PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED NOZZLE-DIFFUSER
AUGMENTED HORIZONTAL AXIS HYDROKINETIC TURBINE
Ananthu Joshy1, Sreejith B.2
Department of Mechanical engineering, Government Engineering College Kozhikode
Kozhikode, Kerala, India
1
ananthujoshy@gmail.com, 2sreejith@geckkd.ac.in
Abstract— Hydrokinetic energy from tidal and river flows
is generating great expectations among the different non-
conventional renewable energy (NCRE) sources. Hydropower
energy has proven as the most effective and predictive
renewable energy source available around the world, especially
in the rural and electrification areas. Most of these sites are
dependent on small and micro scale stations to produce cheap
but abundantly available and effective electrical energy. The
researchers are still searching a solution for the main problem
of velocity of current in the open flow channels. Deploying
acceleration nozzle in the channel is a unique solution for
increasing velocity of flow systems in the channels. This method
has numerous advantages, yet has not been given much
attention in the renewable energy field. The proposed study
investigates the hydrodynamic design and analysis of a
hydrokinetic turbine. The interaction effects in a diffuser
augmented hydrokinetic (DAHT) was evaluated under the
terms presented on the generalized actuator disc theory.
Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method was employed to
predict the performance and average flow speeds of the
turbine. Simulations were performed in the different
geometries such as nozzle, diffuser, and combined nozzle-
diffuser augmented turbine. The validated CFD analysis model
was used to predict performance of configurations with
modifications in the design of the geometry.
Keywords— Hydrokinetic energy, Computational fluid dynamics,
nozzle, diffuser, shear-stress transport model
1. Introduction
Renewable energy sources are more environmental
friendly than the conventional energy sources [1].
Renewable energy can be extracted from variety of natural
resources. Hydropower is the cheapest and the biggest
energy source. Electrical energy of approximately 18% from
all around the world is supplied by hydropower. This energy
is very promising because of its availability, environmental
friendly technology and easiness for harnessing.
Hydrokinetic energy refers to the type of energy produced
from the flowing water of the currents in rivers, tides,
oceans and artificially made water channels. Several
technologies have been developed to extract this type of
energy, such as horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbines.
However, these turbines are still in a developing stage and
have not been commercialized yet, due to their low
reliability and low power density. Horizontal axis turbines
have some advantages, which make them more suitable than
vertical axis turbines for some applications. They are easily
self-starting, have less torque fluctuation, higher efficiency
and larger speed of operation.
Wang et al. [1] suggested a way to quantify diffuser-
rotor interaction and presented a micro-diffuser-augmented
hydrokinetic turbine design based on the actuator disc
theory. Niebuhr et al. [2] reviewed small scale state of the
art near zero hydrokinetic current energy conversion
technologies. Advances and limitations of near-zero head
hydrokinetic technologies and the possibility of increased
potential and applicability when enhancement techniques
within the design, implementation and operational phases
were described. Laws and Epps [3] observed that the
hydrokinetic industry has advanced beyond the initial testing
phase and will soon install demonstration projects with
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XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
arrays off scale devices The primary hurdles are: (i)
reducing the cost of energy, (ii) optimizing individual
turbines to work in concert considering array, (iii) balancing
energy extraction with environmental impact, and (iv)
addressing socio-economic concerns. This paper provides a
broad review of hydrokinetic energy conversion technology
research and development. Forbush et al. [4] suggested a
method for constructing a non-dimensional performance
curve for a cross-flow hydrokinetic turbine in sheared flow
is developed for a natural river site.
Edwin Chica and Ainhoa Rubio-Clemente [5] studied the
structural design of the blades of a zero head hydrokinetic
turbine and observed that they are rugged, robust, and
reliable and yet effective at capturing maximum available
energy in the hostile environment of water currents. Lago et
al. [6] conducted study on emerging class of renewable
energy technology and concluded that the hydrokinetic
conversion device, offers ways to capture the energy of
flowing water without the impoundment or diversion of the
conventional hydroelectric facilities based on dams and
penstocks. Tampier et al. [7] presented a novel way to
evaluate the interaction effects in a diffuser-augmented
hydrokinetic turbine (DAHT) under the terms presented on
the generalized actuator disc theory.
Among the various literatures studied, influence of the
domain geometry in a hydrokinetic turbine was mentioned
in different papers. The incoming flow conditions are the
important parameters, which define the turbine performance.
Due to the absence of vertical head, a cost effective method
for an improved performance for a hydro kinetic turbine will
be an efficient flow domain. From the literature survey, the
increase in kinetic energy for the incoming fluid will result
in an enhanced performance for a horizontal axis turbine.
The hub to tip ratio of 0.3 to 0.5 gives maximum
performance. The increase in number of blades may result in
more friction loss. Therefore, the number of blades for a
horizontal turbine is normally limited in number.
In this study, feasibility for augmentation of turbine with
nozzle, diffuser and combined nozzle diffuser was explored.
Dimensions of the turbine required for the operating
conditions under study were computed. A three dimensional,
two phase transient computational fluid dynamic (CFD)
model was developed to simulate the working of
hydrokinetic turbine. The model was validated by
comparing with published experimental results. Performance
of various types of geometries for the nozzle and diffuser
was evaluated and compared. Most efficient type of
geometry for the turbine was identified and dimensions of
the geometry was optimized.
2. Geometric modeling and mesh generation
2.1. Rotor model
The rotor model in Fig. 1 is the most significant
component of the assembly. The power generation depends
on the discharge and head of the flow. The actual
transformation of the flow energy of the water to the
alternator depends upon the design of the turbine blades.
The design of the blade determines the availability of the
surface for interaction with water at the inlet.

