Ethiopian TVET-System

IT SUPPORT SERVICE LEVEL II

Based on May 2011 Occupational Standards

October, 2019
 Module Title: Accessing and Using Internet

TTLM Code: ICT ITS2TTLM 1019v1

This module includes the following Learning Guides

LG31: Access the Interne
LG Code: ICT ITS2 LO1-LG-31
LG32: Search Internet
LG Code: ICT ITS2LO2-LG-32

1
Version:01
ICT ITS1 Page No.1
Copyright: Ethiopia Federal TVET Agency
 Instruction Sheet LG31: Access the Interne
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:-
 Opening internet browser and setting up home page by using internet options
 Adjusting display/view mode
 Modifying toolbars
 Modifying toolbars
 Accessing and retrieving data from particular site
 Loading image
 Opening URL to obtain data and browser link
 Deleting cookies and history of internet browser
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to:-

 Open Internet browser and a home page of personal choice by set up internet
options
 Adjust Display/view modes to suit personal requirements
 Modify toolbar to meet user and browsing needs
 access and retrieve particular site
 load or not load Images depending on modem speed, computer and browser
capabilities
 Open URL to obtain data and browse link
 Delete Cookies and history of internet browser as precaution from virus infection
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described below 3 to 6.
3. Read the information written in the information “Sheet 1, Sheet 2, Sheet 3 and Sheet
4,” in page -3,4, 5,6,7,10,11,13,15 and 17 respectively.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1, Self-check 2, and Self-check- 3, Self-check and Self-
check-4 in page 8,12, 14,16 respectively
5. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation from the “Self-check” proceed to “Operation
Sheet 1, Operation Sheet 2, Operation Sheet 3, Operation Sheet 4, Operation Sheet
5 and
6. Operation Sheet 6 in page 16, 17, 18 and 19.
7. Do the “LAP test” in page 20

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 Information Sheet-1 Opening internet browser and setting up home page
1.1. Definition and use of Internet
The Internet is means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in
the world via dedicated routers and servers. When two computers are connected over
the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics,
voice, video, and computer programs.

No one owns Internet, although several organizations the world over collaborate in its
functioning and development. The high-speed, fiber-optic cables (called backbones)
through which the bulk of the Internet data travels are owned by telephone companies
in their respective countries.

The internet developed from software called the ARPANET which the U.S military had
developed. It was only restrict to military personnel and the people who developed it.
Only after it was privatized was it allowed to be used commercially.

The internet has developed to give many benefits to mankind. The access to
information is one of the most important. Student can now have access to libraries
around the world. Some charge a fee but most provide free services. Before students
had to spend hours and hours in the libraries but now at the touch of a button students
have a huge database in front of them

1.2. Basic Internet Terms and Terminology

Here is a look at the buzzwords of the world of Internet.
 ARPANET: The acronym stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network.
ARPA of the United States Department of Defense developed ARPANET, which
became the world’s first packet switching network. Internet is the successor of
ARPANET.
 Internet Service Provider: A company, which provides users with an access to the
Internet, is known as an Internet service provider or Internet access provider. ISP, as
it is called, offers email accounts and other services like remote storage of files for its
customers. Here is a word about choosing a cheap ISP.

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 IP Address: It is a way of numerically identifying an entity on a computer network.
The original addressing system known as IPv4, used 32 bit addresses. With the growth
of the Internet, IPv6 came to be used wherein the addresses are composed of 128 bits.
 Cyberspace: This term coined by William Gibson, is used to refer to the computer
networks connected to each other and the content they host. It is often used to refer to
the Internet.
 WWW: It is a collection of interlinked documents that are accessible over the Internet.
It consists of millions of web pages that contain text, images, voice and videos. Sir Tim
Berners-Lee, a British scientist working at CERN, created the World Wide Web.
 Website: A website is a set of web pages consisting of text, audio and video. Web
servers host websites.
 URL: It specifies the location of a resource on the Internet. It consists of the basic
address and path.
 Web Page: Web pages are resources of information. They are generally created in
the HTML format and provide the web users with navigational abilities through
hyperlinks to other web pages on the web.
 Home Page: The term home page is used to refer to the page that is the default page
of any website. It is the main page of a complex website.
 Web Browser: A web browser is a software application that facilitates user
interaction with the text, audio, video and other information that is located on the web.
 Cache: Web browsers maintain a cache of recently visited web pages. Some of them
use an external proxy web cache, which is a server program through which web
requests pass. This enables the browsers to cache frequently visited pages. Even
search engines make available already indexed web pages through their caches.
 HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol, abbreviated as HTTP, is a communications
protocol used for the transfer of information over the Internet. A client makes an HTTP
request using a web browser to which an HTTP response is sent from the server.
 Web Cookie: Also known as an HTTP cookie, it is piece of text that is exchanged
between the web client and the web server. It is sent by the web server to the web
client and returned unchanged by the client each time it accesses the server.

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  Session: It is an exchange of information between a computer and its user. It is
established for a certain period of time after which it ends.
 Hyperlink: A reference in a document to another section of the document or to
another document is termed as a hyperlink. Hyperlinks are used to redirect the user
from one section of a page content to another.
 Internet Security: It is one of the major concerns today. As the Internet acts as a
communication platform that can be accessed by millions of users around the world, it
becomes necessary that proper measures be implemented. Issues like Internet Safety
that deal with the content that is made accessible over the Internet are equally
important. Internet Privacy relates to safeguarding the privacy of the web users and
the sensitive information on the web from hackers and stalkers.
1.3. Opening internet browser and setting up home page by using internet options
 Browser Software
Is a software program that allows a user to locate, access, and display web pages
over the internet. The best internet browser isn’t necessarily the default one that
comes with your device. However, there are a number of very good browsers to
choose between, and the right one for you will depend on your requirements.
 Types of browsers
 Mozilla Firefox: Best overall
Mozilla's Firefox is one of the fastest internet browsers we tested for navigating
between sites and for fully loading pages. It also proved to be the most secure
during our in-house tests using live malware.
This browser is compatible with Mac and Windows operating systems, and with
Android and iOS cell phones and tablets. It syncs your passwords, bookmarked
pages and browser settings so you have access to these – as well as your
search history – on other computers and mobile devices.

Mozilla includes a privacy browser so you can search online without cookies or
other trackers. And you can set this browser to delete all the cookies, cache and
browser history each time the browser closes. Mozilla is nicely laid out and has

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 a clean interface, so it’s easy to find most tools and features. You can have
multiple browser tabs open at once in a single window and rearrange their order
by dragging and dropping the tabs. If you accidentally close a tab, or even the
entire browser, Firefox will recover it for you.
 Chrome: Best for Google Drive
Google Chrome comes standard on most Android mobile devices, so it is a good choice
for cell phones and tablets. Plus we’ve found that it works a bit better than Firefox on
Android devices. Chrome is also a good choice for Windows and Mac computers.

If you use Chrome on multiple devices, logging in to your account will give you
quick access to documents you saved in Google Docs, your Gmail messages and
your bookmarks, regardless of the device you’re on. Search history is also saved
with your account, so if you’re logged in, terms you’ve looked for will auto-populate
when you start typing in the Google search field on any device.

