PAD 104-Book-2 (Manav Sansadhan)

èd§Vamd PAD 104
MìhmU _mZd Am{U {dÎmr` g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ

Book Code : PAD 1042
_hmamï´>
_wŠV {dÚmnrR>
nwñVH$ 2
‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZ … g§KQ>Z Am{U g‘ñ¶m

boIH$ : S>m.° lrH$m§V _Ja, S>m.° H$m{bXmg \$S>
KQ>H$ 1 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ AW©, ñdê$n, ì`már d ‘hÎd 1

KQ>H$ 2 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ 7
KQ>H$ 3 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb` 15
KQ>H$ 4 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ g§KQ>Z : H|$Ðr` ñVa 25

KQ>H$ 5 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ g§KQ>Z : amÁ`ñVa 33
KQ>H$ 6 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g‘ñ`m d Cnm` 45

Course Code : PAD104 Book Code : PAD1042 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZ … g§KQ>Z Am{U g‘ñ¶m
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

Hw$bJwê$ : àm. B©. dm`wZ§XZ
‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$emóo {dÚmemIm n[afX
S>m°. àdrU KmoS>oñdma ZmJmOw©Z dmS>oH$a S>m°. ho‘§V amOJwê$
à. g§MmbH$ gh¶moJr àmÜ¶mnH$ gh`moJr àmÜ`mnH$
‘mZì`{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$emóo {dÚmemIm ‘mZì`{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$emóo {dÚmemIm e¡j{UH$ godm {d^mJ
`.M.‘. ‘w³V {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ `.M.‘. ‘w³V {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ `.M.‘. ‘w³V {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
S>m°. {dO`m nmQ>rb ‘mYd nierH$a S>m°. ‘mohZ H$merH$a
gh¶moJr$àmÜ`mnH$ gh`moJr àmÜ`mnH$ àmÜ`mnH$, amÁèmó {d^mJ
{ejUemó {dÚmemIm g§JUH$emó {dÚmemIm amï´>g§V VwH$S>moOr ‘hmamO ZmJnya {dÚmnrR>
`.M.‘. ‘w³V {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ `.M.‘. ‘w³V {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ ZmJnya
S>m°. gVre ~S>do S>m°. b{VH$m AO~mZr S>m°. gwaoe H$mZS>o
àmÜ¶mnH$ ghm¶H$ àmÜ`mnH$ àmÜ¶mnH$
‘amR>r ^mfm Am{U gm{hË` {d^mJ dm{UÁ` Am{U ì`dñWmnZ {dÚmemIm qhXr {d^mJ
S> m° . ~m~mgmho ~ Am§ ~o S> H$a ‘amR>d mS>m `.M.‘. ‘w³V {dÚmnrR> Eg.E‘.Ama.Ho$. ‘{hcm ‘hm{dÚmb`
{dÚmnrR>, Am¡a§Jm~mX Zm{eH$ Zm{eH$
S>m°. ‘YwH$a eodmio S>m°. {dZm`H$ Xoenm§S>o
Cn J«§Wnmb àmÜ¶mnH$ d ‘mOr {d^mJà‘wI
`.M.‘. ‘w³V {dÚmnrR> ì¶dgm¶ ì¶dñWmnZ {d^mJ
Zm{eH$ amï´>g§V VwH$S>moOr ‘hmamO ZmJnya {dÚmnrR>
ZmJnya
Aä¶mgH«$‘ g{‘Vr
S>m°. í¶m‘ {eagmR> S>m°. ~mbmOr H$Îmyadma S>m°. dmg§Vr amg‘
à. Hw$bJwê$ àmÜ¶mnH$ à‘wI
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ‘amR>dmS>m bmoH$àemgZ {d^mJ amÁ¶emó {d^mJ
{dÚmnrR>, Am¡a§Jm~mX XoJbya ‘hm{dÚmb¶, XoJbya, {O. Zm§XoS> {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
S>m°. ^maV Jmoao S>m°. {OV|Ð dmg{ZH$ S>m°. àrVr nmohoH$a
gh¶moJr àmÜ¶mnH$ gh¶moJr àmÜ¶mnH$ àmÜ¶mnH$
bmoH$àemgZ {d^mJ bmoH$àemgZ d ñWm{ZH$ ñdamO emgZ bmoH$àemgZ {d^mJ
{ddoH$mZ§X ‘hm{dÚmb¶ {d^mJ, amï´>g§V VwH$S>mOo r ‘hmamO {dÚmnrR> amO{f© emhÿ ‘hm{dÚmb¶
Am¡aJ§ m~mX ZmJnya bmVya
S>m°. AemoH$ ZmB©H$dmS>o S>m°. A{^{OV {nbImZo
àmMm¶© gh¶moJr àmÜ¶mnH$, bmoH$àemgZ {d^mJ
n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohê$ ‘hm{dÚmb¶ MoVZm {ejU àgmaH$ ‘§S>i g§M{bV
Am¡aJ§ m~mX H$bm d[að> ‘hm{dÚmb¶, Am¡a§Jm~mX
Course Code : PAD104 Book Code : PAD1042 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZ … g§KQ>Z Am{U g‘ñ¶m
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

Hw$bJwê$ : àm. B©. dm`wZ§XZ
à. g§MmcH$ … S>m°. àdrU KmoS>oñdma, ‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$emñÌo {dÚmemIm
boIH$ g§nmXH$
S>m.° lrH$m§V _Ja S>m.° H$m{bXmg ’$S> S>m.° í¶m‘ {eagmR>
ghm¶H$ àmÜ¶mnH$, bmoH$àemgZ {d^mJ ghm¶H$ àmÜ¶mnH$, bmoH$àemgZ {d^mJ à. Hw$bJwê$,
lr_Vr Eg. Ho$. Jm§Yr _hm{dÚmb` amOrd Jm§Yr ‘hm{dÚmb¶, H$a‘mS> S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ‘amR>dmS>m
H$S>m, {O. ~rS>> {O. Am¡a§Jm~mX {dÚmnrR>, Am¡a§Jm~mX
AZwXe
o Z-V§Ì-g§nmXH$ ^mfm g§nmXH$
S>m.° gwerb H$m§~io S>m.° gwZrb Jmd§S>o
e¡j{UH$ g§¶moOH$ e¡j{UH$ g§¶moOH$
‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH emóo {dÚmemIm ‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH emóo {dÚmemIm
¶.M.‘.‘w³V {dÚmnrR> ¶.M.‘.‘w³V {dÚmnrR>
Zm{eH$-422222 Zm{eH$-422222
{ejUH«$‘ g§¶moOH$
S>m.° gwZrb Jmd§S>o S>m.° gwerb H$m§~io amO|Ð gmoa‘mao
e¡j{UH$ g§¶moOH$ e¡j{UH$ g§¶moOH$ e¡j{UH$ g§¶moOH$
‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH emóo {dÚmemIm ‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH emóo {dÚmemIm ‘mZì¶{dÚm d gm‘m{OH emóo {dÚmemIm
¶.M.‘.‘w³V {dÚmnrR> ¶.M.‘.‘w³V {dÚmnrR> ¶.M.‘.‘w³V {dÚmnrR>
Zm{eH$-422222 Zm{eH$-422222 Zm{eH$-422222
{Z{_©Vr
lr. AmZ§X `mXd, ì¶dñWmnH$, J«§W{Z{‘©Vr H|$Ð, èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> ‘w³V {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
First Edition developed under DEC development grant.
 àW‘ Amd¥ Î mr … Am°J ñQ>> 2021  àH$meZ H«$ ‘m§ H$ … 2316
 ‘wI n¥ð > aoI mQ> Z … lr. A{dZme âUo
 AjaOw i Ur … na’o $³Q> H$m°å ß¶wQ >a , {Ì‘y Vu Mm¡H $, {gS>H $mo, Zm{eH$ - 8
 ‘wÐ H$ VWm àH$meH$ …S> m° . {XZo e ^m|S >o , Hw $cg{Md, ¶ed§V amd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³ V {dÚmnrR> , Zm{eH$.
ISBN 978-93-91514-25-9
B18-19-49
E‘.E. (bmoH$àemgZ) nXì¶wÎma {ejUH«$‘ (M53)
Aä¶mgH«$‘
_mZd Am{U {d{Îm` g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ (PAD104)
nwñVH$ 1 :H$‘©Mmar àemgZ

KQ>H$ 1 : H$‘©Mmar àemgZ
KQ>H$ 2 : âVr
KQ>H$ 3 : à{ejU
KQ>H$ 4 : nXmoÞVr
KQ>H$ 5 : godm{Zd¥Îmr
KQ>H$ 6 : H$‘©Mmar àemgZmg‘moarb g‘ñ`m d AmìhmZo
nwñVH$ 2 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZ … g§KQ>Z Am{U g‘ñ¶m

KQ>H$ 1 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ AW©, ñdê$n, ì`már d ‘hÎd
KQ>H$ 2 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ
KQ>H$ 3 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`
KQ>H$ 4 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ g§KQ>Z : H|$Ðr` ñVa
KQ>H$ 5 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ g§KQ>Z : amÁ`ñVa
KQ>H$ 6 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g‘ñ`m d Cnm`
nwñVH$ 3 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZmMr V§Ìo

KQ>H$ 1 : ì`dñWmnZmMr g§H$ënZm
KQ>H$ 2 : ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr
KQ>H$ 3 : H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZ
KQ>H$ 4 : H$m`©nwZamdbmoH$Z ‘wë`m§H$Z V§Ì d g‘rjmË‘H$ nÕVr, ‘yë`bm^ {díbofU
KQ>H$ 5 : ì`dñWmnZ ‘m{hVr àUmbr
KQ>H$ 6 : ì¶dñWmnZmVrc ñdm°H$ (SWOC) {dícofU nÕV
nwñVH$ 4 :{dÎmr¶ àemgZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ

KQ>H$ 1 : {dÎmr` àemgZ
KQ>H$ 2 : A§XmOnÌH$ (AW©g§H$ën)
KQ>H$ 3 : A§XmOnÌH$s` à{H«$`m
KQ>H$ 4 : {dÎmr` ì`dñWmnZ
KQ>H$ 5 : Am{W©H$ CÎmaXm`rËd
KQ>H 6 : {dÎm Am`moJ
nwñVH$ Xþgao : _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m
àmñVm{dH$
gXarb Aä`mgH«$_mMo ho Xþgao nwñVH$ Amho. øm nwñVH$mV EHy$U ghm KQ>H$ AgyZ àËòH$ KQ>H$mV _mZd g§gmYZ
ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {d{dY n¡by§Mr g{dñVa MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
KQ>H$ 1 : _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : AW©, ñdê$n, ì`már d _hÎd
H$moUË`mhr g§KQ>ZoV CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm godm nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r Hw$eb _mZdr g§gmYZmMo ì`dñWmnZ H$amdo
bmJV AgVo. gX[ab KQ>H$mV _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMm AW©, ñdê$n d _hÎd gm§JyZ Ë`mÀ`m ì`márdahr àH$me
Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. gX[ab KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va _mZdr g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ `m g§H$ënZoMr gImob _m{hVr {_iob.
KQ>H$ 2 : _mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ
_mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnUm~amo~aM _mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmbmhr àË`Ho$ g§KQ>ZoV AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd AgVo.
gX[ab KQ>H$mV _mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZm§Mr gImob _m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Á`mV àm_w»`mZo _mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm
AW© gm§JyZ Ë`mMr d¡{eï>ço, C{Ôï>ço d Cn`moJ `m§da àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. VgoM `m KQ>H$m§V _mZd g§gmYZ
{Z`moOZmMo \$m`Xo gm§JyZ {VMr Zo‘H$s g§KQ>ZoV H$moUVr à{H«$`m AgVo `m§dahr ^mî` Ho$bo Amho. Á`mÛmao Amnë`mbm _mZd
g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ `m g§H$ënZo{df`r gImobnUo OmUyZ KoVm òB©b.
KQ>H$ 3 : _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`
XoemV _mZdr g§gmYZmMo ì`dñWmnZ ì`dpñWVnUo hmoÊ`mgmR>r XoemV doJdoJiçm nmVirda g§KQ>Zm øm ñWmnZ
Ho$ë`m OmVmV. gX[ab KQ>H$mV _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`mMr gmWH$-~mYH$ MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m KQ>H$mV
àm_w»`mZo _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`mMr aMZm d H$m`} gm§JyZ øm _§Ìmb`m_m\©$V am~{dÊ`mV òUmè`m {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m§{df`r
MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. EHy$UM XoemVrb _mZdr g§gmYZmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m _§Ìmb`mÀ`m ^y{_Ho$Mo g{dñVa
{ddoMZ `m KQ>H$mV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
KQ>H$ 4 : _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : H|$Ðr¶ ñVa
_mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`m_m\©$V XoemVrb _mZdr g§gmYZmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {d{dY H$m`©H«$_mMr A§_b~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mV òV AgVo. gXarb H$m`©H«$_m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r øm _§Ìmb`mA§VJ©V {d{dY g§ñWm øm H|${Ð` ñVamda H$m`©
H$aV AgVmV. Á`mV H|${Ð` _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU _§S>i, amï´>r` e¡j{UH$, g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX, Am{Ib ^maVr` Vm§{ÌH$
{ejU n[afX d {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, BË`mXr g§KQ>Zm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. øm KQ>H$mV darb gd© g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm§Mm
gImob Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Á`mÛmao XoemVrb _mZdr g§gmYZmÀ`m {dH$mgmV darb g§ñWm nma nmS>V Agboë`m
^y{_Ho${df`r ‘m{hVr KoVm òB©b.
KQ>H$ 5 : _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : amÁ`ñVa
H|$Ðmà_mUoM amÁ`ñVamdarb _mZd g§gmYZmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$mhr g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm H$m`©aV AgVmV. gXarb
KQ>H$mV Cƒ d V§Ì{ejU {d^mJ, èXm, {d{dY {dÚmnrR>o d _hm{dÚmbò `m§À`m ^y{_Ho$Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.
KQ>H$ 6 : _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g_ñ`m d Cnm`
gXarb nwñVH$mÀ`m øm eodQ>À`m KQ>H$mV _mZd g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aVmZm òUmè`m g_ñ`m d Ë`mdarb
Cnm``moOZm `m§Mo {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Á`mÛmao g§KQ>ZoVrb _mZdr g§gmYZ~m~VrV g_ñ`m g_OyZ KodyZ Ë`mdarb
Cnm`hr g_OyZ KoVm òVrb.
KQ>H$ 1 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ AW©, ñdê$n, ì`már d ‘hÎd
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
1.0 C{Ôï>o
1.1 àmñVm{dH$
1.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
1.2.1 _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMm AW©
1.2.2 ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZmMo ñdê$n
1.2.3 ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZmMr ì`már
1.2.4 ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo ‘hÎd
1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©
1.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.5 gmam§e
1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.1 C{Ôï>o
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë¶mZ§Va Amnë¶mbm-
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ hr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgVm ¶oB©b.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMm AW© g‘OyZ KoVm ¶oB©b.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo ñdê$n bjmV ¶oB©b.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`már bjmV ¶oB©b.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo ‘hÎd OmUyZ KoVm ¶oB©b.
1.1 àmñVm{dH$
‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ hr g§H$ënZm "‘mZd g§gmYZ' Am{U "ì`dñWmnZ' `m XmoZ eãXm§nmgyZ V`ma Pmbr Amho.
åhUyZ ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ hr g§H$ënZm g‘OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àW‘ ‘mZd g§gmYZ åhUOo H$m`? Am{U Ë`mZ§Va
ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo H$m`? `m XmoÝhtMm AW© g‘OmdyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
 ‘mZdr g§gmYZ (Human Resource) åhUOo H$m`? ho àW_ AmnU g_OyZ KoD$ `m.
H$moUË`mhr XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hm Ë`m XoemVrb Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo ‘mZd g§gmYZm§À`m JwUdÎmoda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
‘mZd g§gmYZmbmM ‘Zwî`~i, bmoH$g§»`m, ‘mZde³Vr, BË`mXr n`m©`r ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo. ‘mZd g§gmYZ åhUOo
amï´>mVrb EHy$U _mZdr l‘e³VrMr kmZ nmVir, H$m¡eë`, g¥OZerbVm, JwUdÎmm, àd¥Îmr, ‘wëò, CËnmXH$Vm BË`mXtMr
‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 1

Jmoim ~oarO hmo`. H$moUË`mhr CnH«$‘mMm, g‘mOmMm Am{U amï´>mMm {dH$mg hm Ë`mV CnbãY AgUmè`m ‘mZd g§gmYZm§À`m
JwUdÎmoda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ àJVrV OodT>o ‘hÎd Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrMo Amho. Ë`mnojm {H$Vr Var A{YH$
‘hÎd ‘mZd g§gmYZm§Mo Amho. ‘mZd g§gmYZm§‘Üò XoemVrb bmoH$g§»òMm g‘mdoe hmoV Agbm Var Ho$di XoemV amhUmao
bmoH$ EdT>mM Ë`mMm AW© ‘`m©{XV Zmhr. bmoH$g§»òVrb l‘e³VrMr JwUdÎmm, XyaX{e©Vm, CnH«$‘erbVm d CËnmXH$Vm,
BË`mXtMm Ë`mV g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
 ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo H$m`?
"ì`dñWmnZ' `m eãXmbm B§J«Or‘Üò Management Ago åhUVmV, Management `m eãXmMr ì`wËnÎmr Manage
`m ’«|$M eãXmnmgyZ Pmbr Amho. Vmo eãX VoWo KmoS>çmbm {Z`§ÌUmV R>odÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òVmo. Management `m
eãXmMr ’$moS> Ho$ë`mg Man-Age-Ment Ago VrZ eãX V`ma hmoVmV. `mdê$Z EImÚm ì`³Vr (Man) Amnë`m AZw^dOÝ`
(Age) kmZmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Á`m VèhoZo ì`dgm` èñdrnUo hmVmiÊ`mMo (Ment) H$m`© H$aVo Vo H$m`© åhUOo ì`dñWmnZ
hmo`.
ì`dñWmnZ ho ì`dgm` g§MmbZmMo H$m`© AgyZ, Ë`mV Cƒ àemgZmZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m YmoaUm§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr
H$aUo, ì`mdgm{`H$ `moOZm AmIUo, ì`dgm`mÀ`m {H«$`m§V g‘Ýd` àñWm{nV H$aUo, H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm
‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo Ë`m§À`m hmbMmbtda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo BË`mXr gd© {H«$`m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ì`dñWmnZ hr Aer EH$ `§ÌUm
Amho H$s, {OÀ`mÛmao nyd© {ZYm©[aV C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoÛmao Amdí`H$ Agbobr H$m`} H$adyZ KoVbr OmVmV.
H$m`©j‘ Am{U à^mdr ì`dñWmnZ ho EH$ gmYZ AgyZ, Ë`m§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mZo CnH«$‘mMr gd© C{Ôï>o {Z`mo{OV doioda d H$‘rV-
H$‘r IMmªV nyU© Ho$br OmVmV.
1.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
1.2.1 _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMm AW©
"‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ' hr g§H$ënZm ‘mJrb 15-20 dfmªnmgyZ A{YH$ àM{bV Pmbr Amho. ‘mZd g§gmYZ
ì`dñWmnZmMm g§~§Y CnH«$‘mVrb doJdoJù`m ñVam§da Am{U doJdoJù`m CÔoem§gmR>r H$m`©aV AgUmè`m ‘Zwî`~imer òVmo.
‘mZd g§gmYZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmV H$m‘Jmam§À`m JwUdÎmoV VgoM CnH«$‘m§~Ôb Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Umè`m AmnwbH$sV Am{U {Zð>oV dmT>
H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {d{dY ~m~tMo ì`dñWmnZ Ho$bo OmVo. ho ì`dñWmnZ `m XmoZ g§H$ënZoV WmoS>m Kmoi Pmbobm {XgVmo. ‘mZd
g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ hr g§H$ënZm ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMr AgyZ, Ë`mV g§nyU© ‘mZd g‘mOmMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. Va H$‘©Mmar
ì`dñWmnZ hr g§H$ënZm WmoS>r g§Hw${MV ñdê$nmMr AgyZ, Ë`mV {d{dY CnH«$‘m§Vrb H$‘©Mmè`m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ‘mZd
g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ Am{U H$‘©Mmar ì`dñWmnZ `m XmoÝhr g§H$ënZoV Vm§{ÌH$Ñï²>`m ’$aH$ Agbm Var àË`j ì`dhmamV
T>mo~i‘mZmZo `m g§H$ënZm EH$mM AWm©Zo dmnaë`m OmVmV. Ë`m‘wio AZoH$ VÁkm§Zr ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ Am{U
H$‘©Mmar ì`dñWmnZ `mMr EH$M ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho. H$mhr boIH$m§Zr ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmbmM "‘mZd e³Vr
ì`dñWmnZ', H$‘©Mmar g§~§Y BË`mXr ZmdmZo g§~moYbo Amho.
‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m ì`m»`m (AW©) (Definition of Human Resource Management). ‘mZd
g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m doJdoJù`m {dMmad§VmZr ì`m»`m Ho$boë`m AmhoV. Ë`m nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(1) ES>{dZ pâbßnmo `m§À`m ‘Vo

ì`p³VJV, g§KQ>ZmË‘H$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r ‘Zwî`~imMr àmár, {dH$mg, EH$mË‘Vm
{Q>H$dyZ R>odUo, {d^³Vr H$aUo, ZwH$gmZ ânmB© `m gd© ~m~r gmYVm `mì`mV åhUyZ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m {H«$`m, `moOZm AmIUo,
g§KQ>ZoMr C^maUr H$aUo, g§MmbZ H$aUo Am{U {Z`§ÌU H$aUo åhUOo ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ hmo`.
(2) S>b
o `moS>a `m§À`m ‘Vo
e³VrÀ`m AÝ` òmoVm§n¡H$s {^Þ AgUmè`m ‘mZd e³VrMo dñVw{Zð> {Z`§ÌU Am{U Cn`moJ `m§À`mer g§~§{YV AgUmar
ì`dñWmnZmMr AdñWm åhUOo ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ hmo`.

(3) Q>m°[a½Q>Z Am{U hm°b `m§À`m ‘Vo,
Human Resource management is a series of activate which first enable working people and
their employing organizations to agree about the objectives and secondly ensures that the agreement
is fulfilled.
1.2.2 ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo ñdê$n

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZm‘Üò {Z`moOZ, {ZX}eZ Am{U {Z`§ÌU `m KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
(1) ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ ho d¡`p³VH$, g§ñWmË‘H$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ CÔoe gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘XV H$aVo.
(2) {dH$mg d ‘mZd g§gmYZm§Mr XoI^mb `m ~m~ter {ZJ{S>V AgVo.
(3) ‘mZd g§gmYZm‘Üò ì`dñWmnZ, ‘mZgemó, g§dmX, AW©emó Am{U gm‘m{OH$ emóm§À`m Aä`mgm§Mm g‘mdoe
hmoVmo. `m‘Üò g§K ^mdZm Am{U g§K H$m‘mMm g‘mdoe Amho.
(4) ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ hr EH$ J{Verb à{H«$`m Amho. H$‘©Mmar ì`dñWmnZ hr EH$ A{Ve` ì`mnH$ Am{U
Jw§VmJw§VrMr g§H$ënZm Amho. g§KQ>Zo‘Üò Hw$eb H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm AmH${f©V H$aUo Ë`m§Zm à{ejU XoUo, Ë`m§Zm `mo½` Ë`m
gdbVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo, OmñV JwUdÎmm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUo, g‘mOmV Ë`m§Mr à{Vð>m H$m`‘
amhÊ`mgmR>r Am{U amhUr‘mZmÀ`m XOm©V dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m doVZmV dmT> H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m ì`p³V‘ÎdmMm
{dH$mg KS>dyZ Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©da {Z`§ÌU R>odUo BË`mXr {d{dY ñdê$nmMr Jw§VmJw§VrMr H$m`} ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmÛmao
Ho$br OmVmV.
(5) g§ñWoV H$m`©aV AgUmè`m gd© H$‘©Mmè`mer H$‘©Mmar ì`dñWmnZmMm g§~§Y òVmo, Hw$eb, AHw$eb, emar[aH$ n[al‘
H$aUmao H$m‘Jma, H$m`m©b`mV qH$dm AÝ` {R>H$mUr ~m¡{ÕH$ H$m`} H$aUmao H$‘©Mmar, A{YH$mar, A{^`§Vo, V§Ìk,
ì`dñWmnH$ {d^mJr` A{YH$mar VgoM g§ñWoMm ‘mbH$ `m gdmªMm H$‘©Mmar ì`dñWmnZmV g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
g§KQ>ZoV H$m‘ H$aUmè`m àËòH$ H$m‘Jmam§À`m ì`³VrÀ`m Anojm, JaOm {d{dY AgVmV, H$‘©Mmar ì`dñWmnH$mbm `m
~m~tMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z H$‘©Mmè`mMr H$m`©j‘Vm dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$go A{^ào[aV H$aVm òB©b Vo nhmdo bmJVo. `m gd©
~m~tMm g‘mdoe ‘mZd g§gmYZmV hmoVmo.
1.2.3 ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`már

The Indian Institute of Personnel Management `m g§ñWoZo ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`már nwT>o
Xe©{dboë`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ñnï> Ho$bobr Amho.
(1) H$‘©Mmar Ñ{ï>H$moZ

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMm hm ^mJ ‘Zwî`~i {Z`moOZ, âVr, {ZdS>, {Z`w³Vr, H$m`©, n[aM`, ~Xbr, ~T>Vr,
nXmdZVr, {Zb§~Z, H$m‘mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo, à{ejU Am{U {dH$mg, doVZ d ‘Owar àemgZ, Am{W©H$ d AZm{W©H$ àoaUm
Am{U CËnmXH$Vm BË`mXter g§~§{YV Amho .
(2) H$ë`mU Ñ{ï>H$moZ

H$‘©Mmar H$ë`mU g§~§Y H$‘©Mmar H$arV Agboë`m H$m‘mÀ`m n[apñWVrer Am{U Ë`mV {‘iUmè`m gmo`rgw{dYm§er
AgVmo. `mV CnmhmaJ¥ho, nmiUmJ¥ho, {dlm§VrJ¥ho, {Zdmg ì`dñWm, dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmo`r, {ejUmÀ`m gmo`r, d¡ÚH$s` ‘XV,
Amamo½` Am{U gwajm, Ioim§À`m gmo`r, gwQ>çm d gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$‘ BË`mXtMm g‘mdoe Amho.
(3) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y§ Ñ{ï>H$moZ

hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$‘©Mmè`m§er Agboë`m g§~§Ymer {ZJ{S>V Amho. `mV H$m‘Jma g§KQ>Zm d ì`dñWmnZmMo g§~§Y g§`w³V
g„m‘gbV, dmQ>mKmQ>r, gm‘wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm {ddmX hmVmiUr, {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmXmMo {ZñVmaU BË`mXtMm
g‘mdoe Amho.
darb gd© ~m~r `m ‘mZdr` KQ>H$m§er g§~§{YV AgyZ, Ë`m `m§{ÌH$ KQ>H$m§nojm EH$X‘ {^Þ AmhoV. åhUyZ ‘mZd
g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmbm (HRM) g§KQ>ZoV AË`§V ‘hÎdmMr ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>mdr bmJVo.
1.2.4 ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo ‘hÎd
‘mZd g§gmYZm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo ho ‘hÎdnyU© Am{U AmìhmZmË‘H$ H$m`© Amho. `m‘Üò ’$³V EH$m ì`³VrMo
AWdm KQ>H$mMo ì`dñWmnZ g‘m{dï> ZgyZ g§nyU© gm‘m{OH$ àUmbrMo ì`dñWmnZ gm‘mdbobo AgVo. ‘mZdr ñd^md
H$mimZwgma ~XbV Agë`mZo Ë`mMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo AmOÀ`m H$mimV EH$ AmìhmZ R>aVo. ì`³Vr g‘mZ d¡{eï>ço
Agboë`m amhV ZmhrV. Ë`m‘wio `§ÌmH$Sy>Z H$m‘ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo V§Ì òWo Cn`moJmMo ZgVo. ‘mZd g§gmYZmer ì`dhma
H$aVmZm AË`§V gVH©$VoZo H$m¡eë`nyU© ì`dhma H$amdo bmJVmV. CnH«$‘mbm OmñVrV-OmñV C{Ôï> àmá H$ê$Z XoVmZm
H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m H$m`© {ZînmXZmnmgyZ Ë`m§Zm ì`p³VJV d gm‘y{hH$ g‘mYmZ àmá H$aVm Ambo nm{hOo. ‘mZd g§gmYZm§À`m
ì`dñWmnZmMo ‘hÎd Imbrb ‘wÚmÛmao ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
(A) gm‘m{OH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ‘hÎd

OZVoÀ`m doJdoJù`m gm‘m{OH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm g‘mYmZ àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r ‘mZd g§gmYZm§À`m `mo½`
ì`dñWmnZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r Imbrb ~m~r _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV.
(1) H$m`©j‘ ‘mZd e³Vrbm AZwHy$b R>aVo Aem H$m`m©H$S>o didyZ ‘mZd g§gmYZm§À`m ‘mJUr nwadR>çmV g§VwbZ àñWm{nV
H$aUo.
(2) `mo½`VoZwgma nX^ma d H$m`©^ma ~hmb H$ê$Z ‘mZ{gH$ g‘mYmZ àmá H$ê$Z XoUo.
(3) d¡`p³VH$ {hVmÀ`m àH$aUmV KoÊ`mV òUmè`m {ZU©`m§V ‘XV H$aUo.
(4) ‘mZd g§gmYZm§Mm à^mdrnUo Cn`moJ H$aUo.
(5) ‘mZd g§gmYZmZo Ho$boë`m H$m`m©À`m ‘mo~Xë`mV AZwê$n d Ý`m`mo{MV doVZ àXmZ H$aUo.
(6) ‘mZd g§gmYZm§À`m emar[aH$ d ‘mZ{gH$ j‘VoZwgma H$m‘ gmondyZ Ë`m§À`m e³VrMm Xwén`moJ Wm§~{dUo BË`mXr H$m`}
H$amdr bmJVmV.
(~) ì`dgm`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ‘hÎd

gwÑT> H$m`© dmVmdaU CnbãY H$ê$Z H$‘©Mmè`m‘Üò ghH$m`© ^mdZoMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo
‘hÎd Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Imbrb ~m~r Amdí`H$ AmhoV.
(1) H$‘©Mmar EH$ ‘Zwî` Amho. ‘mZd g‘OyZM Ë`mÀ`mer ì`dhma Ho$bm nm{hOo hr OmUrd {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
(2) H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m d¡`p³VH$ àJVrgmR>r `mo½` g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
(3) à^mdr H$m`© {ZînmXZmgmR>r H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Üò gm¡hmX©nyU© g§~§Ym§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo.
(4) H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m j‘VoZwgma Ý`m`mo{MV H$m‘mMr dmQ>Ur H$aUo.
(5) H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr H$m`©j‘Vm dmT>mdr åhUyZ Amdí`H$ Vr nmdbo CMbUo.
(6) H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm nX^ma gmon{dÊ`mV H$mhr MyH$ Pmbr Agë`mg Vr gwYmaUo BË`mXr H$m‘o H$amdr bmJVmV.
(H$) CnH«$‘mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ‘hÎd

CnH«$‘mZo {ZYm©[aV Ho$boë`m bú`m§À`m nyVugmR>r ‘mZd g§gmYZm§À`m ì`dñWmnZmMr AË`§V Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo. Xwgè`m
eãXm§V gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg ‘mZd g§gmYZm§Mo Hw$ebVmnyd©H$ ì`dñWmnZ H$ê$ZM CnH«$‘ Amnbo {ZYm©[aV bú` JmRy> eH$Vmo.
Ë`mgmR>r nwT>rb H$m`} Ho$br OmVmV.
(1) à^mdr A{^àoaUm nÕVtMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z H$m‘m~Ôb OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
(2) CnH«$‘mVrb CnbãY ‘mZd g§gmYZm§Mm ‘hÎm‘ Cn`moJ H$aUo.
(3) OrdZ {Zdm©h, gwajmË‘H$ Cnm`, AmË‘gÝ‘mZ BË`mXr H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m {hVmÀ`m ~m~VrV Agboë`m Amdí¶H$Vm§Mr
nyV©Vm H$aUo.
(4) H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m VH«$matMr d AmdoXZnÌm§Mr XIb KoD$Z Ë`m§Mm {ZnQ>mam H$aUo.
(5) H$‘©Mmè`m§Zr {Xboë`m gyMZm§H$S>o nwaogo bj XoUo d Ë`mda eŠ` Agë`mg A‘b H$aUo.
(6) ì`dñWmnZmV H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo. Ë`m‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§Mm CnH«$‘m{df`r Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~XbyZ Ë`mH$S>o Vo
Ho$di {Z`mo³Vm åhUyZ nmhUmam Zmhr Va Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr AmnwbH$sMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mm CnH«$‘mbm bm^
hmoB©b.

ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
[aH$må`m OmJm âm.
(1) _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZm_Üò {Z`moOZ, {ZX}eZ Am{U............`m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
(2) _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ ho g§KQ>ZoÀ`m............A§J Amho.
(3) _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ hr EH$..............à{H«$`m Amho.
(4) eŠVrÀ`m AÝ` ómoVm§n¡H$s {^Þ AgUmè`m _mZd eŠVrMo dñVw{Zð> {Z`§ÌU Am{U Cn`moJ `m§À`mer g§~§{YV AgUmar
ì`dñWmnZmMr AdñWm åhUOo..............hmo`.
(5) _mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ ho d¡`pŠVH$ g§ñWmË_H$ Am{U............CÔoe gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aVo.