Fig. 1. Rotor model
2.2 Geometry Design
The turbine test section was designed based on the
parameter like power output and the head while assuming
certain parameters like discharge and geometric features.
Parameters like hub to tip ratio, clearance, stagger angle,
solidity were taken into consideration while designing the
turbine geometry in Solidworks software.
In turbine blade and hub geometry, the model
generation was made as a geometric similitude of the model
such that the dimensions are initially numbers and units or
type of flow is assigned later.
The blade profile chosen is a deep camber aero foil
profile. It has 10% camber, average thickness of 5% and
leading edge of 1.3 units. It has a maximum thickness of 7
% at 4.2 % of the chord and maximum camber of 7.9 % at
46.5 % chord. This model shows the interfaces rather than
the solid structure of the rotor model with physical
properties as shown in Table 1. The model created in the
software shows the interface between the turbine and the
water region. Thus, it has a hollow structure for hub.
Table 1 Features and dimensions of the rotor model.
Number of blades(n) 3 ε model in the far field.
Hub to Tip ratio, (D2/D1) 0.35
Blade diameter, (D1) 200mm
Hub diameter, (D2) 70 mm
2.3 Mesh Generation
The turbine geometry data was then transferred to the
Turbo grid component systems in the ANSYS software for
mesh generation as shown in Fig 2. The mesh was initially
maintained at a global default size factor of 1.5. The mesh
was then modified by hit and trial method until the
simulation setup brings a mesh conditions that converges. It
was observed that the simulation setup converges when the
inlet and outlet passage are assigned with H-grid structure
with the grid size factor as 1.1 at inlet and 1.2 at the outlet.
The passage was then maintained at a grid factor of 1.5. The
initial mesh was formed with grid factor of unity for hub,
blade and the passage. Number of nodes was 887546 and
number of elements was 867525.
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Fig 2. Meshed image of normal pipe
3.1. Governing Equations
Based on the above assumptions, the governing equations
for mass and momentum for a steady three-dimensional flow
in the fluid domain and the energy equation in the solid
region are as follows,
The equation for conservation of mass is:
(1)
Conservation of momentum
X- momentum equation:
(2)
Y- momentum equation
(3)
Z- momentum equation:
(4)
3.2. SST Model
The simulation study was performed based on the shear-
stress transport (SST) equations. The shear-stress transport
(SST) k-ω model developed by Menter effectively blends
the robust and accurate formulation of the k-ω model in the
near-wall region with the free-stream independence of the k-
The SST k-ω model is similar to the standard k-ω
model, but includes the following refinements:
• The standard k-ω model and the transformed k- ε model
are multiplied by a blending function and both models are
added together. The blending function is designed to be
one in the near wall region, which activates the standard
k-ω model, and zero away from the surface, which
activates the transformed k- ε model.
• The SST model incorporates a damped cross-diffusion
derivative term in the ω equation.
• The definition of the turbulent viscosity is modified to
account for the transport of the turbulent shear stress.
• The modelling constants are different.
• Gradual change from the standard k-ω model in the inner
region of the boundary layer to a high Reynolds number
version of the k- ε model in the outer part of the boundary
layer
The transport equations, methods of calculating
turbulent viscosity, and methods of calculating model
constants and other terms are presented separately for each
model.
Transport Equations for the SST k-ω model: modification was incorporated by increasing the length of
(5) nozzle section compared to normal nozzle shown in Fig. 5.
and
(6)
In the above equations, Gk represents the generation of
turbulence kinetic energy due to mean velocity gradients.
Gω represents the generation of ω. Γk and Γω represent the
effective diffusivity of k and ω, respectively, which are
calculated as described below. Yk and Yω represent the
dissipation of k and ω due to turbulence. Dω represents the Fig. 4: Using Water Domain
cross-diffusion term, calculated as described below. Sk and
Sω are user-defined source terms.

