Computational Framework of Hydrodynamic Stagnation Point Ow of Nanomaterials With Natural Convection Configured by A Heated Stretching Sheet

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Computational Framework of hydrodynamic stagnation point ﬂow of

nanomaterials with natural convection conﬁgured by a heated stretching
sheet
Article · February 2023
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Received: 18 November 2022 Revised: 26 January 2023 Accepted: 2 February 2023
DOI: 10.1002/zamm.202200542
O R I G I N A L PA P E R
Computational framework of hydrodynamic stagnation

point flow of nanomaterials with natural convection
configured by a heated stretching sheet
Bilal Ali1 Mashael M. AlBaidani2 Sidra Jubair3,4 Abdul Hamid Ganie5

Shaimaa A. M. Abdelmohsen6
1 Schoolof Mathematics and Statistics,

Central South University, Changsha, This communication studies the importance of convective heat transfer is inten-
China sified remarkably in various disciplines of modern engineering sciences and
2 Department of Mathematics, College of
technological development such as heat exchangers, refrigeration, air condition-
Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam
Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi
ing, food processing, damage to crops, and many more. The main focus of this
Arabia study is to develop mathematical modeling of the 2D stagnation point flow of
3 Schoolof Mathematical Sciences, Dalian configured by an extended heated stretchable sheet subject to nonlinear thermal
University of Science & Technology,
radiation with the revised nanofluid model. Moreover, the influence of New-
Dalian, China
4 Department tonian heating, MHD flow, and Brownian movement features are invoked for
of Mathematics & Statistics,
Women University Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan analysis. The essential nonlinear PDEs of this assessment are modeled with
5 Basic Sciences Department, College of the aid of boundary layer theory and then renovated into nonlinear ODEs by
Science and Theoretical Studies, Saudi invoking appropriate similarity solutions with help of MATHEMATICA 11.0
Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia
programming language. The physical insight of relevant flow parameters is high-
6 Department of Physics, College of lighted through graphical illustration. Finally, this investigation greatly impacts
Science, Princess Nourah bint engineering and industrial applications of the materials, mainly in geophysi-
Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi
cal and geothermal systems, storage devices, space science, and several other
Arabia
disciplines.
Correspondence
Sidra Jubair, Department of Mathematics
& Statistics, Women University Swabi
23430, Pakistan.
Email: sidra.jubair@yahoo.com
Funding information
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman
University
1 INTRODUCTION
Hydrodynamics is the branch of fluid dynamics that studies the interaction of electrically conducting fluids with magnetic
fields, such as seawater, electrolytes, or molten metals (MHD). It is the combined study of fluid dynamics and electromag-
netic. Astrophysics, geophysics, sensors, MHD power generation, magnetic drug targeting, and other fields of engineering
and sciences are only a few of the fields in which MHD finds use. The fascinating books by Roberts [1] and Davidson [2]
specifically discuss obvious verifications and a few implementations. Endalew and Nayak [3] and Endalew et al. [4] have
conducted an analytical framework of the MHD flow triggered by a linearly accelerating and oscillating flat surface under
Z Angew Math Mech. 2023;e202200542. www.zamm-journal.org © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. 1 of 15