(1) ‘mZdr g§gmYZ : ‘mZdr g§nÎmr, g§KQ>ZoV H$m¶© H$aUmao A{YH$mar d H$‘©Mmar
(2) g§KQ>ZmË‘H$ : g§KQ>Z H$m‘mer g§~§{YV.
(3) g§KQ>Z : g§KQ>ZoVrb gd© H$m¶m©Mr Am{U nañna g§~§YmMr Mm¡H$Q>

(1) {Z¶§ÌU
(2) gm‘m{OH$
(3) J{V{eb
(4) ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZ
(5) gm‘m{OH$
1.5 gmam§e
darb {ddoMZmdê$Z Amnë`m bjmV òVo H$s, AmOÀ`m ñnY}À`m `wJm‘Üò ì`dñWmnZmbm d {deof H$ê$Z ‘mZd
g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmbm ’$maM ‘hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho. ì`dgm`mMo è g§KQ>Z, ì`dñWmnZ d àemgZmda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
Ë`mn¡H$s ì`dñWmnZ hm H«|$Ðq~Xy hmo`. ‘mZdr g§gmY ì`dñWmnZ hr ì`dñWmnZmMr EH$ emIm Amho. Á`mV ‘mZd
g§gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ d Ë`m `mo½ò g§KQ>ZoMm {dH$mg `mda {deof â XoÊ`mV òVmo.
g§KQ>ZoV H$m`©aV H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr EHy$U nmÌVm, `mo½`Vm, kmZ, H$m¡eë` Ë`m§Mm H$m`m©Ë‘H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ, ~w{Õ‘Vm d MmVw`©
`m§Mr g§`w³V Jmoim ~oarO åhUOo g§KQ>ZoMr ‘mZd g§gmYZm§Mr EHy$U VmH$X hmo`; na§Vw hr VmH$X hmVmiUo ghO H$m`© Zmhr
Va Jw§VmJw§VrMo d AË`§V S>moHo$XwIrMo H$m`© g‘Obo OmVo. ì`dñWmnZmMo Vo Oar gm‘m{OH$ A§J Agbo Var ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r
ho AmìhmZmË‘H$ H$m`© R>aVo. H$‘©Mmar ì`dñWmnZ hr ì`dñWmnZmMr EH$ emIm Agë`mZo ì`dñWmnZmMr ‘yb^yV C{Ôï>o
JmR>Ê`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoV AZwHy$b dmVmdaU V`ma H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `m ì`dñWmnZmMr AgVo. g§KQ>ZoMr, àemgZmMr Üò`,
C{Ôï>o à^mdr ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ gmÜ` Ho$br OmVmV.

Imcrc àíZm§Mr WmoS>³¶mV CÎmao {chm.
(1) ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am?
(2) ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMm AW© gm§Jm?
(3) ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo ñdê$n {deX H$am?
(4) ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`már ñnï> H$am?
(5) ‘mZd g§gmYZ d ì`dñWmnZ g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am?
(6) ‘mZd g§gmYZm§Mo ‘hÎd {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Amho {ddoMZ H$am?

(1) Xoe‘wI, nr. (1988). ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo ì¶dñWmnZ. ZmJnya, qnnimnyao A°ÊS> H§$nZr npãbeg©.
(2) Omoer, Eg., H$moR>mar, nr. d Xm¶‘m, EZ. (2010). ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZ. OiJm§§d, àem§V npãbHo$eÝg.
(3) Rao, V. S. P. (2009). Human Resource Management. Mumbai, Himalaya Publishing House.
(4) Aswetha, K. (2013). Human Resource Management. McGraw Hill Education, India.
(5) Ghosh, A. K. (2007). Human Resource Management. New Delhi, Manas Publications.

KQ>H$ 2 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
2.0 C{Ôï>o
2.1 àmñVm{dH$
2.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
2.2.1 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm AW© d ì`m»`m
2.2.2 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr d¡{eï>o
2.2.3 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr C{Ôï>ço
2.2.4 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo ’$m`Xo
2.2.5 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr à{H«$`m
1.5 gmam§e
2.0 C{Ôï>o
`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë¶mcm-
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm AW© gm§JVm òB©b.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr d¡{eï>ço {deX H$aVm òVrb.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr C{Ôï>o gm§JVm òB©b.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo ’$m`Xo {deX H$aVm òVrb.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr à{H«$`m g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo ‘yë`‘mnZ g‘OyZ òB©b.
2.1 àmñVm{dH$
àemgH$s` ì`dñWmnZm‘Üò ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmÀ`m à{H«$òbm AË`§V ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. ‘mZd g§gmYZ
{Z`moOZm{edm` H$moUVohr H$m`© Mm§Jë`m àH$mao qH$dm Ano{jV[aË`m gmÜ` H$aVm òUma Zmhr. H$moUVrhr Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m
H$aÊ`mnydu ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m gÚ n[apñWVrMo, à{H«$òg bmJUmè`m gmYZm§Mo, g§^mì` AS>MUrMo d AmH$S>odmarMo AdbmoH$Z
H$ê$Z Vr à{H«$`m nyU© H$aUo åhUOo ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ hmo`. `mbmM AmnU H¥$VrMr nyd© V`mar åhUy eH$Vmo. (Human
Resource Planning is a Preparation for Action) H$moUVohr H$m‘ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àW‘ Ë`m g§~§Yr {Z`moOZ H$amdo

bmJVo. ì`p³VJV qH$dm gm§{KH$ Ago H$moUË`mhr ñdê$nmMo H$m`© Agmo, Ë`m H$m`m©g {Z`moOZ Amdí¶H$ AgVo. {Z`moOZ
H$ê$Z Ho$bobo H$m`© èñdr hmoV AgVo. {Z`moOZmA^mdr Ho$bobo H$m`© Aèñdr hmoV AgVo. ‘mZd {dH$mgmgmR>r {Z`moOZ
Ogo Amdí¶H$ Amho. VgoM amï´>mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {Z`moOZ Amdí¶H$ AgVo.
{dMmanyd©H$ Ho$bobr H¥$Vr hm ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm Jm^m Amho. H$moUVmhr ì`dgm` qH$dm CnH«$‘ hm H$mimZwê$n
~XbV OmUmam AgVmo. Ë`mZwgmaM CnH«$‘mgmR>r bmJUmao ‘Zwî`~ihr H$mimZwê$n Ogo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Ë`mà‘mUoM {Z`moOZ
H$ê$Z CnbãY H$amdo bmJV AgVo. VaM Vmo ì`dgm` èñdr hmoV AgVmo. ‘Zwî`~imMo `mo½` {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo VaM
CnH«$‘mMm {dñVma, {dH$mg, dmT> hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m‘wioM ‘Zwî`~imÀ`m {Z`moOZmbm {Xdg|{Xdg ‘hÎd àmá hmoV Mmbbo
Amho. amï´>mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r ‘Zwî`~i {Z`moOZ H$aUo AË`§V JaOoMo Pmbo Amho. qH$~hþZm amï´>mMr àJVr XoIrb ‘mZd
g§gmYZmÀ`m {Z`moOZmdaM Adb§~yZ Amho Ago åhQ>bo Va dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr. `m KQ>H$m‘Üò AmnU ‘mZd g§gmYZ
{Z`moOZmMm AW©, ì`m»`m, d¡{eï>o `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhoV. `m~amo~aM ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo ‘hÎd, C{Ôï>o, ’$m`Xo
Am{U ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr à{H«$`m H$er nma nmS>br OmVo `m{df`r OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.
2.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
2.2.1 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm AW© d ì`m»`m

‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm {dMma ‘m§S>V AgVmZm ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm AW© Am{U ì`m»`m g‘OyZ KoUo
‘hÎdmMo R>aVo. ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmÀ`m ~m~VrV boIH$m§Zr H$mhr ì`m»`m gm§{JVë`m AmhoV Ë`m nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(1) B©. S>ãby. doQ>a (E.W.VETTER)

`m§À`m ‘Vo ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ hr CnH«$‘mÀ`m ~m~VrV ‘mZd g§gmYZmÀ`m gÜ`mÀ`m pñWVrnmgyZ Vo g§H${bV
pñWVrn`ªV nmohMÊ`mgmR>r Adb§{~Ê`mV òUmar à{H«$`m hmo`. ì`dñWmnZ `m àH«$s`mÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ g§KQ>Zo‘Üò `mo½`
àH$maMo H$‘©Mmar, `mo½` g§»ò‘Üò, `mo½` {R>H$mUr d `mo½` doioda CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ Ho$ë`m‘wio
g§KQ>Zm Am{U H$‘©Mmar `m XmoKm§Zmhr XrK©H$mi OmñVrV OmñV bm^ hmoVmo. (Human Resource Planning is a Process
by which an organization should move from it's current manpower position to its desired manpower
Position. Through Planning, management strives to have the right number and right kind of people
at the right places at the right time, doing things which result in both the organization and the
individual receiving maximum long run benefit.)
(2) {S>gÝo Pmo Am{U am°~rÝg (Deceanzo and Robbins)

`m§À`m ‘Vo ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ {h EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho, Á`mÛmao g§ñWobm Amnbo CÔoe gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r
`mo½` Ë`m g§»òZo, `mo½` Ë`m nXmda, `mo½`doir, H$m`© j‘VoZo d VËnaVoZo H$m`© nyU© H$aUmè`m ‘Zwî` ~imÀ`m CnbãYVoMr
ImÌr Ho$br OmVo. (Human Resource, Planning is the process by which an organization ensure that it has
the right number and kind of people at right place, at the right time, capable of effectively. Impleting
those tasks that will help the organization, achieve its over all objectives.)
(3) {bAmoZ ‘oJrÝgZ (Leon C. Megginesson)

`m§À`m ‘Vo ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo C{Ôï>ço g§KQ>ZoMr C{Ôï²>ò JmR>Uo Am{U g§KQ>ZoÀ`m g^mgXm§À`m JaOm
^mJ{dUo, Ë`m§Mo Üò` gmYZo Ago Xwhoar Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm AZoH$ H$V©ì` Am{U H$m`© nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV. {h H$V©ì` d H$m`©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Agbobo H$m`©j‘ d A{^àoV H$‘©Mmar nwaoem à‘mUmV {‘idUo, ho ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo H$m`©
Amho. (Human Resource Planning is an integrated approach performing the planning aspects of the
Personnel function in order to have a sufficient supply of adequately developed and motivated
people to perform the duties and tasks required to meet organizational objectives and satisfy the
individual needs and goals of organization members.)
darb gd© ì`m»`mdê$Z Ago bjmV òVo H$s, ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ åhUOo g§KQ>ZoMo Üò` gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½`
{R>H$mUr, `mo½` H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo hmo`. `m gd© ì`m»`mdê$Z ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm AW© g‘OyZ òVmo.
2.2.2 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© d¡{eï>o Imbrb ‘wX²Úmdê$Z AYmoaopIV hmoVmV.
(1) H$m`© daÀ`m nmVirdê$Z Ho$bo OmVo

‘mZd g§gmYmZmMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© g§KQ>ZoÀ`m daÀ`m nmVirdê$Z Ho$bo OmVo. åhUOoM g§KQ>Zo‘Üò daÀ`m
ñVamda Oo A{YH$mar H$m‘ H$aV AgVmV, Ë`m§À`m‘m’©$VM g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo. g§KQ>ZoVrb
d[að> ñVamdarb A{YH$mè`m§Zm g§KQ>ZoÀ`m JaOm ‘m{hV AgVmV. VgoM Ë`m§Zm g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb H$‘r A{YH$ ~m~tMr nyU©
‘m{hVr AgVo. åhUyZM ‘mZd g§gmYmZmMo `mo½` {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© daÀ`m nmVirdê$Z Ho$bo OmVo.
(2) {Z`moOZ hr EH$ à{H«$`m

‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ hr EH$ à{H«$`m Amho. H$maU g§KQ>ZoVrb ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo H$m`© gmVË`mZo H$amdo
bmJV AgVo. `m‘Üò I§S> nmS>Vm òV Zmhr. Oa ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ {Z`{‘VnUo Ho$bo Jobo Zmhr Va g§KQ>Zo‘Üò AZoH$
g‘ñ`m {Z‘m©U hmoVmVAm{U g§KQ>ZoMo {ZpíMV Üò` gmÜ` hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ gmVË`mZo H$amdo
bmJV AgVo. VgoM H$m`m©V gmVË` Am{U {Za§VanUm Agmdm bmJVmo. åhUyZM Ago åhQ>bo OmVo H$s, ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ
hr EH$ à{H«$`m Amho.
(3) ^{dî`H$mimVrb JaO

‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr à{H«$`m hr dV©‘mZH$mimV Ho$br OmVo. nU {VMm g§~§Y ^{dî`H$mimVrb CØdUmè`m
JaOoer Amho. ^{dî`H$mim‘Üò {d{eï> doiog, H$moUË`m àH$maMo H$‘©Mmar, {H$Vr à‘mUm‘Üò d H$moUË`m {R>H$mUr bmJVrb
`mMm A§XmO KoVbm OmVmo d `mdê$Z ‘mJUr bjmV KoD$Z Ë`m à‘mUm‘Üò H$‘©Mmè`mMr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo Am{U g§KQ>ZoV
^{dî`H$mim‘Üò CØdUmè`m JaOoMr nyV©Vm Ho$br OmVo.
(4) Mma n¡by

‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo Mma n¡by AmhoV Vo åhUOo EH$ H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr Ano{jV `mo½`Vm, j‘Vm, àd¥Îmr d Ë`m§Mr
H$m¡eëò BË`mXr XmoZ H$moUË`m àH$maMo {H$Vr H$‘©Mmar Amdí¶H$ AmhoV. VrZ H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm Hw$R>o Amho Am{U
Mma H$‘©Mmar H$moUË`m doiog Amdí¶H$ AmhoV. `m Mma n¡byÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZM ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo. `m‘wio
g§KQ>ZoVrb JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm hmoD$Z g§KQ>Zm Amnbo {ZpíMV Üò` èñdr[aË`m gmÜ` H$ê$ eH$Vo.
darb H$mhr ‘hËdnyU© d R>iH$ Aer ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo d¡{eï>o AmhoV. `m d¡{eï>çm§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZM àËòH$
g§KQ>Zo‘Üò ‘mZd g§gmYmZmMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Va g§KQ>ZoMo Üò` gmÜ` hmoD$ eH$Vo.
2.2.3 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr C{Ôï>o

‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr H$mhr ‘hÎdmMr C{Ôï>ço nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(1) H$m¡eë`mYr{ð>V H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr âVr

g§KQ>ZoMm ^{dî`H$mimVrb {dñVma Am{U g§^mì` l‘e³VrMr JaO {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`mH$[aVm Amdí¶H$ Agbobr
JwUd¡{eï>ço, `mo½`Vm d H$m¡eë` Agbobo H$‘©Mmar nwaoem à‘mUm‘Üò âVr H$aUo Aem‘wio ^{dî`H$mimV H$‘©Mmè`mMr
^mgUmar JaO g§nwð>mV òD$Z g§KQ>Zm {dZm AS>Wim Amnbo {ZpíMV Üò` gmYy eH$Vo VgoM CÚmoJmMm qH$dm g§KQ>ZoMm
{dñVma Pmë`m‘wio A{V[a³V H$‘©Mmè¶m§À`m godoMr JaO {Z‘m©U hmoB©b Vr bjmV R>oD$Z, ZdrZ H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr Zo‘UyH$
Ho$ë`m‘wio CÚmoJm§Mm {dñVma hmoÊ`mbm AS>Wim {Z‘m©U hmoV ZmhrV.

(2) l‘n[adV©Z
^{dî`H$mim‘Üò l‘n[adV©Z qH$dm H$‘©Mmè`mMm Q>Z©Amoìha {H$Vr amhrb `mMm A§XmO V`ma H$aVm Ambm nm{hOo.
AJmoXaM A§XmO ~m§Yë`m‘wio doimodoir H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr âVr hmoD$Z l‘n[adV©ZmMm Xa Ý`yZV‘ amhÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo. VgoM
g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb H$‘©Mmè`mda H$m‘mMm A{V[aº$ VmU nS>V Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio g§KQ>ZoMo H$m`© gwairVnUo Mmby amhÿZ g§KQ>Zm
Amnë`m èmH$S>o èñdrnUo ‘mJ©H«$‘U H$aVo.
(3) à{ejU
g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm doimodoir à{ejU XoUo AË`§V JaOoMo AgVo. {Xdg|{Xdg ~XbV OmUmao V§ÌkmZ Am{U
dmT>V OmUmar g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb H$m`©j‘Vm `m‘wio à{ejU ‘hÎdmMo Amho. à{ejUm‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m`m©Mo à‘mn C§MmdÊ`mg
‘XV hmoVo. H$‘©Mmè`mZm V§ÌkmZmMo kmZ {‘iVo. Ë`m§Mr `mo½`Vm d H$m¡eë` `m‘Üò dmT> hmoVo. `m~amo~aM {eñVnmbZm‘Üò
gwYmaUm KSy>Z òVmV. `mMm Iyn ‘moR>m ’$m`Xm g§KQ>Zobm hmoD$Z Vr Amnbo H$m`© A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao nma nmS>Ê`mg g‚m
hmoV AgVo.
(4) gm¡hmX©nU
y © g§~Y
§
g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Üò gm¡hmX©nyU© g§~§Y AgVrb VaM Vr g§KQ>Zm Amnbo Üò` {ZpíMV doio‘Üò nyU© H$ê$
eH$Vo. ‘mÌ H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Üò gm¡hmX©nyU© g§~§Y ZgVrb Va ‘mÌ g§KQ>Zm Amnbo Üò` gmÜ` H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ
g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Üò gm¡hmX©nUy © g§~Y§ ‘hÎdmMoAgVmV. g§KQ>Z‘o Üò gm¡hmX©nyU© g§~§Y {Z‘m©U ìhmdoV `mgmR>r ì`dñWmnH$s`
ñVamdarb A{YH$mè`m§Zr à`ËZ H$aUo AË`mdí¶H$ AgVo Ago g§~§Y {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY H$m`©H«$‘mMo, CËgdmMo
Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV `mdoV OoUoH$ê$Z g§KQ>ZoVrb H$‘©Mmè`m§Mo AmnmngmVrb g§~§Y Mm§Jbo {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z g§KQ>ZoMo Üò`
JmR>Ê`mgmR>r gd©OU OmUrdnyd©H$ H$m`© H$aVrb Am{U g§KQ>Zm Amnbo Üò` JmR>ob.
(5) H$m¡eë`mMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoUo

g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr âVr Ho$ë`mZ§Va gdm©V ‘hÎdmMm Q>ßnm åhUOo H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m j‘Vm§Mm Am{U H$m¡eë`m§Mm
`mo½` Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoUo hmo`. H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr âVr H$ê$Zhr Oa Ë`m§À`m j‘Vm§Mm Am{U H$m¡eë`m§Mm `mo½` Cn`moJ H$ê$Z
KoÊ`mV g§KQ>Zm Anèr R>abr Va Ë`mMo {dnarV n[aUm‘ g§KQ>Zoda hmoV AgVmV. åhUyZ g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m
H$m¡eë`m§Mm `mo½` Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoUo ‘hÎdmMo R>aVo. H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m j‘Vm§Mm Am{U H$m¡eë`m§Mm `mo½` Cn`moJ g§KQ>Zo‘Üò
H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambm Va g§KQ>Zm èñdr hmoD$Z g§KQ>ZoMr H$m`©VËnaVm dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV hmoVo.
darbà‘mUo H$mhr à‘wI Aer ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr ‘hÎdmMr C{Ôï>o AmhoV. hr C{Ôï>o bjmV KoD$ZM àËòH$
g§KQ>Zm H$m`© H$aV AgVo Am{U Amnbo Üò` gmÜ` H$ê$Z KoV AgVo.
2.2.4 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo ’$m`Xo

bhmZ Am{U ‘moR>çm Aem gd©M g§KQ>Zm§‘Üò ‘mZd g§gmYZmÀ`m {Z`moOZmMr ^y{‘H$m ’$ma ‘hÎdmMr AgVo. ‘mZd
g§gmYZmMo {d{dY ’$m`Xo AmhoV. H$mhr ‘w»` ’$m`Xo nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(1) gdm}ËH¥$ï> Cn`moJ

àËòH$ g§KQ>ZoMr àJVr hr Z¡g{J©H$, {dÎmr` d ‘mZd g§gmYZmÀ`m CËH¥$ï> Cn`moJmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`mH$[aVm
‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo AË`mdí¶H$ Amho. ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo Jobo Va g§KQ>Zo‘Üò ‘mZd g§gmYZmMm
gdm}ËH¥$ï> Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVm òVmo Am{U g§KQ>ZoMr àJVr d ââmQ> hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoD$ eH$Vo.
(2) A{V[a³V IMm©da Amim

‘mZd g§gmYZmÀ`m {Z`moOZm‘wio g§KQ>ZoÀ`m A{V[aº$ IMm©da Amim ~gÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo. g§KQ>Zo‘Üò ‘mZd
g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$ë`m‘wio `mo½` {R>H$mUr `mo½` Vmo H$‘©Mmar {ZdS>bm OmVmo. VgoM H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m¡eë`m§Mm nwaonya
Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm OmVmo. Ë`m‘wio A{V[aº$ H$‘©Mmar g§KQ>Zo‘Üò AgV ZmhrV Am{U A{V[a³V H$‘©Mmè`mda hmoUmè`m
AZmR>m`r IMm©da Amim ~gV AgVmo. Ë`m‘wio g§KQ>Zo‘Üò n¡emMr ~MV hmoD$Z, H$‘r n¡em‘Üò èñdr H$m`© g§KQ>ZoÛmao nma
nmS>br OmVmV.
(3) AMyH$ AZw‘mZ H$aVm òVo
‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$ë`m‘wio ^{dî`H$mimVrb JaOm§Mo AMyH$ AZw‘mZ H$mT>Vm òVo. Ë`m‘wio AmYrM V`mar
H$aÊ`mV òD$Z g§KQ>ZoVrb JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm doioda Ho$br OmVo. åhUyZ g§KQ>Zm Amnbo H$m`© {dZmAS>Wim Mmby R>oD$ eH$Vo.
(4) {dH$mg H$m`©H$« ‘m§Zm {Xem {‘iVo

‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$ë`m‘wio g§KQ>Zo‘Üò H$moUË`m àH$maMr H$m¡eëò Am{U H$m`©j‘Vm Agbobo H$‘©Mmar
{H$Vr AmhoV `mMr ‘m{hVr hmoVo. VgoM ^{dî`H$mim‘Üò H$moUË`m àH$maMr H$m¡eëò Agbobo {H$Vr H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm
^mgUma Amho `mMrhr ‘m{hVr hmoVo. `m‘wio g§KQ>Zo‘Üò H$m`©aV Agboë`m H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm {d{dY {dH$mg H$m`©H«$‘m§À`m
‘mÜ`‘mVyZ à{e{jV H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m‘Üò ^{dî`H$mimV ^mgUmè`m H$m¡eë`m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br OmD$Z, g§KQ>Zobm ^{dî`H$mimV
hì`m AgUmè`m H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr ì`dñWm AJmoXaM Ho$ë`m‘wio g§KQ>Zog‘moarb Hw$eb H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr g‘ñ`m gwQ>Ê`mg ‘XV
hmoVo.
(5) {dÎmr` ì`dñWmnZm‘Üò AMyH$Vm òVo

‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$ë`m‘wio g§KQ>Zo‘Üò H$moUË`m doiog H$moUË`m àH$maMo Am{U {H$Vr H$‘©Mmar bmJVrb.
`m~Ôb {ZpíMV A§XmO H$aVm òVmo. H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm X`mdo bmJUmao {d{dY bm^ Ogo doVZ, ^Îmo, AZwf§{JH$ bm^ BË`mXtÀ`m
~m~VrV {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMm A§XmO ~m§YVm òVmo. åhUOoM H$‘©Mmè`m§da {H$Vr IM© H$amdm bmJUma Amho. `m{df`r ‘m{hVr
hmoVo `mMm ’$m`Xm Agm hmoVmo H$s g§KQ>ZoMo A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aVmZm {dÎmr` ì`dñWmnZ AMyH$ Am{U {ZpíMV hmoVo.
(6) ~oamoOJmarMo g§H$Q> Q>miVm òVo

g§KQ>Zo‘Üò à{VHy$b n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmë`mg d g§KQ>ZoMr H$m`©j‘Vm H$‘r Pmë`mg CËnmXZmMr nmVir KQ>Vo.
Aem doiog g§KQ>Zo‘Üò H$mhr à‘mUm‘Üò AZmdí¶H$ H$‘©Mmar R>aVmV. Voìhm Aem H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm g§KQ>Zo‘YyZ H$mTy>Z
Q>mH$ë`mg g§~§{YV H$‘©Mmè`m§da ~oamoOJmarMr n[apñWVr AmoT>dVo. n[aUm‘r Ë`mH$‘©Mmè`m§Mo Hw$Qw>§~ à{VHy$b n[apñWVr‘Üò
OmVo. na§Vw Oa g§KQ>Zo‘Üò ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo Jobo Va g§KQ>Zo‘Üò A{V[aº$ H$‘©Mmar R>aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$‘r
AgVo Am{U H$‘©Mmè`m§darb ~oamoOJmarMo g§H$Q> Q>miVm òVo.
(7) ‘mZ{gH$VoMr ‘m{hVr g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo

‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo Joë`mg g§KQ>ZVo rb ì`dñWmnH$s` ñVamdarb A{YH$mè`m§Zm H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m ‘mZ{gH$VoMr
AMyH$ ‘m{hVr {‘iÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV AgVo. H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr ‘mZ{gH$Vm Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©bm à^m{dV H$arV AgVo. H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m
‘mZ{gH$Vo‘Üò H$mimZwê$n ~Xb KSy>Z òV AgVmV. Ooìhm H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr ‘mZ{gH$Vm ~Xbbr Agob Am{U Ë`m§Mr `mo½` Vr
XIb d[að> ñVamda KoVbr Jobr Va g§KQ>Zo‘Üò CØdUmè`m {d{dY g‘ñ`m Ogo ‘mbH$-ZmoH$a g§~§Y, ~o{eñV, g§n, BË`mXr
Q>miVm òD$ eH$VmV. VgoM H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Üò `mo½` doir `mo½` Vmo ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUyZ g§KQ>Zo‘Üò AmëhmXXm`H$ dmVmdaU
{Z‘m©U H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo.
(8) YmoaUmË‘H$ {Z`moOZ H$aVm òVo

g§KQ>Zo‘Üò ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Va g§KQ>Zobm YmoaUmMo {Z`moOZ H$aVm òVo. g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb
H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr nmÌVm H$m` Amho, Hw$ebVm H$er Amho Am{U Ë`m§Mr H$m`©j‘Vm H$er Amho ho g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV.o Ë`m‘wio
g§KQ>Zobm YmoaU R>adVo doiog `m ‘m{hVrMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo d Ë`mZwgmaM AZwHy$b YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va
YmoaUmMr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Ë`m {R>H$mUr `mo½` Vmo H$‘©Mmar {Z`wº$ H$aVm òVmo Am{U g§KQ>ZoÀ`m YmoaUmMr
A§‘b~OmdUr Mm§Jë`màH$mao hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV AgVo.
darbà‘mUo H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© Ago ’$m`Xo ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m‘wio hmoV AgVmV. g§KQ>ZoÀ`m
àH$mamZwgma Am{U Ë`m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmZwgma `m ’$m`Úm‘Üò H$‘r-A{YH$nZm òD$ eH$Vmo.
2.2.5 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr à{H«$`m

‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmÀ`m à{H«$ò‘Üò Imbrb KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

(1) g§KQ>ZoMm CÔoe
‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmÀ`m à{H«$ò‘Üò g§KQ>ZoÀ`m CÔoembm ‘hÎdnyU© ñWmZ Amho. H$maU ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ
ho g§KQ>ZoMm CÔoe gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>rM Ho$bo OmVo. g§KQ>ZoMm CÔoe {ZpíMV Pmbobm Agob Va g§KQ>ZoÀ`m CÔoemZwgma
CnbãY ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo. g§KQ>ZoÀ`m CÔoemZwê$nM ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV òV AgVo.
(2) ‘mZd g§gmYZmMr ‘m{hVr Zm|XdUo

g§KQ>Zo‘Üò CnbãY Agboë`m ‘mZd g§gmYZmMr ‘m{hVr Zm|Xdhr‘Üò H$aÊ`mV òV AgVo. g§KQ>Zo‘Üò CnbãY
Agboë`m ‘Zwî`~imMo H$m¡eë`, nmÌVm, kmZ, H$m`©j‘Vm BË`mXr ~m~tMr ‘m{hVr {‘idyZ Vr Zm|XdyZ R>odë`mg ^m{dî`H$mimV
g§KQ>Zobm {deof H$m¡eë` Agboë`m ‘Zwî`~imMr Amdí¶H$Vm ^mgë`mg Vr Ëd[aV nyU© H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo. åhUyZ CnbãY
‘Zwî`~imMr g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {bpIV ñdénmV AgUo ‘hÎdmMo AgVo d hr EH$ ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr à{H«$`m Amho.
(3) {dH$mg H$m`©H$« ‘ am~{dUo

g§KQ>Zo‘Üò CnbãY Agboë`m ‘Zwî`~imbm {Xdg|{Xdg ~XbV OmUmè`m V§ÌkmZmMo kmZ XoÊ`mgmR>r d AÚmdV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{ejU XoUo ‘hÎdmMo AgVo. Ë`m‘wio g§KQ>ZoVrb H$‘©Mmar H$mimZwê$n ~XbUmao V§ÌkmZ AmË‘gmV H$ê$Z Vo
hmVmiÊ`m‘Üò Va~oO hmoVmV. åhUyZ g§KQ>Zo‘Üò {dH$mg H$m`©H«$‘mÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm à{ejU XoUo ‘hÎdmMo
Amho.
(4) nydm©Z‘w mZ
g§KQ>Zo‘Üò {Xdg|{Xdg H$m`m©Mm ì`mn dmT>V OmVmo. hm dmT>bobm ì`mn H$‘r H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Ë`m H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr
âVr H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Ë`m‘wioM ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmÀ`m à{H«$ò‘Üò ‘Zwî`~imÀ`m nydm©Zw‘mZmg ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ
Amho. g§KQ>Zo‘Üò Xadfu {H$Vr à‘mUm‘Üò Am{U H$em àH$maMo ‘Zwî`~i Amdí¶H$ Amho. `m§Mm nydm©Zw‘mZ H$mT>Vm Ambm
nm{hOo. VgoM {d{dY H$maUm§Zr g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb H$‘r hmoV OmUmao ‘Zwî`~i `mMmhr nydm©Zw‘mZ H$mT>Vm Ambm nm{hOo. `m‘wio
g§KQ>Zobm ^mgUmè`m ‘Zwî`~imMr nyd©H$ënZm Amë`m‘wio Ago ‘Zwî`~i CnbãY H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z`moOZ H$aVm òVo Am{U
g§KQ>Zm {Za§VanUo Amnbo H$m`© nma nmSy> eH$Vo.
(5) âVrMo {Z`moOZ

g§KQ>Zo‘Üò H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr âVr H$aUo hr EH$ ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr ‘hÎdmMr à{H«$`m Amho. g§KQ>Zo‘Üò
Amdí¶H$ Agboë`m VgoM Hw$eb, `mo½` Am{U H$m`©j‘ H$‘©Mmar âVr H$aÊ`mV òV AgVo. g§KQ>Zo‘Üò H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr âVr
H$aVmZm âVrMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV òV AgVo. g§KQ>Zo‘Üò H$moUË`m àH$maMo nX Amho. Ë`m nXmgmR>r bmJUmar nmÌVm {ZpíMV
H$aUo. VgoM H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Üò H$moUVo H$m¡eë` Amdí¶H$ Amho ho hr âVrÀ`m {Z`moOZmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ R>a{dVm òVo. EH$Xm
âVrMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZ§Va g§KQ>Zo‘Üò `mo½` Ë`m H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr âVr H$aUo gmono OmV AgVo Am{U g§KQ>Zobm
Amdí¶H$ Vmo H$‘©Mmar {‘iÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV AgVo.
(6) ‘mZd g§gmYZmMm gdm}Îm‘ Cn`moJ H$aUo

g§KQ>Zo‘Üò Amdí¶H$ Agboë`m H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr âVr H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZ§Va gdm©V ‘hÎdmMr à{H«$`m åhUOo ‘Zwî`~imMm
gdm}Îm‘ Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoUo hmo`. g§KQ>ZoVrb ì`dñWmnH$mZo ‘mZd g§gmYZmMm ‘hÎm‘ Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm nm{hOo. H$maU
Cn`moJmV Z AmUbr Jobobr ‘mZd g§gmYZo IMm©‘Üò dmT> H$aV AgVmV. `m~amo~aM gdm}Îm‘ Cn`moJ Pmbm Zgë`m‘wio
g§KQ>ZoMr JVrhr ‘§XmdV AgVo. åhUyZM g§KQ>ZoVrb ì`dñWmnH$mZo g§KQ>ZoMr ~XbVr JaO AmoiIyZ CnbãY ‘mZd
g§gmYZmMm gdm}Îm‘ Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm nm{hOo.
(7) à{ejU
g§KQ>Zo‘Yrb ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmÀ`m à{H«$òV à{ejUmbm ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. H$mhr R>am{dH$ H$mimZ§Va
g§KQ>ZoVrb H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm à{ejU Úmdo bmJV AgVo. à{ejU {Xë`m‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Yrb gwá JwUm§Mm Am{U H$m¡eë`m§Mm
{dH$mg hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV AgVmo. à{ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r {Z`moOZ H$aUo AË`§V ‘hÎdmMo Amho. H$maU {Z`moOZnyd©H$ à{ejU

‘mZd g§gmYZmbm àmá Pmë`m‘wio Ë`mMm ’$m`Xm g§KQ>Zobm Am{U H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm hmoV AgVmo. VgoM à{ejUmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ
g§KQ>ZoÀ`m dmT>V OmUmè`m H$m`©j‘VoÀ`m JaOm§Mrhr nyV©Vm hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV AgVo.
WmoS>Š`mV ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmVrb ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aUo hmo`. g§KQ>Zo‘Üò
H$m`© H$aUmè`m ‘mZd g§gmYmZmMo ‘yë`‘mnZ Ho$bo Jobo Va g§KQ>Zobm ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm hmoUmam ’$m`Xm qH$dm VmoQ>m
bjmV òVmo. ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm ‘mZd g§gmYZmda H$m` à^md nS>V Amho `mMrhr ‘m{hVr {‘iÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV
AgVo. VgoM ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmVrb C{Udm§Mr Am{U H$‘VaVoMr OmUrdhr hmoV AgVo. `m‘wio ì`dñWmnH$mbm
^{dî`m‘Üò `m CUrdm Am{U H$‘VaVm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo ‘yë`‘mnZ ‘mJ©Xe©H$ R>aV AgVo Am{U
‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ à^mdrnUo H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo. darbà‘mUo ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ à{H«$ò‘Yrb ‘hÎdmMo Q>ßno
AmhoV d `m à{H«$òVyZ ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo Joë`mg Ë`mMm gH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©da hmoV AgVmo.
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
(1) _mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm AW© gm§Jm.
(2) g§KQ>ZoV _mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ H$moRw>Z Ho$ë`m OmVo.
(3) _mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo Mma n¡by H$moUVo?
(4) _mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo C{Ôï>ço H$moUVr?
(5) _mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo \$m`Xo gm§Jm.