3.3. Boundary Conditions:

There are 5 boundaries created in the rotor model:
1. R1 Blade: It was maintained as wall with free slip
condition
2. R1 Hub: The hub in block, out block and passage was
assigned free slip wall condition. Fig 5: Pipe with nozzle
3. R1 Inlet: the in block inflow was assigned mass flow
rate depending upon individual cases run in direction normal
to the boundary.
4. R1 Outlet: the out block outflow boundary was assigned
average static pressure of 1 atm.
5. R1 Shroud: In block shroud, out block shroud, passage
shroud was assigned the free slip wall.

4. Geometry Profiles
The following are the different types of geometries
considered in the study.
Fig. 3 displays the geometry of a normal pipe. This pipe
had one meter from both the sides. The diameter of the
normal pipe is 250 mm in the form of a cylindrical shape.
The turbine was placed at the center of the pipe and water
flows from the left side as the inlet.
Fig 6: Modified pipe with nozzle
The geometry with the diffuser is shown in Fig. 7 where
the inlet portion has a diameter of 150 mm and the outer
diameter with 260 mm. The slope was taken as 450. The
turbine was kept at the center portion where the diffuser
starts.

Fig 3: Normal pipe

Fig. 4 is the computational domain with water as the
fluid flowing through it. The cross section of the domain
was 10 meters with blockage ratio of 0.015. Turbine was
placed at the center of the domain and the performance was
studied.
The geometry of the nozzle manifested in Fig. 5 with a
diameter of 260 mm at the inlet and the diameter after the
slope is 150 mm. The nozzle angle taken for the design is
450. This nozzle section was modified to study the change in
performance.
Fig. 6 is the nozzle geometry designed after
modification. In this case, the slope is been reduced
gradually from left side to the center of the turbine. The
Fig 7: Pipe with diffuser
The modified type of the diffuser is shown in Fig. 8,
where the slope is reduced by increasing the length and
reducing the diffuser angle. This helps to reduce the
vibrations that are formed due a sudden change in the area of
cross section.
The combined nozzle-diffuser geometry is shown in
Fig. 9 with nozzle attached at the left side of the pipe and
diffuser is attached at the right side of the pipe. The slope is
450 for both nozzle and diffuser. The diameter before and
after nozzle and diffuser is 260 mm and the middle portion
have a diameter of 150 mm. Turbine is placed at the middle
portion of the geometry and performance was analysed.