Chrome lets you set icons on your toolbar so you can quickly get to the pages you
visit most often. You can also pin bookmarks to the Google Chrome homepage.
It has tabbed browsing so you can have multiple viewing windows open at once
and easily toggle between them. During out in-house tests, we noticed Chrome
didn’t identify as many phishing schemes as Firefox, but it did stop malicious files,
including ransomware and Trojans, from opening and infecting our computer.
Chrome’s privacy browser is available on all devices, including cell phones, to
keep your online activity private.

 Microsoft Edge: Best for battery life

Compatibility issues for older Windows machines Microsoft Edge comes standard
with computers running the Windows 10 operating system, but it also works on
both Android and iOS cell phones. It isn’t, however, compatible with older
Windows versions. It's much leaner and faster than Internet Explorer, which it
replaces. In some respects it's also a better proposition than Chrome or Firefox.
That's because Edge tends to use less memory (RAM) so it will feel faster on
older computers and tends to use less power, which is important on a laptop. The

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trade-off is that it doesn't have the wealth of extensions or apps you'll find with the
those other browsers.

When we tested Edge’s security, it not only warned of phishing schemes and
other dangerous websites, but it also blocked malware files from infecting out
test devices. Microsoft Edge includes Notes, a tool that lets you highlight works
or passages on any webpage and save them to read later.
You can add icons to the toolbar that link you to frequently visited websites and
use the URL field to search the web. Edge has sync capabilities so you can
access your bookmarks and search history across all your devices. Microsoft is
one of the few internet browser developers that offers telephone support if you
are having difficulties with its program.
 Safari: Best for Macs
Safari is one of the best choices for Mac devices because it is designed
specifically for Apple’s machines. It connects quickly and loads full sites faster
than any macOS-compatible browser we tested.

Safari takes a moment to learn if you’re not already familiar with Mac computers,
and you can’t customize this browser with toolbars, but you still get tabbed
browsing like Firefox and Chrome offer. Safari lets you tag favorite sites and has
a reading list where you can save articles or parts of websites to read later. While
you’re reading an article, Safari has a tool that pushes ads and other distractions
aside so you can read without unrelated text or images breaking in.

This browser is the default for iPhones and iPads, and it syncs through your
iCloud account, so any changes you make on one device will be available on any
device connected to your account. When we tested its default security settings,
Safari warned us of malicious websites that had phishing schemes or dangerous
links on them. But it didn’t stop malicious downloads, so we had to depend on a
Mac antivirus program to gather these threats during the download process.

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 This is one of the few browsers that has live support. It also has great online
resources, like tutorials and searchable FAQs, so you can find answers on your
own.
 Opera: Good all-rounder
Opera is decently fast, about on par with Firefox and Chrome when it comes to
initial startup, site navigation and page loading. It’s compatible with both Windows
and Mac computers, and works on iOS and Android mobile devices. The URL bar
doubles as a search bar, and it has stacking, which means you can drag and drop
open tabs in the order you want them.
1.4. Setting up Internet Option

 Configuring Home page

A home page is generally the main page a visitor navigating to a website from
a web search engine will see, and it may also serve as a landing page to attract
visitors.

The home page is used to facilitate navigation to other pages on the site by
providing links to prioritized and recent articles and pages, and possibly a search
box. For example, a news website may present headlines and first paragraphs of
top stories, with links to full articles, in a dynamic web page that reflects the
popularity and recentness of stories. Meanwhile, other websites use the home
page to attract users to create an account. Once they are logged in, the home page
may be redirected to their profile page. This may in turn be referred to as the
"personal home page".

A website may have multiple home pages, although most have one. Wikipedia, for
example, has a home page at wikipedia.org, as well as language-specific home
pages, such as en.wikipedia.org and de.wikipedia.org.

 Configuring location of temporary files

Temporary Internet Files are a folder on Microsoft Windows which serves as
the browser cache for Internet Explorer to cache pages and other multimedia

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 content, such as video and audio files, from websites visited by the user. This
allows such websites to load more quickly the next time they are visited.
Each time a user visits a website using Microsoft Internet Explorer, files
downloaded with each web page (including HTML and Javascript code) are saved
to the Temporary Internet Files folder, creating a web cache of the web page on
the local computer's hard disk drive, or other form of digital data storage. The next
time the user visits the cached website, only changed content needs to be
downloaded from the Internet; the unchanged data is available in the cache.

Despite the name 'temporary', the cache of a website remains stored on the hard
disk until the user manually clears the cache, the cache expires or if the cache is
full. This is often regarded as a privacy issue, because anyone with access to the
computer can view the cache. The contents of the folder are indexed using
an index.dat file, a form of database.

The Temporary Internet Files cache can be useful in certain situations. For
example, if no Internet connection is available, previously cached websites are still
available offline. Certain online media files (such as embedded Flash movies) are
not easily accessed directly through Internet Explorer, but are automatically saved
into the cache after viewing them. Depending on the type of website and how often
it is updated, the cached data may not reflect the online version of the website.
The cache is also useful for police to collect forensic evidence.

The cache can be cleared by using Internet Options within the Internet Explorer
interface, but this method is subject to deletion privacy issues. Many alternative
tools exist to erase the data instead.
Configuring privacy an security level

Optimizing your browser’s settings is a critical step in using the Internet securely
and privately. Today’s popular browsers include built-in security features, but users
often fail to optimize their browser’s security settings on installation. Failing to
correctly set up your browser’s security features can put you at a higher risk for
malware infections and malicious attacks. This installation of our “Cybersecurity

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 101” series provides our tips for securing several of today’s most popular browsers,
including Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Internet Explorer. While
it is impossible to guarantee complete protection from cyber threats, following
these tips will greatly increase the security of your web browser.

Ref. web1.keira-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/Faculties/IT/

Self Check–1 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date:

________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished:

_______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

1. ____________ is means of connecting a computer to any other computer

anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers
A. Browser soft wares C. Computer system
B. Internet D. Search engines
2. A company which provides users with an access to the Internet is
A. Google C. Internet service Provider
B. Yahoo D. home page
3. A reference in a document to another section of the document or to another document
is termed as
A. Temporary files C. Internet
B. Hyperlink D. World Wide Web
4. _____ is used to refer to the page that is the default page of any website
A. Web page C. Home Page
B. Web site D. HTTP
5. A collection of interlinked documents that are accessible over the Internet is:

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 A. Internet Security C. World Wide Web
B. Mozilla fire fox D. Arpanet

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the answer key

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2.1. Introduction
Information Sheet-2 Adjusting display/view mode
In recent versions, Windows Internet Explorer has dramatically improved support for
established and emerging industry standards, such as HTML5, Cascading Style Sheets
(CSS), Level 3 (CSS3), and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). By default, Internet
Explorer properly displays WebPages designed to support these standards. Because
some of these standards are still evolving, older websites may not fully support them. In
addition, later versions of certain standards specify different behaviors than earlier
versions of the same standard.

As a result, websites designed to support the earlier versions of these standards may
display differently when viewed with web browsers designed to support current versions
of the standards, such as Internet Explorer. In order to help such websites display
correctly, Internet Explorer supports a display mode called Compatibility View, which
displays web pages as if they were viewed by an earlier version of the browser.