(1) ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z¶moOZ : g§KQ>Zobm ^{dî¶mV bmJUmè¶m H$‘©Mmè¶m§Mr VaVyX H$aUo.
(2) à{ejU : kmZ d H$m¡eë¶ dmT>{dÊ¶mMr à{H«$¶m.
(3) ‘Zwî¶~i : g§KQ>ZoVrb H$‘©Mmar dJ©.
(4) COiUr à{ejU : à{e{jV H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm Z{dZ ‘m{hVr d H$m¡eë¶o AmË‘gmV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r dma§dma {Xbo OmUmao
à{ejU.

(1) H¥$VrMr nyd©V¶mar åhUOoM ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z¶moOZ hmo¶.
(2) g§KQ>ZoV ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z¶moOZ ho daÀ¶m nmVirdê$Z Ho$ë¶m OmVo.
(3) H$‘©Mmè¶m§Mr Ano{jV ¶mo½¶Vm, j‘Vm, àd¥Îmr d Ë¶m§Mr H$m¡eë¶ hr ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z¶moOZmMo Mma n¡by AmhoV.
(4) l‘n[adV©Z, à{ejU Am{U gm¡Xmh©nyU© g§~§Y.
(5) gdm}ËH¥$ï> Cn^moJ, A{V[a³V IMm©da Amim, {dH$mg H$m¶©H«$‘m§Zm {Xem {‘iVo, ~oamoOJmarMo g§H$Q> Q>miVm ¶oVo.

2.5 gmam§e
darb gd© {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago bjmV òVo H$s ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZ ho ì`dgm`mgmR>r, CnH«$‘mgmR>r, àemgH$s`
H$m`m©gmR>r Am{U amï´>mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r AË`§V ‘hÎdnyU© Amho. ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo H$m`© ho ì`dñWmnZmVrb daÀ`m
nmVirdarb KQ>H$m§‘m’©$V H$aÊ`mV òVo. ^{dî`H$mimV ‘mZd g§gmYZmMr JaO ^mJdÊ`mgmR>r ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ
H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ‘Zwî`~imMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Ë`m§Zm AÚmdV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ
‘hÎdmMo AgVo. `m~amo~aM g§KQ>Zo‘Üò qH$dm CnH«$‘m‘Yrb H$m`©aV H$‘©Mmar Am{U ì`dñWmnZ `m§À`m‘Üò gm¡hmX©nyU©
g§~§Y V`ma hmoÊ`mgmR>r ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ ‘hÎdmMr ^y{‘H$m ~OmdV AgVo. ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo {Z`moOZ Ho$ë`m‘wio
AZoH$ ’$m`Xo ì`dgm`mbm qH$dm CnH«$‘mbm hmoV AgVmV. Ogo ‘mZd g§gmYZmMm Mm§Jbm Cn`moJ, IMm©da à{V~§Y, AMyH$
AZw‘mZ H$mT>Ê`mg ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm ‘XV hmoVo, {dH$mg H$m`©H«$‘ am~dÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo, H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr ‘mZ{gH$Vm g‘OyZ KoVm
òVo Am{U Ë`mZwgma g§KQ>ZoÛmao C{MV H$m`©dmhr H$aVm òVo. AemàH$mao AZoH$ ’$m`Xo g§KQ>Zobm ‘mZd g§gmYZmÀ`m
{Z`moOZmÛmao hmoV AgVmV.
AmO {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr dmT>V OmUmar ‘mJUr, ‘mZd VgoM H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo
{Z`moOZ H$aUo JaOoMo Pmbo Amho. åhUyZM Ago åhUVm òVo H$s, amï´>mMm qH$dm amÁ`mMm {dH$mg hm ‘mZd g§gmYZmÀ`m
{Z`moOZmdaM Adb§~yZ Amho.

(1) ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm AW© d ì`m»`m gm§JyZ d¡{eï²>ò {bhm.
(2) ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr CÔrï²>ò gm§Jm.
(3) ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo ’$m`Xo {bhm.
(4) ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr à{H«$`m ñnï> H$am.
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmMr nwñVHo$

(1) haH$i, nr. d Mm¡Yar, Or. S>r. (2015). ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ. Am¡a§Jm~mX, {dÚm ~w³g npãbeg©.
(3) ^m§S>dbXma, Oo. (2015). ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg. Am¡a§Jm~mX, H¡$bmg npãbHo$eZ.
(4) Kumar, K. (2001). Human Resource Management. Jaipr, ABD Publishers.
(5) Dhawan, J. (2009). Logistics and Human Resource Management. Delhi, Mangalam Publications.

KQ>H$ 3 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
3.0 C{Ôï>o
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
3.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
3.2.1 _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMr aMZm
3.2.2 _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`mMo CÔoe
3.2.3 _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb¶mMo {d^mJ d A{YZñW g§ñWm
3.2.4 _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb¶mMo H$m¶} d ^w{‘H$m
3.2.5 _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V am~dÊ`mV òUmao H$m`©H«$‘
1.5 gmam§e
3.0 C{Ôï>o
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm-
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMr aMZm gm§JVm òB©b.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMo CÔoe gm§JVm òVrb.
· ‘§Ìmb`mMo A{YZñV {d^mJ Am{U g§ñWm§Mr ‘m{hVr hmoB©b.
· ‘§Ìmb`mMo H$m`© Am{U ^y{‘H$m {deX H$aVm òB©b.
· ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V am~{dÊ`mV òUmè`m {d{dY H$m`©H«$‘mMr ‘m{hVr hmoB©b.
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
àËòH$ XoemMm {dH$mg hm Ë`m Xoem‘m’©$V ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {Xë`m OmUmè`m {ejUmdaM Adb§~yZ AgVmo. XoemÀ`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r Hw$eb, kmZr, V§ÌkmZ AmË‘gmV Ho$bobo Am{U H$m`©j‘ ‘Zwî`~imMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ago ‘Zwî`~i
XoemV CnbãY Agob VaM XoemMm {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$Vmo AÝ`Wm XoemMm {dH$mg Iw§Q>V AgVmo. åhUyZM Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda
{dMma Ho$ë`mg Ago OmUdVo H$s àËòH$ XoemZo Amnë`m XoemVrb ‘mZdr g§gmYZmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr
{Z{‘©Vr Ho$br Amho Am{U `m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ‘mZdr g§gmYZmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mV òV Amho.

^maVmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, XoemVrb ‘Zwî`~imMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ðr` ñVamda ‘mZd
g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$VM XoemVrb {ejUmMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg Ho$bm
OmVmo. VgoM `m {ejUmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ Xoembm ^{dî`H$mim‘Üò ^mgUmar Hw$eb ‘Zwî`~imMr nwV©Vm H$aÊ`mV òV.o `m‘wio
XoemV Hw$eb, kmZr Am{U V§ÌkmZmZo `wŠV Ago ‘Zwî`~i V`ma hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV Amho Am{U `m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ XoemMm
{dH$mg hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV Amho. àñVyV ‘§Ìmb` XoemVrb gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g‘mZ {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r H${Q>~Õ Amho. EImÚm
Xw~©b KQ>H$mVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm XoIrb Cƒ XOm©Mo {ejU KoVm `mdo åhUyZ ‘§Ìmb` {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {eî`d¥Ë`m, AZwXmZo
Am{U e¡j{UH$ H$Om©Mr gmo` CnbãY H$ê$Z XoV AgVo. `m KQ>H$m‘Üò AmnU ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMr aMZm,
CÔoe, A{YZñV {d^mJ Am{U g§ñWm `mMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. `m~amo~aM ‘§Ìmb`mMo A{YH$ma Am{U H$m`© H$em
àH$maMr AmhoV `mMrhr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV Am{U ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V am~dÊ`mV òUmao {d{dY H$m`©H«$‘ `mMmhr
AmT>mdm AmnU KoUma AmhmoV.
3.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
3.2.1 _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMr aMZm
‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMr aMZm Imbrb AmH¥$Vr dê$Z g‘OyZ òVo.
AmH¥$Vr 3.1
‘§Ìmb`mMr aMZm
v
‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`
v
H°$~rZoQ> ‘§Ìr
v
v v
embo` {ejU Am{U gmjaVm {d^mJ Cƒ {ejU {d^mJ
v v
amÁ`‘§Ìr amÁ`‘§Ìr
v v
‘w»` g{Md ‘w»` g{Md
v v v v
ghmæ`H$ g{Md g§`Šw V g{Md g§`Šw V g{Md g§`Šw V g{Md g„mJma
‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU àmW{‘H$ {ejU àm¡T> {ejU
v v v v
ghmæ`H$ g{Md g§`Šw V g{Md g§`Šw V g{Mdg§`Šw V g{Mdg§`Šw V g{Mdg§`Šw V g{Mdg§`Šw V g{Mdg§`Šw V g{MdAm{W©H$ g„mJma
Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU H|$Ðr`{dÚmnrR> YmoaU Am{U Cƒ {ejU, àemgH$s` XyañW {ejU {dÎm d gm§pIH$sAm{U
Am{U ^mfm {Z`moOZ {eî`d¥Îmr g‘Ýd`H$ boIm {Z`moOZ
darb AmH¥$Vr dê$Z Ago bjmV òVo H$s, ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`m‘Üò EH$ H°$~rZoQ> XOm©Mm ‘§Ìr AgVmo. `m
‘§Í`mÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbrM ‘§Ìmb`mMo g§nyU© H$m‘H$mO MmbV AgVo. `m ‘§Í`mbm ghmæ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ amÁ`‘§Ìr AgVmV.
EH$ amÁ`‘§Ìr embo` {ejU {d^mJ Am{U gmjaVm {d^mJmgmR>r AgVmo, Va Xwgam amÁ`‘§Ìr Cƒ {ejU {d^mJmgmR>r
AgVmo. embo` {ejU Am{U gmjaVm {d^mJmVrb amÁ`‘§Í`mbm ghmæ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ g{Md AgVmo. Va `m g{Mdmbm
‘XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ghmæ`H$ g{Md AgVmo. `m~amo~aM Mma g§`wŠV g{Md Am{U EH$ g„mJma AgVmo. Cƒ {ejU
{d^mJm‘Üò EH$ g{Md AgVmo. Va `m g{Mdmbm ‘XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ghmæ`H$ g{Md Va gmV g§`wŠV g{Md AgVmV
Am{U EH$ Am{W©H$ g„mJma AgVmo. Aem àH$maMr ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMr aMZm Amho.
 g§{dYmZmË‘H$ VaVyX
^maVr` gqdYmZm‘Üò Oo ‘wb^yV A{YH$ma gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. Ë`m‘Üò {ejUmMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. åhUOoM àËòH$mbm
{ejU {‘iUo hm ‘wb^yV A{YH$ma Amho. ^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m H$b‘ 21 (A) Zwgma XoemVrb àËòH$ amÁ`mZo d` df}6
Vo 14 `m d`moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm-‘wbtZm {Z:ewëH$ d gŠVsÀ`m {ejUmMm A{YH$ma àXmZ Ho$bm Amho. B.g. 1986 À`m
e¡j{UH$ YmoaUm‘Üò Am{U B.g.1992 À`m H¥$Vr H$m`©H«$‘m‘Üò àmW{‘H$ {ejU hm {ejUmMm ‘wb^yV KQ>H$ Agë`mMm
nwZéƒma Ho$bm Amho. ^maVr` g§gXoZo {XZm§H$1 E{àb 2010 ‘Üò 6-14 d`moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm-‘wbtZm {Z:ewëH$ d gŠVsÀ`m
{ejUmMm A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`‘ bmJy Ho$bm Amho. `m A{Y{Z`‘m‘wio XoemVrb 6 Vo 14 d`moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm-‘wbtZm {Z:ewëH$
Am{U gŠVsMo {ejU {‘iy bmJbo Amho. XoemÀ`m C^maUr‘Üò {ejUmbm Iyn ‘hÎd Amho. åhUyZM `m A{Y{Z`‘mbm
AZÝ`gmYmaU ‘hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho.
3.2.2 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMo CÔoe

‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMo Imbrbà‘mUo H$mhr ‘hÎdmMo CÔoe AmhoV.
(A) XoemVrb Aëng§»`mH$, Jar~, Xw~©b, ‘mJmgdJu` Am{U ‘{hbm `m gdmªgmR>r {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
e¡j{UH$ YmoaU R>a{dUo Am{U Ë`m§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aUo.
(~) {ejUmMm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r gw{Z`mo{OV à`ËZ H$aUo. `m~amo~aM XwJ©‘ ^mJmVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm
ghO CnbãY H$em hmoVrb `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
(H$) g‘mOmVrb Am{W©H$Ñï²>`m Xw~©b {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eî`d¥Îmr XoUo. VgoM e¡j{UH$ H$O© CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
(S>) XoemVrb {ejUmMm XOm© dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamdarb {dÚmnrR>m§Mo, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mo Am{U `wZmoñH$moMo
ghH$m`© KoUo. Á`m‘wio XoemVrb e¡j{UH$ ñVa Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda nmohMob.
darbà‘mUo ‘hÎdnyU© CÔoe g‘moa R>oD$Z ‘§Ìmb`‘m’©$V H$m`© Ho$bo OmVo. `m CÔoem‘wio XoemVrb gd© {dÚmÏ`mªZm
Mm§Jbo, Am§Vaamï´>r` XOm©Mo {ejU {‘iÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV Amho. VgoM {ejUmMm àgma Am{U àMma hmoÊ`mghr ‘XV hmoV
Amho.
3.2.3 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMo {d^mJ Am{U A{YZñV g§ñWm

‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb` EHy$U 8 ã`wamo‘Üò {d^mJbo Jobo Amho. `m 8 ã`wamoÀ`m A§VJ©V {d{dY g§ñWm H$m`©
H$aV AgVmV. Ë`m nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
‘§Ìmb`mMo8 ã`wamo Imbrbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(A) {dÚmnrR> Am{U Cƒ {ejU, Aëng§»`mH$ {ejU
(~) V§Ì {ejU
(H$) àemgH$s` Am{U ^mfm
(S>) Xya {ejU Am{U {eî`d¥Îmr
(B) `wZoñH$mo, Am§Vaamï´>r` ghmæ` nwñVH$ nwañH$ma Am{U H$m°nramB©Q> {ejU, YmoaU Am{U {ZarjU.
(’$) EH$mpË‘H$ {dÎm {d^mJ
(J) gm§p»`H$s, dm{f©H$ {Z`moOZ Am{U gr.E‘.Am`.Eg.
(K) àemgH$s` gwYmaUm, CÎma nydu` àXoe, ‘mJmgdJu` Am{U BVa ‘mJmgdJu`.
AemàH$mao ‘§Ìmb`m‘Üò EHy$U 8 ã`wamo AmhoV. `m ã`wamoÀ`m A§VJ©V òUmè`m g§ñWm Imbrbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(A) {dÚmnrR> Am{U Cƒ {ejU, Aëng§»`mH$ {ejU

`m ã`wamoÀ`m A§VJ©V Imbrb g§ñWm òVmV:
(1) {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ (University Grants Commission)
(2) ^maVr` gm‘m{OH$emó g§emoYZ n[afX (Indian Council of Social Science Research)
(3) ^maVr` Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§emoYZ n[afX (Indian Council of Historical Research)
(4) {ejU, g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg g§ñWm (Education, Research and Development organization)
(5) ^maVr` VÎdkmZ {df`H$ g§emoYZ n[afX (Indian council of philosophical Research)
(6) ^maVr` àJV Aä`mg g§ñWm, {g‘bm (Indian Institute of -dvanced Studies)
(7) 46 H|$Ðr` {dÚmnrR>o ({X.11.09.2015 n`ªV)
(~) V§Ì{ejU
V§Ì {ejU ã`wamoÀ`m A§VJ©V Imbrb g§ñWm òVmV. `m g§ñWmda V§Ì{ejU ã`wamoMo {Z`§ÌU AgVo.
(01) ^maVr` ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZ g§ñWm (Indian Institute of Information Technology) ½dmëhoa, Abmhm~mX, O~bnya,
Am{U H$m§Mrnwa‘
(02) ApIb ^maVr` V§Ì{ejU n[afX (All India Council of Technical Education)
(03) dmñVwemÌ qH$dm ñWmnË` n[afX (Council of Architecture)
(04) {Z`moOZ Am{U ñWmnË` emim (School of Planning and Architecture)
(05) 16 ^maVr` V§ÌkmZ g§ñWm (Indian Institute of Technology)
(06) 5 ^maVr` {dkmZ {ejU Am{U g§emoYZ g§ñWm (Indian Institute of Science Education and Research)
(07) 13 ^maVr` ì`dñWmnZ g§ñWm (Indian Institute of Management)
(08) 30 amï´>r` V§ÌkmZ g§ñWm (National Institute of Technology)
(09) g§V bm|Jmodmb A{^`m§{ÌH$s Am{U V§ÌkmZ g§ñWm (Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering Technology)
(10) CÎma-nydu` àmXo{eH$ {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ g§ñWm (North-Eastern Regional Institute of Science Technology)
(11) amï´>r` Am¡Úmo{JH$ A{^`m§{ÌH$s g§ñWm (National Institute of Industrial Engineering)
(12) 4 amï´>r` Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU à{ejU Am{U g§emoYZ g§ñWm (National Institute of Technical Teachers Training
Research)
(13) 4 àmXo{eH$ AàoZQ>rZ{en/àmË`{jH$ à{ejU ~moS>© (Regional Board of Apprenticeship / Practical Training)
(H$) àemgH$s` Am{U ^mfm `m ã`wamoÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmA§VJ©V Imbrb g§ñWm òVmV

(1) amï´>r` g§ñH¥$V g§ñWm, Zdr {X„r
(2) H|$Ðr` qhXr g§ñWm, AmJ«m
(3) amï´>r` qgYr ^mfm àgma n[afX
(4) g§ñH¥$V joÌmVrb S>råS> {dÚmnrR>o
(5) amï´>r` g§ñH¥$V {dÚmnrR>, {VénVr
(6) lr.bmb~hmXya emór amï´>r` g§ñH¥$V {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {X„r
(7) B§J«Or Am{U naH$s` ^mfm {dÚmnrR>, h¡Xam~mX
(8) amï´>r` CXy© ^mfm àgma n[afX
(9) 3 Jm¡U {d^mJ
(A) H|$Ðr` qhXr g§MmbZmb`, Zdr {X„r
(~) emór` d Vm§{ÌH$ Q>{‘©Zm°bm°Or Am`moJ, Zdr {X„r
(H$) H|$Ðr` ^maVr d ^mfm g§ñWm
(S>) Xya{ejU Am{U {eî`d¥Îmr ã`wamo

`m ã`wamoA§VJ©V B§{Xam Jm§Yr amï´>r` ‘wŠV {dÚmnrR> òVo.
darbà‘mUo Mma ã`wamoÀ`m A§VJ©V {d{dY g§ñWm òVmV. ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMo H$m‘H$mO Odinmg 100
ñdm`V g§ñWm‘m’©$V MmbV AgVo.

3.2.4 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMo H$m`© d ^y{‘H$m
H$moUË`mhr XoemMm {dH$mg hm ‘mZdr g§gmYZmdaM Adb§~yZ AgVmo. ‘mZdr g§gmYZ hþema, H$m¡eë`àmá, kmZr
Am{U H$m`©j‘ Agob, Va XoemMr àJVr KSy>Z òV AgVo. åhUyZM ^maVmVrb ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMr H$m`©
Am{U ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr Amho. XoemMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r XoemV CnbãY Agboë`m ‘mZdr g§gmYZmg, H$m`©j‘, H$m¡eë`
àmá, JwUdmZ, kmZr H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb` à`ËZ H$aV AgVo. Xoem‘Üò n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§À`m
‘mÜ`‘mVyZ {ejUmbm AZwê$n Aer YmoaUm§er gwg§JV `moOZm V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mMr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMo ‘hÎdmMo H$m`©
H$aV AgVo.
(1) YmoaUm§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aUo

XoemVrb {ejUmMm ñVa C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r H$mim~amo~a ~Xb H$amdo bmJV AgVmV. åhUyZM ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg
‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM H$mimZwê$n ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY YmoaUo, `moOZm V`ma
Ho$ë`m OmV AgVmV. VgoM `m `moOZm§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V H$aÊ`mV òV AgVo. `moOZm§À`m A§‘b~OmdUrÀ`m
‘mÜ`‘mVyZ XoemVrb {ejUmMm ñVa C§MmdÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV AgVo. ho EH$ ‘§Ìmb`mMo ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© Amho.
(2) e¡j{UH$ {dH$mg H$aUo

XoemVrb e¡j{UH$ {dH$mg H$aUo ho EH$ ‘§Ìmb`mMo ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© Amho. XoemVrb e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmm gwYmaUo,
{ejUmMm àgma Am{U àMma H$aUo, e¡j{UH$ {dñVma H$aUo. VgoM XwJ©‘ ^mJm‘Üò e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo
Am{U `m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ e¡j{UH$ joÌmMm gw{Z`mo{OV {dH$mg H$aUo ho ‘hÎdmMo H$m`} ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V Ho$bo OmVo.
(3) Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§Zm e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm nwa{dUo
g‘mOm‘Üò e¡j{UH$Ñï²>`m Oo KQ>H$ Xwb©{jV AmhoV qH$dm {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV AmhoV Aem KQ>H$m§Zm e¡j{UH$
gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo, g‘mOmVrb Jar~, Aëng§»`mH$, ‘{hbm Aem KQ>H$m§H$S>o e¡j{UH$Ñï²>`m {deof bj nwa{dUo.
YmoaUm§Mr Am{U `moOZm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aVodoiog Aem d§{MV KQ>H$m§gmR>r YmoaUm§‘Üò Am{U `moOZm§‘Üò VaVyX H$aUo Am{U `m
‘mÜ`‘mVyZ Ë`m§Mm e¡j{UH$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo. Ë`m§Zm e¡j{UH$ àdmhm‘Üò gm‘mdyZ KoUo, Ago ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`©
‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V Ho$bo OmVo.
(4) {eî`d¥Îmr XoUo

g‘mOm‘Yrb Am{W©H$Ñï²>`m Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Zm {ejU KoVm `mdo `mgmR>r {eî`d¥Îmr nwa{dÊ`mV òVo. AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV
O‘mVr, BVa ‘mJmgdJu` Aem g‘mOmVrb Am{W©H$ Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Zm {eî`d¥ÎmrÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ Am{W©H$ nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo.
OoUoH$ê$Z `m KQ>H$m§Zm {ejU KoVmZm AS>MU òUma Zmhr. VgoM `m g‘mOmVrb Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Zm e¡j{UH$Ñï²>`m g~b hmoVm
òB©b `mgmR>r ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV AgVmV.
(5) e¡j{UH$ H$O} nwadUo

{Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V OmUmam {ejUmMm IM© g‘mOmVrb H$mhr {dÚmÏ`mªZm {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV R>oD$ eH$Vmo. åhUyZ
Aem {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r e¡j{UH$ H$O© {‘iUo ‘hÎdmMo AgVo. {dÚmWu {ejU KoV AgVmZm EImÚm Aä`mgH«$‘mMm IM©
H$aÊ`mMr Hw$dV Ë`mÀ`m‘Üò ZgVo. Aemdoir g§~§{YV {dÚmWu JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejU KoÊ`mnmgyZ d§{MV amhÿ eH$Vmo. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o
JwUdÎmm AgyZhr n¡emA^mdr Ë`mbm ‘ZmgmaIo {ejU KoÊ`mnmgyZ Xya amhmdo bmJVo. Voìhm Aem Jmoï>r Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Am{U
{dÚmWmªÀ`m ‘ZmgmaIo {ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ H$O© ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo OmV AgVo. `m‘wio g‘mOmVrb
Am{W©H$Ñï>çm Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Zmhr JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejU CnbãY hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV AgVo.
(6) Am§Vaamï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmgmo~V ghH$m`© dmT>dUo

XoemVrb e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmm gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Am{U XoemV H$mimZwê$n ~XbV OmUmao {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r`
ñVamdarb e¡j{UH$ Am{U BVa g§ñWm~amo~a ghH$m`© dmT>dUo ‘hÎdmMo AgVo. åhUyZM ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda

{d{dY {dÚmnrR>o VgoM `wZoñH$mo `m§À`mgmo~V ghH$m`© dmT>dbo OmVo, Á`mVyZ XoemVrb e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmm dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV hmoVo
Am{U XoemVrb {dÚmWmªZm JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejU {‘iÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo.
AemàH$mao H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© ‘§Ìmb`mbm H$amdr bmJV AgVmV.
3.2.5 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V am~dÊ`mV òUmao H$m`©H$« ‘

‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMo H$m‘H$mO XmoZ {d^mJm‘Üò {d^mJbobo Ambo Amho Vo åhUOo EH$ embo` {ejU
Am{U gmjaVm {d^mJ Am{U XmoZ Cƒ {ejU {d^mJ `m XmoZ {d^mJm‘m’©$V XoemVrb {ejUmMm XOm© dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r VgoM
XoemVrb gd© ñVamVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm am~dë`m OmVmV Ë`m nwT>rbà‘mUo
AmhoV.
(A) àmW{‘H$ {ejU

‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V àmW{‘H$ ñVamdarb {ejU gdm©Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm am~dë`m OmVmV. Ë`m
nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
{ejUmMm h¸$
B.g. 2002 ‘Üò 86 ì`m KQ>Zm XwéñVrÀ`m ‘mÜ`m‘mVyZ Xoem‘Üò {ejUmMm h¸$ hm H$m`Xm AmUÊ`mV Ambm.
KQ>ZoVrb ‘wb^yV A{YH$mamÀ`m21 A `m H$b‘m‘Üò {ejUmMm h¸$ g‘m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm Am{U Ë`m§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr
{S>g|~a 2000 nmgyZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma XoemVrb gd© amÁ`m§Zr 6 Vo 14 df© d`moJQ>mVrb {dÚmWmªZm ‘mo’$V
Am{U gŠVsMo {ejU XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Amho. `m H$m`Úm‘wio {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV amhÊ`mMo à‘mU H$‘r Pmbo Amho. VgoM
{ejU ‘mo’$V XoÊ`mV òV Agë`m‘wio g‘mOmVrb Am{W©H$Ñï²>`m Xw~©b ZmJ[aH$m§Zmhr Ë`m§À`m ‘wbm§Zm {ejU XoUo gmono Pmbo
Amho.
(~) gd© {ejm A{^`mZ

`m A{^`mZmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ XoemVrb gd© ñVamdarb {dÚmÏ`mªZm {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m
A{^`mZmMo Üò` Imbrbà‘mUo AmhoV.
A{^`mZmMo Üò`
(1) 6-14 df} d`moJQ>mVrb gd© {dÚmWmªZm {ejU h¸$ H$m`ÚmZwgma ‘mo’$V e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
(2) àmW{‘H$ {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV Agboë`m KQ>H$m§Zm e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm nwadyZ Ë`m§Zm ‘w»` àdmhmV AmUUo.
(3) {ejUmMo gmd©ÌrH$aU H$aUo.
(4) àmW{‘H$ {ejUmda bj H|${ÐV H$ê$Z JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejU XoÊ`mda â XoUo.
Aem àH$mao H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© Üò` gd© {ejm A{^`mZmMo AmhoV.
(H$) àmW{‘H$ {ejU H$m`©H$« ‘ (DPEP)

{Oëhm àmW{‘H$ {ejU H$m`©H«$‘ hm CnH«$‘ H|$ÐgaH$maÛmao nwañH¥$V Ho$bobm Amho. `m H$m`©H«$‘mÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ n{hbr
Vo nmMdr n`ªVÀ`m {dÚmWmªZm {dH$mgmË‘H$ {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV òV Amho. `m H$m`©H«$‘mMo H$mhr CÔoe AmhoV Vo
Imbrbà‘mUo.
H$m`©H$« ‘mMo CÔoe

(1) e¡j{UH$ JiVrMo à‘mU ho 10% nojm H$‘r H$aUo.
(2) {ejUmVrb gm‘mOrH$ Am{U b¢{JH$ V’$mdV Xya H$aUo.
(3) e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmm gwYmaUo.

{Oëhm {ZdS>rMo {ZH$f
{Oëhm àmW{‘H$ {ejU H$m`©H«$‘ Á`m {Oëøm‘Üò am~dm`Mm Amho. Vmo {Oëhm {ZdS>Ê`mgmR>r H$mhr {ZH$f R>a{dÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà‘mUo
(1) e¡j{UH$Ñï>çm ‘mJmg {Oëho
(2) Á`m {OëømMm gmjaVm Xa amï´>r` gmjaVm Xamnojm H$‘r Amho Ago {Oëho
(3) Á`m {Oëøm‘Üò ‘{hbm gmjaVoMo à‘mU H$‘r Amho Ago {Oëho
(4) g§nyU© gmjaVm A{^`mZ Á`m {Oëøm‘Üò èñdr Pmbo Amho Ago {Oëho
AemàH$mao Xoem‘Üò {Oëhm àmW{‘H$ {ejU H$m`©H«$‘mMr A§‘b~OmdUr Ho$br OmVo Am{U `m H$m`©H«$‘m§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ
{dÚmWmªZm {dH$mgmË‘H$ {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo OmV Amho.
(S>) ‘Ü`mÝh ^moOZ `moOZm

àmW{‘H$ emioVrb {dÚmÏ`mªMr nQ>g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§Mr CnpñWVr dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U nmofH$ Amhma
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r 15 Am°JñQ> 1995 amoOr H|$ÐemgZmZo amï´>r` nmofU Amhma H$m`©H«$‘, àmW{‘H$ {ejU hr `moOZm
gwé Ho$br. gwédmVrbm hr `moOZm2408 ãbm°H$‘Üò gwé H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. B.g.1997-1998 ‘Üò `m `moOZoMm
{dñVma H$ê$Z g§nyU© XoeâmV am~dÊ`mV òD$ bmJbr. hr `moOZm gaH$mar emim§nwaVrM ‘`m©{XV hmoVr. na§Vw B.g. 2002
‘Üò Vr ImOJr AZwXm{ZV VgoM ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm‘m’©$V Mmbdë`m OmUmè`m emioVhr am~dÊ`mV òD$ bmJbr. `m
`moOZoA§VJ©V n{hbr Vo nmMdr n`ªVÀ`m ‘wbm§Zm nmofU Amhma {Xbm OmVo. 100 J«m‘ nmofU Amhma Xa{Xder àËòH$ ‘wbmbm
{Xbm OmV AgVmo.
gßQ>|~a 2004 nmgyZ n{hbr Vo nmMdr n`ªVÀ`m ‘wbm§Zm emioVM Xwnmar ‘Ü`mÝh ^moOZ XoÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aÊ`mV òD$
bmJbo. 300 H°$barO Am{U 8 Vo 12 J«m‘ àmoQ>rZ Agbobo AÞ emioVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm ‘Ü`mÝh ^moOZmÛmao XoÊ`mV òVo. `mda
òUmè`m IMm©Mr VaVyX Imbrbà‘mUo H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
(1) Xa{Xder àËòH$ {dÚmWm©‘mJo 1 én`m ñd`§nmH$ IM© {Xbm OmVmo.
(2) Xaq¹$Q>b 75 énò XiUdiU IM© {Xbm OmVmo. Va {deof joÌm‘Üò òUmè`m amÁ`m§Zm Xaq¹$Q>b 100 énò
XiUdiU IM© XoÊ`mV òVmo
(3) ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r, XoIaoIrgmR>r Am{U ‘yë`‘mnZmgmR>r EHy$U AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m IMm©À`m 2% a¸$‘ XoÊ`mV òVo
(4) nydm}Îma amÁ`mgmR>r Xa{Xder àËòH$ {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r 1.80 énò ñd`§nmH$ IM© {Xbm OmVmo.
Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2007 gmbr `m `moOZoMm {dñVma H$ê$Z n{hbr Vo AmR>dr n`ªVÀ`m dJm©Zm H$‘rV H$‘r 700 H°$barO
Am{U 20 J«m‘ àmoQ>rZ Agbobo150 J«m‘ AÞ XaamoO àËòH$ {dÚmWmªZm XoÊ`mV òD$ bmJbo.
Aem àH$mao ‘Ü`mÝh ^moOZ `moOZoÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ {dÚmÏ`mªZm emio‘ÜòM nmofU Amhma XoÊ`mV òD$ bmJbm Amho.
`moOZoMo CÔoe
‘Ü`mÝh ^moOZ `moOZoMo H$mhr à‘wI CÔoe AmhoV Vo nwT>rbà‘mUo-
(1) gaH$mar emim, AZwXm{ZV emim Am{U ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmÀ`m emim§‘Yrb dJ© n{hbr Vo AmR>dr n`ªVÀ`m
{dÚmWmªZm nmofU Amhmam‘Üò gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo.
(2) g‘mOmVrb d§{MV KQ>H$ Am{U J[a~ {dÚmWu XaamoO emioV `mdoV Am{U {ejUmda Ë`m§Mo bj H|$ÐrV hmoÊ`mgmR>r.
(3) XwîH$miJ«ñV ^mJmVrb {dÚmWmªZm gwQ²>Q>çm‘Üò nmofU Amhma XoUo.
AemàH$mao ‘Ü`mÝh ^moOZ `moOZoÛmao n{hbr Vo AmR>dr n`ªVÀ`m {dÚmÏ`m©Zm nmofU Amhma nwadbm OmV Amho. `m‘wio
emim§‘Üò {dÚmWu òÊ`mMo à‘mU dmT>bo Amho. VgoM hdm Agbobm nmofU Amhma emioVM CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV òV
Agë`m‘wio {dÚmWmªMo hmoUmao e¡j{UH$ ZwH$gmZ Wm§~bo Amho.
(B) amï´>r` gmjaVm {‘eZ

XoemVrb gmjaVoMo à‘mU dmT>Ê`mgmR>r 5 ‘o1988 amoOr amï´>r` gmjaVm {‘eZMr gwédmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m
{‘eZMm ‘w»` CÔoe hm hmoVm H$s d` df© 15 Vo33 d`moJQ>mVrb A{e{jV ZmJ[aH$m§Zm gmja H$aUo. Ë`m§Zm dmMVm {b{hVm

òB©b EdT>o gmja H$aUo. `m ~amo~a XoemVrb ‘{hbm§Zm ‘w»`V: gmja {‘eZÛmao gmja H$aUo hm hmoVm. VgoM `m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ
XoemVrb gmjaVoMo à‘mU OmñV H$aUo hm hmoVm. `m {‘eZ‘wio AmO XoemVrb {Zaja ZmJ[aH$m§Zmhr Aja AmoiI Pmbr
Amho. VgoM Vo gm‘m{OH$ OrdZm‘Üò Amnbr H$m`} {dZmAS>Wim nyU© H$aV AmhoV.
(B©) amï´>r` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU A{^`mZ

e¡j{UH$ ñVam‘Yrb ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejUmMm ñVa hm Iyn ‘hÎdnyU© Amho. H$maU ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU KoVmZm {dÚmWu Cƒ
{ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r V`ma hmoV AgVmo. åhUyZM Xoem‘Üò amï´>r` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejm A{^`mZ hr `moOZm ‘mM© 2009 ‘Üò gwé
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m A{^`mZmMm CÔoe ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejUmVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JiVrMo à‘mU H$‘r H$ê$Z ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU
KoUmè`m {dÚmWmªMr g§»`m dmT>dUo Am{U e¡j{UH$ XOm© gwYmaUo hm hmoVm. `m `moOZoÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ZdrZ dJ© Imoë`m
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. à`moJemim, J«§Wmb`, H$bm d hñVH$bogmR>r dJ©, ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho, {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr
ì`dñWm `m gma»`m gw{dYm emim§Zm nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo Jobo Amho. `m~amo~aM e¡j{UH$ XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r
J{UV, {dkmZ Am{U B§J«Or `m§gma»`m {df`mH$S>o {deof bj, ZdrZ {ejH$m§Mr {Z`wŠVs, {ejUm‘Üò ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm
Cn`moJ Am{U {ejH$m§Zm à{ejU, B. ‘hÎdnyU© ~m~rda bj H|${ÐV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. VgoM ‘m°S>ob emim, ì`mdgm{`H$
{ejU Am{U ‘wbtgmR>r dg{VJ¥ho BË`mXtMmhr g‘mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
 A{^`mZmMo Üò` Am{U C{Ôï>o

15 Vo 16 d`moJQ>mVrb {dÚmWmªZm XO}Xma, ghO CnbãY hmoUmao Am{U e¡j{UH$ IM© H$‘r òUmao {ejU CnbãY
H$ê$Z XoUo ho A{^`mZMo Üò` Amho.
A{^`mZmMo CÔoe Imbrbà‘mUo AmhoV.