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 Fig 8: Modified pipe with diffuser
Fig 9: Combined nozzle diffuser
The modified geometry of nozzle-diffuser type is shown
in Fig. 10. Here the nozzle diffuser angle is reduced and
length of the nozzle and diffuser are increased till the tip of
nozzle and diffuser meets. This leads to decrease in
vibrations formed compaed the normal nozzle and diffuser.
Compared with the normal combined geometry shown in
Fig. 9 the pipe in the middle portion where the turbine was
placed is not present and diameter of the nozzle and diffuser
changes gradually in the modified geometry.
Fig 10: Modified combined nozzle and diffuser
4. Grid Independence Study
Grid independency study was performed to eliminate /
reduce the influence of the number of grids / grid size on the
computational results. Following boundary conditions were
given. At the inlet, mass flow rate normal to the boundary is
given and outlet condition is static pressure outlet of 1 atm.
During the simulation, the water enters the turbine test
section as a non-buoyant continuous fluid. Mass flow rate at
inlet is 10 kg/sec while the rotor turns at 1000 rpm. The set
of equations working parallel while the geometry undergoes
simulation are continuity equation, Reynolds equation,
equation for turbulent viscosity and two equations from
shear stress transport model. The wall, blade surface, blade
and shroud are provided with no slip boundary condition.
The geometry used for the grid independence study was
combined nozzle diffuser. Result of grid independence study
is shown in Fig. 11. When the number of elements is more
than 215482 the change in power was negligible. Hence the
number of elements was taken as 21542.
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Fig 11: Grid independency study
5. Validation
The model was validated by comparing with the results
published in the article by Neibur et al [2]. The paper dealt
with a hydrokinetic turbine with a flow dimension of 1-
meter diameter normal un-ducted pipe flow combined with a
turbine blade length of 800 mm, hub diameter of 280 mm
and a hub to tip ratio of 0.35.
For the purpose of validation, the turbine with the given
geometry and dimension (by copying the turbine design data
from the article) was recreated, and done the simulation for
various velocity input and the corresponding plot in graph
shown in Fig. 12 was generated.
Fig 12: Performance of ducted and un-ducted smart hydropower turbine [2]
In this graph shown in Fig. 13, simulation output was
compared with published data against same parametric
values. The graph was plotted for power produced against
the velocity values. The shape of the graph is similar and
difference in output value is not significant. After successful
validation, a scaled model of the designed geometry of the
turbine with some modification was used for further analysis
with basic geometric features like hub to tip ratio and the
aerofoil geometry unchanged to avoid the dimensional
errors.
6. Results and Discussions
In the flow through the turbine, it was observed that
the flowing water has a dynamic head. When the high
quantity flow of water hits the blade, it transfers its energy
and causes rotation of the shaft of the turbine. The flow
domain geometry plays a significant role in the transmission
of flow energy of water to the rotation of the turbine. In the
simulation, it was assumed that the mass flow of water
through the turbine section is uniform and steady i.e. it
shows full-fledged water flow through the turbine section.
Contours of velocity and graphs of torque output and power
output were created with respect to varying mass flow rates.
Fig 13: Validation relation between power and velocity
6.1 Velocity Contours
The flow through a normal pipe is shown in Fig. 14.
In this pipe, flow moves in a similar manner that is
streamline before hitting the turbine. After hitting the
turbine, the flow changes its character by acquiring a
rotation motion. The kinetic energy of the flow is transferred
to the blade which causes the rotation of the turbine. The
velocity of flow reduces after passing the turbine.
Fig: 14: Streamline flow through a normal pipe
In this case of pipe with a diffuser, which is attached
to the pipe after the turbine, as shown in Fig. 15, the velocity
shows an increase before the flow hit the turbine. After
hitting the turbine, at the portion of the diffuser, the flow
shows a drastic decrease in the flow through the pipe. It
occurs due to the large amount transfer of kinetic energy to
the turbine and simultaneously the flow enters to the diffuser
mouth, where its velocity was further reduced. The velocity
is in an intermediate range at the middle portion of the
diffuser part and when it comes to the end portions of the
turbine, the velocity reduces further.
The case where a nozzle is attached to the entrance
part of the pipe is shown in the Fig. 16. In this figure, the
velocity of the flow is very low before the nozzle mouth
starts. After entering to the nozzle mouth area, velocity
increases significantly before hitting the turbine. Thus the
increased kinetic energy was transferred to the turbine which
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causes improved output. When the diameter of the nozzle
decreases, the velocity increases. At the portion where the
turbine hits, the velocity of the flow is having an elevation.
The nozzle improves velocity of flow and the flow after
hitting the turbine enters to the pipe, which is having a
reduced diameter compared to the inlet stage. Thus in this
region, the velocity is more compared to the initial stage of
the flow.
Fig 15: Velocity volume rendering of the flow through pipe with diffuser
only
Fig 16: Velocity volume rendering of pipe with nozzle only
Flow through the pipe with combined nozzle and
diffuser is shown in the Fig 17. In this case, the part between
nozzle and the diffuser has significantly high velocity.
Turbine is kept in this location. Thus the combined effect of
nozzle and the diffuser is observed here which gave a
significantly higher output. When the flow reaches the
nozzle mouth, the velocity is increased and after hitting the
turbine it passes to the diffuser part where its velocity is
reduced.
The next geometry of flow through the pipe with
modified diffuser is shown in Fig. 18. In this case, the
velocity is more at the portion where the flow is hitting the
turbine. After hitting the turbine, the modified diffuser part
comes and velocity shows a gradual decrease. In the case of
Fig. 15, where the velocity is suddenly decreased at most of
the parts, sudden pressure drop will be produced. This
pressure drop reduces the performance of the turbine and in
the case of modified diffuser an increase in its performance
has been observed.
 Maximum torque shows an improvement of 6.94 N/mm at
60 kg/s due to the addition of diffuser. Maximum torque of
21.46 N/mm at 60 kg/s mass flow rate is obtained for the
case with combined geometry at a constant rotational speed
of 1000 rpm.
The power characteristic curve of rotor against mass
flow rate as shown in Fig. 22 follows the same trend as
torque and maximum output will be obtained the at 60 kg/s
for the fixed rotational speed of 1000 rpm. Best performance
Fig. 17: Velocity volume rendering of combined nozzle and diffuser
with 2247.28 W at 60 kg/s was obtained for the case with
combined geometry at the inlet of flowing water to the
turbine impeller. Significant increase in the performance of
turbine setup can be observed due to the augmentation of
nozzle, diffuser and nozzle – diffuser combination.

