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Chapter 9 - Forces and Motion
Chapter 9 - Forces and Motion
Chapter 9
What is Scalar?
The scalar quantities have only magnitude.
They do not have direction.
For example length, mass, speed, time etc are some of the examples of scalar.
What is a Vector?
The vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
For example, velocity, momentum, force, weight, acceleration etc are some of the examples of
vector.
What is motion?
Motion is movement, or changing position. Everything in the universe is in motion.
Motion can be measured in different ways.
The motion of an object with some mass can be described in terms of the
following:
Distance and Displacement
Speed
Velocity
Time
Acceleration
Momentum
Distance and Displacement
What Is Distance?
Distance = Total length of the Path covered from one point to another / Total Time Taken
Distance Displacement
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑠𝑠 70 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣 = = 0.7 m/s
𝑡𝑡 100 𝑠𝑠
In SI units, distance is measured in METERS (m), time is measured in SECONDS (s), and speed is
therefore measured in METERS PER SECOND (m/s).
Velocity
Velocity is speed in a specific direction. (Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement.)
If a train travels 120 km per hour, that’s its speed. But if a train travels 120 km in a westerly
direction in one hour, you can also state its velocity: 120 km/hr west.
So a change in velocity means either a change in DIRECTION or a change in SPEED.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 v = velocity
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 =
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 s =displacement
t= time taken
𝒔𝒔
𝒗𝒗 =
𝑡𝑡
70 𝑚𝑚
𝒗𝒗 = = 0.7 m/s east
100 𝑠𝑠
SPEED VS VELOCITY
Acceleration
Acceleration is the change in an object’s
Increase the speed
velocity.
Increase the speed
Change in direction
Decrease the speed
Change in direction
v - v0
or a=
t
SI unit= m/s2
Acceleration ( Continued)
Uniform Motion
A body is said to be in uniform motion when it moves with a constant or uniform speed
at a certain distance in an equal time interval.
Since the velocity is constant, the acceleration is zero.
Acceleration ( Continued)
Non-uniform Motion
Non-Uniform Acceleration
A body is said to be in non-uniform motion when it moves with a variable speed in equal time
intervals at different distances.
If either magnitude or direction or both magnitude and direction of the velocity changes, it
has acceleration.
Motion with changing velocity is called non-uniform motion or accelerated motion.
Acceleration( Continued)
Acceleration is positive when it is in the same direction
as the object’s motion, and positive acceleration means
the object is speeding up.
Acceleration is negative when it is in the opposite
direction of the object’s motion, and it means the object
is slowing down. Negative acceleration can also be
called DECELERATION or RETARDATION.
Instantaneous velocity
The instantaneous velocity is defined as the time rate of change of displacement.
∆v dv
a = lim =
∆t →0 ∆t t
EXERCISE 1
Motion
Directions: Choose the best answer for each of the following items.
Questions 1 and 2 are based on the following graph.
3. Which object has the greatest momentum: a 60-gram tennis ball traveling
At 20 meters per second or a 600-gram basketball traveling at 2 meters per
second?
A. the basketball
B. the tennis ball
C. neither ball has momentum
D. their momentum is the same
4. An eagle flies due east 40 miles per hour for 1 hour and 30 minutes and then 10 miles in the
opposite direction at 20 miles per hour. How far did it fly? --------------Miles
9. A dolphin swims 56 meters in 8 seconds and a walrus swims 30 meters in 6 seconds. Which is
faster, the dolphin or the walrus?
FORCES
A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's
interaction with another object.
Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force
upon each of the objects.
When the interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the
force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.
Force always has MAGNITUDE (size) and direction.
Effects of force
1) Set a stationary object into motion
2) Stop a moving object
3) Change speed
4) Change direction
5) Change dimension (. Movement doesn’t have to be moving
from one location to another; it can also be changing the shape
of something.)
“Force is a physical quantity that changes or tends to change the state of rest or
motion of a body or changes the dimension of body.”
Net Force
The net force is defined as is the sum of all the forces acting on an object.
Net force can accelerate an object. Some other force acts on a body either at rest or motion.
If the forces are in the same direction, you add them; if the forces are in opposite directions, you
subtract them.
FNet = F1 + F2 + F3….+ FN
Where,
F1, F2, F3…FN is the force acting on a body.
Net force when a body is at rest:
When the body is at rest, the net force formula is given by,
FNet = Fa + Fg.
Where,
Fa = applied force,
Fg = gravitational force.
When a moving object slows down, it is
Net force when a body is in motion: due to friction. Friction is a force that
resists and opposes motion and has the
When a force is applied to the body, not only is the applied result of slowing or stopping an object
force acting, there are many other forces like gravitational from moving.
force Fg, frictional force Ff and the normal force that
balances the other force.
Therefore, the net force formula is given by,
FNet = Fa + Fg + Ff + FN.
Where,
•Fa is applied force,
•Fg is the gravitational force,
•Ff is the frictional force,
•FN is a normal force.