(01) emim§gmR>r ZdrZ B‘maV ~m§YUo.
(02) J«§Wmb` H$j, g§JUH$ H$j, dJ©Imoë`m Am{U à`moJemim C^maUo.
(03) emioÀ`m B‘maVrMr XoI^mb d XwéñVr H$aUo.
(04) emioV Amdí`H$ Agbobo ’${Z©Ma CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
(05) emio‘Üò {ejUmgmR>r Amdûm`H$ AgUmar gmYZo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
(06) emiobm nwñVH$mgmR>r, à`moJemiogmR>r, nmUrnwadR>çmgmR>r, {dOogmR>r Am{U Q>o{b’$moZgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam {ZYr
nwa{dUo.
(07) {ejH$m§Zm godmH$mbrZ à{ejU XoUo.
(08) [a³V nXmgmR>r qH$dm ZdrZ {Z‘m©U Pmboë`m nXmH$[aVm {ejH$m§Mr âVr H$aUo.
(09) Aä`mgH«$‘m~amo~aM Ioi, H$bm Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$‘ KoUo.
(10) {dkmZ Am{U J{UVmMo {ejU XoUo.
(11) emioÀ`m à‘wImg ZoV¥ËdmMo à{ejU XoUo.
(12) g§emoYZ H$aUo Am{U ZdrZ CnH«$‘ am~{dUo.
(13) XoIaoI R>odUo Am{U ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aUo.
(14) e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm H$aUo.
(15) emio‘Yrb KoVë`m OmÊ`mè`m narjm§‘Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo.
(16) YmoaUm§‘Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo.
(17) emim§‘Yrb {dÚm{W©ZtZm {deof àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
(18) AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O‘mVr, Aëng§»`mH$ Am{U g‘mOmVrb H$‘Hw$dV KQ>H$mVyZ òUmè`m {dÚmWmªZm {ejU
KoÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
darb ‘hÎdnyU© Ago CÔoe amï´>r` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ A{^`mZMo AmhoV.

(J) Cƒ {ejU
‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mVrb hm {d^mJ XoemVrb Cƒ {ejUmMm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r H$m`© H$aV Amho. `m
{d^mJm‘m’©$V Cƒ {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V {d{dY `moOZm am~dë`m OmVmV. Am{U `m `moOZm§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ Cƒ {ejUmMm
ñVa gwYmaÊ`mV òV Amho. `m {d^mJm‘m’©$V Xoem‘Üò Cƒ {ejU XoUmè`m g§ñWm dmT>dÊ`mMo H$m`© Ho$bo OmVo. `m~amo~aM
gd©g‘mdoeH$ {ejU XoUo. JwUdÎmoMr ImÌr CnbãY H$aUo. {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm {ejU KoVm `mdo VgoM àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r
{eî`d¥Îmr XoUo, gd© OmVr Y‘m©Vrb ‘wbm-‘wbtZm Cƒ {ejUmMr g‘mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo, e¡j{UH$ H$Om©Mr gw{dYm
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo BË`mXr ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© Cƒ {ejU {d^mJm‘m’©$V Ho$br OmVmV.
XoemVrb Cƒ {ejUmMm àgma d àMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda {Xbo OmUmao {ejU Xoem‘Üò CnbãY
H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r hr Cƒ {ejU {d^mJ {d{dY CnH«$‘ am~dV AgVmo. `m‘wio XoemVrb {dÚmWmªZm JwUdÎmmnyU© Am{U
H$m¡eë`nyU© {ejU {‘iÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV Amho. VgoM `mVyZ XoemMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV Amho
`mo½` OmoS>çm Owidm.
"A' JQ> "~' JQ>

(1) amï´>r` g§ñH¥$V g§ñWm (A) h¡Ðm~mX
(2) H|${Ð` qhXr g§ñWm (~) {Vê$nVr
(3) amï´>r` g§ñH¥$V {dÚmnrR> (H$) AmJ«m
(4) amï´>r` CXÿ© ^mfm àgma n[afX (S>) Zdr {X„r
(5) B§J«Or Am{U na{H$` ^mfm {dÚmnrR> (B) bIZD$

(1) ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg : g§KQ>ZoVrb H$‘©Mmar d A{YH$mar ¶m§À¶m H$m¡eë¶ d H$m¶©j‘VoV dmT> H$aÊ¶mMr à{H«$¶m.
(2) ã¶wamo : H$m‘mMr H$Moar, gaH$mar {d{eï> ImVo.
(3) {S>nrB©nr : {S>ñQ´>r³Q> àm¶‘ar EÁ¶wHo$eZ àmoJ«m‘.

(1) S>
(2) H$
(3) ~
(4) B
(5) A

3.5 gmam§e
darb gd© {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago bjmV òVo H$s, ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb` Xoem‘Üò {d{dY joÌmer {ZJS>rV
‘hÎdnyU© Ago {ejU nwadV Amho. ‘§Ìmb` XoemVrb gd© {dÚmWmªZm Am§Vaamï´>r` XOm©Mo {ejU àmá ìhmdo åhUyZ H$m`©aV
Amho. ‘§Ìmb`mÀ`m CÔoemVyZM Ago OmUdVo H$s ‘§Ìmb` XoemVrb {ejUmMm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Am{U gdmªZm {ejU
CnbãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aV Amho. ‘§Ìmb` {d{dY {d^mJ Am{U ã`wamoÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ XoemVrb e¡j{UH$ {Z`moOZ H$aV
Amho. `m~amo~aM e¡j{UH$ gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY H$m`© Am{U ^y{‘H$m ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V nma nmS>ë`m OmV AmhoV. VgoM
g‘mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm CXm.Am{W©H$Ñï²>`m Xw~©b, ‘mJmg, AZwgy{MV OmVr-O‘mVr, Aëng§»`m§H$ `m§Zm {ejU CnbãY
ìhmdo, åhUyZ {d{dY H$m`©H«$‘ Ogo {ejUmMm h¸$, ‘Ü`mÝh ^moOZ `moOZm, {eî`d¥Îmr `moOZm, gd© {ejm A{^`mZ am~drV
Amho. AmO XoemMm {dH$mg gmYÊ`m‘Üò ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMo ‘hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho Ago AmnUmg
OmUdVo.

(1) ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMr aMZm gm§JyZ Ë`m§Mo CÔoe ñnï> H$am.
(2) ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMo {d^mJ Am{U A{YZñV g§ñWmMr ‘m{hVr gm§Jm.
(3) ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mMo H$m`© Am{U ^y{‘H$m ñnï> H$am.
(4) ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`m‘m’©$V am~{dÊ`mV òUmè`m {d{dY H$m`©H«$‘mda MMm© H$am.
(5) ‘Ü`mÝh ^moOZ `moOZoda Q>rn {bhm.

(1) ~moYZH$a d H$mZoQ>H$a (2012). ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo ì¶dñWmnZ. ZmJnya, lr gmB©ZmW àH$meZ.
(2) Agrawal, J. C. (2008). Modern Indian Education. New Delhi, Shipra Publications.
(3) Memoria, C. B. (2009). Personnel Management. Mumbai, Himalaya Publishing House.

KQ>H$ 4 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ g§KQ>Z : H|$Ðr` ñVa
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
4.0 C{Ôï>o
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
4.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
4.2.1 H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>i
4.2.2 amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX
4.2.3 ApIb ^maVr` Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU n[afX
4.2.4 {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ
4.5 gmam§e
4.0 C{Ôï>o
`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë¶mcm-
· H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imMr H$m¶©nÕVr g‘OyZ KoVm ¶oB©b.
· amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoMr ‘m{hVr hmoB©b.
· ApIb ^maVr` Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU n[afX g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b.
· {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMr ‘m{hVr hmoB©b.
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
OmJ{VH$ ñVamda H$moUË`mhr amï´>mMm {dH$mg hm ‘mZdr g§gmYZmÀ`m Hw$eb ì`dñWmnZmda Am{U ‘mZdr g§gmYZmÀ`m
{dH$mgmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. åhUyZM AmO OmJ{VH$ ñVamda ‘mZdr g§gmYZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmg {deof ‘hÎd àmá Pmbo
Amho. ‘w»`V: g§gmYZo hr VrZ àH$maMr AgVmV. Vr åhUOo Z¡g{J©H$, {dÎmr` Am{U ‘mZdr hmo`. `m VrZ g§gmYZmVrb
‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo ‘mZd g§gmYZ hmo`. H$maU `m ‘mZd g§gmYZmdaM Z¡g{J©H$ Am{U {dÎmr` g§gmYZo Adb§~yZ AmhoV.
‘mZd g§gmYZ Oa Hw$eb Zgob. Va BVa XmoÝhr g§gmYZmMo ‘hÎd amhV Zmhr. åhUyZ ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo ‘hÎd
AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho.
^maVm‘Üò ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ðr` ñVamda {d{dY g§ñWm H$m`©aV AmhoV. `m
g§ñWmÛmao XoemVrb ‘mZd g§gmYZmbm H$mim~amo~a ~XbV OmUmao kmZ {Xbo OmVo. XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmbm AZwê$n Ago ‘mZdr
g§gmYZ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. `m ‘wioM ^{dî`mVrb ‘mZdr g§gmYZmMo ì`dñWmnZ `mo½` àH$mao
hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV AgVo. VgoM Hw$eb, H$m`©j‘, Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmZo `w³V Ago ‘Zwî`~i CnbãY hmoD$Z XoemMm {dH$mg hmoV
AgVmo. `m KQ>H$m‘Üò AmnU H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>i, amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX, ApIb ^maVr`
Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU n[afX Am{U {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, BË¶mXr Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
4.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
4.2.1 H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>i
H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>i ho Iyn OwZo Amho. B.g. 1921 ‘Üò CÎmaàXoe ~moS>© Am°’$ hm`ñHy$b Am{U
B§Q>a{‘{OBQ> EÁ`wHo$eZ ho ‘§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m ‘§S>imÀ`m A{YH$ma joÌm‘Üò ‘Ü` ^maV d ½dmëhoa òV hmoVo.
`mZ§Va B.g.1921 ‘Üò ^maV gaH$maZo g§`w³V ~moS>© ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr gyMZ Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`mZwgma ~moS>© Am°’$ hm`ñHy$b
Am{U B§Q>a{‘{OBQ> EÁ`wHo$eZ amOnwVmZm Ago Zm‘H$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mZ§Va {Xdg|{Xdg ‘§S>imMo A{YH$ma joÌ dmT>V
Jobo. B.g.1952 ‘Üò g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ H$ê$Z ‘§S>imMo Zm‘H$aU H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>i H$aÊ`mV Ambo Am{U
~moS>m©Mo A{YH$ma joÌ dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambo. B.g.1962 ‘Üò ‘§S>imMo nwZJ©R>Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
(A) H|$Ðr¶ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imMr aMZm

‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mVrb embo`{ejU Am{U gmjaVm {d^mJmVrb g{MdmÀ`m A§VJ©V Am{U {Z`§ÌUmImbr
H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imMo H$m`© MmbV AgVo. `m ‘§S>imbm d¡Ym{ZH$ g{‘Ë`m‘m’©$V g„m {Xbm OmVmo. ‘§S>imMm
‘w»` H$m`©H$mar A{YH$mar åhUyZ AÜ`j AgVmo `mMr {Z`w³Vs H|$Ð emgZm‘m’©$V Ho$br OmVo. `m AÜ`jmbm ‘XV Am{U
ghmæ`Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmR> {d^mJm§Mo à‘wI AgVmV. embo` {ejU Am{U gmjaVm {d^mJmVrb g{Md Am{U ^maV
gaH$maÛmao ‘§S>imda {Z`§ÌU R>odbo OmVo. VgoM ~moS>m©À`m AÜ`jm§Mr Am{U BVa {d^mJm§À`m à‘wIm§Mr {Z`w³Vshr `m§À`m‘m’©$VM
Ho$br OmVo.
(~) H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imMo CÔoe

(1) {dÚmdoVZ, {‘eZar emim Am{U g¡{ZH$s emim `mgma»`m {d{dY g§ñWm‘YyZ CËH¥$ï> {dÚmWu {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z ^maVmMo
AmYmañV§^ ìhmdoV, `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
(2) Mm§Jë`m dmVmdaUm‘Üò XO}Xma {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr YmoaUo R>adUo Am{U Ë`mMr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aUo.
(3) J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb hþema d hmoVH$ê$ {dÚmWmªZm {ejUmMr g§Yr {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z XoUo.
(4) nmbH$, {dÚmWu Am{U {ejH$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z {ejUmMm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r A{^àm` ‘mJdUo.
(5) {ejH$m§À`m kmZm‘Üò â KmbÊ`mgmR>r VgoM H$mimZwê$n ~XbUmè`m j‘Vm d¥ÕtJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY H$m`©H«$‘
Am{U `moOZm am~{dUo.
(6) XoemVrb emim§Mm e¡j{UH$ XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo
(7) AÜ`mnZ Am{U AÜ``ZmgmR>r ‘mZgemór` d gm‘m{OH$ VÎdm§Zm AZwgê$Z ZdrZ emoY bmdUo d Ë`mMm Adb§~
H$aUo.
(H$) H|$Ðr¶ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imMo H$m`}

H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imMr H$m`} Imbrbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(01) ‘§S>imMr gb¾rV Agboë`m emimgmR>r Vkm§‘m’©$V Aä`mgH«$‘ V`ma H$aUo. `m Aä`mgH«$‘mda AmYmarV nwñVH$m§Mr
{Z{‘©Vr H$aUo Am{U {dVaU gb¾rV emim‘Üò H$aUo.
(02) emim‘Üò {dÚmÏ`mªZm àdoe XoÊ`mgmR>r {Z`‘ V`ma H$aUo Am{U `m {Z`‘m§VJ©V {dÚmWmªZm àdoe XoUo.
(03) gb¾rV emim‘Yrb emim§Mo àemgZ Am{U ì`dñWmnZ nmhUo d Ë`m‘Üò `mo½` Vmo g‘Ýd` {Z‘m©U H$aUo
(04) {ejH$m§Mo kmZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U H$mbmZwê$n hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Zm AmË‘gmV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{ejUmMo Am`moOZ
H$aUo.
(05) J{UV, {dkmZ `m {df`m‘Üò {dÚmÏ`mªZm éMr {Z‘m©U ìhmdr `mgmR>r gVV à`ËZ H$aUo.
(06) EH$m amÁ`m‘YyZ Xwgè`m amÁ`m‘Üò ~Xë`m hmoUmè`m nmbH$m§À`m ‘wbm§À`m {ejUmMr ì`dñWm H$aUo.
(07) {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eî`d¥Îmr XoUo.
(08) amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoer g‘Ýd` gmYyZ doimodoir Aä`mgH«$‘mÀ`m aMZo‘Üò ~Xb KS>dyZ
AmUUo.
(09) ‘§S>imer g§b{¾V Agboë`m emim‘Üò narjoMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo, ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aUo, JwUn{ÌH$m d à‘mUnÌo V`ma H$ê$Z
{dVarV H$aUo.
(10) emim§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm V`ma H$aUo Am{U `m `moOZm‘m’©$V emim‘Üò XO}Xma {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoUo.
(11) emim gmoS>Umè`m {dÚmWmªgmR>r Ë`mMo Amdí`H$ Vo H$mJXnÌo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
Aem àH$mao H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imÛmao H$m`© Ho$br OmVmV.
4.2.2 amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX

`m n[afXoMr ñWmnZm 6 OyZ1961 gmbr Pmbr. `m n[afXo‘Üò {d{dY gmV H|$Ðr` {ejU g§ñWm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU
H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m‘Üò H|$Ðr` {ejU g§ñWm (1947), H|$Ðr` nmRç>nwñVH$ g§emoYZ ã`wamo(1954), H|$Ðr` {ejU d
ì`mdgm{`H$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z ã`wamo(1954), amï´>r` ‘wb^yV {ejU g§ñWm (1959), amï´>r` ÑH$lmì` {ejU g§ñWm (1959),
‘mÜ`{‘H$ emim {dñVma H$m`©H«$‘ g§MmbZmb` (1954) B. g‘mdoe hmoVmo. amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX hr
g§nyU© ^maVmVrb embo` {ejUmg ghmæ` H$aUmar {eIa g§ñWm Amho. H|$Ð d amÁ` emgZm§Zm embo` {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm
gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Am{U {d{dY Cnm``moOZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r g„m d ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo ho `m n[afXoMo ‘w»` CÔoe Amho.
(A) amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoMr aMZm

`mn[afXoMr aMZm àm‘w»`mZo XmoZ ñVamda H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
gd©gmYmaU ‘§S>i Am{U XmoZ H$m`©H$mar ‘§S>i. gd© gmYmaU ‘§S>imMm AÜ`j hm H|$Ðr` ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìr
AgVmo Va `m ‘§S>imMo gXñ` Imbrbà‘mUo AgVmV.
gd© amÁ`m§Mo d H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMo {ejU ‘§Ìr
{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMo AÜ`j
‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ImË`mMo g{Md
Mma {d^mJmVrb Mma {dÚmnrR>mMo Hw$bJwê$
H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imMo AÜ`j
H|$Ðr` {dÚmb` g§KQ>ZmMo AÜ`j
Amamo½` {ejU ã`wamoMo AÜ`j
H$m‘Jma ‘§Ìmb`mÀ`m à{ejU d amoOJma g§MmbZmb`mMo à‘wI
{Z`moOZ Am`moJmÀ`m {ejU {d^mJmMm à{V{ZYr
BË`mXr gd©gmYmaU ‘§S>imMo gXñ` AgVmV. `m ~amo~aM amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoMo g{Md ho
g‘Ýd`H$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aV AgVmV.
(~) amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoMr H$m`©H$mar g{‘Vr

`m g{‘{VMm nX{gÕ AÜ`j hm ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìr AgVmo. Va CnmÜ`j åhUyZ ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg
‘§Ìmb`mVrb amÁ`‘§Ìr Am{U {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMo AÜ`j AgVmV. VgoM {dÎm g„mJma åhUyZ H|$Ðr` {dÎm
‘§Ìmb`mMo à{V{ZYr, EZ.gr.B©.Ama.Q>r. Vrb VrZ {d^mJmMo à‘wI Am{U {ejU joÌmVrb Zm‘d§V ì`³Vs AgVmV. `m
g{‘Vrbm ghmæ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWm`r g{‘VrMr {Z`w³Vs H$aÊ`mV òV AgVo. Aem àH$mao `m H$m`©H$mar g{‘VrMr aMZm
AgVo. `m g{‘Vr‘m’©$V gd© gmYmaU ‘§S>imZo R>a{dboë`m YmoaUm§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr Ho$br OmVo.

(H$) amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoMo CÔoe
Imbrbà‘mUo H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© Ago amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoMo CÔoe AmhoV.
(1) àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU H$aUo.
(2) {deof JaO AgUmè`m JQ>mbm à{ejU nwadUo.
(3) amï´>r` Aä`mgH«$‘mMr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aUo.
(4) ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmMm àMma Am{U àgma H$aUo.
(5) ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ narjm§‘Üò Am{U ‘wë`m‘mnZm‘Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo.
(6) ‘wbtZm {ejU XoUo.
(7) {ejH$m§À`m à{ejUm‘Üò gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo.
(8) AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZm‘Üò gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo.
(S>) amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoMr H$m`}

Imbrbà‘mUo H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXo‘m’©$V nma nmS>br OmVmV.
(01) embo` {ejUmVrb JwUdÎmm amIÊ`mgmR>r ‘mZHo$ V`ma H$aUo Am{U Ë`mZwgma Aä`mgH«$‘ ~Z{dUo.
(02) emim§‘Yrb {ejH$m§gmR>r godmnyd© Am{U godm§VJ©V à{ejU H$m`©H«$‘mMo Am`moOZ H$aUo.
(03) H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$mam§Zm Ë`m§À`m e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmÀ`m A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r ‘XV H$aUo Am{U g„m XoUo.
(04) {ejUmÀ`m gd© emIm§er g§~§{YV g§emoYZ hmVr KoUo d Ë`m§Mo àdV©Z Am{U g‘Ýd` H$aUo.
(05) gd© emim§‘Üò g§emoYZmbm àmoËgmhZ XoUo, ‘XV H$aUo, `m~amo~aM ñdV: g§emoYZ àH$ën hmVr KoUo Am{U {d{dY
àH$ënmXaå`mZ g‘Ýd` gmYUo.
(06) e¡j{UH$ nwZgªKQ>Zmer g§~§{YV H$m`© H$aÊ`mè`m g§ñWm,g§KQ>Zm Am{U A{^H$aUmgmR>r {dñVma godm§Mo Am`moOZ
H$aUo.
(07) {ejUmg§X^m©Vrb bmJUmao gm{hË`, nwñVHo$, {Z`VH$m{bHo$ d BVa N>nmB©Mo Am{U àH$meZmMo H$m`© H$aUo.
(08) gwYm[aV e¡j{UH$ V§Ìo Am{U Zm{dÝ`nyU© nÕVr {dH${gV H$ê$Z Ë`m g§~§{YV à`moJ H$aUo.
(09) g`w§³V amï´> g§KQ>Zm, `w{Zgo’$, `wZoñH$mo `m~amo~aM Xwgè`m XoemVrb amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm gmo~V e¡j{UH$ ghH$m`©
H$aUo.
(10) {ejUmer g§~§{YV {d{dY nÕVrda g§emoYZ H$ê$Z ZdrZ àJV V§ÌmMm Adb§~ {ejUmgmR>r H$aUo.
(11) e¡j{UH$ ‘m{hVrMo g§H$bZ, EH$ÌrH$aU, à{H«$`m H$aUo Am{U `m~amo~aM àgma Am{U àMma H$aUo.
(B) amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoMr àH$meZo

n[afXo‘m’©$V e¡j{UH$Ñï>çm àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV òV Agbobr àH$meZo àm‘w»`mZo VrZ ^mfmVyZ Ho$br OmVmV. `m‘Üò
B§J«Or, qhXr Am{U CXy© `m ^mfm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. n[afX e¡j{UH$ nmR>nwñVHo$ gm{hË`, g§emoYZ Ahdmb Am{U {Z`VH$mbrH$m§Mo
àH$meZ H$aV AgVo. àH$meZmgmR>r VrZ àmXo{eH$ H|$Ðo AmhoV. hr VrZ H|$Ðo Ah‘Xm~mX, H$mobH$mVm Am{U ~|Jbmoa òWo
AmhoV. n[afXo‘m’©$V Imbrb {d{dY {Z`VH$m{bHo$ àH$m{eV Ho$br OmVmV.
(1) Indian Education Review
(2) Jounrnal of Indian Education
(3) The Science Teacher
(4) The Primary Teacher
(5) Jounral of Value Education
(B©) amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoÀ`m KQ>H$ g§ñWm

`mn[afXo‘m’©$V embo` {ejUmÀ`m JwUmË‘H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r e¡j{UH$ d Vm§{ÌH$ ‘XV Imbrb KQ>H$ g§ñWm§À`m ‘XVrZo

CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVo.
(1) amï´>r` {ejU g§ñWm, Zdr {X„r.
(2) n§{S>V gw§Xabmb e‘m© H|$Ðr` ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU g§ñWm, ^monmi.
(3) H|$Ðr` e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZ g§ñWm, Zdr {X„r.
(4) àmXo{eH$ {ejU g§ñWm, AO‘oa, ^monmi, ^wdZoída, åh¡gya Am{U {ebm±J.
`m àmXo{eH$ g§ñWm ‘m’©$V gd}jU, g§emoYZ, H$m`©emim Am`mo{OV H$aUo, à{ejU XoUo, BË¶mXr H$m`© Ho$br OmVmV
Am{U `m gdmªÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ {ejUmMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo.
4.2.3 ApIb ^maVr` Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU n[afX

ApIb ^maVr` Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU n[afXoMr ñWmnZm Zmoìh|~a1945 ‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hr n[afX Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmÀ`m
joÌmV {eIa g„mJma ‘§S>i åhUyZ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m n[afXo‘m’©$V XoemVrb Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$aUo,
gw{dYm§Mo g§ajU H$aUo Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo B. H$m‘o Ho$br OmVmV. ^maV gaH$maÀ`m amï´>r` H$m`©
JQ>mÀ`m {e’$magrZwgma Am{U B.g.1986 À`m amï´>r` {ejU YmoaUmZwgma n[afXobm 1987 ‘Üò d¡Ym{ZH$ XOm© XoÊ`mV
Ambm Amho.
(A) A{Ib ^maVr¶ Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU n[afXoMr aMZm

`m n[afXo‘Üò EHy$U 51 gXñ` AmhoV. `m n[afXo‘Üò H$m`©H$mar g{‘Vr, àmXo{eH$ g{‘Ë`m Am{U ApIb ^maVr`
Aä`mg ‘§S>i `m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. `m n[afXo‘Üò EH$ AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j d gXñ` g{Md `m ~amo~aM BVa emgH$s`
g§Xñ`m§Mmhr g‘mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. H$m`©H$mar g{‘Vr‘Üò 21 gXñ` AmhoV. n[afXoÀ`m 8 àmXo{eH$ g{‘Ë`m AmhoV
Am{U 10 ApIb ^maVr` Aä`mg ‘§S>io n[afXoA§VJ©V ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. AemàH$mao n[afXoMr aMZm Amho.
(~) A{Ib ^maVr¶ Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU n[afXoMr H$mò©

`m n[afXobm H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV Vr nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(1) XoemVrb Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU XoUmè`m g§ñWm‘Yrb Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmMo ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aUo d XoIaoI H$aUo.
(2) Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU XoUmè`m g§ñWmMo ‘yë`m§H$Z H$ê$Z JwUdÎmoMo {ZYm©aU H$aUo.
(3) Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU XoUmè`m g§ñWm§À`m g§»`mË‘H$ dmT>r~amo~aM JwUmË‘H$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
(4) XoemVrb Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V {ZH$f R>adUo, JwUdÎmm R>adUo VgoM Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo.
(5) Xoem‘Üò Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU XoUmè`m {dÚmnrR>m§Zm Am{U g§ñWmZm `mo½` Vmo Am{W©H$ nwadR>m H$aUo.
(6) Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU g§ñWm‘Yrb nXì`m~m~V Am{U nX{dH$m‘Üò g‘mZVm {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
(7) g‘mOmVrb Xw~©b KQ>H$, ‘{hbm Am{U An§JmgmR>r Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
(8) XoemVrb Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmÀ`m EH$mpË‘H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r {Z`moOZ H$aUo.
(9) {Xdg|{Xdg ~XbV OmUmè`m V§ÌkmZmbm AmË‘gmV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zm{dÝ`nyU© g§emoYZmg Am{U Ë`m§À`m {dH$mgmg
àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
Aem àH$mao Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmÀ`m ~m~VrV ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© n[afXo‘m’©$V nma nmS>br OmVmV. Am{U `m H$m`mªÀ`m
‘mÜ`‘mVyZ XoemVrb Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUbm OmV Amho.
4.2.4 {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ

B.g.1946 ‘Üò AbrJS>, ~Zmag Am{U {X„r òWrb {dÚmnrR>mMo {Z`‘Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ g{‘VrMr
ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. `mZ§Va EH$ dfm©Zo åhUOoM 1947 ‘Üò `m g{‘VrbmM g§nyU© Xoem§Vrb {dÚmnrR>mda {Z`§ÌU
R>odÊ`mMo A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va B.g.1948 gmbr Eg.amYmH¥$îUZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr {dÚmnrR>
{ejU Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m Am`moJmZo B§½b§S>À`m YVuda ^maVmVhr nyU©H$mbrZ {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ
Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$amdr Aer {e’$mag Ho$br. `m{e’$maerZwgma VËH$mbrZ {ejU Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZ Am{U d¡km{ZH$ emoY

‘§Ìr ‘m¡bmZm AãXwb H$bm‘ AmPmX `m§Zr 28 {S>g|~a 1953 amoOr {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Zmoìh|~a1956
‘Üò {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmbm d¡Ym{ZH$ XOm© XoÊ`mV Ambm.
(A) {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMo ‘w»`mb` Am{U H$m`m©bò

{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMo ‘w»`mb` Zdr {X„r òWo Amho. Am`moJmZo Amnbo H$m`© à^mdrnUo H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM
{dÚmnrR>m§À`m gmo`rgmR>r 6 {R>H$mUr àmXo{eH$ H$m`m©bò ñWmnZ Ho$br AmhoV. hr àmXo{eH$ H$m`m©bò, nwUo, ^monmi,
H$mobH$Îmm, h¡Xam~mX, JwdmhmQ>r Am{U ~|Jbmoa òWo AmhoV.
(~) emgZmÛmao {ZX}{eV ~m~r

{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmg emgZmZo {ZX}{eV Ho$boë`m ~m~tÀ`m AYrZ amhÿZM H$m`© H$amdr bmJV AgVmV. Am`moJ
XoemVrb Cƒ {ejUmgmR>r AZwXmZmÀ`m ê$nmZo {ZYr nwadV AgVmo. VgoM Cƒ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ
H$aV AgVmo. Voìhm Imbrb H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© emgZmÛmao {ZX}{eV Ho$boë`m ~m~r AmhoV.
(1) {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmbm àmoËgmhZ XoUo Am{U g‘Ýd` amIUo.
(2) XoemVrb {dÚmnrR>m§‘Üò AÜ`mnZmgmR>r, narjm§gmR>r Am{U g§emoYZmgmR>r bmJUmar Amdí`H$ JwUdÎmm {Q>H$dyZ
R>odUo.
(3) {ejUmÀ`m {H$‘mZ JwUdÎmo~m~V {Z`‘ V`ma H$aUo.
(4) {dÚmnrR>m§Zm Am{U ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Zm AZwXmZmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ Am{W©H$ nwadR>m H$ê$Z {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$aUo.
(5) Cƒ {ejU joÌmVrb g§ñWm, H|$ÐemgZ, amÁèmgZ `m§À`mVrb ‘hÎdmMm Xwdm åhUyZ H$m`© H$aUo.
(6) {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmÀ`m gwYmaUogmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m Cnm``moOZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð emgZ Am{U amÁ` emgZmbm g„m
XoUo.
(H$) {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am¶moJmMr aMZm

{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmÀ`m H$m`©H$mar ‘§S>im‘Üò EHy$U 12 gXñ` AgVmV. `mV EH$ AÜ`j, EH$ CnmÜ`j, EH$
g{Md AgVmo. hm g{Md ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb`mVrb {ejU {d^mJmVrb AgVmo Am{U ~mH$s gd© gXñ` AgVmV.
(S>) {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am¶moJmÀ¶m AÜ`jm§Mm H$m`©H$mi

{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmVrb AÜ`jm§Mm H$m`©H$mi hm 5 df© qH$dm d`mMr 65df© nyU© hmoB©n`ªV AgVmo. Va
CnmÜ`jm§Mm H$m`©H$mi hm VrZ df© qH$dm d`mMr 65 df© nyU© hmoB©n`ªV AgVmo. Va BVa gXñ`m§Mm H$m`©H$mi hm VrZ df©
qH$dm d`mMr 65 df© nyU© hmoB©n`ªV AgVmo. `m ~amo~aM Am`moJmÀ`m H$m`©H$mar ‘§S>imVrb ì`³Vsbm XmoZ doionojm OmñV
doi Am`moJmda gXñ` åhUyZ amhVm òV Zmhr. VgoM Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`jmbm nXmda AgVmZm H$moUË`mhr emgH$s` nXmda
H$m`©aV amhVm òV Zmhr.
(B) {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmÀ`m H$m‘mMo ñdê$n

{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJm‘m’©$V XmoZ àH$maMr H$m`© nma nmS>br OmVmV.
(1) g„mJmar H$m`©

(2) ì`dñWmnH$s` H$m`©
(1) g„mJmar H$mò© `m H$m`m©‘Üò {dÎm {df`H$ JaOoMr VnmgUr H$aUo. H|$Ð emgZmbm {dÚmnrR>m§Zm AZwXmZ ghmæ`
XoÊ`mgmR>r {e’$mag H$aUo, {dÚmnrR>m§Zm e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r g„m XoUo, {dÚmnrR>m§‘Yrb {ejUmMm XOm©
amIÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m gmo`r gw{dYm nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r emgZmbm g„m XoUo B. ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`} {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ
Am`moJm‘m’©$V Ho$br OmVmV.

