California State University at Northridge

THE EFFECTS OF TWO STRENGTH TRAINING PROGRAMS

THROUGH A RANGE OF MOTION

A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the

requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in

Physical Education

by
Gaylord Neil Davis

June, 1972
The thesis of Gaylord Neil Davis is approved:

Committee Chairman

California State University at Northridge

June, 1972

i±
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
List of Tables ...................................... vi
List of Graphs ...................................... vii
Abstract ............................................ 1

CHAPTER

I · INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Statement of the Purpose.................. 4

Hypothesis .................. •- ............ . 4

Importance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Scope of the Study . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Definition of Terms ..•.. .. . .•. . .... ... .. . . 6

Organization of Remaining Chapters........ 7

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE . ............... . 8

Specificity Training . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 9

Isotonic/Isometric Comparison Studies ..•.. 13

Isotonic Training Programs ................ 16
The Exer -Genie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

The Cable Tensiometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 22

Implications for Present Study .....•...... 23

III. RESEARCH PROCEDURES ......................... . 24

Preliminary Procedures .................... 24

iii
CHAPTER PAGE

General Design ............................ 25

Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ....... . 26

Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . 28
Test Instructions 28
..............................
Pre-test 28
Nid-test .............................. 29

Post-test .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ............. . 29

Training Procedures ....................... 29

IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS 32

Analysis of the Findings 32
Angle of 120 Degrees . . . • . • • • • • • . • • . . . . 32

...................
Angle of 80 Degrees 33
Angle of 40 Degrees ................... 35
<.

Discussion of the Findings ................ 39

The Pre-test .......................... 39

The Mid-test .......................... 40

The Post-test ......................... 41

v. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...•. 44

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Conclusion ................................ 45

Recommendations ........................... 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................ 47

APPENDICIES ......................................... 52

iv
CHAPTER PAGE

Appendix A - Raw· Data in Pounds

for Group A .................. 53

Appendix B - Raw Data in Pounds

for Group B .................. 55

v
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1· Analysis of Variance for the Angle of

120 Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2. Analysis of Variance for the Angle of

80 Degrees . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3. Analysis of Variance for the Angle of

40 Degrees . . . • • . • • • • . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . 37

vi
 LIST OF GRAPHS

GRAPH PAGE
1. The Mean Comparison of the Pre, Mid, and the

Post-test of the Angle of 120 Degrees 34

2· The Mean Comparison of the Pre, Mid, and the

Post-test of the Angle of 80 Degrees .•.... 36

3. The Mean Comparison of the Pre, Mid, and the

Post-test of the Angle of 40 Degrees .•..•. 38

4. The Group Mean Gain in Pounds of the Angles

of 120, 80, and 40 Degrees .•••..••.......• 43

vii
 ABSTRACT

THE EFFECTS OF TWO STRENGTH TRAINING PROGRAMS

THROUGH A RANGE OF MOTION

by

Gaylord Neil Davis

Master of Arts in Physical Education

June, 1972

The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain

which strength training method is most effective in devel-

oping strength through a full range of motion, The Exer-

Genie or a modified DeLorme traditional method of weight

lifting.

This study utilized the facilities located at Faith

Baptist Junior High~School in Canoga Park, California.

The subjects tested were thirty junior high school boys in

grades seven and eight enrolled in a general physical edu-

cation class. The subjects were divided into two equated

experimental groups. Group A trained using the Exer-Genie

technique, and Group B trained using a modified Delorme

technique. The subjects in both groups exercised for an

equated work period of thirty-five seconds on Monday,

Wednesday, and Friday during a six-week period. A famil-

iarization and pre-test was administered prior to the six-

week work period; a mid-test was administered at the end

1
 2

of the third week; and a post-test was administered follow-

ing the completion of the study to ascertain the amount of

strength gained by the subjects in both experimental groups.,

The subjects were measured with the cable tensiometer at

three angles in a range of motion; the angles were 40, 80,

and 120 degrees.

The findings of this study indicate that both Group

A and Group B gained strength within their group at the

angles of 120 and 80 degrees. The analysis of variance

indicated that no differences occurred between Groups A

and B at the angles of 120 and 80 degrees. There was a

difference indicated at the 40 degree angle, but, due to thj

pre-score differences, this finding could not be consideredJ

Since the hypothesis was shown to be tenable,

(wherein the data are acceptable at the angle of 120 and

80 degrees) it was concluded that after six weeks of train-

ing, the Exer-Genie and modified DeLorme techniques are

equally effective for strength development through a full

range of motion as measured in this investigation.

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Athletics, through individual and team sports from

the professional to the little league, have been given an

important position in the lives of many people in America

and throughout the world. The fulfillment of the desire

of many athletes to participate in sports has been made

possible through improved athletic facilities and methods

of preparing the individual both mentally and physically

for athletic participation.

Increased knowledge of coaching sports and games

has revealed the utmost importance and necessity for ath-

letes to be in the best possible physical condition to help

gain success and victory. All other factors being equal,

/0

the athlete who has superior strength is the athlete who

will experience success. (4a30) Differences of opinion

exist concerning the time and methods necessary to obtain

this desired level of strength in athletes.

Throughout history man has endeavored to develop

better methods of strength training. Recently there has

been a constant effort to develop, through research, new

methods to reach the optimum in.strength gains in safer

and more efficient ways. The introduction of the mechan-

ical device known as the Exer-Genie (21) has added a new

3
 4

I and exciting way to increase strength for physical educa-

ltion, sports, and games.

The Problem
I
I Statement
1 of the Problem
I
1

I The prob1em which inspired this study was the 1ac~ I

I of
I
information available in the field of physical educat1on

regarding the relative effectiveness of various strength

training methods.

Statement of the Purpose

The purpose of this study was to ascertain which

strength training method is most effective in developing

strength through a full range of motion. These methods

were the Exer-Genie and a modified DeLorme traditional

method of weight lifting.

Hypothesis A

This study will test the following hypothesis:

that both training methods are equally effective in

developing strength through a full range of motion.

Importance of the Study

When claims are made concerning a new technique (21)

of strength development, it is important to the physical

educator to ascertain if this new technique would be pro-

fitable to him and the field he represents. Many studies

have been conducted to determine the value of the

 5

traditional use of weights and the use of isometrics 1n

the development of strength for sports and physical

education.

One important aspect of any strength training

method should be its ability to develop an equal amount

of strength through a full range of motion. A new concept

in strength training (the Exer-Genie method) combines both

isometrics and isotonics into one complete exercise.