Ref.
- Vincentas (11 July 2013). "Grayware in SpyWareLoop.com". Spyware Loop. Archived
from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- web1.keira-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/Faculties/IT/

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 Self Check–2 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date:

________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished:

_______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

I. Write True if the statement is Correct and false if the statement is incorrect
1. By default, Internet Explorer properly displays WebPages designed to support HTML5,
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) standards.
2. Internet Explorer View mode is displays web pages if they were viewed by an
earlier version of the browser.
3. HTML5, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) standards are still not fully support by older
websites.

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Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points
You can ask you teacher for the answer key

Information Sheet-3 Modifying Toolbars

3.1. Introduction to toolbars
A browser toolbar is a toolbar that resides within a browser's window. All major web
browsers provide support to browser toolbar development as a way to extend the
browser's GUI and functionality. Browser toolbars are considered to be a particular kind
of browser extensions that present a toolbar. Browser toolbars are specific to each
browser, which means that a toolbar working on a browser does not work on another
one. All browser toolbars must be installed in the corresponding browser before they
can be used, and require updates when new versions are released.

Many high-profile browser toolbars released over the years have been fraught with
problems, either intentionally as malware or injected with computer viruses or due to
poor or conflicting programming when considering multiple toolbars being included on
the single browser.

Many unscrupulous companies use software bundling to force users downloading one
program to also install a browser toolbar, some of which invade the user's privacy by
tracking their web history and search history online. Many antivirus companies refer to
these programs as grayware or Potentially Unwanted Programs (PUPs).

Developing a toolbar
The programming language and development tools behind a browser toolbar vary from
one browser to another.

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In Internet Explorer 5 or later toolbars may be created as browser extensions written in
C# or C++. More specifically, it is possible to create up to three different kinds of
toolbars (custom explorer bars, tool bands and desk bands) and to combine them with
browser helper objects in order to provide added functionality.

In Firefox toolbars can be created as add-ons that contribute to the GUI by extending
the browser with XUL (support for XUL was removed in Firefox version 57). The logic
behind the toolbar is written in JavaScript running under expanded privileges. Mozilla
Jetpack can be used to simplify the development of add-ons for Firefox.

In Safari 5 or later toolbars can be created as extensions that add bars and buttons. The
logic behind the toolbar is written in JavaScript with access to a special JavaScript API
to interact with the Safari application and web content.

In Google Chrome 4 or later toolbars can be created as extensions that add browser
actions to the browser window. The logic behind the toolbar is written in JavaScript with
access to a special JavaScript API to interact with the Chrome application and web
content. The privileges under which a Chrome extension runs are governed by a set of
permissions.

In Opera 11 or later toolbars can be created as extensions that add buttons to the
browser window. The logic behind the toolbar is written in JavaScript with access to a
special JavaScript API to interact with the Opera application and web content.

In Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera toolbar styling is done though CSS.

Native vs. injected toolbars

Some major browsers (Internet Explorer and Firefox) enable the creation of native
toolbars i.e., toolbars which are directly inserted in the browser window. Examples of
native toolbars are Google Toolbar and Stumble upon Toolbar. Native toolbars use
browser-specific code to create the same toolbar for each different browser version.

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Some toolbar developers use a different approach and make the browser extension
inject a JavaScript file in every web page visited by the user. All major browsers support
injected toolbars. The code in this file inserts the toolbar as a part of the DOM in every
web page. Injected toolbars use essentially the same JavaScript code to draw the
toolbar for each different browser version.

Each approach has advantages and disadvantages for the different stakeholders.

From the user's perspective:

Native toolbars present faster load times, since injected toolbars must wait for the DOM
to be created in order to insert the toolbar in it.

Injected toolbars require less frequent updates because part of their code is dynamically
downloaded in the JavaScript file that draws the toolbar.

From the developer's perspective:

Injected toolbars allow for shorter development times since the JavaScript code that
creates the toolbar may be written once for all browsers.

Injected toolbars allow for an easier toolbar update policy, since changes that are made
in the injected JavaScript code do not require releasing a new toolbar version.

From the toolbar owner's perspective:

Injected toolbars consume requests to download the JavaScript code that inserts the
toolbar in every page, while native toolbars consume no such requests.

Cross-browser toolbar development

This Section contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve
it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding

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encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (October 2018) (Learn how
and when to remove this template message)

Another way to simplify the task of developing a toolbar for different browsers is to rely
on a cross-browser extension development framework. Some of the most important
frameworks are listed below:

Toolbar Studio supports IE, Firefox. This is an IDE that allows to develop toolbars via a
visual editor.

Neobars supports Chrome, Firefox, IE, Safari and Opera. This is an online web
constructor for cross-browser extensions. Multiple widgets like Weather, RSS,
YouTube, Twitter and Facebook components are available. The platform is free to use.

Ref.

1. Larry Seltzer (2009-02-10). "Enough with the Browser Toolbars Already". eWeek . Retrieved
2014-02-26.
2. Vincentas (11 July 2013). "Grayware in SpyWareLoop.com". Spyware Loop. Archived from the
original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
3. "Threat Encyclopedia – Generic Grayware". Trend Micro. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
4. "Rating the best anti-malware solutions". Arstechnica. 2009-12-15. Retrieved 28 January 2014.

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 Self Check–3 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date:

________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished:

_______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

I. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement incorrect
1. The programming language and development tools behind a browser toolbar are
not vary from one browser to another
2. Injected toolbars require less frequent updates
3. Native toolbars present faster load times.
4. A browser toolbar is a toolbar that resides within a browser's window.
5. All major web browsers provide support to browser toolbar development as a way
to extend the browser's CLI and functionality.

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Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points
You can ask you teacher for the answer key

Information Sheet-4
Accessing and retrieving data from
particular site

3.1. Accessing and Retrieving Site Data

For most people nowadays, using the internet involves accessing information or
entertainment, viewing products and services, or using social media platforms to keep in
touch with friends and acquaintances. It may seem that visiting a webpage merely
involves entering the URL in the address bar, but that’s just the start of a more
complicated process. In a split second the browser makes contact with globally distributed
web servers, requests stored data packages, and then assemble the webpage from the
information contained in the packages. Read on to find out how this process works and
which steps are taken.
 From URL to IP address
The easiest way to access a website is to write the desired address into the address bar located
in the browser. This address is known as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), and every webpage
can be reached with its own individual URL (web address). A URL is made up of several sections;
all of which have their own functions. Here is a generic example of a webpage URL:
Third-level Second-level Top-level
Protocol (Path) (File)
domain domain domain
http:// www. Example domain .com /directory /index.html

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of electronically stored hypertext documents.
The hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is used in the World Wide Web in order to transfer
webpage data from the web server to the browser. In addition to HTTP, there’s also an
encrypted version of the protocol: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS). The
HTTP protocol header is followed by the hostname, which consists of a second-level and
top-level domain (in this order). In the web, we usually see “www” as third-level domain,

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but there are other sub domains. If a URL points to a specific directory or file, the relevant
information will be placed after the hostname.