(2) ì`dñWmnH$s` H$m`© `m H$m`m©‘Üò Cƒ {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm am~{dUo, Am`moJmH$S>rb
CnbãY {ZYr {dÚmnrR>m§Zm `mo½` {ZH$fm§da Am{U `mo½` àH$mao {dVarV H$aUo, Cƒ{ejUmMr AÜ`mnZ, g§emoYZ d
narjm nÕVr `m§Mm XOm© amIÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWm H$aUo. B. ì`dñWmnH$s` H$m`© {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJm‘m’©$V nma
nmS>br OmV AgVmV.
MwH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.
(1) B.g. 1921_Üò CÎma àXoe ~moS>© Am°\$ hm`ñHy$b Am{U B§Q>a{_{OEQ> EÁ`wHo$eZ ho _§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
(2) _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`mVrb embo` {ejU Am{U gmjaVm {d^mJmVrb g{MdmÀ`m A§VJ©V Am{U {Z`§ÌUmImbrb
H|${Ð` _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU _§S>imMo H$m`© MmbV AgVo.
(3) amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX 6 OyZ 1975bm ñWmnZ Pmbr.
(4) amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoÀ`m H$m`©H$mar g{_VrMm AÜ`j hm _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìr AgVmo.
(5) {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmMo _w»`mb` Zdr {X„r òWo Amho.

(1) {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am¶moJ : Cƒ {ejUmMm XOm© {ZYm©[aV H$aUo d Vmo amIUo Ë¶m~m~V {dÚmnrR>m§‘Ü¶o g‘Ýd¶
gmYUo d Ë¶m§Zm AZwXmZ XoUo. Aem ñdê$nmMr H$m¶} nma nmS>Ê¶mgmR>r Zo‘bobm Am¶moJ.
(2) A{Ib ^maVr¶ Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU n[afX : Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmÀ¶m joÌmV {eIa g„mJma g§ñWm.

(1) ~amo~a
(2) ~amo~a
(3) MyH$
(4) ~amo~a
(5) ~amo~a
4.5 gmam§e
darb gd© {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago g‘OyZ òVo H$s XoemVrb ‘mZd g§gmYZmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY g§KQ>Zm H$m`©aV
AmhoV. `m H|$Ðr` ñVamdarb g§KQ>Zm‘m’©$VM Xoembm Amdí`H$ Agbobo ‘Zwî`~i V`ma H$aÊ`mV òV AgVo. Xoem‘Üò `m
g§KQ>ZmMr ñWmnZm {d{dY joÌmZwgma H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Vm§{ÌH$s Am{U A{^`m§{ÌH$s {ejUmgmR>r doJir g§ñWm Amho.
Va ì`dñWmnZ joÌmgmR>r doJir g§ñWm Amho. ’$m‘©gr, dmñVwH$bm, Cn`mo{OVH$bm Am{U hñVH$bm B. joÌmgmR>r doJdoJù`m
à{ejU g§ñWm H$m`© H$aV AmhoV. joÌmZwê$n g§ñWmMr C^maUr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m‘wio XoemVrb {d{dY joÌmMr ‘mJUr {H$Vr
Amho. Ë`mZwgma ‘Zwî`~i V`ma hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV AgVo. Aem ì`dñWmnZm‘wio {d{dY joÌmVrb g§nyU© ‘m{hVr Agbobo
qH$dm n[anyU© Ago ‘Zwî`~i {‘iÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio Xoemg‘moarb ‘mZd g§gmYZmMr g‘ñ`m Zmhrer hmoD$Z Xoe
{dH$mgmH$S>o ‘mJ©H«$‘U H$aÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV AgVo.
(1) H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imMo CÔoe gm§Jm.
(2) H|$Ðr` ‘mÜ`{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imMo H$mò© ñnï> H$am.
(3) amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoMr H$mò© {deX H$am.
(5) ApIb ^maVr` Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU n[afXoMr aMZm gm§JyZ Ë`m§Mo H$m`© ñnï> H$am.
(6) {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmda Q>rn {bhm.

(1) ZmB©H$, Oo. nr. (1979). AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU. nwñVH$ g‘yh.
(2) Rao, V.S.P. (2009). Personal Human Resource Management. Mumbai, Himalaya Publishing
House.
(3) Menon, P. K. (2015). Personal Human Resource Management Organisational Behaviour.
Mumbai, Himalaya Publishing House.

KQ>H$ 5 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ g§KQ>Z : amÁ`ñVa
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
5.0 C{Ôï>o
5.1 àmñVm{dH$
5.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
5.2.1 èd§Vamd MìhmU {dH$mg àemgZ à~mo{YZr (¶eXm)
5.2.2 Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb`
5.2.3 {dÚmnrR>o
5.2.4 ‘hm{dÚmb¶o
5.2.5 _hmamï´> nmo{bg à{ejU à~mo{YZr, Zm{eH$
5.5 gmam§e
5.0 C{Ôï>o
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm-
· èd§Vamd MìhmU {dH$mg àemgZ à~mo{YZrMo ‘hÎd g‘Oob.
· ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU {dH$mg àemgZ à~mo{YZrMr aMZm d H$m`} g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b.
· Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb`mMr g§H$ënZm d aMZm H$iob.
· Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb`mMr H$m`} g‘OVrb.
· {dÚmnrR>o d ‘hmamï´>mVrb {dÚmnrR>m§Mr aMZm g‘OyZ òB©b.
· {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m H$m`m©Mo ‘hÎd bjmV òB©b.
· ‘hm{dÚmb`mMm B{Vhmg, aMZm d H$m`} g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b.
· ‘hmamï´> nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZrMo CÔoe d H$m`© g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b.
5.1 àmñVm{dH$
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV bmoH$àemgZmMm à^md dmT>mdm `m CÔoemZo ZdZdrZ ì`dñWmnZ V§Ìm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmV Amho.
bmoH$emhr emgZm‘Yrb àemgZ ì`dñWm OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$m{^‘wI ~Z{dUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. OZVoÀ`m H$ë`mUmH$[aVm
ZdZdrZ `moOZm V`ma H$amì`m bmJVmV. `m `moOZm bmoH$m§n`ªV {H$Vr à‘mUmV nmohmoMë`m `mMo ‘yë`‘mnZ H$ê$Z ^{dî`H$mimVrb

`moOZm§Mr AmIUr H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`m ZdrZ `moOZm èñdr H$em hmoVrb `m Ñï>rZo à`ËZ H$amdm bmJVmo. WmoS>Š`mV Ago
åhUVm òB©b H$s, bmoH$àemgZmÀ`m H$m`m©‘Üò emóewÕVm AmUUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
bmoH$àemgZmÀ`m joÌm‘Üò emór`Vm AmUUo ho nma§n[aH$ V§ÌmMm dmna H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z eŠ` ZìhVo. VgoM
àemgZm‘Üò H$m`©aV Agbobo gd©M H$‘©Mmar ~XbyZ ZdrZ bmoH$m§Mr âVr H$aUo XoIrb eŠ` ZìhVo. Aem doiog
àemgZmV H$m‘ H$aV Agboë`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm Mm§Jbo à{ejU XoUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. nXmda AgUmè`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr
{dH$mgmg§~§Yr ZdrZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñdrH$mê$Z H$m`© H$amdo hm {dMma nwT>o Ambm. àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zr ~XbË`m H$mimMr
nmdbo AmoiIyZ Ë`m§À`m nmdbmda nmD$b Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm à{e{jV H$aÊ`mMr JaO {Z‘m©U Pmbr
Oo Aà{e{jV A{YH$mar hmoVo Vo àemgH$s` H$m`m©V AH$m`©j‘ R>ê$ bmJbo. Ë`m‘wio Ë`m§Zm à{ejU XoD$Z àemgZ H$m`©j‘
bmoH$m{^‘wI ìhmdo `m {dMmamZo (‘mZd g§gmYZ gj‘ H$aUmè`m) à{ejU g§ñWm ‘hmamï´>mV ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo {ZpíMV Pmbo
hmoVo Ë`mMmM EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ B.g. 1982-83 ‘Üò ‘hmamï´> emgZmZo "‘hmamï´> BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°’$ S>oìhbn‘|Q> A°S>{‘{ZñQóeZ'
(MIDA) `m àemgH$s` à~mo{YZrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
lr. A{Zb Hw$‘ma bpIZm ho Ë`mdoir Ah‘XZJaMo {Oëhm{YH$mar åhUyZ H$m`©aV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {OëømMo
àemgZ OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$m{^‘wI ~Z{dÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Mm àemgZmMm AZw^d Agm hmoVm H$s, ZmoH$aemhr‘Üò
H$m`©aV Agbobo Áòð> gZXr godH$ ho àemgZmV H$mhr ZdrZ ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m ‘mZ{gH$VoV ZgVmV. Vo nma§n[aH$
d H$mb~mø {Z`‘m§Zm {MH$Qy>Z ~gbobo AgVmV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb dñVw{Zð> nyd©nX gm‘J«r (Data) À`m AmYmao {ZU©`
KoD$Z àemgH$s` ì`dñWoV ZdrZ nm`§S>o nmS>mdoV ZdrZ gwYmaUm H$amì`mV, Ë`m‘wio àemgH$s` `§ÌUoMm l‘, doi d n¡gm
`m§Mm Anì`` hmoUma Zmhr. ZdZdrZ ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm, Zì`m CnH$aUm§Mm, ZdrZ {dMmam§Mm Am{U AË`mYw{ZH$ àemgH$s`
ì`dñWmnZmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZo OZVm Am{U àemgH$ dJ© Aem XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Mm ’$m`Xm hmoB©b åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm nwago o à{ejU
XoÊ`mMm {dMma ñdrH$mabm Jobm.
àemgH$s` H$m`m©b`mVrb Xáa {Xa§JmB© åhUOoM bmb’$sVemhrMo YmoaU Á`m‘wio gm‘mÝ` OZVoMr ’$ma ‘moR>r AS>dUyH$ hmoVo.
Ë`m‘wio lr. A{ZbHw$‘ma bpIZm `m§Zr bmoH$àemgZmÀ`m joÌmV EH$ ZdrZ à`moJ H$aÊ`mMo R>adbo. Ë`m§Zr àemgZmV AZoH$
gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mm EdT>m à^md d R>gm C‘Q>bm H$s Ë`m§Mo H$m`© "bpIZm n°Q>Z©' åhUyZ
AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo. Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$maboë`m doJdoJù`m V§Ìm§‘wio bmoH$àemgZmMr H$m`} {dZm {db§~ hmoD$ bmJbr. Ë`mMm
Agm n[aUm‘ Pmbm H$s, ‘hmamï´> emgZmZo bpIZm n°Q>Z© gd© {Oëhm ñVamda am~{dÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. emgZmÀ`m Aem
YmoaUm‘wio àemgZmVrb H$‘©Mmar dJm©V bmoH$m{^‘wI H$m`} H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmr {Z‘m©U Pmbr d {dH$mg àemgZmÀ`m Zì`m
ndm©bm gwédmV Pmbr.
5.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
àemgZmVrb H$m`} ì`dpñWV d doioda H$am`Mr AgVrb Va àemgZmÀ`m àËòH$ {d^mJmV à{ejUmMr gmo` {Z‘m©U
H$amdr. à{ejUm{edm` {dH$mg{df`H$ YmoaU am~{dUo H$R>rU Amho. godmnyd© à{ejUmV H$mhr ÌwQ>r amhÿ eH$VmV. H$m‘mda
éOy Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m H$‘©Mmar dJm©Mr ‘mZ{gH$Vm Amnmnë`m joÌmVrb H$m`m©gmR>rM AmnU AmhmoV Aer {Z‘m©U Pmbr
nm{hOo. `m nmíd©^y‘rda EH$ à~mo{YZr ñWmnÊ`mMo R>abo. Ë`mgmR>r èXm hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br. ‘hmamï´> gaH$maZo Ë`m
g§ñWoMo g§MmbH$ åhUyZ lr. A{ZbHw$‘ma bpIZm `m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br. gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV gXa g§ñWoZo ‘`m©{XV ñdê$nmMo
à{ejU XoÊ`mMo {ZpíMV Ho$bo.
5.2.1 èd§Vamd MìhmU {dH$mg àemgZ à~mo{YZr (¶eXm)

èd§Vamd MìhmU {dH$mg àemgZ à~mo{YZr hr g§ñWm nwUo òWo Amho. (èXm) g§nyU© ^maVmVrb amÁ`mÀ`m ñVamda
Agbobr Vr EH$ CËH¥$ï> à{ejU g§ñWm Amho. `m g§ñWoMo "‘hmamï´> BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°’$ S>oìhbn‘|Q> A°S>{‘{ZñQóeZ' ho Zm‘H$aU
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ‘hmamï´>mVrb àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm à{ejU XoUmar Vr gd©‘mÝ` Aer g§ñWm ~Zbr Amho. XoemVrb BVa
amÁ`m§VyZ XoIrb AZoH$ gZXr godH$ à{ejUmgmR>r òWo òVmV.

(1) ¶eXmMr aMZm
èd§Vamd MìhmU {dH$mg àemgZ à~mo{YZr‘Üò amÁ` emgZmÀ`m gZXr godoVrb Áòð> gZXr A{YH$mè`m§Mr
g§MmbH$ åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$ hmoVo. `m{edm` èXmMo VrZ Vo Mma Cng§MmbH$ AgVmV. Cng§MmbH$m§Mm XOm© {Oëhm{YH$mè`mgmaIm
AgVmo. èXm‘Üò g§emoYZ ghm`H$ Am{U H$mhr {df`m§Mo àmÜ`mnH$ H$m`©aV AgVmV. g§ñWoÀ`m àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm
{Z`moOZ{df`H$ H$m`m©Mo V§Ì d à{ejU XoÊ`mV Ambobo AgVo. H$m`m©Mm Mm§Jbm Aä`mg ìhmdm åhUyZ g§JUH$mMm dmna
Amdí¶H$ Agë`mMr OmUrd à{ejUmWvZm {Xbr OmVo.
(2) èXmMr H$m`}

èXm‘Üò H$m`©aV Agboë`m A{YH$mar H$‘©Mmar dJm©bm doJdoJù`m ñdê$nmMr H$m`} nma nmS>mdr bmJV AgVmV.
Ë`m H$m`m©Mo ñdê$n nwT>rbà‘mUo.
(1) doJdoJù`m ImË`m§À`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm à{ejUmgmR>r ~mobmdÊ`mMo H$m`©H«$‘ {ZpíMV H$aUo.
(2) {d{dY {df`m§À`m VÁkm§Zm ‘mJ©Xe©H$ åhUyZ ~mobmdUo.
(3) {d{dY ImË`m§Vrb àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm {dH$mg{df`H$ à{ejU XoUo.
(4) ì`dñWmnZ V§ÌmMm OmñVrV OmñV dmna H$ê$Z àemgH$s` ì`dñWm A{YH$ H$m`©j‘ H$er ~Zob `mH$S>o bj nwa{dUo.
(5) {d{dY {df`m§À`m H$m`©emim (dH©$em°n) Am`mo{OV H$aUo.
(6) H$mhr {df`m§À`m H$m‘ H$aÊ`mÀ`m V§Ìm§Mo ZyVZrH$aU H$aUo.
(7) àemgZmVrb VmUVUmd H$go H$‘r H$aVm òVrb `mMo à{ejU XoUo.
(8) ‘mZgemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ XoIrb {df`m§À`m ì`dñWmnZmMo YS>o XoUo.
(9) ì`{³V‘Îd {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJio H$m`©H«$‘ AmIUo.
(10) à{ejU KoUmè`mH$Sy>Z ‘ZZ, qMVZ H$aÊ`m~amo~aM `moJ{dÚm `m‘Üò Ë`m§Mr àJVr KS>dyZ AmUbr OmVo.
(11) àemgZ bmoH$m{^‘wI ~Z{dÊ`mMo gd© ‘mJ© hmVmiUo.
(12) g§JUH$mMo à{ejU XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aUo.
(13) ‘hÎdmÀ`m XñVEodOm§Mr Zm|X H$aUo Ë`m Zm|Xr g§JUH$m‘m’©$V Ho$ë`m OmD$ eH$VmV.
(14) H$m`m©ä`mg (Ho$g ñQ>S>r) d àmoOoŠQ> dH©$ BË`mXr àH$ma {eH$dyZ Ë`m§Zm {df`mVrb AË`mYw{ZH$ kmZ {‘idyZ XoÊ`mMr
ì`dñWm H$aUo.
(15) J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb gw{e{jV nXdrYam§Zm CÚmoJm§g§~§YrMo à{ejU XoUo.
WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s, ‘hmamï´>mÀ`m `m à{ejU XoUmè`m g§ñWoVyZ àemgH$m§Zm ~XbË`m H$mimbm gm‘moao
OmD$Z {dH$mg H$m`} èñdrnUo g§nÞ H$aÊ`mMo {Z`moOZnyd©H$ à{ejU {Xbo OmVo.
5.2.2 Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb`

{ejU hm EH$ gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMm gdm©V ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. ‘mZdr gmYZ g§nÎmrMr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r
VgoM H$m¡eë`m§V dmT> H$ê$Z {VMr H$m`©j‘Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r {ejU ho ‘hÎdmMo ‘mÜ`‘ Amho. Joë`m 67 dfmªV ^maVmMr
gmjaVm hr 17 Q>¸²$`m§dê$Z 74 Q>³³¶m§n`ªV dmT>ë`mZo XoemZo Or àJVr gmÜ` Ho$br, Ë`m‘mJo {ejUmMoM `moJXmZ Amho.
gmja d {Zajam§À`m {dH$mgmVrb Agbobr V’$mdV hr e¡j{UH$ kmZmÀ`m à^mdm‘wio AgVo. Xw~©b KQ>H$ gmja Pmë`mg
Ë`m§Mm {dH$mgmVrb gh^mJ dmT>Vmo. {ejUmZo d¡`{³VH$ àJVr Va hmoVoM nU Ë`mM~amo~a gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Zmbm MmbZm
{‘iVo.
{ejU ì`³Vr d g‘mOmÀ`m n[adV©ZmMo EH$ gmYZ Amho. {ejU hr ì`³Vr d g‘mO n[adV©ZmgmR>r gmVË`mZo d
XrK©H$mi MmbUmar à{H«$`m Amho. {ejUm‘wio ì`³VrMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg hmoVmo. {ejU ì`³VrMm ‘mZ{gH$, emar[aH$ d
~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUVo. {ejUmMo ‘hÎd {deX H$aVmZm {dH$mgmbm doJ XoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {ejU ‘hÎdmMo Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV {ejU ho ì`{³V{dH$mgmMo VgoM Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo gmYZ Amho.
amÁ`m‘Üò H$bm, dm{UÁ`, {dkmZ, H$m`Xm, {ejU Am{U AH¥$fr {dÚmnrR> d nXdrÀ`m Cƒ {ejUmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZ
d O~m~XmargmR>r Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb` ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. g§MmbZmb`mMr aMZm nwT>rbà‘mUo.

(1) Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb`mMr aMZm
‘hmamï´>mVrb Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb`mMr aMZm nwT>rbà‘mUo Amho.
B. g. 1969 ‘Üò amÁ` emgZmZo 10+02+03 Aer {ejU nÕVr ApñVËdmV AmUbr Am{U Cƒ {ejUmMm
àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`m§‘Üò AZoH$ d[að> ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Mr gwédmV Ho$br. 31 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1984 amoOr Cƒ {ejU
g§MmbZmb`mMr {Z{‘©Vr Pmë`mZ§Va Aem ‘hm{dÚmb`m§À`m g§»ò‘Üò ‘moR>r dmT> Pmbr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a Cƒ {ejU
g§MmbZmb`mMr O~m~Xmar ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dmT>br Am{U Ë`m_wio amÁ` nmVirdarb g§MmbZmb`mg gd© ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Mo
H|$Ðr` ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo H$R>rU Pmbo hmoVo. åhUyZ `m g§MmbZmb`mMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aÊ`mMr JaO dmQy> bmJbr. n[aUm‘r
amÁ`m‘Üò ‘hm{dÚmb`m§À`m H$m‘m§da {d^mJmda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r Xhm {d^mJr` H$m`m©b`m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
hr {d^mJr` ghg§MmbH$mMr H$m`m©bò, ‘w§~B©, nZdob, nwUo, H$moëhmnya, gmobmnya, Am¡a§Jm~mX, Zm§XoS>, OiJmd, A‘amdVr
Am{U ZmJnya òWo {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
(2) Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb`mMr H$m`}

Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb`mMr H$m`} VrZ à‘wI ^mJm§V AmhoV Vr nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(A) {Z`moOZ Am{U g‘Ýd`,
(~) e¡j{UH$ H$m`},
(H$) g„mË‘H$ H$m`},
(A) {Z`moOZ Am{U g‘Ýd`

(1) `w. Or.grH$Sy>Z àmá Pmboë`m AmXoemZwgma amÁ`m‘Üò Cƒ {ejUmMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` {Z`moOZ d YmoaU
V`ma H$aUo d amÁ`m‘Üò Cƒ {ejUmMo C{Ôï> S>moù`m§g‘moa R>odyZ Ë`mMr àmW{‘H$Vm Am{U Cn`w³VVm bjmV KoD$Z
Vo A‘bmV AmUUo.
(2) Amdí¶H$VoZwgma {ejUmMm XOm© {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` emgZmbm ghH$m`© H$aUo Am{U OoWo JaO nS>ob VoWo
XwéñVr H$aUo.
(3) amÁ`m‘Üò Cƒ {ejUmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` `moOZm am~{dUo.
(4) XwéñË`m Am{U {e’$maetZwgma amÁ`mVrb {dÚmnrR>o d ‘hm{dÚmb`m§‘Üò {dH${gV H$m`©H«$‘ AmIUo.
(5) {dH$mgmË‘H$ H$m`©H«$‘m§À`m àJVrgmR>r à{V{Z{YËd H$aUo.
(6) emgZmMr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo ñnï>nUo ‘m§S>Uo Am{U nadmZJr d ‘§OwargmR>r {ZU©` KoUo, emgZmÀ`m AQ>tMr d {Z`‘m§Mr
nyV©Vm H$aUmè`m ZdrZ e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Zm ‘§Owar XoUo.
(7) amÁ`mVrb Cƒ {ejUmgmR>r A{V[a³V g§gmYZm§À`m {Z{‘©VrgmR>r ZdrZ ‘mJ© gwM{dUo.
(~) e¡j{UH$ H$m`}

(1) {dÚmnrR>o d ‘hm{dÚmb`m§gmR>r Aä`mgH«$‘ V`ma H$aUo, Aä`mgH«$‘m§Mr nwZa©MZm H$aUo Am{U Aä`mgH«$‘ {dH${gV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r àoaUm XoUo.
(2) ñdm`Îm ‘hm{dÚmb`m§‘Üò g‘Ýd` gmYyZ Ë`m§À`mgmR>r Cnm` `moOZm H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm XoUo.
(3) {dÚmnrR>m§À`m dVrZo KoÊ`mV òUmè`m narjm§Mm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` nmD$b CMbUo d Amdí¶H$ gwYmaUm
gwM{dUo.
(4) {dÚmnrR>o Am{U ‘hm{dÚmb`m§‘Üò {ejH$m§Zm à{ejUmMr gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
(5) amÁ` d amÁ`m~mhoarb {dÚmÏ`mªZm J{V‘mZ gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmnrR> {ejH$ d ‘hm{dÚmb`rZ
{ejH$m§‘Üò gwg§dmX hmoÊ`mgmR>r d e¡j{UH$ ghH$m`m©gmR>r `mo½` H$m`©H«$‘ {dH${gV H$aUo.
(6) Cƒ {ejU g§ñWm‘Üò àdoe KoÊ`mgmR>r àdoenmÌ narjm§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo d àdoemg§~§Yr g„m XoUo.
(7) {dÚmnrR>o Am{U ‘hm{dÚmb`m§‘Üò H«$sS>m ñnYm©, emar[aH$ {ejU Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$‘m§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo.
(8) àmXo{eH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r g§~§{YV g§ñWm§er {dñVm[aV H$m`©H«$‘ am~{dÊ`mgmR>r {Z`moOZ H$aUo.
(9) amÁ`mVrb {dÚmnrR>o d ‘hm{dÚmb`m§À`m H$m`m©Mo AdbmoH$Z H$ê$Z Ahdmb V`ma H$aUo d Vmo amÁ` gaH$mabm
nmR>{dUo.
(H$) g„mË‘H$ H$m`}

(1) amÁ`mÀ`m, g§emoYZmÀ`m JaOm bjmV KoD$Z e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm, g§emoYZ g§ñWm d CÚmoJm§er `mo½` Agm gwg§dmX {Z‘m©U
H$aUo.
(2) H|$Ðr` {dÚmnrR>mì`{V[a³V amÁ`mVrb {d{dY {dÚmnrR>m§Zm H$m`Xo ‘§S>imZo Ho$bobo H$m`Xo d {Z`‘ bmJy H$aUo.
(3) amÁ`mH$[aVm {d{dY `moOZm V`ma H$aUo.
(4) ZdrZ g§ñWm§Zm ñdmdb§~r d AmË‘{Z^©a ~Z{dUo.
(5) {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r "H$‘dm d {eH$m' YmoaU am~{dUo.
(6) amÁ`mVrb Cƒ {ejUm‘Üò gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Vo H$m`©H«$‘ am~{dUo.
5.2.3 {dÚmnrR>o
{dÚmÏ`mªZm embo` {ejUmZ§VaMo Cƒ {ejU XoUmè`m g§ñWm§‘Üò àm‘w»`mZo ‘hm{dÚmbò d {dÚmnrR>o `m§Mm A§V^m©d
hmoVmo. Cƒ nmVirdarb AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZ g§emoYZ BË`mXr gw{dYm Agbobr d {dÚmÏ`mªZm narjmnyd©H$ ‘mJ©Xe©H$
XoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma Agbobr g§ñWm åhUOo "{dÚmnrR>'. {dÚmnrR>m§À`m H$m`©H$joV H$mhr g§b¾ ‘hm{dÚmbò òVmV. gÜ`m
dmnabr OmUmar "{dÚmnrR>' hr g§km "`w{Zìh{g©Q>r' `m B§J«Or g§koMo ^mfm§Va Amho. ^maVmVrb Cƒ {ejUmMr O~m~Xmar
CMbÊ`mgmR>r {~«{Q>em§Zr Á`m YVuÀ`m g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br, Ë`m§Zm CÔoeyZ hm eãX dmnabm OmVmo. hr {dÚmnrR>o
g§d¡Ym{ZH$ g§ñWm AgyZ Vr bmoH$gôÀ`m qH$dm amÁ` {dYmZg^m§À`m H$m`ÚmZo àñWm{nV Pmbobr AgVmV. Ë`mMà‘mUo
Ë`m§Zm {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ Am{U ^maVr` {dÚmnrR> g§KQ>ZoMr ‘mÝ`Vm AgVo.
{dÚmnrR> B{Vhmg
EH$moUrgmì¶m eVH$mV ^maVmV ¶wamonr¶ YVuda {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. VoWyZM AmYw{ZH$ Cƒ
{ejUmMr na§nam ^maVmV gwê$ Pmcr. na§Vw Ë¶mhr AJmoXa ^maVmV Cƒ {ejUmMr na§nam ’$ma OwZr Agë¶mMo {XgyZ ¶oVo.
Vj{ecm, Zmc§Xm, {dH«$‘{ecm, dc^r d H$m§Mr hr {dÚmnrR>o Ë¶m H$mimV à{gÕ hmoVr. Vj{ecm, Zmc§Xm d {dH«$‘{ecm ¶m
{dÚmnrR>mV Va naXoemVyZhr {dÚmWu d {dÛmZ ¶oV AgV.