Several studies (31, 33, 35) have indicated significantly

greater strength gains through this technique of combined

isometric/isotonic training when compared to a traditional

method of weight training. This study was designed to

compare the amount of strength gained through a full range

of motion using two strength training methods, The Exer-

Genie method and a modified DeLorme method.

Scope of the Study

This s~udy utilized the facilities located at Faith

Baptist Junior High School in Canoga Park, California.

The subjects tested were thirty junior high school boys in

grades seven and eight enrolled in a general physical

education class. The subjects were divided into two

equated experimental groups. The exercise used in this

study was the bicep curl. The subjects exercised on

Monday, Wednesday, and Friday during a six-week period.

A familiarization session and pre-test were administered

prior to the six-week work period; a mid-test was

 6

administered at the end of the third week; and a post-test

was administered following the completion of the study to

ascertain the amount of strength gained by the subjects in

both experimental groups.

Assumptions

This study was based on the following assumptions:

(1) that strength can be measured; (2) that the work

efforts of the two training methods are equated; (3) that

each subject's performance was measured accurately; (4)

that the groups were equally matched in strength at the

beginning of the study.

Definition of Terms

Exer=Genie. The Exer-Genie unit consists of an

engineered cylinder and a nylon rope which can be pulled

back and forth through the cylinder with gradua~variable

resistance in either direction.

Modified DeLorme. This is a method designed for

strength training. The subject performs the exercise with

an amount of weight which allows only ten repetitions

before fatigue restricts further repetitions.

lORM· lORM is used to designate a subject's abil-

ity to curl a weight which is heavy enough to allow only

ten repetitions per set.

Strength. For this investigation strength is the

amount of force measured by the cable tensiometer which

 7

can be exerted by a subject at a prescribed angle in a

single maximum effort.

Full Range of Motion. For this investigation a

full range of motion is from full extension of the elbow

joint to full flexion of the elbow joint while performing

the bicep curl exercise.

Organization of Remaining Chapters

This study is orgainzed into five chapters. Chap-

ter II contains a review of related literature pertaining

to various methods of strength training programs. Chapter

III describes the research procedures. Chapter IV is an

analysis and discussion of the findings. Chapter V

includes the summary, conclusions, and recommendations

for further research.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects

of two strength training programs: t:he Exer-Genie techni-

que and a traditional barbell exercise. The literature

contains a number of investigations into the relationship

of resistive exercise to the development of strength. One

of the newest of these methods combines both isometric and

isotonic exercises.

For the purpose of this investigation, the litera-

ture has been organized and discussed under the following

topicsa specificity of training, isometric/isotonic com-

parison studies, isotonic training programs, the Exer-

\
Genie, the cable tensiometer, and the implications for the
present study.

Today many authorities agree concerning the value

~f strength to the modern athlete. One authority has

chosen strength as one of the major components of basic

fitness for sports. (4:19} Another authoritative source

states that, "strength is the key to success in modern

athletics. One has only to look at the size and strength

of the outstanding athletes in the world today to realize

the value of strength in athletics." (5:20) Still

another physical educator states that most games and

8
 9

and athletic events will be won by those who have superior

strength and stamina when all other parameters are equal.

(6:130)
The most popular methods of strength training are

isotonics or weight training, isometrics, and a combinatio

of the two. In developing programs of strength training,

whether isometric or isotonic, one should consider the

demands for adaptation from the specific angle of exercise

to the full range of motion. Research studies have indi-

cated that one should determine how specific a strength

training program will be to the angle at which the training

takes place. (2a317)

Specificity Training

Specificity has been defined as the development of

a specific bodily function for a specific task in relation

to the nature of the stress applied. The concept of speci-

ficity in training has been formulated into a principle by

Wallis and Logan. (3a43) The SAID principle has been

coined from the phrase, "Specific Adaptations to Imposed

Demands." The principle in action determines that "in

order to obtain results from an exercise program the

demands must be sufficient to force adaptation." The

stresses applied in developing flexibility, strength,

endurance and coordination, therefore, must be of suffi-

cient intensity to cause the specific adaptation to occur.

 10

Bender and Kaplan (11) cited Muller's claim for

their study that muscle strength cannot be improved unless

stimulated to at least 40 percent of its capacity; they

believed that a small weight may not stimulate all the

muscles that normally function throughout the range of

motion. In this study it was reported that strength dif-

ferences at different angles may be due to innervation of

different muscles at different times through the range of

motion. (llal35)

Logan (32) designed a study to investigate the

development of strength in the knee extensors through two

types of isotonic exercise. One group trained with a

spring resistance device and the second group trained with

an adjustable weighted steel boot •. A third group served

as a control. The maximum strength of knee extension for

all three groups was measured at five angles {95, 115, 135,

155, and 175 degrees) after six weeks of training.

Strength gains measured by the cable tensiometer were

found to be greatest at 115 degrees for the spring device

and 155 degrees~or the weighted boot device. Logan con-

cluded that strength gains are specific to the angle in

the range of motion at which the greatest resistance is

met in training.

Britten (30) designed a study to determine the efftct

of body position on the development of isometric and iso-

tonic strength when the angle of the body is altered from

 11

the original training position. After six weeks of train-

ing three angles were tested, the supine, inclined and

erect angles. It w·as found that strength gains recorded

in the position in which training occurred in all groups

were significantly greater than the gains which were made

in non-training positions. Britten concluded that, "the

position of the body during training, whether training be

conducted isometrically or isotonically, adversely affects

the ability of the body to exert its maximal strength when

that body posture is altered." (30:84)

In a study (20) designed to investigate the speci-

ficity of strength changes of the exercised and non-

exercised limb following isometric training, it was found

that strength increases are quite specific according to

the position angle at which a limb is exercised, and the

cross transfer of either a specific or non-specific variety

should not be expected following an isometric exercise.

For this reason, isometric techniques may not be ideal for

improving dynamic skill performance where strength effort

is required throughout a considerable range of motion.

(20a9"9)

Ball, Rich and Wallis (9) also designed a study to

investigate the effects of isometric training on vertical

jumping, it was found that the increase in static strength

did not accompany an increase in vertical jumping ability.

(9a231)
 12

Another study (23) revealed that one fifteen second

maximum isometric exericse (executed in an inverted leg

press position) a day, five days a week for six weeks does

not significantly increase standing broad jump ability.

This finding supports the hypothesis of specificity of

individual differences in motor movement and strength.

(23a482)

The previous studies (11, 32, 30, 20, 9, 23) support

the principle of specificity. However, several other

studies (27, 8, 26) have produced findings which refute

this principle.

Rasch and Pierson (27) compared the effects of one

position versus multiple positions of isometric exercise.