URLs are generally comprised of letters, meaning that people can easily remember them.
Computers, on the other hand, work with combinations of numbers (known as IP
addresses) to find a server on the internet. An additional step is required in order to
access content from the web browser. This step requires translating a webpage’s URL
into the corresponding IP address. The task is carried out by DNS servers, which are
responsible for managing the Domain Name System.
 DNS server: a directory for IP addresses
When a web address is entered into the search bar of the browser, the browser looks for the
requested domain in its cache. If it’s not there, it requests the operating system’s DNS server to
find the required IP address. A DNS server is liable for the name resolution. The DNS server that
is to be requested can be configured in the operating system as well as in the router. Per default,
the internet access provider sets the address of its own DNS server there. Since requesting the
domain name system takes some time, the IP addresses of sites that have already been visited
are usually stored in the operating system’s or the browser’s DNS cache. This cache keeps IP
addresses at hand for future visits to the website. This lightens the load of the DNS server and
speeds up the webpage’s loading time.
 The router as a link between computer and server
The router is the interface between the internet and home network. It requests data from the
internet and distributes it to networking devices such as desktop computers, laptops, and tablets.
The router is required as a link since the devices in the home network communicate with each
other using local IP addresses, while outwardly sharing the router’s public IP address. The
network addresses are then translated with a process known as Network Address Translation
(NAT). With modern IPv6 internet connections, translations via NAT generally aren’t needed since
every device in the network is allocated a public IP address.
 Data exchange via HTTP
When the IP address of the chosen webpage is identified, the browser requests the relevant data
for the page from the appropriate web server. This request takes place via HTTP in the form of a
data packet, which contains all the information the web server needs in order to deliver the
webpage data. The browser communicates the IP address of the chosen webpage, and provides

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information on the operating system, itself, and the device on which the webpage should be
displayed. The router adds its own public IP address as sender and forwards the pac ket to the
public internet. The web server processes the information and transmits an HTTP status code.
Should the request be successful, the server sends a data packet to the web browser with all the
information required for the page. If the server can’t find the webpage at the requested address,
it either sends a 404 error code (webpage not found) or sends the visitor to the new URL via
redirect if it’s known.
 Page rendering in web browsers
Incoming data packets from the internet are finally forwarded from the router to the computer on
which the webpage is being accessed. The web browser then takes on the task of analyzing the
data packets. Web pages generally comprise of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files, whose lines
of code contain detailed information about how the webpage should be presented. While HTML
documents define the structure and controls of a webpage, the design information is specified in
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS files). Elements that help user interaction on the webpage are
usually implemented with JavaScript. The rendering engine of the web browser determines how
the code is interpreted. Web pages can have a different appearance depending on the web
browser used. Each browser has a cache in which data is temporarily stored when a webpage is
accessed. This means that, when a webpage is re-visited, not all the data needs to be requested
from the web server. The web browser simply retrieves the files that have changed since the last
visit meaning that the website doesn’t take as long to access.

Ref. "Threat Encyclopedia – Generic Grayware". Trend Micro. Retrieved 27 November 2012.

"Rating the best anti-malware solutions". Arstechnica. 2009-12-15. Retrieved 28 January 2014.

Self Check–4 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date:

________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished:

_______________________________

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Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
1. The easiest way to access a website is to write the desired address into the address bar
A. True B. False
2. The World Wide Web (WWW) is:
A. system of electronically stored hypertext documents
B. search engines
C. acts as browser soft ware
D. All
3. Web information are stored on:
A. Internet C. Web browsers
B. Web server D. All
4. The HTTP protocol header is followed by:
A. Extension name C. Company name
B. Host name D. All
5. The DNS server that is to be requested can be configured in:
A. The operating system C. the browser
B. The router D. A and B

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the answer key

Information Sheet-5 Loading image

4.1. Load /do not load images depending on modem speed, computer and Browser
capabilities

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In accessing information on the Internet you may have to consider whether to load or not
load images. Understanding the capabilities of your modem, computer and browser will
help you to make an informed decision.
 Modem Speed
The latest modems on the market would normally be installed to run at the fastest speed
possible, for example 115200 bits per second. Having a fast modem connected to your
computer will download images quickly. If a slower speed modem is connected to your
computer, then images will be downloaded at a much slower rate. Being aware of your
modem’s capabilities will help you decide on whether images should be loaded or not
loaded. Time should also be considered when accessing the Internet. Even a fast modem
cannot take into consideration a country’s business hours, or a 'high activity period, for
example, after school hours or early evening. Do not forget to consider these points if you
are having difficulty in browsing the web site you require.

The bandwidth of your Internet connection is dependent on the speed of your modem. If
the bandwidth is small it will not be able to download images very quickly. The file format
of any image saved on the computer will take up much more memory area than text.
Hence, you must make sure that you have adequate storage area for image file and the
bandwidth is large enough to transfer the image file.
 Computer speed and capacity
The speed and capacity of your computer also affects the speed at which images are
loaded. If the computer's speed is slow and the capacity minimal, it may be better to turn
off multimedia features such as pictures, sounds and videos in order to speed up the
delivery and display of web page information.

To display a web page without graphics, select Tools from the menu bar and choose
Internet Options. From the Internet Options dialogue box there are six tabbed sections.
Select the Advanced tabbed section.
 Browser Capabilities
To display web page details as quickly as possible, consideration should be given to the
types of browsers available. Browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape

21
Navigator are referred to as graphical browsers as they are able to display graphics,
colors and multimedia features.

When a web site is visited, the details of that web page are stored in the browser's cache.
Web pages stored to be read offline are also stored in the cache. Microsoft Internet
Explorer's cache is labeled 'Temporary Internet Files' whereas Netscape Navigator stores
its cache in the program folder. This speeds up the display of pages that are visited
frequently because the Web page details are accessed from the cache instead of from
the web. It is possible to increase the size of the cache, but doing this will reduce the
space available for other files on your computer. It is also possible to delete files from the
'Temporary Internet files' folder to free up space within the cache. However, deleting files
could result in delay if those web pages are required at a later date, as they can no longer
be accessed from the cache and they will have to be downloaded again.

Ref

"Threat Encyclopedia – Generic Grayware". Trend Micro. Retrieved 27 November 2012.

"Rating the best anti-malware solutions". Arstechnica. 2009-12-15. Retrieved 28 January 2014.

22
 Self Check–5 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date:

________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished:

_______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

1. The bandwidth/speed of your Internet connection is depends on :
A. The speed of your modem C. Computer speed and capacity
B. Type of browser D. All
2. When a web site is visited, the details of that web page are stored in the
A. browser's cache C. Browser soft ware
B. local C: D. All
3. in order to speed up the delivery and display of web page information which
solution is better
A. turn off multimedia features C. all
B. Turn off the computer D. None
4. Microsoft Internet Explorer and Google chrome are referred to as:
A. graphical browsers C. Browser soft wares
B. Mozilla fire fox D. All

23
Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points
You can ask you teacher for the answer key

Information Sheet-6 Opening URL to obtain data and browser link

5.1. Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Each website is located at a unique global address called a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL). When you know the address of a web site it is much easier to locate. Referencing
the Uniform Resource Locator URL allows you to jump directly to that page at that URL
regardless of where you currently are on the web. All web browsers let you jump directly
to a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) a unique address for Internet resources that are
available through a web browser, including files or directories.

