point numbers with radix point fixed
after the least-significant bit
 Commonly used bit-lengths for integers
◦ 8-bit
◦ 16-bit
◦ 32-bit
◦ 64-bit
 Representation schemes
◦ Unsigned integers – represent zero and positive integers
◦ Signed integers – can represent zero, positive integers as well as negative
integers

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 An n-bit unsigned integers can represent integers from 0 to (2n) - 1
distinct integers

Example 1: Suppose that n=8 and the binary pattern is 0100 0001B,
the value of this unsigned integer is 1 x 20 + 1 x 26 = 65D

Example 2: Suppose that n=16 and the binary pattern is 0001 0000
0000 1000B, the value of this unsigned integer is 1 x 23 + 1 x 212 =
4104D

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 Sign-Magnitude representation – most significant bit (msb) is the sign bit, with
value of 0 representing positive integer and 1 for negative

Example 1: Suppose that n=8 and the binary pattern is 0 100 0001B
Sign bit is 0 – positive
Absolute value is 100 0001B = 65D
Hence, integer is +65D
Example 2: Suppose that n=8 and the binary pattern is 1 000 0001B
Sign bit is 1 – negative
Absolute value is 000 0001B = 1D
Hence, integer is -1D

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 2’s Complement representation – most significant bit (msb) is the
sign bit, with value of 0 representing positive integer and 1 for negative
◦ For positive integers – absolute value is equal to the magnitude of the (n-1)-bit
◦ For negative integers – absolute value is equal to the magnitude of the
complement (inverse) of the (n-1)-bit plus one

Example 1: Suppose that n=8 and the binary pattern is 0 100 0001B
Sign bit is 0 – positive, Absolute value is 100 0001B = 65D, Hence, integer is +65D

Example 2: Suppose that n=8 and the binary pattern is 1 000 0001B
Sign bit is 1 – negative, Absolute value is 111 1110B + 1B = 126D plus 1, Hence,
integer is -127D
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 Binary Addition

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1. 0001 2. 1110 3. 111101

+ 1000 + 1100 + 111111
-------- ----------- -----------
1001 11010 1111100

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 Binary Subtraction

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1. 0001 2. 1110 3. 111101

- 1000 - 1100 - 111111
---------- ----------- -----------
-0111 -10
10

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 Binary Multiplication

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1. 0001 2. 1110 3. 111101

x 1000 x 1100 x 111111
---------- ----------- -----------

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 Binary Division

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 Binary Division

Get the quotient of the following binary.

1.0001 1001 2. 101 111 3. 0011 1100

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x y x AND y x OR y x XOR y NOT x

0 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1 1 1

1 0 0 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 0 0

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Answer the following:

1. 10101010 2. 1 0 1 0 1 0 3. 10111 4. NOT 1 0 0 0

AND 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 OR 1 1 1 1 1 0 XOR 1 1 0 0 0 0111
10100000 111110 01111

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 Real number
 Can represent a very large or a very small value
 Could also represent very large negative number and very
small negative number as well as zero
 Typically expressed in scientific notation with a fraction (F) and
an exponent (E) of a certain radix (r)
 Decimal numbers use radix of 10 (F x 10^E)
 Binary numbers use radix of 2 (F x 2^E)

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 Suffer from loss of precision when represented with a fixed

number of bits
 There are infinite number of real numbers
 Arithmetic is very much less efficient than integer arithmetic
 Could be speed up with floating-point co-processor
 Represented in scientific notation in the form of F x 2^E
wherein both E and F can be positive as well as negative
 Modern computers adopt IEEE 754 standard for representing
floating-point numbers
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 Normalized Form – there is only a single non-zero digit before

the radix point

Example: 32 bit pattern = 1 1000 0001 011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
S = 1- negative
E = 1000 0001 = 129
F = 011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
Actual fraction is 1.011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 = 1 + 1x2^-2 + 1x2^-3 = -1.375D
Actual exponent is 127 in normalized form, E-127=129-127 = 2D
Hence, the number represented is -1.375 x 2^2 = -5.5D

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 De-Normalized Form – devised to represent zero and other

numbers

Example: S=1
E=0
F = 011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
Actual fraction is 0.011 0000 0000 000 0000 0000 = 1x2^-2 + 1x2^-3 = -0.375D
Actual exponent is -126
Hence, the number represented is -0.375 x 2^-126 = -4.4 x 10^39 which is an
extremely small negative number (close to zero)

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Example 1: Suppose that IEEE-754 32-bit floating-point representation pattern
is 0 10000000 110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000.
Sign bit S = 0 ⇒ positive number
E = 1000 0000B = 128
Fraction is 1.11B (with an implicit leading 1) = 1 + 1×2^-1 + 1×2^-2 = 1.75D
The number is +1.75 × 2^(128-127) = +3.5D

 Example 2: Suppose that IEEE-754 32-bit floating-point representation pattern

is 1 01111110 100 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000.
Sign bit S = 1 ⇒ negative number
E = 0111 1110B = 126
Fraction is 1.1B (with an implicit leading 1) = 1 + 1 x 2^-1 = 1.5D
The number is -1.5 × 2^(126-127) = -0.75D
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 Way to convert text data into binary numbers which can be converted back to original
characters based on their values through charset or character set (table of unique
numbers assigned to different characters like letters, numbers and other symbols
◦ American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) – character encoding scheme and was
the first character encoding standard; single byte encoding only using the bottom 7 bits
◦ American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – standardized numeric or alphabetic codes to ensure
uniform identification of geographic entities through federal government agencies; extends the ASCII
7 bit code into 8 bit
◦ Unicode – universal character set, assigns each character a unique number or code points; defines
two mapping methods, the UTF (Unicode transformation format) encodings and UCS (Universal
character set)
 UTF-8 – uses 1 byte to represent characters in the ASCII set, supplementary characters use 4 bytes
 UTF-16 – uses 2 bytes for any character in the BMP and 4 bytes for supplementary characters
 UTF-32 – uses 4 bytes for all characters

ITC
ITC111
111: INTRO TOTO
: INTRO COMPUTING
COMPUTING TOPIC : BASIC
TOPIC: BASICCOMPUTER
COMPUTERCONCEPTS
CONCEPTS