Unit of Force (The Newton)
1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s2
Balanced and unbalanced Forces
Newton’s laws of motion are three physical laws that describe the relationship between a body and the
forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces.
The first law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force,
and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn’t exist.
Newton’s First law of Motion: Inertia
“An object in motion will remain in motion and an object at rest
will remain at rest unless there is net force acting on the object.”
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 F net = ma
a∝
𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 Net force = mass x acceleration
a= 𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Force ( Continued)
“Newton’s second law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change
in time. Momentum is defined to be the mass m of an object times its velocity V.”
Newton’s Third Law: Action & Reaction
3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion (Action & Whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second
Reaction) object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
Momentum and Collisions
The amount of motion in a moving object is called momentum.
When an object is moving, the product of its mass and velocity is called its momentum.
The larger an object is and the faster it moves, the greater its momentum.
Momentum is represented by a lowercase p.
When two objects collide under inelastic conditions, the final velocity
with which the object moves is given by-
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀+𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
V=
𝑀𝑀𝑀+𝑀𝑀𝑀
Where,
•V= Final velocity
ptotal = (m1 × v1) + (m2 × v2). •M1= mass of the first object in kgs
•M2= mas of the second object in kgs
•V1= initial velocity of the first object in m/s
•V2= initial velocity of the second object in m/s
Inelastic Collision Problems
Problem 1:
Shankha is going by a slippery snowy hill. He has a mass of 20kg, and he is sliding the hill at a velocity of 5m/s. Shankha’s
elder brother has a mass of 30kg. His brother is moving slower with a velocity of 2m/s. Shankha collides to his brother. Then
both of them keep going down the hill as one unit. Calculate the resulting velocity of Shankha.
p1=m1*v1 p2=m2*v2
= 20*5 = 100kgm-1 = 30*2 = 60kgm-1
V = m1v1+m2v2 / m1+m2
= 100+60/20+30
= 160/50
=3.2ms-1
Problem 2:
Shankha driving a 20000 kg truck and travelling eastwards at a speed of 10m/s. He hit the rear end of a 1400kg car at the
stop signal. The collision caused both vehicles to stick together. What is the final momentum of the vehicle?
Elastic Collisions
Elastic collisions occur when two objects strike each other but do not stick together. The
following image shows the different ways elastic collisions occur.
In row “a,” the dark-colored ball is traveling
slowly toward the white ball that sits idle. An
object at rest does not have any momentum
since its velocity is zero. As when a cue ball
strikes a billiard ball, after the collision the
momentum of the first ball is transferred
entirely to the second ball. The first ball stops
and the second ball rolls away.
4. What is inertia?
A. the speed at which an object is moving
B. changes in an object’s speed or direction
C. the force needed to move an object a certain distance
D. the tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion
5 . A 20 kg object is dropped from the top of a building and is accelerating at 5 m/s/s. What is the force acting on the
object?
A. 20 kg × m/s/s
B. 15 kg × m/s/s
C. 25 kg × m/s/s
D. 100 kg × m/s/s
A student is testing out Newton’s laws of motion by applying different forces for 3 seconds to different-colored toy
cars of the same mass (2 kg each). The cars start at rest. She records the data for the toy cars in the following chart.
6. What is the value of the unbalanced force acting on the green car?
(A) 0 N 2*0 = 0
(B) 4 N
(C) 6 N
(D) 10 N
1. Frictional Force: Friction is a force exerted by a surface against the motion of a body across its surface.
Friction is the reason why your car comes to a standstill if you don’t press the accelerator. The frictional force is
opposing the rotation of the wheels of your car.
2. Normal Force: The normal force is also called support force.
The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object
that is in contact with another fixed or stable object.
For example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then the
surface is exerting an upward force upon the book in order to
support the weight of the book.
Electrostatic Force
The electrostatic force is very similar to the gravitational force.
The difference here is that gravitational force acts between masses
and an electrostatic force acts between two charged bodies.
Magnetic Force
A MAGNET is a material that is attracted to iron, steel, or other
magnets.
A magnet consists of two poles, north and south.
If we consider two magnets, then the unlike poles of the two will
attract each other, i.e the north pole of one magnet will attract the
south pole of the other.
In the same set of magnets, the like poles repel each other, i.e. the
north pole of one magnet will repel the north pole of the other.
Similarly, the south poles of the two will also repel each other.
Thus, the force of attraction or repulsion acting between the poles
of two magnets is called the Magnetic force.
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity is the movement of electrons from one place to another.
Electricity flows in a complete circle called a circuit. This flow of electricity is called an electric
current.
If the circuit is broken, the electric current will find a different path from its normal path.
Electricity and magnetism are strongly related. Electricity can be used to produce a magnet. Magnets
can be used to make electricity.
An object that can attract iron, a metal, is considered magnetic. Many of the devices we use daily
such as hairdryers and computer hard drives contain powered magnets, which have a magnetic field.