https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.202200542
2 of 15 ALI et al.
the effect of internal heating and chemical reaction. They have specifically carried out research features on an inclined
magnetic field, Newtonian heating and reaction rate on time-dependent MHD flow porous media channel. McWhirter
et al. [5] carried out experimental results on magneto-hydrodynamics flows in a porous medium. Second-grade fluids are
subclasses of non-Newtonian liquids in which the velocity field has a second-order derivative in a stress-strain tensor
relationship. Particularly, these fluids can be determined based on the truncation order of the tensor, namely, Rivlin-
Ericksen tensors in describing the Cauchy stress tensor. When the order truncation of Rivlin-Ericksen tensors becomes
two, these fluids can be known as second-grade fluids. Detailed analysis of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids is
discussed by Hakeem et al. [6]. Non-Newtonian have large-scale applications such as; gas storage reservoirs, petroleum
drilling, glaciology, the flow of cardiovascular, and undertaking the uniformity of materials in complex multi-phase prod-
ucts which includes ceramic pastes, inks, and paints. By keeping all of this significance in mind, several scholars are
devoted to the investigation of second-grade fluids in different physical configurations. Among those researchers, some
are, Sarkar et al. [7] and Endalew et al. [8] considered the manner of MHD flow in a micro-channel filled with a permeable
surface. Additionally, Hayat et al. [9] and Bilal et al. [10] performed investigations on a second-grade fluid in various geo-
metrical configurations. Moreover, as indicated in Refs. [11–18], and other studies therein, nano-materials have a diversity
of dynamic applications in various emerging sciences.
Another significant nonmechanical micropump is the electro-magneto-hydrodynamic (EMHD) micropump, which has
a number of uses, including fluid mixing and pumping as well as flow control in microfluidic systems [19–21]. The Lorentz
force is produced when an electric field force is applied across the channel while a perpendicular magnetic field force is also
present. Nagendramma et al. [22] have examined the heat and mass transmission effects of an incompressible nanofluid
with slip boundary conditions across a stretched as well as thermal radiation and viscous heating. The influence of hydro-
magnetic stagnation-point Maxwell nanofluids on heat and mass transmission was investigated by Bai et al. [23] using a
stretched surface impacted by a uniform magnetic field. The rate of entropy development in an electrically conducting
Maxwell nanofluid was examined by Aziz and Shams [24] in the context of a penetrable stretched sheet with changing
thermal conductivity and velocity slip conditions. Ibrahim [25] examines the thermal radiation impacts on UCM nanofluid
flow through a stretching sheet with MHD and stagnation point flow. Lund et al. [26] examined the stability analysis and
dual solutions to the MHD stagnation point Casson fluid with thermal radiation and viscous dissipation. Hayat et al. [27]
evaluated the results of electrically conducted stagnation point Jeffrey nanofluid flow via a stretched surface while taking
into account Joule heating and radiation effects under the influence of a uniform magnetic field. Recent studies [28–35] by
a number of engineers and mathematicians explored the unique characteristics of heat transfer issues and boundary layer
flow of non-Newtonian fluids across a stretching surface with a variety of geometries vulnerable to viscous dissipation
and Joule heating. The effects of the velocity slip condition on the heat flow of nanofluid over-stretching surfaces with a
heat reservoir and a uniform magnetic field were highlighted by Goyal and Bhargava [36]. Farooq et al. [37] studied how
nonlinear thermal radiation affected MHD nanofluid as it passed a stretching surface. The experimental findings demon-
strate that when the magnetic core’s diameter rises, the viscosity of the Fe-water nanofluid decreases [38]. The impact of
particle size on the viscosity of nano liquid was shown by Koca et al. [39]. The effect of temperature, pH, and nanoparticle
diameter on the fluctuation of the viscosity of nanofluid was discussed by Mishra et al. in their study [40]. In light of the
cited literature above, it is praiseworthy to inspect the interaction of external magnetic heat and mass effects of hydrody-
namic stagnation-point flow mechanism about the heated surface in view of thermophoretic force, Brownian aspects, and
radiation effect. The resultant boundary layer equations for different flow fields in the form of (PDEs) are diminished into
a system of (ODEs) with aid transformation variables. The nonlinear flow fields are then engaged numerically through
an explicit shooting algorithm via computational software in MATHEMATICA 11.0 programming platform.
2 PROBLEM SETUP
Here we consider a 2D hydrodynamic flow of stagnation point nanofluid with heat and mass transfer transient across a
heated stretchable conduit. The influence of solutal and energy equations are modified with the impact of joule heating,
Brownian effect, and thermophoretic effects incorporated. The impact of the external magnetic field is employed along the
y–direction of extended surface. As the surface is stretched due to two forces acting in the opposite plane in the stagnation
point with different velocity 𝑢𝑤 = 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑢∞ = 𝑏𝑥. The flow pattern through Figure 1. The Reynolds number is small to
ignore the influence of the field.
3 of 15
(a) Flow configuration and coordinate system.