{~«{Q>e gÎmm ^maVmV ñWmnZ Pmë¶Z§Va àW‘ àmÀ¶{dÚm§À¶m AÜ¶mnZmg CÎmoOZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r g§ñH¥$V ‘hm{dÚmc¶mMr
ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. nwT>o ^maVr¶ cmoH$m§Zr ‘mJUr Ho$ë¶mZ§Va ¶wamonr¶ nÕVrMo {ejU XoÊ¶mgmR>r 1957 gmcr
H$cH$Îmm, ‘w§~B©, ‘Ðmg ¶oWo ^maVmVrc n{hcr VrZ {dÚmnrR>o ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ^maVmVrc {dÚmnrR>m§‘Yrc H$m‘H$mO
H$m¶©j‘VoZo Mmcmdo åhUyZ cm°S>© H$P©Z ¶m§Zr 1902 ‘Ü¶o ^maVr¶ {dÚmnrR> Am¶moJ Zo‘cm. ¶m Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$maerZwgma
1904 gmcr ^maVr¶ {dÚmnrR> A{Y{Z¶‘ nm[aV H$aÊ¶mV Amcm Am{U VËH$mcrZ {dÚmnrR>mÀ¶m aMZoV A‘ycmJ« ~Xc
H$aÊ¶mV Amcm. nwT>o 1917 ‘Ü¶o E‘. B©. g°S>ca ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr Zo‘coë¶m H$cH$Îmm {dÚmnrR> Am¶moJmZo {dÚmnrR>m§À¶m
nwZ©aMZog§~§Yr ‘hÎdmÀ¶m {e’$maer Ho$ë¶m. B.g. 1927 ‘Ü¶o hm°aQ>m°J ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcrc g{‘VrZo {dÚmnrR>m§À¶m
H$m¶m©V g‘Ýd¶ gmYÊ¶mgmR>r "B§Q>a ¶w{Zpìh©{gQ>r ~moS>©' ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$cr. nwT>o 1944 ‘Ü¶o gmOªQ> g{‘VrZo
e¡j{UH$ nwZ©aMZoMm AmamIS>m ‘m§S>cm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am¶moJmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag hmoVr.
^maVmcm ñdmV§Í¶ àmá Pmë¶mZ§Va Cƒ {ejUmMr gdmªJrU d A‘ycmJ« nwZ©aMZm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ
¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr {dÚmnrR> {ejU Am¶moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m Am¶moJmZo {dÚmnrR>r¶ {ejUmMr C{Ôï>o,
{dÚmnrR> KQ>Zm, H$m¶} d {Z¶§ÌU, {dÚmnrR>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘, AÜ¶mnZmMm XOm©, nXì¶wÎma {ejU d g§emoYZ, àmÜ¶mnH$m§Mr
JwUdÎmm, {dÚmÏ¶mªMr {eñV ¶m§~m~V {dMma ‘m§S>co. Ë¶mZ§Va S>m°. S>r. EM. H$moR>mar ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImcr Zo‘coë¶m ^maVr¶
{ejU Am¶moJmZohr Cƒ {ejUmMm gdmª{JU {dMma H$ê$Z Ë¶mg§~§Yr ‘hÎdmÀ¶m {e’$maer Ho$ë¶m.
‘hmamï´> emgZmZo amÁ¶mVrc Cƒ {ejUm‘Ü¶o H$m¶©j‘Vm dmT>{dÊ¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo 2016 gmcr "{dÚmnrR> H$m¶Xm
2016' nm[aV Ho$cm. ¶m H$m¶ÚmMr A‘c~OmdUr 1 ‘mM© 2016 nmgyZ gd© amÁ¶â H$aÊ¶mV Amcr. ¶m H$m¶Úm‘Ü¶o
H$m°coO {ZdS>UyH$m, H«o${S>Q> ~oñS> nÕV, ‘mhoS>Mr ñWmnZm, CÚ‘{ecVm {dH$mg, AmYw{ZH$ AH$mD§$qQ>J nÕVr, ³cñQ>a
{dÚmnrR>, {demIm emIoMr ñWmnZm Aem AZoH$ ~m~tg§~§Yr {e’$maer H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m.
(1) ‘hmamï´>mVrb {dÚmnrR>o

^maVmbm bmJUmao gd© àH$maMo ‘Zwî`~i V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Xoe AmVm e¡j{UH$Ñï²>`m ñd`§nyU© ~Zbm Amho.
VWm{n Ë`mVyZhr H$mhr J§^ra àíZ {Z‘m©U Pmbo AmhoV. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va Cƒ {ejUmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m JaOm§À`m ñ’$moQ>mbm Vm|S>
XoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {dÚmnrR>r` `§ÌUoMr dmT> doJmZo hmoUo An[ahm`© hmoVo. Ë`mMà‘mUo ñdV§Ì amï´>mÀ`m VgoM {dH${gV AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m
JaOm§Zm Amdí¶H$ AgUmao ‘Zwî`~i {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMo AmìhmZhr `m `§ÌUonwT>o hmoVo. {ejUmMr g‘mZ g§Yr XoÊ`mMr amOH$s`
~m§YrbH$s Am{U àmXo{eH$ ^mfm§VyZ {ejU hr AmìhmZo `m `§ÌUobm nobm`Mr hmoVr. AZwgy{MV OmVr, O‘mVr Am{U BVa
‘mJmgdJu`m§Zm AmajU XoÊ`mMo YmoaU gm‘mdyZ ¿`md`mMo hmoVo. Aëng§»`mH$m§Mo A{YH$mahr Onmd`mMo hmoVo. hr gd©
AmìhmZo KoD$Z EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m ‘Ü`mg ñWmnZ Pmbobr {dÚmnrR>o EH${dgmì`m eVH$mH$S>o dmQ>Mmb H$arV AmhoV.
‘hmamï´> amÁ`mÀ`m ñWmnZoÀ`m doir (1960) ‘hmamï´>mV nmM {dÚmnrR>o hmoVr. ‘w§~B© {dÚmnrR>, ‘w§~B© (1846) ZmJnya
{dÚmnrR>, ZmJnya, nwUo {dÚmnrR>, nwUo, S>m°. ‘hfu H$d} `m§Zr 1916 ‘Üò {ó`m§gmR>r ñWmnZ Ho$bobo lr‘Vr ZmWr~mB© Xm‘moXa
R>mH$agr {dÚmnrR>, ‘w§~B©, ‘amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR>, Am¡a§Jm~mX. 1960 Z§Va ñWmnZ Pmboë`m à‘wI {dÚmnrR>m§V {edmOr
{dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (1962) A‘amdVr {dÚmnrR>, A‘amdVr (1983) CÎma ‘hmamï´> {dÚmnrR>, OiJmd (1990) `m§Mm
g‘mdoe hmoVmo. Zm§XoS> òWrb ñdm‘r am‘mZ§X VrW© {dÚmnrR> (1994) ‘Üò {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
‘hmamï´>mVrb {dÚmnrR>m‘§ Üò Ë`m§À`mer g§b¾ d KQ>H$ ‘hm{dÚmb`m§VZy gmYmaU nXdr nmVirn`ªV {ejU {dÚmnrR>m§‘Üò
d H$mhr {ZdS>H$ ‘hm{dÚmb`m‘Üò nXì`wÎma {ejU Am{U doJdoJù`m kmZemIm§‘Üò g§emoYZ hr e¡j{UH$ H$m`} MmbVmV.
gd©gmYmaU {df` d Aä`mgH«$‘ `m§À`m~amo~aM H$mhr {dÚmnrR>m§Zr H$mhr {deofrH¥$V kmZemIm d Ë`m {df`m§Mo Cƒ
Aä`mgH«$‘ `m§Mrhr gmo` Ho$bobr Amho. `m{edm` {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmZohr ‘hmamï´>mVrb H$mhr {dÚmnrR>m§‘Üò {d{dY
{df`m§Mr àJV AÜ``Z H|$Ðo Mmbdbr OmV AmhoV.
(2) {dÚmnrR>mM
§ r aMZm
{dÚmnrR>mÀ`m aMZo‘Üò amÁ`nmb ho amÁ`mVrb gd© {dÚmnrR>m§Mo nX{gÕ Hw$bnVr AgVmV. {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m à‘wI
A{YH$manXr Hw$bJwê$ AgVmV. CnHw$bJwê$, Hw$bg{Md, H$m`©H$m[aUr, A{Yg^m ({gZoQ>) d {dÛV n[afX `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo
{dÚmnrR>m§Mm H$ma^ma MmbVmo.

(3) {dÚmnrR>mMr àm{YH$aUo
àËòH$ {dÚmnrR>mV ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr àm{YH$aUm§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br OmVo, {dÚmnrR>mVrb àm{YH$aUo
nwT>rbà‘mUo AgVmV.
(A) A{Yg^m
(Am) ì`dñWmnZ n[afX
(B) {dÚm n[afX
(B©) {dÚmemIm
(C) ‘hm{dÚmb` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg ‘§S>i
(D$) Aä`mg ‘§S>i
(E) narjm ‘§S>i
(Eo) Am§VakmZ emIm Aä`mg ‘§S>i.
(Amo) àm¡T> d {Za§Va {ejU d {dñVma godm ‘§S>i
(Am¡) {dÚmWu n[afX.
(4) {dÚmnrR>mMr H$m`}

XoemVrb AH¥$fr {dÚmnrR>m§Zm AZoH$ ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`m©Mr O~m~Xmar nyU© H$amdr bmJVo. Vr H$m`} nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(A) gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg

{dÚmnrR>mVrb {ejUm‘YyZ {dÚmÏ`mª‘Üò gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg ìhmdm. {dÚmÏ`mª‘Üò bmoH$emhr ZmJ[aH$Ëd {dH${gV
ìhmdo. VgoM ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo A§JrH$mabobo ñdmV§Ë«` g‘Vm, ~§YwVm Am{U Ý`m` hr MVw:gyÌr {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m A§Jr
q~~{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {dÚmnrR>m§Zm nyU© H$amdr bmJVo.
(Am) g‘mO gwYmaUoÀ`m H$m`m©V `moJXmZ

{dÚmnrR>o Amnë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm g‘mO gwYmaUoÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aVmV. {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmVyZ {dÚmÏ`mª‘Yrb
g¥OZerbVm d à`moJerbVobm {dH${gV H$ê$Z g‘mO gwYmaUm§À`m {dYm`H$ H$m`m©gmR>r dmnaÊ`mg àd¥Îm Ho$bo OmVo.
(B) g§ñH¥$VrMo OVZ d g§H$« ‘U

àËòH$ XoemMr g§ñH¥$Vr hr Ë`m XoemMr Apñ‘Vm AgVo. Ë`m‘wio {dÚmnrR>mVrb {ejUmVyZ ^maVmMr g§ñH¥$Vr
{Q>H${dUmao Am{U nwT>rb {nT>rg g§H«$‘U H$aUmao {ejU {Xbo OmVo, Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m gj‘ `wdH$m§Zm KS>{dÊ`mMrhr
O~m~Xmar {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmMr Amho.
(B©) {dÚmÏ`mªMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg

{dÚmÏ`mª‘Yrb gwá JwUm§Mm emoY KoD$Z Ë`m§À`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r `mo½` dmVmdaU {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo. Ë`mgmR>r
{d{dY à{ejU H$m`©H«$‘ Am`mo{OV H$aUo, {dÚmÏ`mªMm {dH$mg hmoB©b, Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ^mdr Am`wî`mMr AmIUr H$aVm
òB©b. `mH$[aVm {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ Ë`m§Zm {dH$mgmMr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVo.
(C) ZoVË¥ d {Z{‘©Vr

ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va Amnë`m XoemÀ`m amOH$s`, gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr‘Üò ‘ybJm‘r n[adV©Z Pmbo. `mMm
n[aUm‘ gd©M joÌm§da nS>bm. {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmVyZ XoemVrb amOH$maU, àemgZ, CÚmoJ, ì`dgm` BË`mXr joÌm§‘Üò CÎm‘
ZoV¥Ëd H$ê$ eH$Vrb Aem ZmJ[aH$m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr {dÚmnrR>m§Ûmao Ho$br OmVo.
(C) ~m¡{ÕH$ gmhgVoV dmT>

^maVmMm B{Vhmg hm gmhgr H$Wm§Zr âbobr Amho. {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmVyZ `wdH$m§‘Üò ~m¡{ÕH$ gmhg H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmr
{dH${gV hmoVo. {d{dY joÌo `wdH$m§Zr Amnë`m ~m¡{ÕH$ VmH$XrÀ`m ~imda nmXmH«$m§V H$amdrV `mH$[aVm {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmÀ`m
‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ào[aV H$aVo.

(E) emar[aH$ d ‘mZ{gH$ {dH$mg
{dÚmnrR>m§Ûmao Amnë`m {dÚmÏ`mªMm emar[aH$ {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a ‘mZ{gH$ gwÑT>Vm
AgUmao {dÚmWu {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMr ‘hÎdnyU© O~m~Xmar {dÚmnrR>m§Zm nma nmS>mdr bmJVo.
(Eo) {díd~§YwËdmMr ^mdZm

Ho$di XoemnwaoM ‘`m©{XV amhÿ Zò Va {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmVyZ {dÚmÏ`mª‘Üò {díd~§YwËdmMr ^mdZm {dH${gV ìhmdr.
amï´>dmXr ^mdZonojm Am§Vaamï´>r` gm‘§Oñ` d {díd~§Yw^md AgUmao {dÚmWu KS>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© {dÚmnrR>m§Zm H$amdo bmJVo.
(Amo) BVa H$m`}

darb H$m`m©{edm` {dÚmnrR>m§Zm BVahr H$mhr ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`} H$amdr bmJVmV. Ë`m‘Üò ZdrZ ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Zm Ë`m§Mr
nS>VmiUr H$ê$Z ‘mÝ`Vm XoUo, ‘hm{dÚmb`m§À`m e¡j{UH$ H$m`m©da {Z`§ÌU R>odUo, gd© emIm§À`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r àdoe
àUmbr {ZpíMV H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mgmR>r ZmdrÝ`nyU© Aä`mgH«$‘m§Mr AmIUr H$aUo Ë`mH$[aVm {d{dY {df`m§À`m Aä`mg
‘§S>im§Mr ñWmnZm H$aUo. {dÚmÏ`mªMo ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm {Z`{‘V narjm§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo d Ë`m§Mo {ZH$mb bmdUo d
nmÌ {dÚmÏ`mªZm nXdr àXmZ H$aUo. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m emar[aH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r H«$sS>m ñnYm©Mo d `wdH$ ‘hmoËgdm§Mo
Am`moOZ H$aUo `m Am{U Aem {d{dY H$m`m©Mr nyV©Vm {dÚmnrR>m§Zm H$amdr bmJVo.
5.2.4 ‘hm{dÚmbò
‘hm{dÚmb`mbm B§J«Or‘Üò "H$m°boO' `m g§koZo g§~moYbo OmVo. "H$m°boO' hm B§J«Or eãX ‘yi b°{Q>Z H$m°{b{O`‘
(Collegiums) nmgyZ ~Zbm Amho. H$m°boO `m eãXmMm à`moJ g§`w³V amÁ` A‘o[aHo$‘Üò nXdr àXmZ H$aUmè`m V¥Vr`H$
e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmgmR>r dmnabm OmVmo. d BVa B§J«Or ^m{fH$ Xoem§‘Üò ImgJr e¡j{UH$ ì`dñWo‘Üò {ÛVr`H$ qH$dm ‘mÜ`{‘H$
emiogmR>r `m eãXm§Mm à`moJ {d{dY B§J«Or ^m{fH$ Xoem§‘Üò doJdoJim Amho. `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘, H°$ZS>m, Am°ñQó{b`m Am{U
BVa amï´>Hw$b Xoem§‘Üò "H$m°boO' eãXmMm à`moJ gm‘mÝ`V… "ñHy$b' (g§Hw$b) Agm Ho$bm OmVmo Va {dÚmnrR>m§À`m A§VJ©V
òUmè`m gd© g§Hw$bm§Zm H$Yr-H$Yr "H$m°boO' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
Cƒ {ejUmMr H|$Ðo åhUyZ ‘hm{dÚmb`mMm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. {dÚmÏ`mªZm H|$Ðq~Xy ‘mZyZ Vmo Mm[aÍ` g§nÞ KS>mdm
åhUyZ ‘hm{dÚmb` à`ËZ H$aV AgVo. {dÚmÏ`mªVrb gwá JwUm§Mm {dH$mg hm Ü`mg KoD$Z ‘hm{dÚmb` H$m`© H$arV AgVo.
{ejU, Amamo½`, {H«$S>m, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d ì`{³V‘ÎdmMm {dH$mg `m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ g‘mO {Z{‘©VrÀ`m H$m`m©V ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Mr
^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU© ‘mZbr OmVo.
(1) ‘hm{dÚmc¶m§Mm B{Vhmg

^maVm‘Üò "H$m°boO' hm eãX gm‘mÝ`V… Ë`m g§ñWm§gmR>r dmnabm OmVmo, Oo B`Îmm ~mamdrZ§Va nXdr àXmZ H$aVo,
gm‘mÝ`V… amÁ`mÀ`m {d{dY ^mJm§V ‘hm{dÚmbò H$m`©aV AmhoV. Ë`mMà‘mUo gd© ‘hm{dÚmbò {dÚmnrR>mer g§~§{YV
AgVmV. gd© ‘hm{dÚmbò {dÚmnrR>m§À`m {ZX}emà‘mUo H$m`©H«$‘m§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aVmV. {dÚmnrR>m§À`m A§VJ©V gd©
‘hm{dÚmb`m‘Üò EH$mM doir narjm§Mo Am`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo. ^maVmV Aem àH$maMo eoH$S>mo {dÚmnrR>o AmhoV d Ë`m A§VJ©V
AZoH$ ‘hm{dÚmbò H$m`©aV AmhoV. ‘w»`V: ^maVmV Cƒ {ejU XoUmè`m H|$Ðm§Zm ‘hm{dÚmb` Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. gm‘mÝ`
eãXm§V gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg B`Îmm 12 dr Z§Va {ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmWu OoWo OmVmV. Ë`mbm ‘hm{dÚmb` Ago åhQ>bo
OmVo. ‘hm{dÚmbò Cƒ {ejUmÀ`m joÌmV {dÚmnrR>mer g§~§{YV AgVmV.
^maVmV n{hbo H$bm d {dkmZ ‘h{dÚmb` gr. E‘. Eg.H$m°boO H$moÅ>m`‘, Ho$ai‘Üò B.g. 1816 ‘Üò ñWmnZ
Pmbo Va B.g. 1817 ‘ÜòM H$mobH$Îmm òWo ào{gS>oÝgr H$m°boOMr ñWmnZm Pmbr, Oo gwédmVrbm qhXy H$m°boOÀ`m ê$nmV
AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo. ^maVmV n{hbo dm{UÁ` d H$bm ‘hm{dÚmb` {gS>Zoh°‘ ‘hm{dÚmb` ‘w§~B©, Á`mMr ñWmnZm 1913
‘Üò Pmbr hmoVr. ^maVmV nmpíM‘mË` nÕVrMo à{ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r n{hbr {‘eZar g§ñWm ñH$m°{Q>e MM© ‘hm{dÚmb` 1850
‘Üò H$bH$Îmm òWo ApñVËdmV Ambo. ^maVmV n{hbo AmYw{ZH$ {dÚmnrR> H$bH$Îmm {dÚmnrR> hmo` Á`mMr ñWmnZm OmZodmar
1846 ‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gm‘m{OH$ {dkmZ d à‘mU ^mfm g§emoYZmMr àd¥Îmr H$aÊ`mgmR>r B.g. 1784 ‘Üò
Am{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>rMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {‘imbo Voìhm XoemV ’$³V 500 ‘hm{dÚmbò hmoVr. B.g. 2012-13 ‘Üò XoemV H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m
A{YH¥$V ‘m{hVrZwgma 31,324 ‘hm{dÚmbò AmhoV. `mVrb 2,565 hr ‘{hbm ‘hm{dÚmbò AmhoV. XoemVrb Cƒ
{ejUmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 1 H$moQ>r 36 bmI 42 hOma Amho. Ë`mVrb Ho$di 12.24 Q>¸o$ {dÚmWu (16.79 bmI)
{dÚmnrR>m§V {ejU KoV AmhoV Am{U 87.76 Q>¸o$ {dÚmWu (1 H$moQ>r 19 bmI 73 hOma) g§b¾ ‘hm{dÚmb`m§VyZ {ejU
KoV AmhoV. ‘{hbm§Mr `mVrb g§»`m 53 bmI 49 hOma (41.40Q>¸o$) Amho. ‘mÌ ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmVrb ‘{hbm§Mo
à‘mU Ho$di 14.72 Q>¸o$ Amho. XoemVrb 18 Vo 23 d`moJQ>mVrb EHy$U `wdH$ 16.02 H$moQ>r Ë`mn¡H$s Cƒ {ejU KoUmao
`wdH$ 49 bmI EdT>o AmhoV.
(gXarb AmH$S>odmar 2012-13À`m EH$m AhdmbmMr Amho. gÚ n[apñWVrV gXarb AmH$S>odmar ~Xbbobr Agy
eH$Vo.)
^maVmVrb Z°H$ à‘m{UV ‘hm{dÚmbò d Ë`m§Mm J«So >/loUr
A. H«$. ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Mr loUr ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Mr g§»`m EHy$U à‘mU (Q>¸o$dmarV)
(1) "A' loUr 554 11
(2) "~' loUr 3697 71
(3) "H$' loUr 973 18
g§X^© Z°H$ Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2013.
darb V³Ë¶mdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, ^maVmV B.g. 2013 n`ªV 5224 ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Zr Z°H$ ‘yë`m§H$Z H$ê$Z KoVbo.
Ë`mn¡ H $s "A' lo U r àmá ‘hm{dÚmbò 554 (11 Q>¸o $ ) "~' lo U r àmá ‘hm{dÚmbò 3,697
(71 Q>¸o$) d "H$' loUr àmá ‘hm{dÚmbò 973 (18 Q>¸o$) AmhoV. `mdê$Z Cƒ {ejU XoUmè`m ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Mr JwUdÎmm
ñnï> hmoVo.
AmO {dÚmnrR>m§À`m JwUdÎmo~amo~aM ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Vrb Cƒ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm d XOm© ImbmdV Mmbbobm Amho.
ñnY}À`m `wJmV ì`mdgm{`H$ d Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmVyZ H$m¡eë` {dH$mgmda â XoÊ`mMr JaO Amho.
(2) ‘hm{dÚmb`mMr aMZm

‘hmamï´>mV nma§n[aH$ {dÚmnrR>m§‘m’©$V ‘hm{dÚmb`m§H$Sy>Z Cƒ {ejU {Xbo OmVo. ‘hmamï´>mVrb nma§n[aH$ {dÚmnrR>m§Mo
{Z`‘Z amÁ` gaH$maMo Cƒ {ejU ImVo H$arV AgVo. hr {dÚmnrR>o ‘hmamï´> {dÚmnrR> H$m`Xm 1994 ‘Yrb VaVwXrZwgma
Mmb{dbr OmVmV. `mM H$m`ÚmÝdò ‘hm{dÚmb`mMr aMZm, A{YH$ma d H$m`} {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVmV. Ë`mZwgma ‘hm{dÚmb`mMo
àemgH$s` à‘wI ho àmMm`© AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m ‘XVrgmR>r CnàmMm`© H$m`©aV AgVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a àmMm`mªZm e¡j{UH$
H$m`m©V {d{dY {d^mJm§Mo {d^mJà‘wI J«§Wnmb VgoM emar[aH$ {ejU d H«$sS>m g§MmbH$ BË`mXr gmhmæ` H$aVmV. `m{edm`
H$m`m©b`rZ H$m‘mV ‘XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r a{OñQ>ma, H$m`m©b`rZ A{YjH$, d[að> {b{nH$, H${Zð> {b{nH$, boImnmb d godH$
ho {ejHo$Va H$‘©Mmar H$m`©aV AgVmV.
(3) ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Mr H$m`}

‘hm{dÚmbò hr g‘mO n[adV©ZmMr H|$Ðo ~ZmdrV d ‘hm{dÚmb`m§VyZ {ejU KoUmao {dÚmWu ho amï´> C^maUrH$[aVm
H$maUr^yV R>amdoV `mgmR>r ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Zm nwT>rbà‘mUo H$m`} nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV.
(1) emgZ d {dÚmnrR> AmXoem§Mo nmbZ

Cƒ {ejU XoUmè`m ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Zm amÁ` emgZ d {dÚmnrR>m§À`m AmXoem§Mo nmbZ H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.
H$m`ÚmVrb hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mo nmbZ H$ê$Z ‘hm{dÚmbò Amnbr O~m~Xmar nyU© H$arV AgVo. Ooìhm Ooìhm emgZ
{ejUmg§~§Yr ZdrZ H$m`Xo, ZdrZ {Z`‘, n[anÌHo$ H$mT>V AgVmV. Ë`mMo nmbZ ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Zm H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.
(2) {dÚmWu àdoe

‘hm{dÚmb`mV {d{dY emIm§V JwUdÎmoZwgma {dÚmÏ`mªZm àdoe {Xbo OmVmV. àdoe AOm©gmo~V {d{dY H$mJXnÌo
KoÊ`mV òVmV. Q>r.gr.Mr ‘yi àV, JwUn{ÌH$m§Mr ‘yi àV, OmVrMo à‘mUnÌ gË` àV (‘mJmgdJu` {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r),
{eî`d¥Îmr ‘§Owar H«$‘m§H$ B©. ~r.gr. ‘§Owar H«$‘m§H$ BË`mXr H$mJXnÌo KoD$Z {dÚmÏ`mªMm àdoe {ZpíMV H$amdm bmJVmo.
VwH$S>çm§gmR>r {dÚmnrR>m§Zm AO© H$ê$Z ‘mÝ`Vm ‘hm{dÚmb` àmá H$aV AgVo.

(3) {dÚmÏ`mªMr X¡Z§{XZ CnpñWVr
‘hm{dÚmb`m‘Üò {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ CnpñWVrg àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV òVo. ‘hm{dÚmb`m‘Üò XaamoO {dÚmWu CnpñWV
amhÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJio CnH«$‘ am~{dÊ`mV òV AgVmV. àËòH$ ‘{hÝ`mV {dÚmÏ`mªMr 75 Q>¸o$ CnpñWVr AgUo ~§YZH$maH$
AgVo. AZwnpñWV {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r X§S>mË‘H$ H$m`©dmhr d nmbH$m§Zm `m g§~§Yr ‘m{hVr XoÊ`mMo H$m`© ‘hm{dÚmbò H$arV
AgVmV.
(4) narjm KoUo
‘hm{dÚmb`m§Ûmao A§VJ©V d {dÚmnrR>r` narjm§Mo Am`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo. A§VJ©V narjoV ‘m{gH$, nyd© gÌ gamd narjm d
{dÚmnrR>mÀ`m gÌ d dm{f©H$ narjm ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Ûmao KoÊ`mg§~§YrMo H$m`© Ho$bo OmVo. narjm g§në`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo ‘yë`‘mnZ
H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {dÚmnrR>m§da AgVo. `mo½` ‘yë`‘mnZ H$ê$Z 40 {Xdgm§À`m AmV {ZH$mb bmdUo {dÚmnrR>mg ~§YZH$maH$
AgVo.
(5) {eñV nmbZ
‘hm{dÚmb`mÀ`m n[agamV {dÚmÏ`mªZr {eñV nmbZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`© Ho$bo OmVo. `mgmR>r àËòH$ {dÚmÏ`mªH$S>o
AmoiInÌ A{Zdm`© AgVo, JUdoe n[aYmZ H$aUo, Yy‘«nmZ ~§Xr, ‘mo~mB©b dmnaÊ`mg ~§Xr, {Z`§ÌU {eñVnmbZg§~§Yr
‘hm{dÚmb`mMr {Z`‘mdbr V`ma H$aUo, J¡adV©Z H$aUmè`mda H$R>moa H$m`©dmhr ‘hm{dÚmb`mÛmao H$aUo A{Zdm`© AgVo.
(6) {dÚmWu g§gX
‘hm{dÚmb`mVrb gd© emIm§Vrb àËòH$ dJm©VyZ JwUdÎmoÀ`m AmYmao EH$m {dÚmÏ`mªMr {ZdS> dJ© à{V{ZYr (C.R.)
åhUyZ Ho$br OmVo. gm§ñH¥${VH$, H«$sS>m, EZ. Eg. Eg `m {d^mJmVyZ àËòH$s EH$ {dÚmWu à{V{ZYr {Z`w³V Ho$bm d EHy$U
à{V{ZYrn¡H$s EH$mMr ~hþ‘VmÀ`m AmYmao {dÚmWu g§gX g{Md (G.S.) åhUyZ {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. {dÚmWu g§gX ñWmnÊ`m‘mJo
{dÚmÏ`mª‘Üò ZoV¥Îd JwU éOdUo d bmoH$emhr ÑT> H$aUo hm CÔoe AgVmo.
(7) amï´>r` godm `moOZm
‘hm{dÚmb`rZ {dÚmÏ`mª‘Üò amï´>m{df`r AmnwbH$s {Z‘m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r, gm‘m{OH$ OmUrd, l‘à{Vð>m d H$bmJwUm§Mm
{dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r amï´>r` godm `moOZm {d^mJ à`ËZerb AgVmo. `m {d^mJm‘m’©$V d¥jmamonU, a³VXmZ {e{~a, amï´>r`
EH$mË‘Vm, gm‘m{OH$ gbmoIm, g‘mO à~moYZmË‘H$ H$m`©H«$‘, {d{dY ‘hmnwéfm§À`m O`§Vr d nwÊ`{VWrMo Am`moOZ d gmV
{Xdgm§À`m {deof {e{~am§Mo ‘hm{dÚmb`mÛmao Am`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo.
(8) H«$sS>m H$m`©H«$‘m§Mo Am`moOZ
‘hm{dÚmb`mVrb {dÚmÏ`m©V emar[aH$ gwÑT>Vm {Z‘m©U H$aUo d {d{dY H«$sS>m ñnYmªMo Am`moOZ H$ê$Z ‘hm{dÚmb`
amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVam§darb H«$sS>mnQy> {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z amï´>mMo Zmdbm¡{H$H$ dmT>dÊ`mMo H$m`© ‘hm{dÚmb`mMo H«$sS>m {d^mJ
H$arV AgVmo.
(9) _hm{dÚmb`rZ {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eî`d¥Îmr dmQ>n H$aUo
‘hm{dÚmbò ^maV gaH$ma d amÁ` gaH$maÛmao XoÊ`mV òUmè`m {eî`d¥Î`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm (‘mJmg) dmQ>n H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©
H$aVo. Á`m‘Üò ‘mJmgdJu` {dÚmWu {eî`d¥Îmr, Aëng§»`mH$ {dÚmWu {eî`d¥Îmr, An§J {dÚmWu {eî`d¥Îmr, H«$sS>m
{eî`d¥Îmr, ‘mOr g¡{ZH$ {eî`d¥Îmr, nXì`wÎma {ejU KoUmè`m Iwë`m àdJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm EH$bì` {eî`d¥Îmr BË`mXr
{eî`d¥ÎmtMm g‘mdoe AgVmo. `m bm^m‘wio {dÚmÏ`mªZm Amnbo e¡j{UH$ C{Ôï> nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘XV hmoVo.
(10) dm{f©H$ ñZohg§‘obZ Am`mo{OV H$aUo
‘hm{dÚmbò {dÚmÏ`mªMm gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r dm{f©H$ ñZohg§‘obZmMo Am`moOZ H$aVo. {dÚmÏ`mªZm
Amnë`m H$bm JwUm§Zm dmd XoÊ`mgmR>rMr g§Yr d Ë`m JwUm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r dm{f©H$ ñZohg§‘obZo ‘hÎdmMr R>aV AmhoV.
(11) amï´>r` {XZm§Mo Am`moOZ

‘hm{dÚmb`rZ {dÚmÏ`mªV amï´>m§{df`r AmË‘r`Vm d gm‘m{OH$ gbmoIm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r amï´>r` {XZm§Mo Am`moOZ
H$aÊ`mV òVo. Á`m‘Üò 15 Am°JñQ>, 26 OmZodmar, 02 Am°ŠQ>mo~a BË`mXr {XZm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

(12) JwUd§V {dÚmÏ`mªZm nwañH$ma
‘hm{dÚmb`mÛmao {d{dY emIoV {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm {dÚmnrR>r` narjm§V {deof àmdrÊ` àmá H$aUmè`m§Zm
nwañH$ma XoD$Z gÝ‘m{ZV H$aÊ`mV òVo. Ë`m‘wio {dÚmÏ`m©V ñnYm© {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z A{YH$m{YH$ JwUd§V {dÚmWu {Z‘m©U
hmoÊ`mgmR>r ‘XV hmoVo.
5.2.5 ‘hmamï´> nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZr, Zm{eH$

‘hmamï´>m‘Üò nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZrMr gwédmV n{hë`m doiog nwUo òWo B.g. 1906 ‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr,
Z§Va Ë`m‘Üò ~Xb H$ê$Z Ë`mMo ñWbm§Va B.g. 1908 ‘Üò Zm{eH$ òWo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZr‘Üò
nmobrg AYrjH$ (S.P.) nr. Eg.Am`. (P.S.I.) Ama. Q>r. Am`. (‘m{hVrMm A{YH$ma) `m nXmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao
à{ejU `m‘YyZ {Xbo OmVo. dJ©-2 `m§À`mgmR>r 12 ‘{hÝ`m§Mo à{ejU {Xbo OmVo. Á`m§Mr {Z`w³Vs àË`j (M.P.S.C.)
‘hmamï´> bmoH$godm Am`moJmH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo.
(1) ‘hmamï´> nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZrMo CÔoe
(A) ‘hmamï´> nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZrMm ‘w»` CÔoe hm Amho H$s, ‘hmamï´>mÀ`m nmobrg godo‘Üò amÁ`m§Mr godm H$aÊ`mgmR>r
YmS>gr, godmàVr àm‘m{UH$, g‘{n©V ^mdZoZo bmoH$m§gmR>r H$m`© H$aUmao àemgH$s` ZoV¥Ëd V`ma H$aUo hm AgVmo.
(Am) `m à~mo{YZr‘Üò nmobrg A{YH$mè`m§Zm Ago à{ejU Úmdo H$s, Á`m‘wio bmoH$m§gmR>r Agboë`m H$m`Úm§Mr ‘yë`m§Mr
à‘mUo Ë`m§À`mV {Z‘m©U hmoVrb d Vo bmoH$m§gmR>r H$m`© H$aVrb.
(B) à{ejU KoUmè`m nmobrg A{YH$mè`m§‘Üò Amnë`m H$m`m©àVr gdm}ƒ àm‘m{UH$Vm {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
(B©) ‘mZdmbm {Xboë`m ‘mZd A{YH$mam§Mm AmXa H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {Z‘m©U H$amdr.
(C) à{e{jV nmobrg A{YH$mar ho emar[aH$Ñï²>`m ñdñW H$UIa, YmS>gr d ~m¡{ÕH$Ñï²>`m YmaXma ~Z{dUo,
(D$) nmo{bgm§er g§~§{YV AgUmè`m doJdoJù`m {df`m§da g§emoYZ Pmbo nm{hOo, Ago AZoH$ CÔoe ‘hmamï´> nmobrg àemgZ
à~mo{YZrMo Agbobo AmnUmg {XgyZ òVmV.
(2) ‘hmamï´> nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZrMo H$m`}
‘hmamï´> nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZrg nwT>rbà‘mUo ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`} nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV.
(A) (M.P.S.C.) ‘hmamï´> bmoH$godm Am`moJmH$Sy>Z {ZdS> Pmboë`m nr. Eg. Am`. (P.S.I.) S.P. nmobrg A{YjH$,
D.Y.S.P. nmobrg CnAYrjH$ Aem nmobrg A{YH$mè`m§Zm à{ejU XoUo d Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m H$m`m©gmR>r V`ma H$aUo.
(Am) nmobrg A{YH$mè`m§Zm bmoH$emhrÀ`m d ‘mZd A{YH$mam§À`m Mm¡H$er{df`r OmJê$H$ H$aUo.
(B) nmobrg A{YH$mè`m§Mo à{ejU H$m`©H«$‘ ì`dpñWVarË`m nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m gd© ‘Zwî`~imMr V`mar H$aUo d
Vo H$m`© èñdrarË`m nma nmS>Uo.
Aem àH$mao ‘hmamï´> nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZrbm doJdoJir H$m`} nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV.
[aH$må`m OmJm âm.
(1) èXm `m g§ñWoMo _w»` H$m`m©b`.............òWo Amho.
(2) _hmamï´>mV....................`m {Xder Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr.
(3) _hmamï´> amÁ` ñWmnZoÀ`m doir _hmamï´>mV..........{dÚmnrR>o hmoVr.
(4) {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m aMZo_Üò............ho amÁ`mVrb gd© {dÚmnrR>m§Mo nX{gÕ Hw$bnVr AgVmV.
(5) ^maVmVrb n{hbo H$bm d {dkmZ _hm{dÚmb`.............ho hmo`.

(1) ¶eXm : ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU {dH$mg àemgZ à~mo{YZr ¶eXm hr ‘hmamï´> emgZmMr àemgH$s¶ à{ejU g§ñWm.

(2) b{IZm n°Q>Z© : àemgZm‘Ü¶o nmaXe©H$Vm d H$m¶©Hw$ebVm {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo am~{dbobm H$m¶©H«$‘. hm n°Q>Z©
‘mOr {Oëhm{YH$mar A{ZbHw$‘ma b{IZm ¶m§À¶m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo.
(3) {dÚmnrR> : {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Cƒ nmVirdarb AÜ¶¶Z-AÜ¶mnZ g§emoYZmMo {ejU XoUmar g§ñWm.

