SEAA SKAB 4943

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

TOPIC 1
Overview & Related problem
TOPIC 1
1. Definition of solid waste
2. An overview of solid waste management
3. Environmental problems related to municipal wastes

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IMPRESSION OF WASTE
What is
waste?

How to Do we have
handle? problem?

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 Different shapes and sizes
From variety of sources
Definition

vAll wastes arising from human and animal activities that are
normally solid and that are discarded as useless and unwanted.

vImproper management of solid wastes have direct adverse

effects on health and the environment.

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 Waste Generators

3R

Pengasingan
Separation Penstoran
Storage Pengumpulan
Collection Pelupusan
Disposal

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 Open Burning Burried Degrade Illegal Dumping

Water and Air

Clogged Drainage Pollution Aesthetic
Disturbance

Leachate Pollution Fly and mosquito

Flooded breeding
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◦ In 2008, 23000 tonnes of waste generated each day in Malaysia (0.8~0.9 kg per capita)
◦ By 2020, waste generation rate increase to 30000 tonnes per day (2.23 kg per capita)
◦ Less than 5% of waste is recycle
◦ 19% of solid waste ends up in drains and rivers

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Types of Solid Waste

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 NON
ORGANIC ORGANIC
RESIDENTIAL
WASTE

1. Food Waste 3. Recycable Waste

2. Yard/Green Waste a) Paper
b) Plastic
c) Aluminium
d) Glass
SPECIAL
e) Bulky
WASTE
f) E-waste
4. Special Waste g) Others :
a) Cleaning Detergent (Sanitation/ Textile
b) Biomedical Fabric/Shoes/Rubber/
c) Pharmaceutical Leather/ Cooking Oil)

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 CRITICAL THINKING https://padlet.com/shazwin/4943Topic1

1. Household E-waste
Discussion Points:
2. Textile waste
3. Pharmaceutical waste a) The composition / Generation
4. Agriculture waste trend in Malaysia?
5. Single Use Plastic waste b) How usually handle in Malaysia?
6. Hazardous waste
c) What is the environmental impact
7. Diapers/sanitary pad waste
of mis-handling of this waste?
8. Refrigerant gases – air-conditioning
9. Used Cooking Oil Waste
d) What potential technology for
sound waste management of this
waste?

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Composition

Physical
Chemical
Biological

……vary depending on sources and types of solid waste

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Physical Composition of Solid Waste
1. Individual components
2. Analysis of particle size
3. Moisture content
4. Density

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1.4.1 Individual Component
Composition of MSW àReflects affluence of society
ØThe way of life
ØEconomic status
ØSocial behavior

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1.4.1 Individual Component
The way of life : Consumption VS Lifestyle
1) What do people spend their time doing?
2) How is that changing?

Scenario 1: Consumption affluence to Service Economy

Going to shopping mall Recreation à E-commerce Social activity

Scenario 2: Consumption affluence to Communication Sector

International call Luxury à Virtual communication Stimulate in person contact

Scenario 3: Consumption affluence to Tourism Sector

Travel Resource Intensive à Travel restriction Sustainability

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Individual components :
Economic Status

http://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-
waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html

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1.4.1 Individual Component Social Behavior

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S0048969720355431
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1.4.2 Analysis of Particle Size
Size of waste components influenced effectiveness of materials recovery.
◦ The use of mechanical separation techniques (trommel screens and magnetic
separators) can effectively sort the particle size
◦ For organic materials size is important with respect to biological treatment, where
smaller particles are required.
◦ Reduction in particle size increases the rate of biological transformation and
degradation of materials
◦ Shredding employed to reduce particle size

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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jctb.6334?fbclid=IwAR2ZwgDNv8j-10Nsf2hfpcrp_vk-y5cDbX57bHkDzaJHfgRB6Ne-yNNdYcE

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1.4.3 Moisture Content
•Is important when waste is to be composted or digested
anaerobically in sanitary landfill.
•For effective composting and digestion, optimum
moisture content is required.

Moisture content is expressed as:

“mass of moisture per unit mass of wet or dry material”

Moisture content (%) = (a-b) 100/b

where;
https://www.coursera.org/lecture/solid-waste-
a – initial mass of sample as delivered management/3-14-bonus-determining-moisture-
b – mass of sample after drying content-of-biowaste-mixtures-Wgn3P

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 1.4.3 Moisture Content
Field Capacity
◦ The total amount of moisture that can be retained in a
waste sample subject to the downward pull of gravity
◦ Field capacity is critically important in determining
the formation of leachate in landfills
◦ It varies with degree of applied pressure and the
state of decomposition of wastes, BUT typical
values for uncompacted commingles wastes from
residential and commercial sources are in the range of
50-60%

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 1.4.4 Density
•Knowledge of density required determining waste
compacted volume.
•Used for calculating volume of landfill space requirement
•Compacted volume needed to determine collection
vehicle capacity
•Density is expressed on an as-compacted or as-discarded
basis. Ratio between as-compacted density rc to as-
discarded density rd called compaction ratio, r, or:

r = rc / rd
The as-discarded density of the waste sample is
calculated as:
Density = 100kg / 0.872 m3
= 114.68 kg/m3
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 Solid Waste Management Lab 2015

https://www.kpkt.gov.my/resources/index/user_1/Attachments/hebahan_slider/slaid_dapatan_makmal.pdf

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 Chemical Components of Solid Waste
Chemical properties of MSW are very important in evaluating the alternative
processing and recovery options

Waste consist of combustible and non combustible materials:

1. Energy Recovering Options
2. Potential as fuel alternatives

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1.5.1 Energy Recovering Options
Important in evaluating alternative processing and energy recovery options.
◦ Energy content or fuel value of waste is the amount of heat that will be released
when wastes are combusted
◦ Calorific value of wastes decreased with increased in moisture content - if
incineration is used, auxiliary fuel is required.
◦ Can be estimated by modified Dulong formula

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1.5.1 Energy Recovering Options

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1.5.2 Potential as fuel alternatives
Potential of waste as fuel alternative is evaluated using proximate analysis and
chemical properties.
◦ Proximate analysis - moisture, volatile matter, ash (residue after burning) and
fixed carbon (remainder)
◦ Fusing point of ash
◦ Ultimate analysis, % of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and ash
◦ Heating value (energy value)

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Chemical Components of Solid Waste

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Chemical Components of Solid Waste

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Chemical Components of Solid Waste

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 Biological Characteristic
Organic fraction of MSW (excluding plastic, rubber, leather) can be classified as:
vWater-soluble constituents - sugars, starches, amino acids and various organic
acids
vHemicellulose - a product of 5 and 6-carbon sugars
vCellulose - a product of 6-carbon sugar glucose
vFats, oils and waxes - esters of alcohols and long-chain fatty acids
vLignin - present in some paper products
vLignocellulose - combination of lignin and cellulose
vProteins - amino acid chains

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https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/nyregion/compost-organic-recycling-new-york-city.html

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Biological Characteristic
Biodegradability
◦ Organic fraction often equated with the volatile solids (VS) content of the waste
àHowever not all organic materials are easily degradable
◦ Degradation produces odours:
◦ Hydrogen sulfide, H2S (rotten eggs)
◦ Methyl mercaptans
◦ Aminobutyric acid
◦ Methane is odourless
◦ Attracts flies, vermin, rodents (vectors)

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Biodegradable fractions of typical MSW

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Question?

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