Fig. 18: Velocity volume rendering of modified diffuser

The velocity volume rendering of the modified nozzle

is shown in Fig. 19. In this case, flow through the pipe is
having a lesser velocity at the initial portion. When the flow
reaches the turbine to hit, the velocity starts to increase
slowly from all the parts of the pipe. After hitting the
turbine, velocity is increased drastically and forms a Fig. 20: Velocity volume rendering of modified nozzle diffuser type
maximum velocity throughout the rest of the pipe.
Comparing to the nozzle which is shown in Fig. 16, the
velocity is increased already before hitting the turbine in the
case of modified nozzle, but in the case of normal nozzle the
velocity does not shows that much increase in it.

Fig 21: Variation of torque with mass flow rate

Fig. 19: Velocity volume rendering of modified nozzle

Fig. 20 shows the velocity of the flow through the

modified nozzle diffuser geometry. One can observe that the
portion which joins the nozzle and diffuser shows the
maximum velocity. The velocity is gradually increased at
the nozzle and decreased gradually at the diffuser part. This
does not produce a sudden pressure drop compared to the
nozzle diffuser shown in Fig. 17. It also reduces the
frictional loss due to the modified pipe geometry. So, better
performance can be observed with the modified nozzle
diffuser than all other configurations.

6.2 Performance of turbine

The torque produced in the output is fairly dependent
on the mass flow rate of the incoming water to the turbine as
shown in Fig. 21. The output in each case is very much
different and the variation is significant. The torque is
improving due to augmentation of nozzle, diffuser and the
combined nozzle and diffuser. The nozzle gives a significant
improvement in maximum torque of 13.85 N/mm at 60 kg/s.
Fig. 22: Relation with power and mass flow rate
6.3 Performance of turbine after modification
The relation with torque and mass flow rate before
and after modification is shown in Fig. 23. The gradually
reducing nozzle and gradually increasing diffuser reduces
the sudden vibrations in the path of flow and smoothen the
flow line throughout the water domain. Even though the