(1) nwUo
(2) 31 Am°³Q>mo~a 1984
(3) nmM
(4) amÁ¶nmb
(5) gr.E‘.Eg. H$m°boO H$moÅ>m¶‘
5.5 gmam§e
`m àH$aUmV AmnU ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo g§KQ>Z H$aUmè`m amÁ` ñVamdarb `§ÌUm `m‘Üò èXm {VMr aMZm
H$m`} OmUyZ KoVbr Ë`mM~amo~a Cƒ d V§Ì{ejU g§MmbZmb` aMZm d g§MmbZmb`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mo kmZ KoVbo. {dÚmnrR>mMr
d ‘hm{dÚmb`m§Mr ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmVrb ^y{‘H$mXoIrb _m{hV Pmbr VgoM ‘hmamï´> nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZrMr
^y{‘H$mXoIrb Aä`mgbr amÁ`ñVamda `m g§KQ>Zm à^mdr JwUdÎmmnyU© ‘Zwî`~i {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z amï´>{dH$mgmg gmhmæ` H$aUmao
ZmJ[aH$ {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV.

(1) èXm da {Q>nU {bhm.
(2) èXmMr H$m`} ñnï> H$am?
(3) Cƒ {ejU g§MmbZmb`mMr e¡j{UH$ H$m`} {bhm?
(4) {dÚmnrR>m§Mr H$m`} {deX H$am?
(5) "‘h{dÚmbò ho Xoe{dH$mgmV ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`} H$aVmV' {díbofU H$am?
(6) ‘hmamï´> nmobrg à{ejU à~mo{YZrda {Z~§Y {bhm.

(1) Xoe‘wI, nr. (1988). ‘mZd g§gmYZmMo ì¶dñWmnZ. ZmJnya, qnnimnwao A°ÊS> H§$nZr npãbeg©.
(2) ^m§S>dbXma, Oo. (2015). ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg. Am¡a§Jm~mX, H¡$bmg npãbHo$eÝg.
(3) KmoS>Ho$, E. (2013). ^maVmVrb ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg. nwUo, X ¶w{ZH$ AH°$S>‘r.
(4) www.yoshada.org
(5) www.mahapolice.gov.in

KQ>H$ 6 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g‘ñ`m d Cnm`
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
6.0 C{Ôï>o
6.1 àmñVm{dH$
6.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
6.2.1 VUmdm§Mo ì`dñWmnZ
6.2.2 H$‘©Mmè`m§Mo j‘Vm g§dY©Z
6.2.3 H$‘©Mmar AmMmag§{hVm
6.2.4 VH«$ma {ZdmaU `§ÌUm
6.2.5 H$m¶©{gÕrMo ‘wë¶‘mnZ
6.2.6 ‘mZd g§gmYZ boIm§H$Z
6.2.7 g§¶w³V na‘me©Xm¶r ¶§ÌUm
6.5 gmam§e
6.0 C{Ôï>o
øm KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm-
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmVrb VUmd `m ‘mZ{gH$ g‘ñòMr AmoiI hmoB©b.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmVrb {eñV `m g§H$ënZoMr OmUrd hmoB©b.
· A{^àoaUm `m g§H$ënZoMo ñdê$n H$iob.
· ‘Zmo~b hr g§H$ënZm g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b.
· ‘mo~Xbm `m g§H$ënZoMo kmZ hmoB©b.
· ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmVrb g‘ñ`m gmoS>dUmè`m `§ÌUm g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b.
6.1 àmñVm{dH$
‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmV AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AZoH$ ZdZdrZ g‘ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`m g‘ñ`m§Mr Vrd«Vm
{Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Amho. Ë`m‘wio ì`dñWmnH$m§H$Sy>Z `m g‘ñòda doirM Cnm``moOZm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr Vrd«Vm H$‘r H$aUo
CÚmoJ, àemgZmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho. AmOÀ`m YH$mYH$sÀ`m, YmdnirÀ`m OrdZmV ì`dñWmnH$, H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m
VmUVUmdm§Mo à‘mU ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dmT>bobo Amho. Ë`mMm n[aUm‘ H$m‘mÀ`m JwUdÎmoda hmoV Amho. VgoM ì`dñWmnZ,
àemgZmV AZoH$ H$‘©Mmar ~o{eñV ñdê$nmMo dV©Z H$aVmV. Ë`mMm ì`dñWmnZ, àemgZmÀ`m à{V‘oda à{VHy$b n[aUm‘
hmoVmo. ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmV H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr JwUdÎmm dmT>mdr `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm A{^ào[aV Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m§Mo ‘Zmo~b
C§Mmdbo OmV Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jë`m àH$maMm ‘mo~Xbm/doVZ XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm OmVmo. ì`dñWmnH$,
H$‘©Mmar `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y gbmo»`mMo gm¡hXm`m©Mo amhmdo `mgmR>r VH«$ma{ZdmaU `§ÌUm, g§`w³V nam‘e©Xm`r `§ÌUm H$m`©aV
AmhoV. Ë`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ g‘ñ`m gmoS>dë`m OmV AmhoV. ì`dñWmnZmVrb, àemgZmVrb H$‘©Mmar H$mbgwg§JV amhmdm Ë`mMo
kmZ, H$m¡eë` AnS>oQ> amhmdo `mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m H$m‘mMo, JwUdÎmoMo H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m‘wio Ë`m§À`m H$m‘mMm
XOm© C§MmdV Amho.
6.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
6.2.1 VUmdmMo ì`dñWmnZ
VmU qH$dm VUmd hr EH$ ‘mZ{gH$ Ag§VwbZmMr qH$dm Agwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm Amho. `mV ì`³Vsbm Amnë`m
H$V¥©Îdm{df`r Am{U j‘Vo{df`r ZH$mamË‘H$ ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m ñdV:À`m ^mdZm§da {Z`§ÌU R>odUo H$R>rU
OmVo. AmOÀ`m ~Xbboë`m ñnY}À`m OJmV H$m‘Jma VgoM ì`dñWmnH$ `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Vrb VUmdm§Mr nmVir dmT>V Amho.
`mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ~hþVm§er ì`dñWmnH$ Amnbo ñdmñÏ` J‘mdyZ ~gbo AmhoV. VUmdJ«ñV ì`dñWmnH$ CnH«$‘mgmR>r dm
^mJYmaH$m§gmR>r ’$m`ÚmMo ZgVmV. VUmdm§‘wio Mm§Jbo ì`dñWmnH$ CnH«$‘mgmR>r Amnbr j‘Vm J‘mdVmV d CËnmXZmV KQ>
hmoVo. VUmd hr OJmVrb gd©M Xoem§V EH$ g‘ñ`m ~Zbobr Amho. Ë`m‘wio H$m‘mMm VUmd hm AË`§V ‘hÎdmMm {df` ‘mZdr
dV©Zm~m~V Aä`mgbm OmVmo. VUmdm§Mr Vrd«Vm H$_r H$aUo, Ë`m§Mm n[aUm‘ d VUmd H$‘r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm§Mm
Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
(A) VUmdm§Mm AW© d ì`m»`m

VUmd hr dmVmdaUmÀ`m g§~§YmVrb ì`³VsMr emar[aH$, ‘mZ{gH$ Am{U amgm`{ZH$ à{V{H«$`m AgyZ Ë`m‘wio ‘Zwî`
Km~abobm, Jm|Yibobm, ^rVr`w³V AdñWoV amhVmo. `mMo `mo½` {Z`§ÌU Ho$ë`mg VUmd hm òUmè`m {H«$ògmR>r ~i XoV
AgVmo; na§Vw Oa Vmo {Z`§{ÌV H$aVm Ambm Zmhr Va Vmo eÌy ~ZVmo d doJdoJù`m amoJmg Am‘§ÌU XoVmo. Ogo a³VXm~, Aëga,
AñW‘m, Wm°àmB©S,> BË`mXr d¡ÚH$s` ñnï>rH$aUm§Zwgma VUmd hm n[agamVrb KQ>Zm§Mm earamda hmoUmam gm‘mÝ` à^md
AgVmo. VUmdmMo nwT>rb n[aUm_ hmoVmV.
(1) emar[aH$ dm ‘mZ{gH$ AñdñWVm dmT>Vo.
(2) {dZmH$maU AmOmanU Amë`mgmaIo dmQ>Vo.
(3) H$moUË`m Var àH$maMo ^md{ZH$ Xw:I ôS>gmdV AgVo.
(4) VgoM BVa bmoH$m§er VUmdJ«ñV g§~§Y {Z‘m©U hmoVmV.
 VUmdmÀ`m ì`m»`m nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.

(1) BdÝgdrM Am{U ‘°Q>agZ `m§À`m ‘Vo, VUmd hr ì`³VsMr n[agamer hmoUmar Am§Va{H«$`m hmo`. hr ì`³Vs {^ÞVoZgw ma
ñdrH¥$V n[aUm‘ qH$dm ‘mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m AgyZ ~mø {H«$`m, n[apñWVr qH$dm KQ>Zm Á`m ì`³Vsda A{V[a³V ‘mZ{gH$
dm emar[aH$ XS>nU Q>mH$VmV Ë`mMm n[aUm‘ AgVo.
(2) ~ra Am{U Ý`y‘Z `m§À`m ‘Vo, H$m‘mMm VUmd hr H$‘©Mmar Am{U Ë`m§À`m H$m‘mÀ`m Am§Va{H«$òVyZ {Z‘m©U Pmbobr
n[apñWVr AgVo. H$‘©Mmè`mbm Ë`m§Mo gm‘mÝ` H$m`© H$aÊ`mnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aUmar e³Vs ho {VMo d¡{eQ>ç AgVo.
WmoS>Š`mV, dmVmdaUmVrb {dM{bV H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§‘wio ì`³VsÀ`m ‘ZñdmñÏ`mda hmoUmam n[aUm‘ åhUOo VUmd
hmo`.

(~) ì`dñWmnH$s` VUmdm§Mr H$maUo
CÚmoJmVrb H$m‘mMr n[aUm‘H$maH$Vm g§nmXZ H$ê$Z Vr {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ì`dñWmnH$mMr AgVo.
O~m~XmarMrhr n[aUm‘H$maH$Vm {Q>H$dyZ R>odVm§Zm ì`dñWmnH$mda VUmd {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. hm VUmd {Z‘m©U hmoÊ`mMr nwT>rb
à‘wI H$maUo AmhoV.
(1) dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xb

~XbË`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmVmdaUmV n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoVmZm àËòH$ CnH«$‘mbm Amnë`m S>mdnoMmV dma§dma ~Xb
H$amdo bmJVmV. ZdrZ AmìhmZo ñdrH$maVmZm ZdrZ YmoaUo AmIUo, Vo A§‘bmV AmUUo, g§YrMm ’$m`Xm KoUo `mgmR>r à`ËZ
H$aVmZm CnH«$‘mdarb VmU dmT>Vmo. n[aUm‘V: CnH«$‘mÀ`m ì`dñWmnH$mda XoIrb VUmd òVmo.
(2) ì`dñWmnZmVrb ~XbVo AmOma

‘mJrb 50 dfm©nmgyZ CnH«$‘mVrb Ano{jV g‘ñ`m§‘wio ì`dñWmnH$m§Zm AZoH$ J§^ra AmOma ÌñV H$arV AgVmV.
Ë`m§Mm Ë`m§À`m H$m`©j‘Voda {dnarV n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. XaamoO KS>Umè`m ZdrZ KQ>Zm ì`dñWmnH$mdarb VmU dmT>dyZ a³VXm~,
‘Yw‘oh, AñW‘m, jàmoJ, ~«oZQ>çw‘a, ~«oZh°‘§aog, A°{g{S>Q>r, Aëga `m Am{U Aem AZoH$ amoJm§Zm {Z‘§ÌU XoVmV. EH$Xm
emar[aH$ ì`mYr {Z‘m©U Pmë`m H$s, ì`dñWmnH$ Amnbr O~m~Xmar g‘W©nUo nma nmSy> eH$V Zmhr.
(3) JwV§ mJwV§ rMr H$m`}

ì`dñWmnZmVrb ì`dñWmnH$mMo H$m`© ho BVa H$m`m©nojm Jw§VmJw§VrMo d O~m~XmarMo ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© AgVo. Ë`m‘wio Vo
H$m`© H$arV AgVm§Zm VUmd {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. lr. hmabZ Šbodb°ÊS> `m§Zr VUmd dmT>{dUmè`m nwT>rb VrZ Jmoï>r gm§{JVë`m
AmhoV.
(1) g‘mZ g‘mO ì`dñWoMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo.
(2) gm‘m{OH$ H$m`} Am{U ImgJr H$m`m©Vrb n[adV©Z.
(3) gm‘m{OH$ MmbrarVr Am{U na§nam§‘Yrb n[adV©Z.
darb H$maUm§‘wio ì`dñWmnH$mÀ`m Amamo½`mda Am{U Am`©w‘mZmda gma»`mM à‘mUmV n[aUm‘ hmoV AgVmo. AZoH$Xm
VUmd Agø hmoD$Z ‘¥Ë`ygma»`m KQ>Zm XoIrb KS>V AgVmV. Ë`m‘wio CnH«$‘mMr An[a{‘V hmZr hmoVo. åhUyZ CnH«$‘mZo `m
‘yë`dmZ g§gmYZm§À`m ~MmdmgmR>r à^mdr Cnm``moOZm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
(H$) VUmdm§Mo ñdê$n d d¡{eQ>ço

(1) VUmd hm VQ>ñW eãX Amho
VUmd ñdV:hÿZ dmB©Q> ZgVmo; na§Vw Vmo Ooìhm BÀN>m Zgboë`m Jmoï>r‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoVmo; na§Vw Vmo Oa EopÀN>H$ n[aUm‘
åhUyZ {Z‘m©U hmoV Agob Va Ë`mMm èñdr n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. ‘mZ{gH$ XwX©em hr gm‘mÝ`V… öXàmoJ, Zem, d¡dm{hH$ g‘ñ`m
d AZwnpñWVrMm n[aUm‘ AgVmo.
(2) VUmd hm gyú‘ AgVmo

~è`mM doim O~aXñVrZo ì`³Vsbm Amnë`m BÀN>m ‘mamì`m bmJVmV. ì`³Vsbm dñVy IaoXr H$amd`mMr BÀN>m
Agob; nU Ë`mgmR>r nwaogo n¡go ZgVrb Va VUmd {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. H$mhr doim H$mimMr JaO åhUyZ ì`³Vsbm Amnë`m
AmdS>r-{ZdS>rH$S>o Xwb©j H$amdo bmJVo. CXm. ì`³Vsbm {MÌnQ> nmhm`bm Om`Mo Agob; na§Vw H$m`m©b`rZ H$m‘m§‘wio Vo
eŠ` hmoV Zgob Va VUmd {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. hm VUmd gwá AmH$mamMm AgVmo.
(3) gwá VUmd hm àË`j VUmdmV n[adVuV hmoVmo

gwá VUmdmbm àË`j VUmdmV n[adVuV hmoÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb Jmoï>tMr AmdeH$Vm AgVo.
(1) n[aUm‘m§Mr A{ZpíMVVm.
(2) n[aUm‘m§Mo ‘hÎd.

(3) Ooìhm n[aUm‘m§Mr A{ZpíMVVm Amg§{VH$ AgVo d n[aUm‘ AË`§V ‘hÎdmMm AgVmo. Voìhm VUmdm§Mr nmVir Cƒ
AgVo. Oa, n[aUm‘mMr A{ZpíMVVm Agob; na§Vw n[aUm‘ ‘hÎdmMm Zgob Va VUmd amhUma Zmhr.
(4) VUmd hr Ho$di qMVm ZgVo
VUmd hm qMVogmo~V amhÿ eH$Vmo; na§Vw XmoÝhr EH$mM AWm©Mo Zmhr. qMVm hr ‘mZ{gH$ d ^md{ZH$ AdñWm Amho. Va
VUmd Ho$di ‘mZ{gH$ dVw©imV H$m`©aV AgVmo.
(5) VUmd hm CXmgrZVonmgyZ doJim AgVmo
CXmgrZVm hm VUmdmMm n[aUm‘ AgVmo. VUmd hr AY©ewÕrVrb {H«$`m Amho. ~oewÕ ì`³Vs XoIrb VUmdJ«ñV
AgVmV; na§Vw CXmgrZVm hr Ho$di ewÕrda AgUmè`mMrM {H«$`m Amho.
(6) OiUo hm VUmdmer A{Ve` OdiMm Amho
H$mhr g§emoYH$m§À`m ‘Vo, "OiVmV' hm VUmdm§MmM àH$ma Amho. Amnë`m èmbm BVa bmoH$ S>mJ bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aVmV. Vo Amnë`mda OiVmV åhUyZ VUmd {Z‘m©U hmoVmo.
(S>) ì`dñWmnZmVrb VUmd H$‘r H$aÊ`mMo Cnm`

ì`dñWmnH$mZo ñdV: darb VUmd H$‘r H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb Cnm` `moOZm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
(1) ì`dñWmnZmV ì`dñÏ`mnH$mZo eara ñdmñWmgmR>r {Z`{‘V Pmon, ì`m`m‘ Am{U ImZnmZmÀ`m gd`r AmË‘gmV
H$amì`mV.
(2) CnH«$‘mVrb H$m‘mMo emór` nÕVrZo dmQ>n H$amdo.
(3) emar[aH$ gwÑT>VogmR>r emar[aH$ ‘ohZV H$amdr.Ë`m‘wio ‘mZ{gH$ gwÑT>Vm bm^Vo.
(4) ì`dñWmnZmV H$m`m©~m~V BVa g§~§{YVm§er MMm© H$amdr.
(5) ì`dñWmnZmV n[apñWVrZwgma H$m`m©À`m ñdê$nmV ~Xb H$amdm.
(6) n[apñWVrZwgma H$m`© H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr ~Xbmdr.
(7) CnH«$‘mV g‘ñ`m {Z‘m©U Pmë`mg Ë`mMo {ZamH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ bdH$amV bdH$a ~mhoa òÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm.
(8) CnH«$‘mVrb gd© H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm Amnmnbr H$m`} nyU© j‘VoZo H$amdrV `mgmR>r nÕVera à`ËZ H$amdoV.
(9) ì`dñWmnH$mZo CnH«$‘mVrb g‘ñ`m§~m~V Amnë`m OrdZgmWrer MMm© H$amdr. Ë`m‘wio ‘Zmdarb VmU H$‘r hmoVmo.
AZoH$Xm g‘mYmZH$maH$ VmoS>Jm XoIrb gmnS>Vmo.
(10) {XdgâmVrb VUmd H$‘r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m AmdS>rÀ`m joÌmV doi ì`VrV H$amdm dm BVa ‘Zmoa§OZmMm AmñdmX
¿`mdm. åhUOo Xwgè`m {XderMr AmìhmZo nobÊ`mH$[aVm ‘mZ{gH$ Am{U emar[aH$ à’w$„Vm òVo.
Aem àH$mao OrdZm~Ôb gH$mamË‘H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{U OrdZ nÕVrVrb AZwê$n ~Xbm‘wio ì`dñWmnH$ ñdV:darb
VUmd H$‘r H$ê$ eH$VmV. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV VUmd Xya H$aÊ`mÀ`m Cnm`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z VgoM H$moUË`mhr AZno{jV KQ>Zm§Zr
’$mago Mb{~Mb Z hmoVm em§V {MÎmmZo Amnbr dV©UyH$ R>odbr Va ì`dñWmnH$ Amnbr VUmd ghZ H$aÊ`mMr e³Vs {ZpíMV
dmT>dy eH$Vmo.
6.2.2 H$‘©Mmè`m§Mo j‘Vm g§dY©Z

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmV H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m`©j‘VoV dmT> ìhmdr `mgmR>r ì`dñWmnZ, àemgZmH$Sy>Z
AZoH$ Cnm` `mo{Obo OmV AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jë`m àH$maMm ‘mo~Xbm, doVZ {Xbo OmVo. H$‘©Mmè`m§Vrb VmUVUmd
Xya ìhmdoV `mgmR>r gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$‘m§Mo Am`moOZ Ho$bo OmV Amho. Ë`m§À`m doimodoir ghbr, joÌôQ> ghbr Am`mo{OV
H$ê$Z ZdrZ H$m‘o {eH$drV `mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ {Xbo OmV Amho. H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m ‘yi j‘Vm§Zm dmd XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo g§dY©Z
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`dñWmnZ, àemgZ à`ËZ H$aV Amho.
(1) A{^àoaUm
H$moUË`mhr ì`dñWmnZmMo è ho Ë`m ì`dñWmnZmV H$m‘ H$aUmè`m {d{dY H$‘©Mmè`m§da Adb§~Zy AgVo. ì`dñWmnZmV
{H$Vrhr AmYw{ZH$ XOm©Mo V§ÌkmZ Agob, Cƒ XOm©Mo {ejU KoVobobo ì`dñWmnH$ AgVrb; na§Vw H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr H$m‘

H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m Zgob qH$dm Ë`m§Zm H$m‘mV AmdS> Zgob, Va {Z`mo{OV H$m`© doioV nyU© hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr
{ZåZ XOm©Mr ‘ZpñWVr ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m C{Ôï> nyVuH$[aVm ‘maH$ R>aV AgVo.
ì`dñWmnZmV H$m‘ H$aUmè`m H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm ‘Z, ^mdZm, BÀN>m Agë`m‘wio Ë`m§Mr VwbZm AÚ`mdV `§Ìm~amo~a H$aVm
òV Zmhr. ’$³V H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr j‘Vm Am{U H$m¡eë` ho H$m`© nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgV ZmhrV. Va H$m¡eë` Am{U
j‘Vo~amo~a H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr ‘ZmMr V`mar Am{U H$m`© nyU© H$aÊ`mMr à~i BÀN>me³Vs H$‘©Mmè`mOdi AgUo AË`§V
JaOoMo AgVo. ì`dñWmnZmVrb gd© H$‘©Mmè`m§Zr H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r V`ma ìhmdo, àËòH$mZo Amnë`m H$m`m©V ê$Mr XmIdmdr,
Amnbo H$m‘ `mo½` ‘mZ{gH$VoZo nyU© H$amdo `mgmR>r H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm ào[aV H$aÊ`mMo ‘hÎdmMo H$m`© ì`dñWmnZmg H$amdo bmJVo.
ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m H$m`m©bmM A{^àoaUm H$m`© Ago åhUVmV. ì`dgm`mV H$m‘ H$aUmam àËòH$ ‘mUyg hm Ho$di Am{W©H$
àmárgmR>rM H$m`© H$aV Zmhr, Va {d{dY àH$maÀ`m à{Vð>m {‘i{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m`© H$arV AgVmo. Ë`mZo Ë`mMo H$m‘ AË`§V ‘Z
bmdyZ Ho$ë`mg Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mr JwUdÎmm dmT>Vo. ì`dñWmnZmV H$m‘ H$aUmè`m àËòH$mZo ñdV:Mo H$m‘ ñdoÀN>oZo ‘Z bmdyZ
H$amdo `mgmR>r ì`dñWmnH$mZo ì`dgm`mV H$m`© g§ñH¥$Vrbm nmofH$ Ago dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. åhUOoM
g§KQ>ZoVrb H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m ‘mZdr dV©dUwH$sda Am{U Ë`mÀ`m H¥$Vrda n[aUm‘ hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m‘wioM ì`dñWmnH$ g§KQ>ZoVrb
A{^àoaUm {H«$òbm na‘moƒ ‘hÎd XoVmV.
(A) A{^àoaUoÀ`m ì`m»`m

A{^àoaUm `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m»`m doJdoJù`m {dMmad§Vm§Zr gm{JVë`m AmhoV.
(1) ‘°H$’$a b±S> A{^àoaUm hm EH$ Agm ‘mJ© Amho. H$s, Ë`m‘wio àoaUm, BÀN>m, ‘hÎdmH$m§jr, à`ËZ qH$dm JaO `mÛmao
‘mZdr ì`dhmam§Mo {ZX}eZ, {Z`§ÌU Am{U ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
(2) Om°O© Q>oar {d{eï> g‘yhmMo g^mgX Agboë`m gd© ì`³Vs¨‘Üò {d{eï> C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m CËnÞ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Am{U Z§Va ñdoÀN>oZo VgoM à~§YH$m§Zr Ho$bobo {Z`moOZ Am{U g§KQ>ZoÀ`m C^maUrgmR>r Ho$bobo à`ËZ {dMmamV KoD$Z
hr C{Ôï>o JmR>Ê`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo à`ËZ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm ào[aV H$aÊ`mÀ`m {H«$òbm A{^àoaUm Ago åhUVmV.
(3) Ho$am°b em°Q>©b {ZpíMV {XeoZo dmQ>Mmb H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm {ZpíMV Üò` JmR>Ê`mgmR>r CËH¥$ï> BÀN>m qH$dm CÎmoOZm
åhUOoM A{^àoaUm hmo`.
(4) ‘mB©H$b Oo. Á`w{gAg {d{eï> ‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mgmR>r BVa ì`³Vs¨Zm qH$dm ñdV:bm CÎmo{OV H$aÊ`mÀ`m
H$m`m©bm A{^àoaUm Ago åhUVmV.
WmoS>Š`mV "ì`dñWmnZmVrb CËnmXZmMr ‘mÌm Am{U JwUdÎmoV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$‘©Mmè`mMo ‘Zmo~b C§MmdyZ Ë`m§Zm
{d{eï> C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZm§Zm "A{^àoaUm' Ago åhUVmV.
(~) A{^àoaUmMr Amdí`H$Vm

A{^àoaUoMr Amdí¶H$Vm Imbrbà‘mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
(1) H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Üò H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m {Z‘m©U hmoVo d Vo ñd`§ñ’y$VuZo H$m‘ H$aVmV d Ë`m‘wio CnH«$‘mMr C{Ôï>o nyU©
hmoVmV.
(2) H$‘©Mmar CnH«$‘mMr C{Ôï> nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zoh‘r VËna Agë`m‘wio CnH«$‘mMm {dH$mg eŠ` hmoVmo.
(3) H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m ‘Zm‘Üò CnH«$‘mg§~§Yr AmnwbH$sMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoVo. {d{eï> CnH«$‘ gmoSy>Z OmÊ`mMm {dMma ‘ZmV
òV Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio CnH«$‘mbm ñWm`r, AZw^dr d Hw$eb l{‘H$ {‘iVmV Aem l{‘H$m§Mr CnH«$‘mbm H$Yrhr
H$‘VaVm ^mgV Zmhr.
(4) H$‘©Mmar Amnbo H$m‘ ‘Z bmdyZ H$aVmV. Ë`m‘wio H$maImÝ`mV AnKmVm§Mo à‘mU H$‘r hmoVo d `§Ìgm‘wJ«rMr ZmgYyg
hmoV Zmhr.
(5) H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m J¡ahOoarMo à‘mU H$‘r hmoVo.
(6) CnH«$‘mVrb H$‘©Mmar dJ© Zoh‘r g‘mYmZr amhVmo.
(7) H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m ‘ZmV AmnwbH$sMr ^mdZm, {Zð>m d H$m`©VËnaVm `m§Mr dmT> hmoV Agë`m‘wio CnH«$‘mVrb H$moUË`mhr
àH$maÀ`m Anì``mbm Amim ~gVmo.

(8) A{^àoaUo‘wio loð> XOm©Mo ‘mZdr g§~§Y àñWm{nV hmoVmV. Ë`m‘wio H$‘©Mmar Ë`m§À`mda gmon{dbobo H$m‘ Va H$aVmVM;
na§Vw ZdrZ O~m~Xmar ñdrH$maÊ`mg gwÕm Vo Zoh‘r VËna AgVmV. n[aUm‘V: H$maImÝ`mMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Vo.
(H$) A{^àoaUoMo ‘hÎd qH$dm ’$m`Xo

Am¡Úmo{JH$ CnH«$‘m§Vrb H$m‘Jmam§Zm H$m‘ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{^àoaUm ho EH$ AË`§V e{³Vembr
gmYZ Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$ CnH«$‘m§‘Üò A{^àoaUoMo Agbobo ‘hÎd Imbrbà‘mUo Amho. `m§ZmM A{^àoaUoMo ’$m`Xo Ago
XoIrb åhUVm òB©b.
(1) OmñVrMo d Mm§Jbo H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm

H$m‘Jmam§Zr A{YH$ d Mm§Jbo H$m‘ H$amdo åhUyZ doVZdmT>, ~moZg, ~jrg, amoOJma gwa{jVVm, nXmoÞVr `mgma»`m
A{^àoaUm§Mm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV òVmo. Aem A{^àoaUmMm bm^ {‘i{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m‘Jmam§Zm A{YH$ d Mm§Jbo H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr
àoaUm {‘iVo.
(2) H$m‘Jmam§À`m CËnÞmV dmT>

A{^àoaUm XmoZ àH$maÀ`m AgVmV. Am{W©H$ A{^àoaUm Am{U Am{W©Ho$Îma A{^àoaUm Am{W©H$ A{^àoaUo‘wio H$m‘Jmam§À`m
‘m¡{ÐH$/Am{W©H$ CËnÞmV dmT> hmoVo. Va Am{W©Ho$Îma A{^àoaUo‘wio H$m‘Jmam§À`m dmñV{dH$ CËnÞmV dmT> hmoVo.
(3) amhUr‘mZmV gwYmaUm

H$m‘Jmam§À`m CËnÞmV dmT> Pmë`m‘wio Ë`m§Zm AÞ, dó d {Zdmam `m OrdZmdí`H$ JaOm ^mJ{dVm òVmV; na§Vw
Ë`m{edm` {ejU d Amamo½` `m JaOm§Mrhr nyVu H$aVm òVo. Amdí`H$ JaOm nyU© H$ê$Z Vo nydunojm A{YH$ Mm§Jbo d
g‘mYmZH$maH$ OrdZ OJy eH$VmV.
(4) H$m`©j‘VoV dmT>

H$m‘Jmam§À`m amhUr‘mZmMm Mm§Jbm dmB©Q> n[aUm‘ Ë`m§À`m H$m`©j‘Voda hmoVmo. A{^àoaUo‘wio H$m‘Jmam§À`m CËnÞmV
dmT> hmoD$Z amhUr‘mZmV gwYmaUm hmoVo. amhUr‘mZmV gwYmaUm Pmë`m‘wio H$m‘Jmam§Mo Amamo½` gwÑT> amhÿZ H$m`©j‘VoV dmT>
hmoVo.
(5) AZwnpñWVrV KQ>

A{^àoaUo‘wio H$m‘Jmam§À`m AZwnpñWVrV KQ> hmoVo. H$maImÝ`mV {Z`{‘VnUo òUmè`m H$m‘Jmam§Zm ZmoH$ar‘Üò ñWm`r
H$aÊ`mV Amë`mg qH$dm Ë`m§Zm nXmoÞVr XoÊ`mV Amë`mg H$maImÝ`mVrb H$m‘Jmam§Mo AZwnpñWVrMo à‘mU H$‘r hmoD$ eHo$b.
(6) CnH«$‘m{df`r AmnwbH$sMr ^mdZm

H$m‘Jmam§Zr OmñV H$m‘ Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Zm OmñV ‘mo~Xbm {‘iVmo. Ë`m‘wio Aem CnH«$‘mÀ`m ~m~VrV H$m‘Jmam§‘Üò
AmnwbH$sMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoVo, Ago Pmbo åhUOo Vo `§Ìgm‘wJ«rMr ‘moS>VmoS> hmoUma Zmhr VgoM H$ÀÀ`m ‘mbmMm Anì``
hmoUma Zmhr `mMr Vo H$miOr KoVmV.
(7) CËnmXZmV dmT>

A{^àoaUo‘wio H$m‘Jmam§À`m H$m`©j‘VoV dmT> hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jbo H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {‘iVo. `§Ìgm‘wJ«r d H$ƒm
‘mb `m§Mr `mo½` àH$mao hmVmiUr Ho$br OmVo. n[aUm‘V: CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoVo.
(8) Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm

A{^àoaUo‘wio H$m‘Jma dJ© g‘mYmZr AgVmo Va CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoV Agë`m‘wio godm`moOH$XoIrb g‘mYmZr AgVmo.
CnH«$‘mVrb ‘mbH$ d ‘OyaXoIrb g‘mYmZr AgVrb Va {VWo Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {Z‘m©U hmoÊ`mMm àíZM CØdV Zmhr.