URL’s specify three pieces of information needed to retrieve a document:

- the protocol to be used

- the server address and port to which to connect
- the path to the information

The format for a URL is: Protocol://server-name: port/path. For example,

http://home.netscape.com/welcome/html

When a web site is displayed on the screen, it is possible to access the links that are
contained within that site. Clicking on a link (or tabbing to the link and pressing Enter) will
take you to another section of the web site, a Web page related to the site or even to a
different web site.

A link- is a connection from one web resource to another. Although a simple concept, the
link has been one of the primary forces driving the success of the web.

24
A link has two ends – called anchors-- and a direction. The link starts at the "source"
anchor and points to the "destination" anchor, which may be any Web resource (e.g., an
image, a video clip, a sound bite, a program, an HTML document, an element within an
HTML document, etc.).
After you have successfully identified the URL you will be able to access the links provided
by the URL.

Figure 5.1 uniform Resource Locator

Self Check–6 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date:

________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished:

_______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

1. Each website is located at a unique global address called
A. Uniform Resource Locator (URL C. Hyperlinks
B. HTTP D. Web site
2. _______ is a connection from one web resource to another
A. Link C. Internet
B. Uniform Resource locator D. E- Mail

25
 3. three pieces of information needed to retrieve a document used by URL is:
A. the protocol to be used
B. the server address and port to which to connect
C. the path to the information
D. All

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the answer key

Information Sheet-7 Deleting cookies and history of internet

browser
6.1. Deleting Cookies and Browsing History

A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie, is used for
an origin website to send state information to a user's browser and for the browser to
return the state information to the origin site. The state information can be used
for authentication, identification of a user session, user's preferences, shopping
cart contents, or anything else that can be accomplished through storing text data.

26
Cookies are not software. They cannot be programmed, cannot carry viruses, and cannot
install malware on the host computer. However, they can be used by spyware to track
user's browsing activities – a major privacy concern that prompted European and US law
makers to take action. Cookies could also be stolen by hackers to gain access to a
victim's web account, thus, the need to delete cookies.

Ref.
web1.keira-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/Faculties/IT/

27
 Self Check–7 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date:

________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished:

_______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

I. Write True if the statement is Correct and False if the statement is incorrect
1. A cookie, also known as browser cookie
2. Cookies are not software
3. Cookies can be programmed, can carry viruses
4. The need to delete cookies is they could be stolen by hackers to gain access to a victim's
web account.
5. The main function of cookies is used for an origin website to send state information to a
user's browser and for the browser to return the state information to the origin site.

28
Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points
You can ask you teacher for the answer key

Operation Sheet-1 Procedures to setting up Home Page

1.1. To change your browser Home Page Follow the following steps
1. On your browser, go to tools, then options
2. On the Internet Options, click on the General tab
3. Type the address that you want to make your home page
4. then click Apply
5. then click OK

29
Operation Sheet-2 Procedures to Adjusting Display/View Mode

2.1. Enable and Disable Chrome Full-screen Mode in macOS

For Chrome on macOS, at the top-left corner of Chrome, select the green circle to go
to full-screen mode, and select it again to return to the full-size screen.

Figure 2.1. Enabling and disabling chrome full screen

There are two other options to activate full-screen mode:

 From the menu bar select View > Enter Full Screen.
 Use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Command+F.

To exit full-screen mode, repeat this process.

Enable and Disable Full-screen Mode in Chrome in Windows

On a Windows computer, access the full-screen toggle through Chrome's main menu.
30
31
1. In the top-right corner of Chrome, select the menu (three-dot) icon.

Figure 2.2 selecting Menu

2. From the menu choose Zoom. Then, to the far right of the Zoom buttons, select
the square icon.

32
Figure 2.3. Selecting Zoom
3. To return to standard view, press F11 or hover near the top of the screen and select
the + button that appears.

33
 Operation Sheet-3 Procedures to Modifying Toolbars
3.1. Steps required to Modifying browser toolbars
3.1.1. Customize the overflow menu or the toolbar

You can change the items that appear in the overflow menu or your toolbar.

1. Click the menu button and choose Customize….

34
 2. When you are Finish, click the Done button.

3.1.1.Turn on the Title bar, Menu bar or Bookmarks toolbar

1. Click the menu button and choose Customize….
o To turn on the Title bar: Put a check mark next to Title Bar in the lower left.
o To turn on the Menu bar or Bookmarks toolbar: Click the Toolbars dropdown
menu at the bottom of the screen and choose the toolbars you want to display.

2. Click the Done button.

Operation Sheet-4 Procedures to Accessing and Retrieving Data

4.1. Using the address bar

The address bar auto complete feature lets you search everything on it: bookmarks,
history or search engines, or enter a specific web address, all in one field. Simply type
into the field above your toolbar and choose from your history, bookmarks, and multiple
search engines or press the Enter key to search using your default search engine.

35
Fig. 4.1 Searching search engine using address bar

You can also type into the search bar on your toolbar or on the New Tab page. Firefox
can show you popular searches for your default search engine as you're typing. See
Search suggestions in Firefox. OR you can use search engine short cuts

Fi.4.2. Search engine

36
Operation Sheet-5 Procedures to Loading Image
5.1. Upload a new file
To upload a new file:

1. In the link editor, click in the URL box.

2. Click the File tab.
3. Click Upload File to select a file from your computer, or drag a file into
the Upload File area.
4. After it uploads, select the file from the list.
5. Click Save.

5.2. Link to an existing file

To link to a file you uploaded previously:

1. In the link editor, click in the URL box.

2. Click the File tab.
3. All files uploaded to your site appear above the Upload File area. Click the file in
the list or search for it to attach it to the link.
4. Click Save.

37
 Operation Sheet-6 Procedures to opening URL
6.1. To Open URL Follow the following Steps

1. Open one of your favorite browser

2. Write the address you want to access on the Address Bar

Fig. 6.1. Opening URL

3. Press Enter from key board or

4. Click Go

38
 Operation Sheet-7 Steps to Deleting Cookies and History

To Delete Cookies and History you have to follow the following procedure

In Chrome

1. On your computer, open Chrome.

2. At the top right, click more .

3. Click more tools Clear browsing data.

4. At the top, choose a time range. To delete everything, select All time.

5. Next to "Cookies and other site data" and "Cached images and files," check the
boxes.

6. Click Clear data.

39
 LAP Test Practical Demonstration

Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to
perform the following tasks within --- hour.