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trend is same as explained above, the modified geometries
of nozzle, diffuser and nozzle – diffuser combination are
more efficient than the existing geometries. Excluding the
pipe section at the centre in the modified combined
geometry improves the flow and the output by 36.73%
compared to normal geometry. The value of torque was
29.34 N/mm at 60 kg/s that showed the maximum
performance. The increase in torque output is not only due
to the increase in kinetic energy transfer, but also due to
reduction in vibrations and obstructions during the path of
flow. A single rotor in a water domain without a bounded
geometry shows worst performance curve compared to the
all other geometries. This shows the significance of
improving the flow incorporating bounding geometries.
Fig. 23: Relation with torque and mass flow rate after and before
modification
The power characteristic curve of rotor against mass
flow rate is shown in Fig. 24. Maximum output was
observed at 50 kg/s for the fixed rotational speed of 1000
rpm. The modified geometry gives tremendous increase in
the performance of turbine setup than the case without any
modifications. The improved geometry of nozzle gave an
increase in 32.41% than the normal nozzle type and the
modified geometry of diffuser had an increase of 28.88%
than normal diffuser. All the modifications gave a positive
result with the modified combined form gave the maximum
performance. Gradual reduction and gradual expansion as
well as avoiding the pipe between nozzle and diffuser gave
better performance compared to the existing geometries.
Fig. 24: Variation of power with mass flow rate before and after
modification
6.4 Optimization of geometry
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Most efficient configuration has been identified as
modified nozzle – diffuser combination from the analysis
described in previous sections. This geometry has been
optimized to identify the configuration with angular
inclination providing maximum efficiency.
The three geometries used for the purpose of
optimization were designed with nozzle and diffuser angles
of 450, 300, and 150 to the axis of the pipe. Velocity contours
are shown in Figs. 25 – 27 for geometries having the nozzle
and diffuser angles of 450, 300, and 150 respectively. One
can observe that, performance was improved with decrease
in nozzle and diffuser angles. Further reduction of nozzle or
diffuser angle from 150 is not possible in this scenario due to
the dimensions of the turbine that has to be fit inside. The
optimal nozzle and diffuser angles which can direct the fluid
flow towards the turbine in most effective manner to create
the better output for the present scenario is 150.
Fig. 25: Velocity contour of the modified combined model with 15 o angle
with axis of pipe for nozzle and diffuser
Fig. 26: Velocity contour of the modified combined model with 30 0 angle
with axis of pipe for nozzle and diffuser
Fig. 27: Velocity contour of the modified combined model with 45 0 angle
with axis of pipe for nozzle and diffuser
The torque produced by the turbine shown in Fig. 28
is dependent on the mass flow rate of the water incoming to
the turbine. The torque performance curve is improving
from the case having higher nozzle angle to the lower nozzle
angle. Maximum valued torque is obtained for the case with
combined geometry having the least nozzle angle of 15 0 at
the incoming flow of water, due to the increased kinetic
energy and the value obtained at the mass flow rate of 60
kg/s with a constant rotational speed of 1000 rpm.
The power characteristic curve of rotor against mass
flow rate shown in Fig. 29 follows the same trend and
obtained the maximum output at 60 kg/s for the fixed
rotational speed of 1000 rpm. The best performance is
obtained for the case with combined geometry having the
least nozzle angle (150) at the inlet of flowing water to the
turbine impeller as well as the least diffuser angle (150) at
the exit of the turbine.
A gradual change in the area of cross section of
nozzle and diffuser in the nozzle – diffuser augmented hydro
kinetic turbine improves the flow significantly. The normal
pipe has a lesser output compared to all other geometries.
The improvement in flow is due to the increase of kinetic
energy and the resulting hitting force on the blades due to
the effect of angled geometry such as nozzle and diffuser.
Fig. 28: Variation of torque with mass flow rate for various configurations
of nozzle – diffuser augmented hydro kinetic turbine by changing the
nozzle diffuser angle
Fig. 29: Variation of power with mass flow rate for various configurations
of nozzle – diffuser augmented hydro kinetic turbine by changing the
nozzle diffuser angle
7. Conclusions
In the horizontal hydro-kinetic turbine, a simple
design method for axial flow runners using a combination of
the conventional one-dimensional design with the support of
three-dimensional flow was introduced. The performance
and internal flow of the hydraulic turbine was investigated
using simulation software.
A study was performed by simulating various
configurations of hydro kinetic turbine. More efficient
results are obtained for the geometry with modified nozzle –
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diffuser augmented turbine. All the modifications including
the method of gradual decrease in the nozzle and similar
expansion in the diffuser gave a significant improvement in
the output and performance. The improved geometry of
nozzle gave an increase in 32.41% than the normal nozzle
type and the modified geometry of diffuser had an increase
of 28.88% than normal diffuser. Performance of modified
combined model increases by 36.73% than the normal
combined model. The exclusion of a pipe between the
nozzle and diffuser in the combined geometry gave a
significant as well as a noticeable variation in the output.
Not only the power output, the flow was also improved with
reduction of vibrations and became a more smoothen flow
throughout the geometry. Analysis of the turbine in the
water domain without a specified boundary helps to identify
the importance of the bounded geometry throughout a flow.
With all the considering factors, modified combined
geometry produces the maximum performance even though
all the modified geometries increase their performance to a
noticeable extent.
The torque and power output of the total model is the
produced due to pressure drop and rotation of the rotor
model. For higher mass flow rate, it can be concluded that
the simulation result may be compromised as it is mentioned
that the simulation requires open flow at higher mass flow
rate.
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