Thirty college males were divided into two groups and were

trained once a day, five days a week for five weeks. One

group performed three bouts of fifteen second isometric

contractions for the elbow flexors with the forearem at 90

degrees to the humerus. The second group performed three

bouts of fifteen second isometric contractions with the

forearm at 60, 90, and 120 degrees to the humerus. At the

end of five weeks no significant difference between exer-

cise groups was found at any of the three positions exer-

cised at the angle of maximum torque, increases in strength

are as great at other angles as the strength increases

obtained by those subjects who exercised at three different

angles. (27al2)

,
 13

Alexander (8) studied isometric training and its

effects on increasing velocity of shooting the puck in ice

hockey. Eighteen male hockey players were divided into

two groups. One group practiced regularly with no strength

training while the experimental group trained seven days

a w·eek for five w·eeks performing a six-second isometric

maximum tension contraction. The experimental group

showed significant gains in the speed of shooting the

puck. ( 8 : 1 01 )

Logan, Lockhart and Matt (26) conducted an investi-

gation of the extent to which specific isometric exercise

at two angles influences strength measures at other angles

within the range of motion. Pre and post-tests were admin-

istered for maximal strength at the angles of 20, 50, 80,

110, and 140 degrees. Experimental subjects exercised

daily on the non-preferred limb at 50 and 110 degrees for

twelve periods using a single effort maximum isometric

exercise for ten seconds. The exercised subjects made

significant gains at 110 and 140 degrees. The test results

indicated that strength gains due to isometric exercise

seem to appear more in the range of motion nearing complete

flexion than complete extension, and there is some spread

effect or generality in strength gains. (26:858)

Isotonic/Isometric Comparison Studies

Through research studies both isotonic and isometric

 14

strength training programs have been shown to cause an j

I
'increase in strength. Several investigations have compared

!these two exercise regimens in an effort to determine if

!
i
one is superior to the other.

In one comparison of strength study (14) it was

i

/determined that static strength improved significantly

I

!more by training statically; and, conversely, dynamic

strength improved significantly more by training dynamic-

ally than statically. Further tests showed muscular

strength to be more accurately tested if measured by two

'different methods. The tests should be identical to the

type of movement on which one has been trained either

statically or dynamically. (14)

In another study of the comparison of training on

the improvement of vascularization, Denison (19) found that

vascularization is not markedly improved by static training

and that improved ventilation and circulation must be

acquired by ways other than static muscular training.

"Thus one would assume that muscular endurance dependent

partially upon the efficiency of capillary circulation

would not be significantly improved by a program of

static training•" (19a352)

In another study (18) of the effects of isometric

land isotonic contractions on the strength of the contra-

lateral limb, a ~ test indicated that both methods of

exercise produced significant increases in the strength of

 15

the unexercised limb. (18&495)

Chui (16) compared the effects of isometric and

dynamic weight-training exercises on strength and on the

speed of the execution of a single movement. He concluded

that gains in strength by the use of the isometric con-

traction method are not greater than gains made by the use
of the dynamic contraction method in weight training exer-

cises (P(.05). Gains in the speed of movement measured

against no resistance made by the use of the isometric

contraction method are not significantly greater (P(.05)

than gains made by the use of the dynamic contraction

method. (16a252)

Rasch and Morehouse (28) designed a study to inves-

tigate the effect of static and dynamic exercise on muscu-

lar strength and hypertrophy. Two groups composed of 49

male subjects exercised the elbow flexors of one arm three

days a week for six weeks. The isotonic group performed

three sets of 5RM. The isometric group performed three

bouts of two-thirds maximum resistance for fifteen seconds

each. Strength measurements were obtained by the strain

gauge dynamometer by means of a Baldwin SR4 load cell.

Measurements of both groups were made in the training

(upright) position and in a (supine) unfamiliar position.

Significant gains were found at both positions by the iso-

tonic group. In the upright position the gains were

significant at the .01 level of confidence as compared to

 16.

the .05 level of confidence in the unfamiliar position.

The isometric group demonstrated no significant gains at

either position. (28a32)

The use of isometric exercise 1n strength training

when compared to isotonic has been shown to be effective.

However, many investigators of strength regimens state

that the traditional isotonic training is more effective.

(10, 12, 13, 15)

Isotonic Training Programs)

Weight training research studies have revealed the

value of loading, sets, and repetitions for the develop-

ment of strength. (10, 12, 13, 15) In a study comparing

three weight training programs, (12) three groups improved

significantly at the .01 level of confidence with an aver-

age increase in weight lifted of 24.44 pounds.

trained three times a week for nine weeks. The three trai

ing groups employed the following methods of training:

Group I used 2RM for six sets, Group II used 6RM for three

sets, and Group III used 10RM for three sets. The investi-

gator concluded from his data that fewer repetitions with

heavy loads per set is not more effective for improving

strength than training with lighter loads and more repeti-

tions per set. (12:396)

Nine different weight training programs were used in

a similar study (13) to find the best loading method for

 17

improving strength. The subjects were tested based on a

criteria of their one repetition maximum (1RM). The

results of the data showed that the use of three sets,

using six repetitions per set, \vas best for improving

strength. ( 13 :16 8)

Capen (15) designed a study which compared four

programs of heavy loading. His findings gave evidence

that methods which employ heavy weights so as to allow a

maximum number of five repetitions is probably a superior

method for the development of muscular strength when com-

pared to programs using eight to fifteen repetitions for

one set or one maximum repetition for three sets. (15:132)

Two investigators (10) designed a single study to

compare three methods of strength development: (1) a

traditional strength program, (2) a program designed to

develop power strength, and (3) the DeLorme-Watkins tech-

nique which is one of the most popular and widely used

strength development methods. The traditional program

employed the use of three sets; the subjects performed his

maximum in ten repetitions per set. The power strength

program was designed so that the subject performed three

sets in the following manner: (1) In set one he performed

ten repetitions using a load based on ten repetitions

maximum. (2) In set two the subject added five to ten

pounds and then performed as many repetitions as possible.

(3) In set three the subject added subsequent weight and

 18

performed repetitions until he could perform only one

repetition of maximum weight; he then attempted one more

repetition at this maximum 1veight. The DeLorme-Watkins

method was based on the subject's ability to lift or push

a maximum weight on a barbell for ten repetitions. This

maximum was referred to as his lORM. The subject performed

in the following mannera (1) In set one the subject per-

formed using one-half of the weight of his ten repetitions

maximum (lORM) for ten repetitions. (2) In set two the

subject performed ten repetitions using three-quarters of

his weight of the lORM. (3) In set three the subject per-

formed ten repetitions using his lORM. After the data was

compiled and analyzed, the investigators concluded that the

DeLorme-Watkins method of strength development was super-

ior to both a traditional and a power strength program

when both increased strength and hypertrophy are desired.