Task 1. Change The home page of your browser

Task 2. Adjust your browser display/view Mode

Task 3. Modify your Browser Toolbar

Task 4. Using the required Address Access some data over the Internet
Task 5. Load Image over the Internet
Task 6. Open Url and search different sites
Task 7. Delete Cookies and History

40
 Instruction Sheet LG32: Search Internet

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics –

 Opening search engines using search parameters

 Saving and presenting search results
 Creating and saving bookmarks
 Modifying page setup options and printing information
 Shutting down and exiting browser
 Observing OHS and netiquette principles

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page. Specifically,
upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –

 Open search engines and define search requirements using a range of search parameters

 Save and present search results Search results as a report according to the information required

 Create bookmarks for required web page and save in associated bookmark folder

 Modify Page set up options and print web page or the required information

 Shut down and exit browser

 observe OHS and netiquette principles through the process

Learning Instructions:
8. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
9. Follow the instructions described below 3 to 6.
10. Read the information written in the information “Sheet 1, Sheet 2 ,Sheet 3, Sheet 4, Sheet 5
and Sheet 6” in page -1-6, 8,10,12,14,16 and 17 respectively.
11. Accomplish the “Self-check 1, Self-check 2, Self-check 3, Self-check4, Self-check 5 and Self-
check 6 in page 7,9,11,13,15 and 18

41
12. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation from the “Self-check” proceed to “Operation Sheet 1,
Operation Sheet 2, Operation Sheet 3, Operation Sheet 4, Operation Sheet 5 and Operation
Sheet 6 in page 31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38 and 39.
13. Do the “LAP test” in page 40

42
Information Sheet-1 Opening search engines using search parameters

1.1. Introduction to Search engines

A search engine is a tool we use to find websites and information on the Internet. Search engines will
search other computers connected to the Internet and classify the files they find on these computers.
Some search engines ‘crawl’ or ‘spider’ in different ways, while others create directories. Therefore,
search engines need access to different computers connected to the Internet. For these reasons it is
useful to use a variety of search engines.
 Common search engines

The most commonly used search engines include:

 Google

 Yahoo

 MSN

 Lycos

 AltaVista

 Netscape
 Ask.
 Differences between search engines
There are a huge variety of search engines. Most search engines explore most of the computers
connected to the Internet. However, some ‘search engines’ are really a search of a particular site, or
perhaps a group of sites.

Some specialist search engines are based on specific topic areas. For example, Web Wombat was the
original Australian search engine. When you use this search engine you will find your results listed in
order of relevance to Australia.

Other examples include:

 Lexplore — specialises in information related to international law
 Travelocity — specialises in information related to travel
 Hotwire — specialises in information related to computer and communications technology.

0
  Searching information on the internet the Internet
 Creating a search expression
In order to use a search engine, you must first locate the search engine on the Internet. Usually you
would do this either by typing in the URL of the search engine you wish to use. A search bar will appear
and you type your expression into this bar. How you express your search will be explained later.

Figure 1.1: The URL and search bar in Google

This is the search bar in Google. Access this screen by typing in the URL http://www.google.com.
Alternatively, you might click on the Search button on the toolbar of your browser. This will take you to a
search engine screen to allow you to enter your search expression. Note: if you use the Search button,
your browser may randomly generate which search engine to use for your search.

Figure 2: The Ninemsn search engine in the left of the browser window — accessed by first clicking on the Search button.

 Composing a search expression

When you are looking for search terms try to:
1
  Type in the question in a full English sentence.
 Use just the main keywords.
 Add more keywords to narrow down (reduce) the number of hits.
 Define (by clicking a button) if you wish to search the entire web, or if you just wish to search
Australian sites.
 Use synonyms for the keywords.
 Use acronyms.
 Use words to broaden your search like OR.
 Use words to narrow your search like AND, +, -, NOT.
 Use double quotation marks to ensure the phrase you are using is located in exactly that
sequence.
Also try different search engines. You will most likely get different results from the same search terms.
 Narrowing or broadening a search
The trick to getting good results from your search expression is to be able to broaden or narrow your
search as required. For some topics, you will get millions of results (or hits), while for others you might
get none. As pointed out above you can:
 Use words to broaden your search like OR.
 Use words to narrow your search like AND, +, -, NOT.
Instead of using Ninemsn, now let’s have a look at what we will achieve in Yahoo. Let’s search for
information on the IT Certificate 2 qualification.

Figure 3: Yahoo search

2
Using Yahoo and searching ‘the Web’ we come up with 26,700,000 results, or hits. This is way too many!
Let’s see what happens if we put this phrase in double quotations and set the search for Australia only.

Figure 4: Yahoo search with more parameters

This time we have come up with 724,000. Still way too many to try to get to what we want.
Let’s assume it is the Certificate 2 through TAFENSW that you are looking for. Let’s add TAFENSW and
see how we go.

Figure 5: Yahoo search with fewer results

Now we have narrowed our results to 25,000. Let’s think more about what we are looking for. Assume
you want to know where this course is being conducted. Let’s narrow the search by adding the word
location.

3
Figure 6: Yahoo search with fewer results still

5,850 hits. We’re certainly reducing the amount of information to be filtered. Though, this is still way too
many results to work through.
Let’s investigate a different search engine using the same expressions. Firstly, IT Certificate 2 across the
Web.

Figure 7: Google search without quotation marks

Without quotation marks we got 31, 600,000 hits, close to the results using Yahoo.com.

Figure 8: Google search with quotation marks

Wow, how about that? By placing the phrase in double quotation marks, we’ve narrowed our search to
22 hits using Google. This is much more manageable. Let’s see if we can get to the locations where the
certificate is offered.

4
Figure 9: Google search with +

We now have four hits when we add + locations.

Let’s try something really specific, like a course offered by OTEN.

Figure 10: Google search with OTEN included

We’ve now got down to ten hits using the search expression:
“Certificate 2 in Information Technology” + OTEN.
It is possible to narrow the search too far, however. For example, if I were to put the entire phrase in
double quotations and search on this, let’s see how we go.

Figure 11: Results of the search expression “Certificate 2 in Information Technology OTEN” all in double quotations

The results above show that this is unlikely to be recorded as one sequence of text, so the search engine
can’t find anything matching this particular entry when we put double quotations around the whole phrase.
So now you have identified some of the ways to narrow and broaden a search using search engines.
Notice that different search engines will give you different results. Different search operators, such as
double quotations, + and – symbols, AND, OR, NOT will also give you different results.

5
A special note here is that the Internet is a very dynamic world. Information located using search engines
varies on a daily, and sometimes hourly, basis. If you were to carry out the searches above it is unlikely
that you would come up with the same results. However, the principles of using operators to narrow or
broaden a search, and using a variety of search engines, always remain true.
Ref. web1.keira-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/Faculties/IT/

Self Check–1 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished: _______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

1. ______ is a tool we use to find websites and information on the Internet.
A. Internet Explorer C. search engines
B. Cookies D. Book marks
2. . Among the following which one is not categorized under search engine
A. Mozilla Firefox C. Yahoo
B. Google search D. MSN
3. When you are looking for search terms:
A. Type in the question in a full English sentence.
B. Use just the main keywords.
C. Add more keywords to narrow down (reduce) the number of hits.
D. All
4. ______ refers to a method of saving a web page
A. search engine C. Browser
B. Book Mark D. Internet

6
Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points
You can ask you teacher for the answer key

Information Sheet-2 Saving and Presenting Search Engine

2.1. Introduction to online Data Storage

Online data storage refers to the practice of storing electronic data with a third party services accessed via the
internet. Its an alternative to traditional local storage (such as disk or tape storages) and portable storages (such
as optical medias or flash drives). It can also be called ”hosted storage” or “cloud storage”
In recent years, the number of vendors offering online data storage for both consumers and business has
increased dramatically. Some services store only a particular of data , such as photos, music or back up data,
while others will allow users to store any type of file. Most of these vendors offer a small amount of storage for
free with additional storage capacity available for a free, usually paid on a monthly or annual basis.
2.1. Benefits of online storage
One of the biggest benefits of online storage is the ability to access data from anywhere. As the number of
devices the average person uses continues to grow, syncing or transferring data among devices has become
more important. Not only does it help transfer data between devices, online data storage also provides the ability
to share files among different users.

