Endocrine system

I Endocrinology analyses the biosynthesis of hormones, their sites of production and the sites and mechanisms
of their action and interaction
b hormone: Greek origin. refers to a chemical messenger that circulates in body fluids and produces specific
effects on cells distant from the hormone’s point of origin

Terminology major functions of hormones:

1. regulation of energy, storage, production and utilization
numeortar is

de mi para mi

2. The adaptation to new environments

3. conditions of stress
de mi para mi amigo
4. The facilitation of growth
5. development
6. Maturation
7. function of the reproductive system
Anatomy of the hypothalamus
through the veins you recrete the hormones

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Hormones made proteins,

of
receptors
in the hormones

/
Hormones that act predominantly via nuclear receptors to modulate transcription in target cells (ex: steroid
hormones, retinoids, thyroid hormone and vitamin D)
↑
Hormones that typically act via membrane receptors to exert rapid effects on signal transduction pathways (ex:
peptide and amino acid hormones)
targett membrane receptor hormona harta untarget cell

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Hypothalamic - pituitary - endocrine axis

/
Hormones that integrate the hypothalamic - pituitary - endocrine axis
 -

Hypothalamic hormone Effect on pituitary trophic(signal) hormone Target hormone(s) Estímulo

↓

Growth r - H
11

Growth hormone IGF -1 Hipotalamo

↓

Somatostatin ↓ Growth hormone Hormona 1

↑
Thyroid - stimulating hormone ↓

Dopamine ↓ Prolactin Adenohipofisis

↓
Corticotropin r - h ↑ Corticotropin Cortisol Hormona 2
↓
Thyrotropin R - H ↑
Thyroid - stimulating hormone Thyroid hormone Glándula endocrina
↑
Prolactin ↓
Gonadotropin R - H ↑ Follicle- stimulating hormone Estrogen (F) Progesterone (f) Hormona 3
↑
Luteinizing hormone Testosterone (M) ↓
Célula Diana
Female reproductive system
It consists of:
1. Ovaries

M
2. Uterine tubes
3. Uterus
4. Vagina

.
5. External genitalia
↑
These organs remain underdeveloped for about the first 10 years of life
~
During adolescence, sexual development occurs and menses first occur (menarche=first menstrual cycle)
Clyclic changes occur throughout the reproductive period, with an average cycle length of approx. 28 days
These cycles cease at about the fifth decade of life (menopause), at which time the reproductive organs become
atrophic

Ovaries
·
Primary female sex organ that produce eggs (ovum or oocytes) and sex hormones (estrogen)
·
Topography: located near the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity
"
Ovulation: the release of oocytes from the ovary, through the tunica albigenses and peritoneum into the

·
peritoneal cavity
Vascular supply: supplied by the ovarian artery (aortic origin)
Uterine tubes
The liminal diameter of the uterine tubes is very narrow (as wide as a human hair)

In
Functions:
A) Transport oocyte: conveys the fertilized or unfertilized oocytes to the uterus by ciliary action and muscular
contraction
B) Transport spermatozoa: conveys spermatozoa from the uterine cavity to fertilize the oocyte in the
infundibulum or ampulla
C) Connection: connects the uterine cavity with the peritoneal cavity

Uterus
A hollow organ that resembles an inverted pear; located in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the
urinary bladder
It is the organ of gestation
Fundus: the rounded (domed) superior surface between the uterine tubes
Body: the main part of the uterus located between the uterine tubes and isthmus; uterine body is triangular
Isthmus: the narrower region between the body and the cervix. It corresponds to the internal os
Cervix: the outlet that projects into the vagina. The internal os: junction of the cervical canal and the
uterine body; the external os: communicates with the vaginal canal
Arterial supply: branches of the internal iliac artery (uterine arteries) and aorta (ovarian arteries)

body endometrium (inners -

menstrual cycle

womeninitioninuteru
isthmus

Vagina
Serves as the birth canal, the passageway for the sloughed endometrium from menstruation and is the receptacle
· for the penis during sexual intercourse
Vascular supply: vaginal branches of the uterine artery and the internal iliac artery
Vulva (external genitalia)
I
Mons pubis: a rounded area of adipose tissue overlying the public symphysis
I
Labia Majora: paired longitudinal ridges of skin that are inferior and posterior to the mons pubis. The outer
surfaces are covered with pubic hair
·
Labia Minora: paired hairless skin ridges flanking a middle space known as the vestibule
"
Vestibule: the space between the labia minora containing the external urethral orifice, vagina and ducts from the
greater vestibular glands
-
Clitoris: an erectile organ that is highly innervated by perineal nerve branches; becomes engorged whit blood and
erects during simulation
Bulb of vestibule: bodies of erectile tissue situated on either side of the vestibule and anchored to the perineal