(10al46)

The Exer-Genie

Through research the Exer-Genie device has been

introduced as a tool to develop strength through a full

range of motion. The Exer-Genie technique combines both

isometrics and isotonics in one complete exercise.

Exer-Genie Studies

In a recent study (31) designed to develop strength

for vertical jumping by comparing a barbell exercise with

 19

the Exer-Genie, it 1.,as demonstrated that the Exer-Genie

had a higher level of isotonic strength development. The

Exer-Genie group also displayed a higher level of post

isometric and isotonic strength as well as a greater number

of inches improved in vertical jump performance. It was

concluded by the investigator that any individual who

wishes to achieve maximum results in vertical jump through

specific training would benefit by both a combined iso-

metric and isotonic squat lift and tow raise exercise.

(31:53)
Sterling and Nicholson (35) compared weight training

and the Exer-Genie method of strength development in thirty

seventh grade boys working three times a week for a period

of six weeks. The weight lifters performed four sets of

seven repetitions while the Exer-Genie group completed two

sets of two repetitions. An analysis of the flexor muscle

test data showed that both groups improved at .01 level of

confidence. (35a47)
In a study designed to compare the Exer-Genie with

two physical fitness programs, the investigator (33) con-

cluded that the Exer-Genie can be considered a worthwhile

device for the improvement of fitness in elementary boys

when compared to traditional programs to develop fitness.

The results of the investigation exceeded the .01 level of

confidence in strength gains and in physical fitness tested

by the Rogers PFI test. (33:75)

 20

Rhode (34) designed an experimental study to inves-

tigate the effects of isometric/isotonic contractions on

elbow extension and wrist flexion, extension, abduction

and adduction. Twenty baseball athletes were used as

subjects, and they exercised five times a week for four

weeks. Group I used elbow exercises consisting of two sets

of five maximum resistance pulls through a complete range

of motion with two six-second maximum isometric contractionE

at the angles of 45 and 135 degrees and wrist exercises

consisting of swinging a bat attached to the.Exer-Genie.

Group II performed the same elbow and wrist exercises as

Group I, but consisting of isometric/isotonic contractions

with the Exer-Genie. Group III was the control group which

participated in only pre and post-tests. Significant

strength gains were recorded by Group I in wrist abduction;

however, Group I showed significantly different results

from Group II and Group III in wrist extension. The great-

est amount of significant strength increases was sho1vn by

Group II in elbow extension, wrist flexion, wrist extension

abduction and adduction. Rhodes concluded that the Exer-

Genie exercise was superior to the other methods used in

this study. (34:41)

A study (7) was designed to investigate the effects

of a four-week training program on changes in body girth,

subcutaneous tissue, muscular strength and endurance, and

cardiovascular fitness of physically conditioned men. The

 21

investigation obtained the following resultss exercising

with the Exer-Genie brings about changes in girth and skin-

fold measurements, improves muscular strength and endurance

and has a small positive effect on improvement of the car-

diovascular fitness level. (7s338)

Three studies (22, 24, 25) were designed to deter-

mine if throwing velocity of a baseball could be improved

through resistance exercise. One study used thirty-nine

varsity baseball players who performed six weeks of moder-

ately light resistance specifically applied through the

overhand throwing range of motion. Group I using the Exer-

Genie improved a mean gain of eight miles per hour. Group

II which performed throwing exercises improved a mean gain

of almost three miles per hour. In this study the inves-

tigators concluded that baseball throwing can be increased

by means of moderately light resistance applied through a

full range of motion. (24&58) Concerning the second study

it was reported in an article entitled, "Training Pitchers

in the Off-Season," that an off-season training program

produced a nine mile an hour increase in baseball throwing

velocity. This increase was accomplished by having the

athlete pull through his normal thrm·ling motion on the

Exer-Genie thirty times per day, five days per week in

which resistance on the Exer-Genie device was set at 2~

pounds the first week and increased to 5~ pounds during

the fourth week. (25s86) A third study (22) which

 22

reported a contrary finding stated that at the end of five

weeks the t \VO groups using the Exer -Genie experienced a

significant mean decrease of approximately four miles per

hour in the velocity of throwing a baseball· (22a32)

The Cable Tensiometer

There have been many devices and gauges designed to

measure strength of muscle groups; however, the cable

tensiometer has been shown to be more effective than other

The cable tensiometer was originally manufactured for the

purpose of measuring aircraft control cables. Through the

ingenuity of Harrison Clarke, it was adapted to measure

muscle strength. (17) The device is attached to a cable

stretched between two points, and tension is dete~mined

from the force needed to create offset on a riser in the

device. An instrument needle records the tension. The

tension is then converted into pounds on a calibration

chart. (1a142)
In a research study (1) for the development of

strength tests, Clarke compared four measuring instruments.

The four instruments studied were the cable tensiometer,

Wakim-Porter strain gauge, spring scale, and the Newman

myometer. (1 &142) "As reflected by objectivity coeffi-

cients, the tensiometer has greatest precision for strengt

testing (.90 and above). It was the most stable and gen-

erally useful of the instruments." ( la142)

 23

Implications for Present Study

The review of the literature indicates that through

systematic progressive resistive exercise, strength gains

will be effected in the individual. Various studies have

been conducted in an effort to ascertain the superiority

of either isometric or isotonic training methods in the

development of strength. When claims are made concerning

a new technique of strength development, it is important

to the physical educator to ascertain if this new technique

would be profitable to him and the field he represents.

The value of the traditional method of weight training has

been established through many research studies; therefore,

a traditional method of weight training was chosen to com-

pare with this modern technique. The research into the

comparison effectiveness of isotonic and combined isotonic/

isometric exercise in developing strength through a full

range of motion has been exiguous and inadequate. There-

fore, this study is designed to investigate and compare

the effect of two methods of strength training, the Exer-

Genie and a modified DeLorme technique, in developing

strength through a full range of motion.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH PROCEDu~ES

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects

of two strength training methods in developing strength

through a full range of motion. Chapter three of this

investigation includes a discussion of the preliminary

procedures, selection and grouping of subjects, general

design, instrumentation, and training procedures.