FIGURE 1
ALI et al.
4 of 15 ALI et al.
A revised mathematical framework established under the relevant boundary layer approximation is offered below [23]:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0 (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
( ) ( )
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢∞ 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜎𝑒 𝐻02 (𝑢−𝑢∞ )
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑢∞ + 𝜈𝑓 2 − +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑓
( ( ) ( )( ) ( 3 ) ( ) ( 2 )) (2)
𝜕3 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑢
𝑘0 𝑢 2 + 2 +𝜈 3 −
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
( ) ( )2 2
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝜐𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜎𝑒 𝐻02 (𝑢−𝑢∞ )
𝑢 +𝑣 =𝛼 2 + −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑐𝑃 𝜕𝑦 (𝜌𝑐)𝑓
( ( )2 ) ( ) (3)
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝐶 𝐷𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑄0 𝑇−𝑇 𝑓
+𝜏 𝐷𝐵 + +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦 (𝜌𝑐𝑃 )𝑓
( )
𝜕𝐶 𝜕𝐶 𝜕2 𝐶 𝐷𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝐷𝐵 2 + 2
(4)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦
The particular extreme values are

{ [ ]
𝜕𝑇
𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0 ∶𝑢 = 𝑢𝑤 = 𝑎𝑥, 𝑣 = 0, −𝑘 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 𝑓 ℎ, 𝐶 𝑤 = 𝐶
𝜕𝑦
{ (5)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 → ∞ ∶ 𝑢 = 𝑢∞ = 𝑏𝑥, 𝑇 → 𝑇 ∞ , 𝐶 → 𝐶 ∞
The velocity components along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦− directions are 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣, respectively. The expression regulates 𝑢𝑤 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥
velocity the of the sheet; 𝜐𝑓 kinematic viscosity; 𝜎𝑒 electrical conductivity;𝐷𝑇 thermophoretic-diffusion;𝐷𝐵 Brownian dif-
fusion; 𝑀 magnetic parameter; 𝑇 temperature; 𝑢∞ stream velocity; 𝑘0 viscoelastic parameter; 𝐶 concentration; 𝛼 thermal
diffusion; 𝑄0 heat source parameter; 𝜌𝑓 fluid density; 𝑎, 𝑏 constants; 𝑘 radiative parameter; 𝐶 𝑤 nanomaterial fraction at
wall.
3 SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATION
With the assistance of similarity transformation given in Equation (6) the PDEs Equations (2)–(5) are diminished into
dimensionless form as:
( )1 ( / )1 / /
𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥𝐹 ′ (𝜉) , 𝑣 = − 𝑎𝜐𝑓 2 𝐹 (𝜉) , 𝜉 = 𝑎 𝜐𝑓 2 𝑦, 𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝑇 𝑓 − 𝑇 ∞ ,𝐶 = 𝐶 − 𝐶∞ 𝐶 𝑓 − 𝐶 ∞ (6)
One gets obtained nonlinear ODEs in dimensionless form with associative boundary postulates:
( )2 ( ( )2 ) ( )