Online data storages also offer distinct advantages for backup and disaster recovery situations because it’s
located off site.

However, online data storage does have some potential downsides. Some peoples worry about the security of
cloud storage services and some vendors have experienced significant outages from time to time, leading to
concerns about reliability.

7
Ref

5. "Threat Encyclopedia – Generic Grayware". Trend Micro. Retrieved 27 November 2012.

6. "Rating the best anti-malware solutions". Arstechnica. 2009-12-15. Retrieved 28 January 2014

Self Check–2 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished: _______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

I. Write True if the statement is Correct and False If the statement is Incorrect
1. Online data storage refers to the practice of storing electronic data with a third party services
accessed via the internet
2. Saving the document means storing the document on to the secondary storage devices.
3. One of the biggest benefits of online storage is the ability to access data from anywhere.
4. Traditional local storage includes disk or tape storages.
5. Portable storages include optical medias or flash drives.

8
Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points
You can ask you teacher for the answer key

Information Sheet-3 Creating and Saving Book marks

3.1. Introduction to book mark
A bookmark is a saved shortcut that directs your browser to a specific webpage. It stores the title, URL,
and icon of the corresponding page. Saving bookmarks allows you to easily access your favorite locations
on the Web.
All major web browsers allow you to create bookmarks, though each browser provides a slightly different
way of managing them. For example, Chrome and Firefox display your bookmarks in an open window,
while Safari displays them in a list in the sidebar of the browser window. Internet Explorer uses the name
"Favorites" to refer to bookmarks, and like Safari, it displays all your favorites in a list within the browser
window sidebar.

To create a bookmark, simply visit the page you want to bookmark and select Add Bookmark or
Bookmark this Page from the Bookmarks menu. In Internet Explorer, you can click the star icon to open
the Favorites sidebar and click Add to Favorites to add the current page to your bookmarks. The website
title will show up in your bookmarks list along with the website's icon if available. As your collection of
bookmarks grows, you can create folders to organize your bookmarks into different categories.

It is helpful to bookmark frequently visited websites and useful references since you don't have to
remember the URLs. Additionally, you can just click the bookmarks instead of typing in the full web
addresses. Some browsers even display your bookmarked pages in the auto complete drop down menu
as you type in the address bar. This allows you to visit bookmarked pages without even opening the
bookmarks window or sidebar in your browser.

NOTE: A bookmark only stores the location of a webpage, not store the contents of the webpage itself.
Therefore, when you open a previously saved bookmark, the contents of page may have changed since
the last time you viewed it.

9
Ref.

1. Larry Seltzer (2009-02-10). "Enough with the Browser Toolbars Already". eWeek . Retrieved 2014-02-26.
2. "Rating the best anti-malware solutions". Arstechnica. 2009-12-15. Retrieved 28 January 2014

10
 Self Check–3 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished: _______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

II. Write True if the statement is Correct and False If the statement is Incorrect
1. Book mark is a saved shortcut that directs your browser to a specific webpage
2. Book mark stores the title, URL, and icon of the corresponding page.
3. To create a bookmark, simply visit the page you want to bookmark and select Add Bookmark or
Bookmark this Page from the Bookmarks menu.
4. A bookmark stores the location of a webpage and store the contents of the webpage itself.
5. Saving bookmarks allows you to easily access your favorite locations on the Web.

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the answer key

11
 Modifying Page set up options and printing
Information Sheet-4
Information
4.1. How to Adjust Print Margins on a Web Browser
If you run a small business, the Internet enables you to find valuable resources that can help you expand
your business and increase your profits. However, you can't always take your laptop with you and you
don't have an Internet connection everywhere you travel. To take the information with you everywhere,
you must print it. You can print Web pages directly from your Web browser and, to print more data on a
page; you can adjust the print margins. Both Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox enable you to adjust
print margins from the Print menu.

 Printing background colors

If you are trying to print a story with a background color, Internet Explorer and Firefox users will need to
also turn on 'Print Background Colors', usually found under Page Setup. Chrome and Safari have this
option turned on by default.

 Other printing options

This article explains how you can remove the number of pages, date, title etc. that the browser applies
to the headers and footers of each printed page by default.

 Different browsers, operating systems and printers

Since all printers have slightly different set-ups, these tips may not work for you. If you find a better way,
we'd love to hear about it. Please contact us and let us know. (Please include your browser, operating
system, printer type and any other information that you think may be helpful). Thanks!

Ref.

1. Larry Seltzer (2009-02-10). "Enough with the Browser Toolbars Already". eWeek . Retrieved 2014-02-26.
2. "Threat Encyclopedia – Generic Grayware". Trend Micro. Retrieved 27 November 2012.

12
 Self Check–4 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished: _______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

I. Write True if the statement is Correct and False If the statement is Incorrect
1. Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox enable you to adjust print margins from the Print menu.
2. If you are trying to print a story with a background color, Internet Explorer and Firefox users will no
need to turn on 'Print Background Colors'.
3. To print Web pages directly from your Web browser and, to print more data on a page; you can
adjust the print margins.
4. To take the information with you everywhere, you must print it.
5. Chrome and Safari turned on Print Background Colors options by default.

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the answer key

13
Information sheet -5 Shutting Down and Exiting Browser
a. Overview of shutting down and exiting browser
Before you are going to shutdown your browser first you should save all the necessary information
And also you must wait if down loading and uploading data/image is on progress, if you shut down
before the data is completed your data may be corrupted or destructed.

Ref.

web1.keira-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/Faculties/IT/

14
 Self Check–5 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished: _______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

I. Write True if the statement is Correct and False If the statement is Incorrect
1. We can use the word shutting down and closing interchangeably
2. Before we are going to close our browser first we have to save all the necessary information
3. To close the running browser we can use Alt+F4 from keyboard
4. Before we are close the browser first we have to check the downloading/uploading files

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the answer key

15
Information sheet -6 Observing OHS and netiquette principles
6.1. OHS and netiquette principles implemented on online communication
In the information superhighway, netiquette (internet-etiquette) are the rules of the road. These simple
guide posts on good manners in online communication will not only make you seem like a great person
to talk to, but more importantly, it helps you become better understood, exude professionalism, and
create a positive online reputation that will lead you to more lasting and meaningful connections.
Here are some guide posts on online behaviour:
 It’s all about respect
Just like in face to face communication, courtesy goes a long way in making everyone’s internet
experience pleasant and enjoyable. Always think of how you would want to be treated. That’s probably
how others want to be treated too.