Preliminary Procedures

This study utilized the facilities located at Faith

Baptist Junior High School in Canoga Park, California. The

subjects tested were thirty junior high school boys in

grades seven and eight enrolled in a general physical

education class. The subjects were divided into two

matched experimental groups on the basis of their best

pre-test score at the 120 degree angle. The matched pairs

technique was used to equate the groups.

The subjects were instructed not to participate in

any other strength training exercises outside of class.

Each subject was verbally and visually instructed in the

method of the bicep curl exercise. Each subject was asked

to perform his maximum effort in every set of exercises he

performed. The subjects were lectured on the importance

24
 25

of the method being utilized by that experimental group.

The subjects were allowed to visualize their progress as

individual groups only. The experimental subjects per-

formed their exercise in isolated areas. An attempt was

made by the investigator to instruct both groups with the

same enthusiasm and verbal cues.

General Design

The study, including the familiarization program,

lasted for a period of seven weeks. During the familiar-

ization week, all subjects were given two trials at each

of the three angles (40, 80, and 120 degrees) on three

alternate days (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). The

subject's best score at each angle was recorded as his

pre-test score regardless of when it occurred in the

series of trials. All three angles were pre-tested in

order that a statistical comparison could be administered

to determine the effect of two strength training programs

on exercise through a full range of motion. The .os level

of confidence was chosen as the basis for accepting dif-

ferences between groups.

Two experimental groups were used in the study.

Experimental Group A exercised thirty-five seconds per

day, three times weekly for six weeks using the Exer-Genie.

Experimental Group B exercised thirty-five seconds per day,

three times weekly for six weeks using barbell weights.

 26

All subjects were given a pre-test prior to formal train-

ing, a mid-test at the end of the third week, and a post-

test at the end of the sixth week at the three prescribed

angles.

Instrumentation

The instrument used for the measurement of strength

gains at three angles was the cable tensiometer. The

cable tensiometer conversion table was used to determine

the subject's test score in pounds.

An instrument platform was designed by the investi-

gator to facilitate the testing of each subject at three

prescribed angles. The platform was three-foot square and

six inches in height. A sliding panel was built into the

floor of the platform on which a two-foot length of one-

sixteenth inch airplane cable was attached. As the sub-

ject was in position for the test, the panel could be

positioned so that a right angle of 90 degrees was formed

from the testing bar to the base of the platform. Attached

to the length of cable was a two-foot chain consisting of

one-inch numbered links. During testing the links were

attached to a "S" hook inserted into a three-foot by one-

inch pipe. A protractor on which the angles were inscribed

was mounted on a five-foot upright. The protractor could

be moved vertically or horizontally to accommodate the

different sizes of the subjects.

 27

There were two different types of strength training

apparatus used in the experiment. Experimental Group A

used the Exer-Genie designed to combine isometric and iso-

tonic exercise into one complete training routine. The

Exer-Genie unit consists of an engineered cylinder and a

nylon rope which can be pulled back and forth through a

cylinder with equal but variable resistance in either direc

tion. Tension can be applied or varied by holding the nylor

rope or by rotating the inside channel of the device. Ex-

perimental Group B used barbell weights. Each bar had

standard stops on the inside and locking stops on the out-

side of the bar enabling different amounts of weight to be

added or taken off.

In order to establish the angle to be tested the

subject was positioned on imprinted footprints on the floor

of the instrument platform. The subject was handed the

testing bar, instructed to hold it on the marked areas of

the bar, and to maintain his normal posture. The protracto

was then moved into position; the midpoint being centered

on the elbow joint. The forearms of the subject were posi-

tioned parallel with the inscribed angles on the protractor

The chain link was attached to the "S" hook inserted into

the testing bar. The number of the chain link was recorded

in order that in each succeeding test the same position

would be retested.
 28

Testing

Test Instructions

While standing in the test position the subjects

were asked to exert slight tension on the cable. The

investigator then read the tensiometer to make sure it was

clear. The subject was instructed to perform a maximum

effort while exerting an even pressure on the bar. When

the subject was to be tested, he was instructed to "pull."

As the subject activated the tensiometer, the investigator

watched the instrument dial. A permanent needle indicated

the maximum effort which was then recorded on the score

sheet.

Pre-test

One week was devoted to familiarization of the test-

ing instrument, the cable tensiometer. The subjects were

tested on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. On each test day

each subject was given two trials at each of the three

angles (40, 80, and 120 degrees). At the conclusion of the

familiarization week the subject's best score regardless of

when it occurred at each of the three angles was chosen as

the pre-test score. The subjects were divided into two

matched experimental groups according to their ranking in

the pre-test score at the 120 degree angle.

The method used to equate the groups was based on

findings from the literature. Clarke (17), from his

 29

investigation, concluded that the best combination of

force available in the range of motion was near the angle

of 115 degrees. (17s88) Williams (29) stated that in

elbow flexion the greatest strength force was maximal at

mid-range and then drops off in either direction away from

this point. (38s48) Logan (32) found that the greatest

resistance from using a spring device, in a strength com-

parison study, was at the angle of 115 degrees. Therefore,

from previous studies, the investigator postulated that

the two groups should be equated for this study at the

angle which represented the greatest strength force; this

has been found to be near the angle of 120 degrees. It

was assumed that all other angles would be equated.

Mid-test

The mid-test was administered to all subjects at the

three angles (40, 80, and 120 degrees) on the Friday of the

third week. Each subject was given one trial at each of

the three angles.

Post-test

The post-test was administered to all subjects at

the three angles (40, 80, and 120 degrees) on the Friday

of the sixth week. Each subject was given one trial at

each of the three angles.

 30 .

Training Procedures

The subjects in experimental Group A exercised

us1ng the Exer-Genie device. The device was attached to

a foot-board by a steel hook. Each subject stood with his

back against the training room wall. A one-inch galvanized

pipe three-feet long was placed through a loop at one end

of the Exer-Genie rope to simulate a barbell. The subject

began the exercise with the bar touching his thigh and the

arm at full extension• The subject's hands were placed

shoulder width on the bar with the palms facing away from

the body. In this position all subjects performed the

Exer-Genie technique, i.e., holding the bar isometrically

for ten seconds immediately followed by the isotonic con-

traction bicep curl to full flexion. While the exercise

was performed, the investigator held the trailing portion

of the nylon rope with his hanto keep enough tension on

the rope to insure a maximum effort. Each subject per-

formed one set of one maximum repetition.