𝑑3 𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑𝐹
3
+𝐹 2 − +𝐾 2 2
−𝐹 2 − +𝑀 𝜆− + 𝜆2 = 0 (7)
𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 2 𝑑𝜉
( ( 2 )2 ( )2 ( )( ) ( )2 )
𝑑2 𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑 𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝑇
+ Pr 𝐹 + 𝐸𝑐 + 𝑀𝐸𝑐 𝜆 − + 𝑁𝑏 + 𝑁𝑡 + 𝛾𝑇 = 0 (8)
𝑑𝜉 2 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 2 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉
( )
𝑑2 𝐶 𝑁𝑡 𝑑2 𝑇 𝑑𝐶
+ + Pr 𝐿𝑒𝐹 =0 (9)
𝑑𝜉 2 𝑁𝑏 𝑑𝜉 2 𝑑𝜉
ALI et al. 5 of 15
with:
{
𝑎𝑡 𝜉 = 0 ∶ 𝐹 = 0, 𝐹 ′ = 1, 𝑇 ′ = −𝐵𝑖 (1 − 𝑇) , 𝐶 ′ = 1
{ (10)
𝑎𝑡 𝜉 = ∞ ∶ 𝐹 ′ → 𝜆, 𝑇 → 0, 𝐶 → 0
The pertinent flow parameters appearing in Equations (7)–(10) are labeled as:
2
𝑎𝑘0 𝜎𝑒 𝐻02 𝑏 𝜐𝑓 𝑢𝑤 𝜏𝐷𝐵 (𝐶 𝑤 −𝐶 ∞ )
𝐾= , 𝑀= , 𝜆 = , Pr = , 𝐸𝑐 = , 𝑁𝑏 = ,
𝜐𝑓 𝑎𝜌𝑓 𝑎 𝛼 𝑐𝑝𝑓 (𝑇 𝑓 −𝑇 ∞ ) 𝜐𝑓
𝜏𝐷𝑇 (𝑇 𝑓 −𝑇 ∞ ) 𝑄0 𝐻02
√𝜐 ( )
𝛼 𝑓 ℎ
𝑁𝑡 = , 𝛾= , 𝐿𝑒 = , 𝐵𝑖 =
𝜐𝑓 𝑇 ∞ 𝑎(𝜌𝑐𝑝 ) 𝐷𝐵 𝑎 𝑘
𝑓
And defined as viscoelastic parameter; external magnetic source; ratio parameter; Prandtl number; Eckert number;
Brownian and thermophoretic parameters; heat source; Lewis number and Biot number.
Physical parameters having significance engineering importance are skin friction force; heat flow rate and mass
diffusion rate are:
𝜏𝑤 𝑥𝑞𝑤 𝑥𝑞𝑚
𝐶𝑓𝑥 = 2
, 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = ( ) , 𝑆ℎ𝑥 = ( ) (11)
𝜌𝑢𝑤 𝑘 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑤 𝐷𝐵 𝐶 𝑓 − 𝐶 𝑤
here, 𝜏𝑤 denote shear stress, 𝑞𝑤 represent heat flux and 𝑞𝑚 signify mass flux of nanofluid is expressed as:
[ ( ( ) ( ) )]
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜏 𝑤 = 𝜇𝑓 + 𝑘0 𝜌 𝑓 𝑢 +𝑣 +2 (12)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑦=0
𝜕𝑇 ||
𝑞𝑤 = −𝑘 | (13)
𝜕𝑦 ||𝑎𝑡 𝑦=0
𝜕𝐶 ||
𝑞𝑚 = −𝐷𝐵 | . (14)
𝜕𝑦 ||𝑎𝑡 𝑦=0
One gets the dimensionless form of these numbers (𝐶𝑓𝑥 , 𝑁𝑢𝑥 , 𝑆ℎ𝑥 ) in the light of similarity variables:
{ ( )}
√ 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 𝑑3 𝐹
Re𝑥 𝐶𝑓𝑥 = + 𝐾 3 − 𝐹 (15)
𝑑𝜉 2 𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝜉 2 𝑑𝜉 3 𝜉=0
𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑇 |
√ = − || (16)
Re𝑥 𝑑𝜉 |𝜉=0
𝑆ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝐶 ||
√ =− (17)
Re𝑥 𝑑𝜉 ||𝜉=0
2
Re𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 ∕𝜈is the Reynolds number.
4 NUMERICAL APPROACH
The computational outcomes of the nonlinear resulting Equations (7)–(9) with proper boundary conditions in Equa-
tion (10) is tackled explicitly through numerical technique in computational software MATHEMATICA 11.0 programming
language. This procedure is preferred an initial guess value and solved the resulting equations with certain subjective
6 of 15 ALI et al.
TA B L E 1 Numerical results of 𝐶𝑓𝑥 coefficient