In
membrane
I
Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands): glands located deep to the labia minora; release mucus into the
vestibule to lubricate the vagina during sexual arousal

Mammary gland
located within the superficial fascia and is surrounded by a variable amount of adipose tissue. The breast overlies the
pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles on ribs 2–6
Lobules: each mammary gland consists of 15 yo 20 radically aligned lobes of glandular tissue, which synthesizes and
produces milk ; each lobe has a lactiferous duct that opens onto the surface of the nipple
Nipple: positioned on the anterior surface of the breast and is surrounded by a circular hyperpigmented region called
the areola
Suspensory (cooper’s) ligaments: bands of fibrous connective tissue that support the breast and maintain its normal
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shape
Axillary tail
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Spiral arteries: give nutrients and blood to endometrium

G.I system
Oral cavity
- Labia
I Hard palate:
I
Consist of the maxillary bone and the palatine bone
Innervated by palatine nerves
: Vascular supply: nasopalatine and greater palatine arteries
soft palate

:
Posterior segment, consist of muscle fibers and a mucous membrane
Function: is a flap valve that moves posteriorly against the pharynx, separates the oropharynx from
nasopharynx when swallowing
Uvula
Tongue
-
Consist of skeletal muscle, covered with taste sensory buds and genera, sensory nerve endings
It divides into anterior and posterior
I

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Pairs of muscles:
1. Genoioglossus
2. Hyoglossus
3. Stylogossus
/
Vascular supply: lingual artery (external carotid artery)
·
Salival glands
W
Composition:
1. Water
2. Muscins
3. Enzymes
 3. Enzymes
*
4. Immune components
I
The salivary amylases stars the digestion of carbohydrates, cleans teeth and lubricantes the food into a bolus
-
Teeth and gingival
d
Function: cut, grind and mix food
There are 20 in children and 32 in adults (16 in the maxillary bone and 16 in the mandible)
r

↑
Types:
1. Incisors: chisel shaped help to cut and bit 3. Premolars: they have 2 cusps, help to grind
2. Canines: pointed to tear foot 4. Molars: 3 cusps, used for grinding

Serous membranes of the abdomen cavity:

↑
Peritoneum
It is a serous membrane it lines the internal surface of the abdominal wall and organs
-
Peritoneal sac
1. Parietal peritoneum: in contact with the abdominal wall, diaphragm and pelvis
2. Visceral peritoneum: indirect contact with organs, surrounds the gut and outer layers of the organs

Esophagus
↑
Connection between mouth and stomach
I
Enters by the diaphragm to enter the abdominal cavity at the T10 vertebral level
I
I’m transitions to the stomach
v
The cardiac sphincter divides the esophagus to the stomach
rightcrus of

diaphgram
Stomach:
It helps digest food by mixing it with digestive juices and
· churning it into a thin liquid.
Structure:
1. Mucosa: produce HCl
2. Submucosa: absorb nutrients
3. Smooth muscle: move food
-

4. Serosa
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Irrigation:
1. Right gastric artery
2. Left gastric artery
3. Frenic artery: gives blood

Intestine: connectionbetween
inter in the

en
/
From pylorus to ileocecal valve
-
3 portions
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
Length: 5-8 m

.
7
Smooth muscle
I
90% of water is absorbed
I
Duodenal papilla: connection between pancreas and duldenum
Mouth of: common bile duct main pancreatic duct (wirsung) ampulla of water and sphincter of oddi

Colon:
Cecum I
Descending colon
jor
Appendix ofthetimeit -
Sigmoid
S
Ascending colon I
Rectum
-
Transverse colon
 10%
absorbe del
agua por las criptar

Hormones ADENVO
NEURO
-
Annan

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GIA SNR

ean
A
thyrotropin corticotrop in growth vasopressin

X ↓

it !
↓
n

v v

......↓ the
LH FSH
ADH OX HOCINA

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↓I testiculos

.
Kidney