 Core rules of netiquette

In her book Netiquette, Writer Virginia Shea wrote these important guidelines:
 Remember the human – this is the Golden Rule of internet communications. Always be aware
that you are talking to a person, not a device. Therefore, the same rules of courtesy apply.
 Adhere to the same standards of behaviour online that you follow in real life
 Know where you are in cyberspace – netiquette varies from domain to domain. What is
acceptable in a chat room may not be appropriate in a professional forum so “lurk before you
leap”.
 Respect other people’s time and bandwidth
 Make yourself look good online – spelling and grammar count! Always write thoughtful posts and
keep your language clean.
 Share expert knowledge
 Help keep flame* wars under control
 Respect other people’s privacy
 Don’t abuse your power
 Be forgiving of other people’s mistakes

If you want to know more about these rules, go to 10 Core Rules where each one is explained at
length.

*Flaming is writing content online that intentionally invokes responses such as rage, sadness,
humiliation, self-doubt, and others. From: No bullying.com.
 Netiquette basics

These basic rules are adapted and updated from living internet.com :
 Help the newbie’s – good netiquette dictates that you share your knowledge to new users by
answering some of their questions. Remember, you too were a newbie once.
 Research before asking – most sites have a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) page to guide
new users. Read this before emailing or messaging so as not to waste other people’s time.
 Remember emotion – subtle emotions and meanings do not transmit very well in an email.
However, do not use all caps as it designates shouting, or overuse smileys and emoticons as

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 these may make you look unprofessional. Constructing your sentences carefully and checking
(and re-checking, several times) what you write before hitting send is always a good policy.

Living internet.com also has helpful tips on the Netiquette of sending, Netiquette of replying, and
Netiquette of confidentiality. You can read them here: Internet Etiquette.
 The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics

(from the Computer Ethics Institute)

 Do not use a computer to harm other people.
 Do not interfere with other people’s computer work.
 Do not snoop around in other people’s computer files.
 Do not use a computer to steal.
 Do not use a computer to bear false witness.
 Do not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.
 Do not use other people’s computer resources without authorization or proper
compensation.
 Do not appropriate other people’s intellectual output.
 Do think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you
are designing.
 Always use a computer in ways that insure consideration and respect for your fellow
humans.
 Remember that your digital footprint can be tracked
Even if you write under an alias or a made-up handle, the account can easily be traced back to you.
So don’t think that you won’t be found out if you write nasty remarks on your boss’s blog, or that
your posts flaming somebody in a forum can be easily remedied by deleting them. Your activities
online leave data that may be stored and can be retrieved. Always be a decent and responsible
citizen.

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 Self Check–6 Written Test

Name: ______________________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Time started: _______________________________ Time finished: _______________________________

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

I. Write True if the statement is Correct and False If the statement is Incorrect
1. From ten commandments of computer ethics one says use a computer to harm other people

2. Always think of how you would want to be treated, that’s probably how others want to be treated
too.
3. Always be aware that you are talking to a person, not a device.
4. During your on line communication Respect other people’s privacy
5. Use other people’s computer resources without authorization or proper compensation.

Note: Satisfactory rating - 3 points, Unsatisfactory - below 3 points

You can ask you teacher for the answer key

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 Operation sheet- 1 Procedures to Opening Search Engine
To open search Engine Follow the following steps:

1. Open one of your preferable browser

2. Write the search engine you want to use
3. Click search

Figure 1.1. Opening search Engines

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 Operation sheet- 2 How to save search results

How to save search results

You can save the results of your search in a number of ways. Generally you would display on the screen
the web page of a particular search result. You can then save the search results in one of two ways:
1 You can save the entire page as an HTML (web page) file.
2 You can copy and paste the contents of a web page into a word document.
1..1 1 Save the entire page as an HTML (web page) file
To save the entire page as an HTML (web page) file, follow these steps:
 Choose the File menu.
 Click on Save As.
 Choose the location you wish to save your web page to, ie the drive as well as the folder you
wish to use.
 Click on Save.

Figure 2.1: File Menu, showing Save As command

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Figure 2.2: Choose a folder to save into
On the Save Web Page screen, when you click on Save, the file IT Framework Course – Information
Technology will be saved into the OTEN folder in this example.

Figure 2.3: The file saved

Notice that a folder holding all the graphics relating to this web page is also saved. This allows all
information to be viewed offline, ie when you are no longer connected to the Internet.

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 Operation sheet-3 Steps to Creating and saving bookmarks

In Internet Explorer:
1 Go to the website you wish to save as a favourite.
2 Choose Favourites menu or click on the Favourites button on the toolbar.
3 Choose Add To Favourites.
4 At the next screen, click on Create In if you cannot see the New Folder option.
5 Now click on New Folder if you wish to create a new folder.
6 Name your folder and click on OK.
7 Ensure the folder you want to save into is open.
8 Change the name of the page against Name if you feel it is not a very helpful name.
9 Click on OK.

Figure 3.1: Choose Add to Favorites from the Favorites menu

Figure 3.2: New folder option

In Netscape:
1 Go to the site you wish to save as a bookmark.
2 Choose View Menu or click on Bookmarks on the toolbar.

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Figure 3.4: The View menu in Netscape

3 Choose Bookmarks.
4 Choose Add Bookmark.
5 At the next screen, click on File Bookmark if you cannot see the New Folder option.
6 Now click on New Folder if you wish to create a new folder.
7 Name your folder and click on OK.
8 Ensure the folder you want to save into is open.
9 Change the name of the page against Name if you feel it is not a very helpful name.
10 Click on OK.

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Operation sheet – 4 Steps to Modifying page set up options and printing
information
The results of a search can be printed in two ways.
The first way:
1 Choose File menu, then Print Preview.
2 If you are happy with what will be printed, click on the Print button.

Figure 4.1: Print preview

On clicking the print button you would create a hard copy of the two pages of this web page. Notice that
you will also print the page title (the name at the top of each page), and the URL of the page at the bottom
of the page.
The second way:
1 Select the text and graphics you want to print.
2 Choose File menu, then Print.
3 At the next screen, go to Page Range, click in the circle next to the word Selection.

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Figure 4.2: File menu with Print selected

Figure 4.3: Only the highlighted information will be printed

By choosing Page Range, Selection from this screen, (note the dot against this option in the screen
above) only that information selected in the left area of the screen would be printed.

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 Operation sheet - 5 Steps to Shutting Down and Exiting Browser
To close
and exist Browser soft application follows one of the following procedures:
Step 1.
Click on the "X" button in the upper-right corner of the browser window to close it.

Step 2.
You can also click "File" in the upper-left corner and then choose "Exit" to close the browser.

Step 3.
For an alternate method, push "Alt" and "F4" simultaneously to close the browser using a Windows
shortcut.

Step 4
Click on the browser icon beneath "Applications" and select "End Task." This will force the browser to
close if it is frozen, although it may take a few seconds. Click "End Now" if you see a browser warning
window.

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 Name:
LAP Test Practical Demonstration

_____________________________ Date: ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the following
tasks within --- hour.
Task 1. Open Google Search Engines
Task 2. Save and Present Search engine data
Task 3. Create and Save the created Book Mark
Task 4. Modifying page set up options and printing information
Task 5. Shut down and Exit currently running browsers

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