√
𝑲 𝑴 𝝀 𝐑𝐞𝒙 𝑪𝒇
0.1 0.1 0.1 −3.17914
0.3 −3.69229
0.5 −4.28978
0.7 −4.98336
0.1 0.1 −1.33319
0.3 −1.42043
0.5 −1.89474
0.7 −1.94064
0.1 0.1 −1.41633
0.2 −1.33319
0.3 −1.71023
0.4 −1.63000
parameters to attain the numerical outcomes. The results are shown through numerical data as well as in graphical
description. The nonlinear ODEs are solved with the aid shooting technique built-in strategy [41–46]. The description
of the numerical procedures is provided in Figure 2b.
𝑑𝐹 ⎫
=𝑙 ⎪
𝑑𝜉
⎪
𝑙 ′ (𝜉) = 𝑚 ⎪
⎪
′
[ 2
( 2
) 2
] ⎪
𝑚 = − 𝐹𝑚 − 𝑙 + 𝐾 2𝑙𝑚 − 𝐹𝑚 − 𝑚 + 𝑀 (𝜆 − 𝑙) + 𝜆 ⎪
⎪
𝑑𝑇
=𝑝 ⎪
𝑑𝜉 ⎬ (18)
( )⎪
2
𝑝′ = − Pr 𝐹𝑝 + 𝐸𝑐𝑚2 + 𝑀𝐸𝑐(𝜆 − 𝑙) + 𝑁𝑏𝑝𝑞 + 𝑁𝑡𝑝2 + 𝛾𝜃 ⎪
⎪
𝑑𝐶 ⎪
=𝑞 ⎪
𝑑𝜉 ⎪
( ) ⎪
′ 𝑁𝑡 ′
𝑞 = − 𝐿𝑒 Pr 𝐹𝑞 + 𝑝 ⎪
𝑁𝑏 ⎭
with:
𝐹 (0) = 0, 𝑙 (0) = 1, 𝑞 (0) = −𝐵𝑖 (1 − 𝑇 (0)) , 𝐶 (0) = 1, 𝑙 (∞) = 𝜆, 𝑇 (∞) = 0, 𝐶 (∞) = 0 (19)
5 DISCUSSIONS
The outcomes of the theoretical framework have been achieved by utilizing numerical an efficient and validated algo-
rithm for nonlinear computations. The conjectural solutions have been attained for various characterize parameters for
recapitulating the results. The physical importance of diversified flow profiles such as momentum, temperature, fluid con-
centration, skin-fraction coefficient, heat flow and mass diffusion rates are investigated nonlinearly for stretching surface
with the implications boundary approximations. The values of default parameters
𝜆 = 0.2, 𝐾 = 0.3, 𝑀 = 0.5, Pr = 2.0, 𝐸𝑐 = 0.3, 𝐿𝑒 = 3.0, 𝑁𝑏 = 𝑁𝑡 = 0.5, 𝐵𝑖 = 0.4 and 𝛾 = 0.1 were preferred for
computational analysis. The influence of 𝐶𝑓 via involved parameters is exhibited in Table 1. Here, it is observed that
𝐶𝑓 diminishes with higher viscoelastic parameter and magnetic parameter while incremented for lager values of ratio
parameter. From Table 2, one can find that the heat flow rate reduces with Prandtl number, Eckert number, Brownian
and thermophoretic parameter. Table 3 describes that magnitude of mass flow rate develops through higher estimation
7 of 15
F I G U R E 2 (a)–(c) Variations in
𝐹 ′ (𝜂), 𝑇(𝜂), 𝐶(𝜂) via (𝜆).
ALI et al.
8 of 15 ALI et al.
TA B L E 2 Numerical values of 𝑁𝑢𝑥

𝑵𝒖𝒙
𝐏𝐫 𝑬𝒄 𝑵𝒃 𝑵𝒕 √
𝐑𝐞𝒙
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0555526
a0.4 0.0434031
0.6 0.0324724
0.8 0.0225523
0.2 0.2 0.0555526
0.4 0.0482561
0.6 0.0409325
0.8 0.0335816
0.2 0.2 0.0555526
0.4 0.0547335
0.6 0.053894
0.8 0.0530336
0.2 0.3 0.0555526
0.5 0.0551926
0.7 0.0548225
0.9 0.0544419
TA B L E 3 Numerical values of 𝑆ℎ𝑥