Experimental Group B exercised with the use of bar-

bell weights utilizing a modified DeLorme technique for

strength training. Each subject performed one set of ten

repetitions. If the subject could lift eleven repetitions

or more in his performance, then t1vo and one-half pounds

was added in weight at the next training session. The

subjects worked in pairs to insure maximum safety and to

 31

expedite the training regimen. The exercise began with the

I .
ibarbell touching the thigh of the subject. The subject

!grasped the bar at shoulder width with the palms of the

lhands facing away from the body. Each subject stood with

his back against the training room wall. The subject then

performed the routine of exercise. The partners rotated

at the completion of each set. At the conclusion of each

training session, each subject's maximum weight was

recorded in pounds. Following the training session, the

subjects participated in the activity of the regular phy-

sical education class.

Each experimental group performed an equated work

period of 35 seconds. The investigator utilized a large

wall clock with a sweep second hand to measure the work

period.
1
I
!

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS

This study was designed to determine the effects of

two strength training methods through a full range of

motion. Thirty seventh and eighth grade boys were divided

into two equal experimental groups and trained for a period

of six weeks using the bicep curl exercise. The angles

measured within the range of motion were 120, 80, and 40

degrees. Data was collected at the pre-test, the mid-test,

and the post-test; it was then statistically analyzed using

the analysis of variance.

Analysis of the Findings

for the Angles of 120, 80, 40 Degrees

Angle of 120 Degrees

The analysis of variance indicated that there was

no significant differences between groups before the train-

ing period and at the end of six weeks of exercise. There

was a significant strength gain within groups at the .01

level of confidence. The data are reported in Table 1.

32
 33

TABLE 1

Analysis of Variance for the Angle of 120°

Source of Variance Mean Square D.F. F-Ratio p

Between Groups 650.7111 29. 0.381 .5485*

Error 1750.6730
Within Trials 3548.8111 60. 8.387 .0009**
Group by Trial 518.0777 .3015
Error (T) 423.111
Total 901.5456 89.

*Between groups insignificant at the .05 level of confider

**Within trials significant at the .01 level of confidence

Group Means by Trial

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Group A 93.06 93.13 105.06*
Group B 90.86 97.20 119.33*

*Significant at the .01 level of confidence

Angle of 80 Degrees

The second angle to be measured was the angle of

80 degrees. There was found to be no significant differ-

ence between the two groups at the 80 degree angle. How-

ever, there was a significant gain in strength within

groups at the .05 level of confidence. The data are re-

ported in Table 2.
 34

GRAPH 1

THE NEAN GAIN OF THE ANGLE OF 120 DEGREES

140

.s 115 Not
'g
·r-i
110 Sig.
.-I
~105
~
Q) 100
()
!-!
0 95
~

90

85

80

Pre-test Mid-test Post-test

o ______________ EXER-GENIE

0-------- DELORME
 35

TABLE 2

Analysis of Variance for the Angle of 80°

I
l Source of Variance

Between Groups
Error
Mean Square

1144.90
485 93
0
D.F.

29.
F-Ratio

2.356
p

.1325*

Within Trials 294.54 60. 4.925 .0107**

Group by Trial 14.03 .7943
Error (T) 59.80
Total 210.30 89.

*Between groups insignificant at the.05 level of confidence

**Within trials significant at the .05 level of confidence

Group Means by Trial

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Group A 55.93 56.00 61.20*
Group B 47.40 50.20 54.13*

*Significant at the .05 level of confidence

Angle of 40 Degrees

The third angle measured in a range of motion was

the angle of 40 degrees. The analysis of variance in-

dicated a significant difference between groups at the

.05 level of confidence. The analysis also revealed that

there was no significant difference in strength gain

within the trials. The data for the angle of 40 degrees

are recorded in Table 3.

'I
I
36

I
GRAPH 2

THE MEAN GAIN OF THE ANGLE OF 80 DEGREES

Ul
'g
:::1
0
P1
!::
·r-1

"0
Q)
·r-1
.-!
p. .. o5
p.
~
Q)
u Not
!-! Sig.
0
Iii

45
u------
M_ -------

40

Pre-test Mid-test Post-test

o _ _ _ _ EXER-GENIE

0-------- DELORME
'
l 37 .

TABLE 3
Analysis of Variance for the Angle of 40°

Source of Variance Mean Square D.F. F-Ratio p

Between Groups 1673.2582 29. 4.346 .0439*

Error 1500.1778
Within Trials 623.4111 60. 2.961 .0584
Group by Trial 345.2111 .2016
Error (T) 210.5254
Total 699.4512 89.

*Between groups significant at the .05 level of confidence

Group Means by Trial

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Group A 92.33 100.53 96.13
Group B 73.06 78.13 86.73

In order to determine the difference within trials

for each angle, the Ne1vrnan Keuls Method of analysis was

utilized. Between the pre-test and mid-test there were no

differences found within groups for either Group A or Group

B at any of the three angles. However, differences were

indicated within groups for both Group A and Group B be-

tween the mid-test and the post-test at the angle of 120

and 80 degrees. The Newman Keuls analysis score of 17.03

for Group A and 20.23 for Group B exceeded the .01 level of

confidence score of 16.76 at the angle of 120 degrees. The

analysis score of 4.80 for Group A and 5.99 for Group B

exceeded the .05 level of confidence score of 4.80 at the

 38

GRAPH 3

THE :MEAN GAIN OF THE ANGLE OF 40 DEGREES

Not Sig.
(I)

"g 105
~
0
llt 100
~
·r-1 95
'0
Q)
·r-1
90
r-t
0. 85
0.
< .OS
Q) 80
(J
l-1
~
0 75

70

65 Not Sig.

60

Pre-test Mid-test Post-test

o ____________ EXER-GENIE

0-------- DELORME
1l 39

!
i

angle of 80 degrees. There were no differences found

within groups at the 40 degree angle.

Discussion of the Findings

The major consideration in this study was to deter-

mine the effect of two strength training methods through a

full range of motion. At the beginning of the investiga-

tion, the investigator hypothesized that both training

regimens would affect strength through a full range of

motion. The statistical treatment of the data would also

indicate if one method was superior for strength training.

The Pre-test

The basis for equating the groups was determined by

their best pre-test score at the angle of 120 degrees. The

subjects "'vere ranked according to their strength at the 120

degree angle and then assigned to the two experimental

groups by the matched pairs method.

Through the statistical analysis of variance, it was

found that no differences existed at the group-equating

angle of 120 degrees and at the angle of 80 degrees for any

of the three tests. However, there was a difference be-

tween groups at the angle of 40 degrees on all three tests.