A magnetic field is the area surrounding the magnet. Magnetic fields also surround electric currents.
When you hold a compass near a wire that is carrying a current, the compass needle will move as it is
affected by the magnetic field around the electric circuit.
As the current increases in the wire, the magnetic field becomes stronger.
In this diagram,
the battery or power source connects a positive charge
on one end of the coil and a negative charge on the
other end of the coil.
The electrical force of the coil converts the iron core
into an electromagnet, exerting a noncontact force on
the iron rod.
The core produces a north and south pole, similar to
the magnetic forces that are exerted from Earth.
An electromagnet can be manipulated to create a
greater magnetic force.
The more loops the coil makes around the core, the
greater is the strength of the magnetic field. In addition,
increasing the electric current through the coil also
increases the magnetic field’s strength.
Gravitational Force
The gravitation is a force of attraction between all bodies with mass.
The sun’s gravitational force keeps the Earth and all the other solar system planets in a fixed orbit.
Gravitational force does not need to be in contact to exert its downward force.
Law of universal gravitation
Newton also identified the law of universal gravitation. This law says that every object attracts every other
object with a force determined by the objects’ masses and the distance between them.
Gravity is the force of attraction between all things that have mass.
The strength of gravity depends on both the mass and the distance between masses. Larger masses have
more gravity.
Also, objects that are closer will always pull on you with more gravity.
Law of universal gravitation (Continued)
This law also explains why, on Earth, things fall. Because Earth has such a large mass and we are so close
to it, the gravity between Earth and the objects on it is very strong.
When gravity is the only force acting on an object, the object is in free fall. An object in free fall
accelerates, or continually speeds up, as it falls toward the ground at a constant rate of approximately
9.8 m/s2.
Mass and Weight
MASS WEIGHT
• Mass is the measure of amount of matter in the • Weight is the measure of the amount of force acting
body. on a mass acceleration due to gravity.
• Mass can never be zero • Weight can be zero. As in space if no gravity acts
upon an object, its weight becomes zero.
• Mass is a scalar quantity. It has magnitude. • Weight is a vector quantity. It has magnitude and is
directed toward the center of the Earth or other
gravity well.
• Mass is commonly measured in kilograms and • Weight is commonly measured in Newtons.
grams.
• Mass doesn’t change according to location. • Weight varies according to location.
• The mass may be measured using an ordinary • Weight is measured using a spring balance.
balance.
Mass = volume × density Weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity
w=mg
The force of gravity on Earth is approximately 9.80m/s2
Since g=9.80m/s2
In the United States, the most familiar unit of force is the pound (lb), where 1 N = 0.225 lb.
Thus, a 225-lb person weighs 1000 N.
Noncontact Forces
Directions: Choose the best answer to the question.
1. A spaceship heading for Mars is launched from the surface of Earth. Initially, the force of gravity on the
spaceship is equal to its mass times 9.8 m/s2. The spaceship leaves Earth’s atmosphere and travels
through space past the distance of the moon. Which sentence describes the gravitational force exerted on the
spaceship by Earth?
A. The gravitational force exerted on the spaceship does not change.
B. The gravitational force exerted on the spaceship decreases.
C. The gravitational force exerted on the spaceship increases.
D. Not enough information is provided to make a determination.
2. Based solely on mass, on which of the following planets would you expect surface gravity to be the greatest?
A. Venus, 4.87x1024 kg
B. Earth, 5.97x1024 kg
C. Mars, 0.642x1024 kg
D. Uranus, 568x1024 kg
3. Mass is an indicator of the amount of matter that an object possesses. Scientists determine the weight of
an object by multiplying its mass by the acceleration that the object experiences due to gravity. The
acceleration due to gravity on the moon is approximately 1/6 the acceleration due to gravity on the earth.
Based on the information above, a person would have less--------on the moon.
Scientists use the following formula to calculate the force of gravity that two objects exert on each other:
In the equation
Simple machine is a device or tool that has a simple mechanism to help you perform work by
changing the direction and amount of the force.
To make work easier, humans invented MACHINES. A machine is anything that makes work
easier--even a RAMP is a machine.
A simple machine doesn’t reduce the total amount of work that is accomplished, but it decreases
the amount of force required to do the same amount of work by increasing the distance.
The six types of simple machines are listed in the following table.
Inclined Plane
A WHEEL and AXLE make it easier to turn something by attaching a larger wheel to an axle, or rod,
which is essentially a smaller wheel.
There are two ways wheels and axles are used.
A wheel alone or an axle alone is not a simple machine. They need to be joined to be called a
simple machine.
Pulleys
A pulley is simply a wheel with a groove and a rope in the
groove. It is also called a drum or a sheave. The groove is
important because it helps to keep the rope in place.
It is used to lift or lower heavy objects. With a pulley, the
item to be lifted is tied to one end of the rope.
A force is applied to the other end by pulling the rope
downwards.
The downward force turns the wheel with the rope and pulls
the load upwards at the other end.
Pulleys change the direction of the force.