𝑺𝒉𝒙
𝐏𝐫 𝑳𝒆 𝑵𝒃 𝑵𝒕 √
𝐑𝐞𝒙
0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.256939
0.4 0.317872
0.6 0.372382
0.8 0.408858
0.2 0.1 0.256939
0.3 0.271175
0.5 0.285776
0.7 0.300700
0.1 0.2 0.256939
0.4 0.233903
0.6 0.226254
0.8 0.222454
0.2 0.3 0.256939
0.5 0.292825
0.7 0.330983
0.9 0.371509
of Prandtl number, Lewis number and thermophoresis parameter, whereas dwindles subject to larger values of Brownian
parameter.
Figure 2a–c, demonstrates (𝜆) effect on 𝐹 ′ (𝜉), 𝜃(𝜂) and 𝜑(𝜂). In Figure 2a, 𝐹 ′ (𝜉) improves subject to higher estimation of
(𝜆) values. For (𝜆 = 1) corresponds to no boundary approximation, and in such a case the fluid and sheet alterations with
the same velocity. As noticed dwindles in thermal and concentration boundary layer subject to larger estimation of (𝜆) are
elaborated in Figure 2b and Figure 2c. Figure 3a–c explains the impression of (𝐾) on 𝐹 ′ (𝜉), 𝑇(𝜂) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝜂) profiles. Here,
both profiles 𝐹 ′ (𝜉) and 𝑇(𝜉) enhances via higher estimation of (𝐾) are designed in Figure 3a and Figure 3b. However,
the 𝐶(𝜉) curves diminish with the rising values of (𝐾) elucidated in Figure 3c. Figure 4a,b establishes the influence of
(𝑀) on 𝐹 ′ (𝜉). In reality, higher approximation of (𝑀) causes of the Lorentz force to fluid flow which diminished flow
rate. As perceive from this visual that the momentum boundary layer is the diminishing function of the Lorentz force.
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F I G U R E 3 (a)–(c) Variations in
𝐹 ′ (𝜂), 𝑇(𝜂), 𝐶(𝜂) via (𝐾).
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FIGURE 4 (a)–(b) Variations in 𝐹 ′ (𝜂), 𝑇(𝜂) via

(𝑀).
Figure 4b reports (𝑀) effect on 𝑇(𝜉) energy distribution. Clearly larger (𝑀) estimations correspond to 𝑇(𝜉) enhancement.
Physically, when (𝑀) increases, it exits force due to which the fluid particles diffuse quickly into the adjacent fluid layers.
Figure 5a interprets (𝐸𝑐) contribution on 𝑇(𝜉). From this graph it is witness 𝑇(𝜉) improvement. As resistance associated
with movement of fluid increases and some useful energy is changed into heat. In consequence, 𝑇(𝜉) upsurges. Attributes
of (𝐸𝑐) on 𝐶(𝜉) are interpreted in Figure 5b. Clearly, 𝐶(𝜉) diminishes when (𝐸𝑐) is augmented. The variations of (𝐿𝑒)
against 𝐶(𝜉) are plotted in Figure 6. This graph witnesses a diminishing behavior in 𝐶(𝜉) profile subjected to larger (𝐿𝑒)
values. Figure 7 plots 𝑇(𝜉) curves for (𝑁𝑏) parameter. As expected, 𝑇(𝜉) curves upsurges with the increasing values of
(𝑁𝑏). Physically, larger estimation of (𝑁𝑏) parameter yields effective movement inside the fluid particles. As a result, 𝑇(𝜉)
boots. Figure 8 exposes the relevant changes in 𝑇(𝜉) energy field through higher estimation (𝑁𝑡) diffusion parameter. The
thermal field curves expand through variation in diffusion parameter. Actually, increment in (𝑁𝑡) parameter corresponds
to outflow nano-size tiny solid particles by warmer near colder part and ultimately 𝑇(𝜉) enhances. Figure 9 exhibits 𝑇(𝜉)
upshot for different values (𝐵𝑖). Obviously, 𝑇(𝜉) contracts for larger (𝐵𝑖). Physically, convection is reducing due to high
flow resistance which reason of high conduction and low thermal behavior. Aspects of (𝛾) is visualized through Figure 10a.
An increase in the (𝛾) values correlates to an increase in 𝑇(𝜉) energy profile, whereas an opposite trend is noticed in 𝑇(𝜉)
for negative values of (𝛾) displayed in Figure 10b.
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(a)–(b) Variations in 𝑇(𝜂) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝜂)
Variations in 𝐶(𝜂)via (𝐿𝑒).