One consideration for the difference between groups at the

40 degree angle may be the previous training which the

individuals have had at this specific angle. If several of

the subjects had received prior training at an angle of

1 40

approximately 40 degrees, they could have affected the

mean of the group in which they were placed. The investi-

gator is unable,with the exception of the previous state-

ment, to explain the discrepancy which occurred at the 40

degree angle. Consequently, the assumption that the equat-

ing of groups at one angle would result in all other angles

being equated was not verified by the analysis of the sco~

from the pre-test. Therefore, the differences found at the

40 degree angle cannot be seriously considered.

The Mid -test

At the conclusion of three weeks of training, each

group was given a mid-test. Each subject was given one

trial at each of the three angles to be measured. Using

the Newman Keuls Method of statistical treatment to deter-

mine significance within groups, it was found that neither

group improved significantly between the pre-test and the

mid-test. This insignificance may have been due to the

training methods; however, it may also be attributed to the

design of the mid and post-test. The pre-test was designed

for each subject to exert two trials at each angle on three

alternate days which is a total of six trials. In the mid

and post-test the research design called for each subject

to perform one maximum effort at each angle on one test

trial. Since each angle was to be tested only once, it was

anticipated that the factor of fatigue would be eliminated

and that the subject 1vould be motivated to exert a maximum

I
 41

effort. However, the subjects, having been trained with

two trials, perhaps would have performed better if given

a second trial.

The Post-test

The post -test w·as conducted in the same manner as

the mid-test. At the conclusion of the post-test, there

was found to be no significant difference between the two

experimental groups at the angles of 120 and 80 degrees.

There was a significant difference between groups at the

angle of 40 degrees. However, as reported in the preceding

discussion of the pre-test, this difference may be due to

the fact that the groups were not equated at the 40 degree

angle in the pre-test.

Since both Group A and Group B improved significantl

within themselves, consideration was given to a comparison

of the mean gains within groups at each angle to ascertain

some trend for each group's improvement from the pre-test

to the post-test. The mean gain in pounds for both Group A

and Group B is as follmvs:

The Exer-Genie group, Group A, increased 12 pounds

at the angle of 120 degrees, 5.27 pounds at the angle of

80 degrees, and 3.8 pounds at the angle of 40 degrees. The

modified DeLorme group, Group B, increased 28.47 pounds at

the angle of 120 degrees, 6.73 pounds at the angle of 80

degrees, and 13.67 pounds at the angle of 40 degrees.

Since the DeLorme group ained the most stren th

 42

at the 120 degree angle and since both groups gained

nearly the same strength at the 80 degree angle, it is

not clear which method results in greater strength gains.

 43

GRAPH 4

GROUP MEAN GAIN IN POUNDS

34
32 ~
\
30
28
"\
\
\
26 \
\
rn 24
't'l
s:: \
::l \.
0 22 \
0..
s:: 20 \
·.-l \
't'l \
Q) 18
·.-l \
.-!
0. 16 \
0. \
~ \
Q) 14
CJ
l-1
0 12
Iii
10
8
6
4

2
0

120 80 40

e EXER-GENIE
~--------- DELORME
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The problem of this study was to ascertain which

method is most effective in developing strength through a

full range of motion, the Exer-Genie or a modified DeLorme

traditional method of weight lifting.

Thirty seventh and eighth grade boys enrolled in a

general physical education class were used as subjects.

The groups were equated on the basis of their best score

at the angle of 120 degrees. All subjects were ranked and

then assigned to two experimental groups. The matched

pairs technique was used to equate the groups.

Group A trained using the Exer-Genie technique.

Group B trained using a modified DeLorme technique. The

training program consisted of one week of familiarization

and pre-testing and six weeks of formal training. The

testing design consisted of a pre, mid, and post-test for

each group at three angles by use of a cable tensiometer.

Each subject trained within an equated work period of

thirty-five seconds.

The findings of this study indicate that both Group

A and Group B gained strength within their group at the

44

l
 45

angles of 120 and 80 degrees. The analysis of variance

indicates no differences occurred between Groups A and B

at the angles of 120 and 80 degrees. There was a differ-

ence indicated at the 40 degree angle, but, due to the

pre-score differences, this finding could not be considere

Conclusion

Since the hypothesis was shown to be tenable,

(wherein the data was acceptable at the angles of 120 and

80 degrees) it was concluded that after six weeks of train

ing, the Exer-Genie and modified DeLorme techniques are

equally effective for strength development through a full

range of motion as measured in this investigation.

Recommendations for Future Studies

As a result of this study, the following recommen-

dations are made for future studies:

1. That strength comparison studies of several

joint angles utilize the random sample method of grouping

subjects to avoid any significant differences at angles

other than the criterion angle.

2. That strength comparison studies do not use a

method of matching groups on the basis of one angle in a

range of motion.

3. That more than three different angles of flexion

be measured through a full range of motion.

 46

4. That a future study compare isometric training

with the Exer-Genie.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

1. Clarke, Harrison H. Aoplication of Measurement to

Health and Physical Education. Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Incor-
porated. 196 7.

2. DeVries, Herbert A· Physiology of Exercise. Dubuque,

Iowaa w.c. Brown Company, 1966.
3. Falls, H.B.; l'lallis, E.L.; and Logan, G.A. Foundations
Q[ Conditioning. New Yorks Academic Press, 1970

4. Hooks, Gene. Application of Weight Training for

Athletics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall,) Incorporated, 1962.

5. Jarver, Jess L. The How and Why Qf. Physical Condition-

ing for Sports. Adelaide, Australiaa Rigby
Limited, 1964.

Massey, Benjamin H. The Kinesiology of Weight Lifting.

Dubuque, Iowaa w.c. Brown Company, 1959.

Periodicals

7. Alexander, John F.; Martin, Stephen L.; and Metz,

Kenneth. "The Effects of a Four Week Exer-Genie
Training Program on Certain Physical Fitness
Components of Conditioned Male University Stu-
dents," Research Quarterly, 39:16-23, March 1968

8. Alexander, John F.; Drake, Clare J.; Reichenbach, Peter

J.; and Haddow, James B. "Effect of Strength
Development on Speed of Shooting of Varsity Ice
Hockey Players," Research Quarterly, 35s101-106,
May 1964.

9. Ball, Jerry R.; Rich, G.Q.; and Wallis, E.A. "Effects

of Isometric Training on Vertical Jumping,"
Research Quarterly, 35:231-235, October 1964.

48
 49 .

10. Barney, Vernon and Bangerter, Balauer. "Comparison

of Three Programs of Progressive Resistance
Exercise," Research Quarterly, 32:138-146,
Nay 1961.

11. Bender, Jay A· and Kaplan, Harold M. "The Multiple

Angle Testing Method for the Evaluation of
Muscle Strength," Journal of Bone and Joint
Surgery, 45A:135-140, January 1963.