FIGURE 6
FIGURE 5
ALI et al.
via (𝐸𝑐).
ALI et al.
Variations in 𝑇(𝜂) via (𝑁𝑏).
Variations in 𝑇(𝜂) via (𝑁𝑡).
Variations in 𝑇(𝜂) via (𝐵𝑖).

FIGURE 9
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 7
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ALI et al. 13 of 15
FIGURE 10 (a)–(b) Variations in 𝑇(𝜂) via (𝛾).
6 CONCLUSION
Computational modeling for two-dimensional hydrodynamics stagnation point flow with nanoparticle configured by an
extended heated surface with nonlinear heat source/sink and thermophoretic diffusion is being evaluated. The resulting
dimensionless nonlinear (ODEs) are solved through built-in algorithm running the numerical code in MATTEMATICA
11.0 platform. The specific outcomes are noticed after conducting the complete study and summarized below:
1. The velocity profile and drag force coefficient diminished subject to augmentation in 𝑀 strength.
2. For upsurging data of 𝐾 and 𝜆 escalating the velocity field.
3. Increasing values of𝑁𝑏, 𝑀 and 𝐸𝑐 tend to boosts the temperature profiles and diminishes with Pr and 𝐵𝑖.
4. Developing values of 𝐸𝑐, 𝑁𝑡 and 𝐿𝑒 decreases fluid concentration profiles, whereas increasing data of 𝐵𝑖 and 𝑁𝑏on the
same field.
5. The heat transfer rate decline with the growing data of 𝑃𝑟and 𝐸𝑐.
6. The mass flow rate coefficient profiles are increasing via larger 𝐿𝑒 and 𝑁𝑡 and exhibited reverse phenomena on 𝑃𝑟and
𝑁𝑏.
AC K N OW L E D G M E N T S
The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project
number (PNURSP2023R61), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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C O N F L I C T O F I N T E R E S T S TAT E M E N T
The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.
ORCID
Bilal Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2983-1812
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How to cite this article: Ali, B., AlBaidani, M.M., Jubair, S., Ganie, A.H., Abdelmohsen, S.A.M.: Computational
framework of hydrodynamic stagnation point flow of nanomaterials with natural convection configured by a
heated stretching sheet. Z Angew Math Mech. e202200542 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.202200542
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Bilal Ali Sidra Jubair

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Computational framework of hydrodynamic stagnation

Bilal Ali1 Mashael M. AlBaidani2 Sidra Jubair3,4 Abdul Hamid Ganie5

1 Schoolof Mathematics and Statistics,

Z Angew Math Mech. 2023;e202200542. www.zamm-journal.org © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. 1 of 15

(a) Flow configuration and coordinate system.

The particular extreme values are

TA B L E 1 Numerical results of 𝐶𝑓𝑥 coefficient

TA B L E 2 Numerical values of 𝑁𝑢𝑥

TA B L E 3 Numerical values of 𝑆ℎ𝑥

FIGURE 4 (a)–(b) Variations in 𝐹 ′ (𝜂), 𝑇(𝜂) via

(a)–(b) Variations in 𝑇(𝜂) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝜂)

Variations in 𝐶(𝜂)via (𝐿𝑒).

Variations in 𝑇(𝜂) via (𝑁𝑏).

Variations in 𝑇(𝜂) via (𝑁𝑡).

Variations in 𝑇(𝜂) via (𝐵𝑖).

FIGURE 10 (a)–(b) Variations in 𝑇(𝜂) via (𝛾).

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