12. Berger, Richard A. "Comparative Effects of Three

Weight Training Programs," Research Quarterly,
34:396-397, October 1963.

13. Berger Richard A· "Effects of Varied Weight Training

Programs on Strength," Research Quarterly,
33:168-181, May 1962.

14. Berger, Richard A· "Comparison of Static and Dynamic

Strength Increases," Research Quarterlv, 35:
329-332, May 1964.
15. Capen, Edward K. "Study of Four Programs of Heavy
Resistance Exercise for Development of Muscular
Strength," Research Quarterly, 27:132-142,
May 1956.

16. Chui, Edward. "Effects of Isometric and Dynamic

Weight Training Exercises upon Strength and
Speed of Movement," Research Quarterly, 35:
246-252, January 1964.

17. Clarke, Harrison H. "Relationship Between Body

Position and the Application of Muscle Power
to Movements of the Joints," Archiyes of
Physical Medicine, 31:81-99, 1950.

18. Coleman, Alfred. "Effects of Unilateral Isometric

and Isotonic Contractions on the Strength of
the Contralateral Limb," Research Quarterly,
40:490-495, January 1969.

19. Denison, J.D. "Effect of Isometric and Isotonic

Exercise Programs upon Muscular Endurance,"
Research Quarterly, 32:348-352, October 1961.

20 • Gardner, Gerald W. "Specificity o.f Strength Changes

of the Exercised and Non-exercised Limb Follow-
ing Isometric Training," Research Quarterly,
34:98-99, March 1963.
 50

21. Gentile, Dom. "A New All Around Exerciser,"

Scholastic Coach, 35:24-26, January 1966.

22. Haldeman, Neil. "Pitching Velocity: Can You Increase

It?" Scholastic Coach, 39s32-34, April 1970.

23. Kroll, Walter. "Isometric Fatigue Curves under Varied

Intertrial Recuperation Periods," Research
Quarterly, 39:106-115, March 1968.

24. Logan, Gene; McKinney, Wayne c.; Rowe, William; and

Lumpe, Jerry. "Effect of Resistance Through
a Throwing Range of Motion on the Velocity of
a Baseball," Perceptual and Motor Skills,
23a55-5 8, 1966.

25. Logan, Gene; McKinney, Wayne C.; and Birmingham, Dick.

"Training Baseball Pitchers in the Off-Season,"
Athletic Journal, 58:84-86, January 1968.

26. Logan, Gene A.; Lockhart, Aillene; and Matt, Jane A.

"Development of Isometric Strength at Different
Angles within the Range of Motion," Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 42:658, 1965.

27. Rasch, Philip J. and Pierson, William R. "One Posit·

Versus Multiple Positions in Isometric Exercise"
American Journal Qf Phvsical Medicine, 43s10-12
February 1964.

28. Rasch, Philip J. and Morehouse, Laurence. "Effect of

Static and Dynamic Exercises on Muscular
Strength and Hypertrophy," Journal of Applied
Physiology, 11:29-34, July 1957.

29. ·williams, Marian and Stulzman, Leon. "Strength Varia-

tion Through the Range of Joint Motion," Thg
Phvsical Therapy Review, 39:145-152, 1959.

Unpublished Sources

30. Britten, Samuel D. "The Effects of Body Position on

the Development of Isometric and Isotonic
Strength," An Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,
University of Southern California, 1968.

31. Halpern, Larry. "The Effects of Muscular Strength

Gained on Vertical Jump Performance," An Unpub-
lished Thesis, San Fernando Valley State
College, 1969.
..
51

32. Logan, Gene A· "Differential Applications of Resist-

ance and Resulting Strength Measured at Varying
Degrees of I<:nee Extension," An Unpublished
Doctoral Dissertation, University of Southern
California, 1960.

33. Parsons, Robert E. "A Comparison of the Exer-Genie

as a Physical Conditioning Device to Traditiona
Methods of Exercise," An Unpublished Thesis,
Central Washington State College, 1969.

34 • Rhode, Dale li. "The Effect of Isometric and Isotonic

Exercises on the Development of Muscular
Strength," An Unpublished Thesis, Southern
Illinois University, 1967.

35. Sterling, Leroy and Nicolson, Jerry. "A Comparison

of Weight Training and Exer-Genie Methods of
Strength Development," An Unpublished Thesis,
University of Florida, 1967.

I
.

APPENDICES
I

APPENDIX A
RAW DATA IN POUNDS FOR GROUP A

L
•
54

RAlv DATA IN POUNDS FOR GROUP A

THE EXER -GENIE

QrOJJJ2 ~ Pre-te§t Mig-test PQst-test

120° 80° 40° 120° 80° 40° 120° 80° 40°
CT 130 109 84 140 69 94 174 75 40
CA 77 45 120 80 50 100 57 53 126
SM 95 75 130 136 80 144 94 92 138
DY 100 65 72 49 72 95 124 80 105
cu 114 74 120 90 80 92 84 80 80
FE 59 50 67 107 49 122 134 53 100
BE 80 60 132 94 65 150 69 65 156
GO 77 37 47 87 60 59 116 67 87
JJ 94 50 98 75 57 95 110 67 80
DG 103 59 124 105 43 114 114 37 114
LG 105 35 75 100 45 82 82 47 65
HK 109 37 95 114 37 136 116 47 110
WR 94 53 82 98 45 92 110 45 109
LE 85 47 65 55 35 53 98 53 55
SI 74 43 74 67 53 80 94 57 77

.
 APPENDIX B

RAW DATA IN POUNDS FOR GROUP B

I
 56

RAW DATA IN POU~IDS FOR GROUP B

MODIFIED DELORME

GrouQ B Pre-test Mid-test Pgst-test

120° 80° 40° 120° 80° 40° 120° 80° 40°
BA 110 72 95 114 55 95 132 67 103
TI 49 40 82 80 50 138 105 43 140
ED 114 47 82 109 53 87 144 56 87
WN 107 53 103 144 57 85 144 60 98
JO 110 54 61 116 40 84 144 53 98
BO 92 35 75 100 40 55 100 37 69
BL 114 59 67 164 69 80 154 82 80
MN 84 40 75 57 47 80 70 43 67
ST 85 57 60 57 43 49 103 55 49
RO 92 53 82 126 67 70 206 67 107
RU 85 40 77 94 40 69 156 50 87
MA 63 35 85 92 49 98 65 45 95
FZ 51 34 43 47 43 50 53 49 49
BW 109 35 50 53 35 67 100 45 74
WA 98 57 59 105 65 65 144 60 98