(9) {ZarjU IMmªV ~MV
A{^àoaUo‘wio H$m‘Jmam§Mr ’$maer XoIaoI H$amdr bmJV Zmhr. A{YH$ ‘mo~Xbm {‘i{dÊ`mÀ`m AnojoZo àËòH$
H$m‘Jma OmñVrVOmñV H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. Ë`m‘wio godm`moOH$mbm {ZarjUmgmR>r {deof ì`dñWm H$amdr bmJV
Zmhr.
(10) H$m`© g‘mYmZ {‘iVo

H$m‘JmamZo Ho$boë`m H$m‘mMm Ë`mbm nwaonya ‘mo~Xbm {‘iV Agë`m‘wio H$m‘Jma dJ© g‘mYmZr amhVmo.
(2) ‘Zmo~b
‘Zmo~b hr EH$ ‘mZ{gH$ AdñWm Amho. ì`³VsZo Amnbo H$m`© ì`dpñWVnUo d O~m~XmarZo nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r
Xe©{dbobr BÀN>m hmo`. H$‘©Mmar hm EH$ gOrd KQ>H$ Agë`mZo Ë`mbm ñdV:Mr BÀN>m, ^mdZm, {dMma, ‘Z BË`mXr
KQ>H$m§Mm Ë`mÀ`m H$m‘mda n[aUm‘ hmoV AgVmo. ‘Zmo~b hm EH$ AemM àH$maMm KQ>H$ Amho H$s, Omo H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m`©
H$aÊ`mÀ`m BÀN>oda à^md nmS>V AgVmo. åhUOo H$‘©Mmar H$m`© H$aVmZm Ë`mMo H$m‘ {H$Vr H$m`©j‘VoZo Am{U O~m~XmarZo nyU©
H$aVmo qH$dm nyU© H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m Xe©{dVmo `mbmM ‘Zmo~b Ago åhUVm òB©b.
(A) ‘Zmo~bmMr ì`m»`m

ì`dñWmnZ joÌmV H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘Zmo~b hr EH$ H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm {‘iUmar AÑí` e³Vs Amho. ‘Zmo~bmÀ`m
ì`m»`m doJdoJù`m {dMmad§Vm§Zr gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
(1) Á`w{gAa Am{U ñb|S>a

‘Zmo~b hr ì`³VsÀ`m H$m‘ H$aÊ`mÀ`m BÀN>obm à^m{dV H$aUmar ^mdZm Am{U AdñWm Amho. ì`³VsÀ`m H$m‘
H$aÊ`mÀ`m BÀN>oMm Z§Va ì`{³VJV Am{U g§KQ>ZmË‘H$ C{Ôï>m§da n[aUm‘ hmoV AgVmo.
(2) B. E’$. Eb. ~«M

o
g‘yh qH$dm g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©‘Üò C{Ôï>m§‘Üò gH«$s` gh^mJr hmoÊ`mÀ`m VËnaVobm ‘Zmo~b Ago åhUVmV.
(3) Ama. S>r. S>po ìhg

H$maImÝ`mMr godm, C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`³VtZm Am{U g‘yhm§Zm, H$mhr H$mimH$[aVm VgoM {d{eï> ‘`m©XoV,
Amnbr ì`{³VJV C{Ôï²>ò H$‘r boIÊ`mgmR>r àd¥Îm H$aUmè`m ‘mZ{gH$ AdñWobm ‘Zmo~b Ago åhUVmV.
(4) ES>{dZ ~r. pâbßnmo

BVam§er ghH$m`© H$aÊ`mÀ`m BÀN>oda n[aUm‘ H$aÊ`mÀ`m ì`³VsÀ`m qH$dm g‘yhmÀ`m ‘mZ{gH$ AdñWobm ‘Zmo~b
Ago åhUVmV.
(~) ‘Zmo~bmMr d¡{eï>ço

‘Zmo~bmMr d¡{eï>ço Imbrbà‘mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
(01) ‘Zmo~b hr EH$ gm‘m{OH$ JaO Amho.
(02) ‘Zmo~b hr EH$ ‘mZ{gH$ AdñWm Amho.
(03) H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m JaOm§À`m nyV©Voer ‘Zmo~bmMm g§~§Y AgVmo.
(04) H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m‘ H$aÊ`mÀ`m ^mdZobm ‘Zmo~b à^m{dV H$aVo.
(05) ‘Zmo~bm‘wio H$‘©Mmar Amnbo H$m‘ ‘Z bmdyZ Am{U nyU© O~m~XmarZo H$aVmV.
(06) H$‘©Mmè`m§H$Sy>Z ‘Z bmdyZ H$m‘ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr ‘Zmo~b hr EH$ AÑí` e³Vs Amho.
(07) ‘Zmo~b IaoXr Ho$bo OmD$ eH$V Zmhr Va Ë`mbm AmË‘gmV H$amdo bmJVo.
(08) ‘Zmo~b ho Cƒ Am{U {ZåZ Agy eH$Vo.

(09) H$m‘Jmam§À`m H$m‘ H$aÊ`mÀ`m ^mdZobm ‘Zmo~b à^mdrV H$aV AgVo.
(10) ‘Zmo~b hr ñWi, H$mi d n[apñWVr gmnoj AgVo.
(H$) ‘Zmo~bmMo ‘hÎd

ì`mdgm{`H$ g§KQ>Zo‘Üò ‘Zmo~bmbm {deof ‘hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho. ‘Zmo~bmMo ‘hÎd nwT>rbà‘mUo ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
(1) CÔoenyU©
Cƒ ‘Zmo~bm‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m OmJ¥V hmoD$Z Vo ‘hÎdmMo `moJXmZ XoD$Z H$m`© H$aVmV. n[aUm‘
ñdê$n g§KQ>ZoMr CÔoenyVu hmoÊ`mg ‘XV {‘iVo.
(2) H$m‘mMr àoaUm

‘Zmo~b dmT>ë`m‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr H$m`©àmár BÀN>m, AmdS>, CËgmh OmJ¥V hmoVmo. Ë`m‘wio H$‘©Mmar g§ñWo‘Üò
ñdoÀN>oZo OmñVrV OmñV H$m`© H$aÊ`mg V`ma hmoVmV. åhUOoM ‘Zmo~bmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Üò H$m`© àoaUm {Z‘m©U
hmoVo.
(3) gmYZ gm‘wJr« Mm `mo½` dmna

H$‘©Mmè`m§Mo ‘Zmo~b dmT>bobo Agob Va Ë`m§Mr H$m`© H$aÊ`mMr j‘Vm dmT>Vo Am{U CnH«$‘mVrb gmYZm§Mm `mo½`
dmna H$‘©Mmar H$aVmV.
(4) g§ñWoàVr EH${Zð>m

H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m Cƒ ‘Zmo~bm‘wio Ë`m§Mm g§KQ>ZoàVr AmXa {Z‘m©U hmoVmo Am{U {Zð>m {Z‘m©U hmoVo. H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m ‘ZmV
g§KQ>ZoàVr AmnwbH$sMr ^mdZm V`ma hmoVo.
(5) H$m`© g‘mYmZ

Cƒ ‘Zmo~bm‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m`©j‘Vo‘Üò dmT> hmoVo Am{U n[aUm‘ ñdê$n H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm A{YH$ H$m`©g§Vïw >r àmá
hmoVo.
(6) CËnmXZm‘Üò dmT>

‘Zmo~b dmT>bobo Agë`m‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr H$m`© H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m OmJ¥V hmoV Agë`mZo Vo A{YH$ CËgmhmZo d Omo‘mZo
H$m`© H$aVmV. `m‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m CËnmXZmV dmT> KSy>Z òVo.
(7) H$m`©j‘ H$‘©Mmar AmH${f©V

‘Zmo~bm‘wio CnH«$‘mMr à{Vð>m dmT>Vo Am{U à{V{ð>V CnH«$‘m‘Üò H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©j‘ H$‘©Mmar AmH${f©V
hmoVmV.
(8) l‘mÀ`m n[adV©Zm‘Üò KQ>

dmT>boë`m ‘Zmo~bm‘wio H$‘©Mmar A{YH$ H$m`©j‘VoZo H$m‘ H$aVmV Am{U g§gmYZm§Mm nwaonya dmna H$aVmV. `m‘wio
CËnmXZ dmTy>Z Zâ`m‘Üò dmT> hmoVo. Z’$m dmT>ë`mg OmñV XamZo ‘Owar XoUo CnH«$‘mbm eŠ` hmoVo. CnH«$‘mMr à{Vð>m dmT>Vo
Am{U l‘ n[adV©Zm‘Üò KQ> hmoD$Z CnH«$‘mVrb H$‘©Mmar pñWa hmoVmV.
(9) CÚmoJmÀ`m g§~Y

§ m§‘Üò gwYmaUm
Cƒ ‘Zmo~bm‘wio CËnmXH$Vo‘Üò dmT> hmoVo d g§ñWoMr C{Ôï>nyVu hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo. `m‘wio ‘mbH$ d H$‘©Mmar
`m§À`m‘Yrb Xwamdm H$‘r hmoB©b. ì`dgm` g§KQ>ZoV gbmo»`mMo dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U hmoVo. n[aUm‘V: Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§YmV
gwYmaUm KSy>Z òVo.

(S>) H$m‘JmamÀ`m ‘Zmo~bmda à^md KS>dyZ AmUUmao KQ>H$
H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m ‘Zmo~bmda à^md Q>mH$Umao KQ>H$ qH$dm H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m ‘Zmo~bmMo {ZYm©aU H$aUmao KQ>H$ Imbrbà‘mUo
AmhoV.
(01) H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm {‘iUmè`m ZmoH$arMr gwa{jVVm AgUo.
(02) H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm {‘iUmao g‘mYmZH$maH$ doVZ.
(03) H$m‘mMo Vmg d H$m‘mÀ`m AmOy~mOyMr n[apñWVr.
(04) H$m‘Jmam§Mr H$m‘mÀ`m àVr Agbobr ê$Mr, AmdS>.
(05) ì`dñWmnH$mH$Sy>Z {‘iUmè`m gmo`r d gdbVr.
(06) H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm godm `moOH$mH$Sy>Z XoÊ`mV òUmar dmJUyH$.
(07) Am{W©H$ Am{U Am{W©Ho$Îma {‘iUmè`m àoaUm.
(08) H$‘©Mmè`mZo Ë`m§Zr H$m`© Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mbm {‘iUmao g‘mYmZ.
(09) n`©dojH$, A{YH$mar d H$‘©Mmar `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y.
(10) H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m ‘ZmV g§KQ>Zo~Ôb Agbobr {Zð>m.
(11) g§KQ>Zo‘Üò H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm ~T>VrgmR>r Agbobr g§Yr.
(12) H$‘©Mmè`m§Mo {ejU, à{ejU, H$m¡eë` d AZw^d.
(13) g§KQ>Zo~Ôb H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm Agbobr ‘m{hVr.
(14) g§XoedhZmMr n[aUm‘H$maH$ ì`dñWm.
(15) H$‘©Mmè`m§Mo nañnam§er Agbobo d¡`{³VH$ g§~§Y.
`m Am{U Aem AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm‘ H$m‘Jmam§À`m ‘Zmo~bmda nS>bobm AmnUmg {XgyZ òVmo.
(3) ‘mo~Xbm
H$moUË`mhr dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmH$[aVm O‘rZ, l‘, ^m§S>db d g§`moOZ `m KQ>H$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`mn¡H$s l‘
`m KQ>H$mbm CËnmXZ H$m`m©V AË`§V ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ {Xbo OmVo. H$‘©Mmè`m§Zo Ho$boë`m H$m‘mÀ`m ~Xë`mV Ë`mbm ‘mo~Xbm
{‘imbm nm{hOo. Oa ‘mo~Xbm H$‘r {‘imbm Va l{‘H$dJ© ZmamO hmoD$ eH$Vmo Am{U Oa ‘mo~Xbm OmñV {Xbm Jobm Va
CnH«$‘mÀ`m IMmªV dmT> hmoVo. åhUyZM `mo½` H$m`m©gmR>r `mo½` ‘mo~Xbm R>a{dUo ho ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnH$mMo ‘hÎdmMo
H$m`© ‘mZbo OmVo.
(A) ‘Owar qH$dm doVZmÀ`m ì`m»`m

H$‘©Mmè`m§Zo Ho$boë`m H$m‘mMm ‘mo~Xbm åhUOo ‘Owar hmo`. Aer gmYr d gmonr ì`m»`m ‘OwarMr H$aVm òB©b.
`mì`{V[a³V doJdoJù`m ì`dñWmnZ VÁkm§Zr AZoH$ ì`m»`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(1) {H$‘mZ ‘Owar A{Y{Z`‘ 1948 Zwgma

‘wÐoV ì`³V H$aVm òUmè`m d amoOJmam§À`m AQ>r nyU© Ho$ë`m‘wio H$m‘Jmambm Xo` Pmboë`m gd© ‘mo~Xë`mbm ‘Owar Ago
åhUVmV.
(2) àmo. ~oZh°‘

H$amamZwgma godm àXmZ Ho$ë`m~Ôb ‘mbH$mH$Sy>Z l{‘H$mbm {Xbr OmUmar ‘m¡{ÐH$ amer åhUOo ‘Owar hmo`.
(3) nr. EM. ñQ´Qo >m’° $

‘Owar åhUOo Cn`mo{JVm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aUmè`m l‘m§~Ôb l{‘H$mbm àmá hmoUmam ‘mo~Xbm hmo`.
WmoS>Š`mV, l{‘H$m§Zr Ho$boë`m n[al‘m~Ôb Ë`m§Zm ‘mbH$mH$Sy>Z {Xbm OmUmam Am{W©H$ ‘mo~Xbm åhUOo ‘Owar hmo`.

(~) ‘OwarMr d¡{eï>ço
‘OwarMr d¡{eï>ço Imbrbà‘mUo ñnï> H$aVm òVrb .
(1) ‘Owar hr H$m‘Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm qH$dm godoMm ‘mo~Xbm Amho.
(2) ‘Owar hr H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm ‘m¡{ÐH$ ñdê$nmV {‘iVo.
(3) ‘Owar hr ‘mbH$mH$Sy>Z l{‘H$mbm {‘iV AgVo.
(4) ‘Owar hr l{‘H$m§Zm ‘m¡{ÐH$ VgoM A‘m¡{ÐH$ godmÀ`m ñdénmVXoIrb {Xbr OmD$ eH$Vo.
(H$) ‘OwarMo àH$ma

‘Owar àXmZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrZwgma ‘OwarMo {d{dY àH$ma nS>VmV. Ago àH$ma nwT>rbà‘mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
‘OwarMo àH$ma
v
v v v v v
amoI ‘Owar dmñV{dH$ ‘Owar {H$‘mZ ‘Owar OrdZ ‘Owar `mo½` ‘Owar
(1) amoI ‘Owar

amoI ‘Owar åhUOo H$‘©Mmè`m§Zo {d{eï> H$m`m©gmR>r qH$dm H$mimgmR>r Ho$boë`m H$m‘mÀ`m ‘mo~Xë`mV n¡em§À`m ñdê$nmV
{‘iUmar ‘Owar hmo`.
(2) dmñV{dH$ ‘Owar

H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm {‘iUmè`m amoI ‘Owar{edm` Ë`mZo Ho$boë`m H$m`m©À`m ~Xë`mV AmZwf§{JH$ bm^mMo Oo ’$m`Xo H$m‘Jmam§Zm
{‘iVmV. `m gdmªMm dmñV{dH$ ‘Owar‘Üò g‘mdoe hmoVmo. l{‘H$ Amnë`m amoI ‘OwarVyZ dñVw§Mo Am{U godm§Mo Oo n[aUm‘
àmá H$ê$ eH$Vmo Ë`mbm dmñV{dH$ ‘Owar Ago åhUVmV.
(3) {H$‘mZ ‘Owar

H$m‘Jmam§Zm {‘iUmam ‘mo~Xbm Aën Agë`mg H$‘©Mmar Amnë`m OrdZmdí`H$ JaOm XoIrb ^mJdy eH$V Zgob Va
H$‘©Mmè`mMr H$m`©j‘Vm H$‘r hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio CÚmoJm§‘Üò am~Umè`m H$m‘Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m JaOm ^mJ{dVm òVrb EdT>m {H$‘mZ
‘mo~Xbm {‘idyZ XoUo hr O~m~Xmar H$maImZXmamMr AgVo. {H$‘mZ ‘Owar åhUOo H$m‘Jmam§Zm {Xë`m OmUmè`m ‘OwarMr
{H$‘mZ ‘`m©Xm hmo`.
WmoS>Š`mV ‘wÐoV ì`³V H$aVm òUmè`m d amoOJmamÀ`m AQ>r nyU© Ho$ë`m‘wio H$m‘Jmambm Xo` Pmbobm ‘mo~Xbm åhUOo
{H$‘mZ ‘Owar hmo`.
(4) OrdZ ‘Owar

OrdZ ‘Owar åhUOo EdT>r ‘Owar H$s, Á`m‘wio H$m‘Jmam§Zm AÞ, dó, {Zdmam, {dlm‘ d {dnarV H$mimVrb VaVyX
H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©b. {H$‘mZ ‘OwarMo C{Ôï> H$m‘Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m àmW{‘H$ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mH$[aVm g‘W© H$aUo AgVo. Va OrdZ
‘OwarMo C{Ôï> H$m‘Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m àmW{‘H$ JaOm ^mJdyZ ^mdr AmH$pñ‘H$ g§H$Q>mH$[aVm VaVyX H$ê$Z R>odÊ`mgmR>r g‘W©
H$aUo ho AgVo.
WmoS>Š`mV, l{‘H$mbm AÞ, dó, {Zdmam, `mo½` Amam‘ Am{U AS>rAS>MUrÀ`m {XdgmgmR>r VaVyX BË`mXr ~m~tMr
nyV©Vm H$aVm òB©b BVHo$ doVZ åhUOo OrdZ doVZ hmo`.
(5) `mo½` ‘Owar

{H$‘mZ ‘Owar hr ‘OwarMr ImbMr ‘`m©Xm AgVo. Va OrdZ ‘Owar hr ‘OwarMr daMr ‘`m©Xm AgVo. CÚmoJmVrb
‘Owam§Zm `m XmoÝhr ‘`m©Xm§‘Üò `mo½` ‘OwarMr àË`j ‘mÌm hr l‘mMr CËnmXH$Vm ‘OwarMm àM{bV Xa, amï´>r` CËnÞ d Ë`mMo
{dVaU Am{U XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV {d{eï> CÚmoJmMo ñWmZ `m ~m~tda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
àm. {nJy `m§À`m _VmZwgma ‘`m©{XV Ñï>rZo, {dMma H$aVm {d{eï> ì`dgm`mVrb g‘mZ XOm©À`m l{‘H$m§Zm BVa
CÚmoJmVrb l{‘H$m§À`m doVZmEdT>r a¸$‘ doVZ ñdê$nmV àmá hmoV Agob Va Ë`mbm dmOdr doVZ Ago åhUVm òB©b.
6.2.3 H$‘©Mmar AmMmag§{hVm
H$‘©Mmè`m§Mo dV©Z {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ ì`dñWmnZm‘Üò H$mhr {Z`‘ V`ma H$ê$Z {eñV V`ma Ho$br OmVo.
àemgZmVrb `§ÌUoMr H$m`©j‘Vm d è, Anè Ë`m§À`mVrb {eñVrdê$Z Adb§~yZ AgVo. g§KQ>ZoVrb gd© KQ>H$ {eñV{à`
AgVrb, {eñVrMo nmbZ H$aUmao AgVrb Va AmnmoAmnM H$m`©j‘Vm dmT>Vo. {eñV nmibr OmV Zgob, Va {VWo Jm|Yi
{Z‘m©U hmoVmo. g§nyU© àemgZmV AH$m`©j‘ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. åhUyZ g§KQ>ZoVrb àemgH$mbm {eñV {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mdaM â Úmdm
bmJVmo.
‘mZdr ñd^md Agm AgVmo H$s, Ë`m‘Üò H$mhr JwU Am{U H$mhr Xmof AgVmV. àemgZmV H$m‘ H$aUmam H$‘©MmarXoIrb
Ë`mbm AndmX Agy eH$V Zmhr. `m XmoÝhr JwUm§Zm {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r åhUOoM {eñV {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$m g§{hVoMr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. àemgZmVrb H$mhr A{YH$mar Amnë`m nXmMm Xwén`moJ H$aVmV. Vmo amoIÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï> àH$maMr
AmMma g§{hVm AgUo AË`§V Amdí`H$ AgVo. gZXr godH$m§Zr amOH$maUmnmgyZ A{bá amhÿZ, Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMo nmbZ
àm‘m{UH$nUo Ho$bo nm{hOo, d[að>m§À`m AmXoem§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo nm{hOo. H$m`Xm d {Z`‘m§Mo nmbZ H$ê$ZM gd© H$m`© Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z
Ano{jV AgVo; na§Vw AZoH$Xm gZXr godH$ {Z`‘m§Mo nmbZ H$arV ZmhrV. d[að> A{YH$mè`m§À`m AmXoemH$S>o Xwb©j H$aVmV.
Ë`m§À`mer dmX KmbVmV. Aem doiog àemgZmVrb {eñV ‘moS>br OmVo. Á`m ì`³VsZo {eñVrMm ^§J Ho$bm Agob
Ë`m§À`m{déÕ {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr Ho$br OmUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. AÝ`Wm g§nyU© àemgZ `§ÌUm AH$m`©j‘ ~ZÊ`mMm YmoH$m
AgVmo. åhUyZ {eñVrMo nmbZ H$aUo gdmªgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo.
(A) {eñVrMm AW©

àemgZmVrb H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m dV©Zmbm {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r OJm‘Üò gd©àW‘ O‘©Zr‘Üò EH$ {Z`‘mdbr V`ma
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. AmYw{ZH$ H$mim‘Üò gd©M Xoem§‘Üò gZXr godH$m§À`m AmMaU d ì`dhmambm {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
AmMmag§{hVm {Z‘m©U Ho$br OmVo. `m AmMmag§{hVoÛmao àemgZmVrb {eñV amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. àemgZmVrb H$m‘o
H$adyZ KoUmè`mMr d àË`j H$m`© H$aUmè`m§Mr ì`mdhm[aH$ ~mOy gm§^miUmar hr {Z`‘mdbr AgVo.
àemgZmVrb godH$m§gmR>r Agbobr AmMmag§{hVm Imbrb ~m~ter {ZJ{S>V AgVo.
(1) gZXr godH$mMo d[að> A{YH$mè`m§gmo~V dV©Z H$go Agmdo.
(2) gZXr godH$m§À`m gË`{Zð>oMo g§ajU H$aUo.
(3) gZXr godH$mÀ`m ì`{³VJV OrdZmVrb AmMaU qH$dm ì`dhmamMm ñVa {ZpíMV H$aUo.
(4) gZXr godH$m§À`m amOH$s` hmbMmbrg à{V~§Y KmbUo.
^maVmVrb gZXr godH$m§gmR>r ñdV§Ì AmMma g§{hVm R>a{dÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m {Z`‘mMm CÔoe gZXr godoV
gË`{Zð>Vm, {eñV Am{U amOH$s` {ZanojVm amIUo hm Amho. EImÚm gZXr godH$mZo `m AmMmag§{hVoMo nmbZ Z Ho$ë`mg
Ë`mda {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr Ho$br OmVo. Eb. S>r. ìhmB©Q>. `m§Zr {eñV^§JmÀ`m H$m`©dmhrÀ`m H$maUm§Mo Imbrbà‘mUo
dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.
(01) H$V©ì`mH$S>o OmUyZ~wOyZ Xwb©j H$aUo.
(02) H$m‘mÀ`m {R>H$mUr C{eam òUo.
(03) gmd©O{ZH$ ‘mb‘ÎmoMr ZmgYyg H$aUo.
(04) d[að> A{YH$mè`m§À`m AmXoemMo nmbZ Z H$aUo.
(05) doJdoJù`m {Z`‘m§Mm d H$m`Úm§Mm ^§J H$aUo.
(06) Amnë`m d[að>m§{déÕ {dÐmoh qH$dm ~§S> H$aUo.
(07) Xmê$ {nD$Z H$m`m©b`mV òUo.
(08) AZ¡{VH$ H¥$Ë` H$aUo qH$dm Ë`mg gmhmæ` H$aUo.
(09) gXmMmamÀ`m {Z`‘m§Mo C„§KZ H$aUo.
(10) bmM Z XoUo, bmM KoUo H$m`Xo bmJy Z H$aUo BË`mXr.
WmoS>Š`mV, gZXr godH$mMo dV©Z ho gXmMmambm emoôb AgoM Agmdo bmJVo. AÝ`Wm {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr Ho$br
OmVo.

(~) {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr
gZXr godoVrb H$moUË`mhr ì`³VsZo àemgH$s` {eñVrMm ^§J Ho$ë`mg Ë`m{déÕ {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr Ho$br OmVo.
Aem H$m`©dmhrMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. Vo àH$ma åhUOo AZm¡nMm[aH$ H$m`©dmhr d Am¡nMm[aH$ H$m`©dmhr hmo`.
 AZm¡nMm[aH$ {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr

AZm¡nMm[aH$ H$m`©dmhr hr Vm|S>r ñdê$nmMr AgVo. `mV g§~§{YV gZXr godH$mbm ImbÀ`m XOm©Mo H$m‘ gmon{dUo,
Ë`mda ZOa R>odUo, gm‘mÝ` gw{dYm Z nwa{dUo Ë`mZo {Xbobm g„m {dMmamV Z KoUo Ë`mÀ`m àñVmdmH$S>o Xwb©j H$aUo, `m
‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. AZm¡nMm[aH$ H$m`©dmhrMo H$maU Ë`mMm AnamY gm¡å` ñdê$nmMm AgVmo qH$dm Ë`m AnamYmgmR>r
Am¡nMm[aH$ (H$m`Xoera) {ejm XoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo AnamY {gÕ H$aUo H$R>rU AgVo. Aem doir AZm¡nMm[aH$ H$m`©dmhr Ho$br
OmVo.
 Am¡nMm[aH$ {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr

gZXr godH$mZo Ho$bobm AnamY J§^ra ñdê$nmMm Agob, {gÕ H$aVm òÊ`mgmaIm Agob Va Am¡nMm[aH$ {eñV^§JmMr
H$m`©dmhr Ho$br OmVo.
(1) g‘O XoUo

EImÚm gZXr godH$mZo {eñV^§JmMo H¥$Ë` Ho$bo Va gd©àW‘ d[að> A{YH$mar ‘mUwgH$sÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ë`mMr
H$mZCKS>Ur H$aVmV Am{U `mnwT>o nwÝhm MyH$ Z H$aÊ`m{df`r g‘O XoVmV.
(2) X¡Z§{XZ a{OñQ>a‘Üò Zm|X

g§KQ>ZoVrb EImÚm H$m‘Jmam§da {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr Ho$ë`mZ§Vahr nwÝhm nwÝhm Vmo {eñV^§J H$aV Agob Va Aem
H$m‘Jmam§Mr XaamoOÀ`m Zm|X dhrV Zm|X R>odbr OmVo d ^{dî`H$mimV nXmoÞVr qH$dm godm{Zd¥ÎmrÀ`m doir Ë`mbm AZoH$
AS>MUtZm gm‘moao Omdo bmJVo.
(3) H$m‘mV ~Xb H$aUo

gZXr godH$mZo {eñV^§J Ho$ë`mg Ë`mbm gmon{dbobo H$m‘ H$mTy>Z KoD$Z Xwgè`m Mm§Jë`m ì`³VsH$S>o Vo H$m‘ gmon{dbo
OmVo. Ë`mg H$‘r ‘hÎdmMo H$m`© H$amdo bmJVo.
(4) Am{W©H$ X§S>

Á`m ì`³VsZo {eñV^§J Ho$bm qH$dm H$V©ì`mH$S>o Xwb©j Ho$bo. Ë`m‘wio emgZmMo AWdm ì`³VsMo Oo ZwH$gmZ Pmbo
Ë`m~Ôb g§~§{YV gZXr godH$mH$Sy>Z ZwH$gmZ ânmB© dgyb Ho$br OmVo. Aem H$m`©dmhr‘wio Vmo gZXr d BVa gZXr godH$
^{dî`mV {eñV^§J H$arV Zmhr.
(5) ~Xbr H$aUo

EImÚm H$‘©Mmè`m§Zo dma§dma {eñV^§J Ho$bm Agob qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m{déÕ ZmJ[aH$m§À`m VH«$mar dmT>ë`m AgVrb Va
Aem H$‘©Mmè`mMr ~Xbr Ho$br OmVo. gVVÀ`m ~Xbr‘wio Ë`mMo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZhr {dñH$irV hmoVo.
(6) {d{eï> H$mim§gmR>r {Zb§{~V H$aUo

gZXr godH$mZo J§^ra ñdê$nmMm JwÝhm Ho$ë`mg {d{eï> H$mimgmR>r Ë`m§Zm godoVyZ {Zb§{~V Ho$bo OmVo Am{U EImÚm
g{‘Vr‘m’©$V Ë`mZo Ho$boë`m JwÝømMr {Z:njnmVrnUo Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z A§{V‘ {ZU©` KoVbm OmVmo.
(7) nXmoÞVr amoIUo

AZoH$ df} godm Ho$ë`mZ§Va gZXr godH$m§Zm ~T>VrMr g§Yr {Xbr OmVo. ‘mÌ, Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr godm g‘mYmZH$maH$
Agmdr bmJVo. {eñV^§J H$aUmè`m d Á`mÀ`m godm nwpñVHo$V Zm|X Amho Aem gZXr godH$mMr ~T>Vr amoIbr OmVo.

(8) dm{f©H$ doVZdmT> amoIUo
Omo gZXr godH$ Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMo nmbZ H$arV Zmhr, d[að>m§À`m AmXoemH$S>o Xwb©j H$aVmo Aem ì`³VsMr dm{f©H$
doVZdmT> amoIbr OmVo. Xadfu gZXr godH$mg {‘iUmar dm{f©H$ doVZdmT> hm Ë`mMm h¸$ AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m d[að> A{YH$mè`mg
Ë`mMo H$m‘ g‘mYmZH$maH$ dmQ>V Agob VaM Ë`mg doVZdmT> {Xbr OmVo. AÝ`Wm doVZdmT> amoIyZ Ë`m§À`m {déÕ {eñV^§JmMr
H$m`©dmhr Ho$br OmVo.
(9) nXmdZVr H$aUo

dma§dma {eñV^§J H$aUmè`m gZXr godH$mg d[að> nXmdê$Z H${Zð> nXmda Zo‘bo OmVo. `m à{H«$òg nXmdZVr Ago
åhUVmV. Ë`m H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m doVZ, ^Îmo, A{YH$ma d XOm©V H$nmV hmoVo. CXm. EImÚm nmobrg {ZarjH$mg (P.I.) nXmdZV
H$ê$Z nmobrg CnZ{ZarjH$ (P.S.I.) nXmda Zo‘bo OmVo.
(10) ’$m¡OXmar H$m`©dmhr H$aUo

EImÚm àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`mZo amï´>ÜdOmMm Ad‘mZ, emgZmMr ’$gdUyH$, AZ¡{VH$ H¥$Vr BË`mXr JwÝhm Ho$bm Agob
Va Ë`mnojm d[að> A{YH$mar nmobrg ñQ>oeZ‘Üò {’$`m©X XmIb H$aVmV. {eñV^§J H$aUmè`m A{YH$mè`m{déÕ ’$m¡OXmar
JwÝhm XmIb Ho$bm OmVmo.
(11) ~S>V’©$ H$aUo

{eñV^§J H$aUmè`m A{YH$mè`mMm JwÝhm Ý`m`mb`mV AWdm Mm¡H$er Am`moJmg‘moa {gÕ Pmbm Va Ë`m A{YH$mè`mMr
gZXr godoVyZ H$m`‘Mr hH$mbnÅ>r Ho$br OmVo. `m {eñV^§JmÀ`m H$m`©dmhrg ~S>V’$r© H$m`©dmhr Ago åhUVmV.
(H$) {eñV^§JmÀ`m H$m`©dmhrVrb Q>ßno (à{H«$`m)

àemgZmV {eñV^§J H$aUmè`m ì`³Vs{déÕ Am¡nMm[aH$ (H$m`Xoera) {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr Ho$br OmV Zmhr. Omo
n`©V Ë`mg nXmdê$Z {Zb§{~V H$aVm òV Zmhr. VgoM gZXr godoVrb H$moUË`mhr ì`³Vsbm {Z`w³Vs H$aUmè`m A{YH$mè`mnojm
AÝ` A{YZñW A{YH$ma Ë`mbm nXmdê$Z Xya H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. CXm. EImÚm ‘h{dÚmb`mV àmMm`m©‘m’©$V {b{nH$mMr
Zo‘UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Agob Am{U Oa Ë`m {b{nH$mZo {eñV^§J Ho$bm Agob Va Ë`mg {Zb§{~V H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
{dÚ‘mZ àmMm`mªZmM AgVmo. CnàmMm`© qH$dm H$m`m©b` AYrjH$mg ZgVmo.
H$m`Xoera {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr nwT>rb Q>ßß`mZo nyU© Ho$br OmVo.
(1) {eñV^§J Ho$boë`m g§~{YV H$‘©Mmè`mg gd©àW‘ H$maUo XmIdm ZmoQ>rg {Xbr OmVo. Ë`m H¥$Ë`m~Ôb ñnï>rH$aU
‘mJ{dbo OmVo. Oa Ë`m H$‘©Mmè`mZo g‘mYmZH$maH$ CÎma {Xbo Agob Am{U d[að> A{YH$mè`m§Zm Vo `mo½` dmQ>V Agob
Va nwT>o H$moUVrhr H$m`©dmhr Ho$br OmV Zmhr.
(2) Oa {eñV^§JmÀ`m H¥$Ë`m~Ôb H$‘©Mmè`mZo {Xbobo ñnï>rH$aU ImoQ>o Agob, g‘mYmZH$maH$ Zgob Va Ë`m H$‘©Mmè`m{déÕ
AmamonnÌ V`ma Ho$bo OmVo Am{U {eñV^§JmÀ`m H$m`©dmhrg àma§^ hmoVmo.
(3) {eñV^§JmÀ`m àH$aUmMr {Z:njnmVrnUo Mm¡H$er ìhmdr åhUyZ g§~{YV H$‘©Mmè`mg Mm¡H$er nyU© hmoB©n`©V H$m`©
H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y KmVbm OmVmo.
(4) Mm¡H$erÀ`m doir g§~{YV H$‘©Mmè`mg Amnbr ~mOy ‘m§S>Ê`mMr nwaoer g§Yr {Xbr OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va gmjr nwamdo d
XñVEodOm§Mr VnmgUr Ho$br OmVo.
(5) Mm¡H$er Xaå`mZ g§~{YV H$‘©Mmè`mdarb Amamon {gÕ Pmë`mg H$m`ÚmZwgma {ejm qH$dm X§S> AmH$mabm OmVmo.
(6) Mm¡H$er g{‘VrZo {Xboë`m {ZU©` qH$dm bmdbobm X§S> Oa Ë`m H$‘©Mmè`mbm `mo½` dmQ>V Zgob Va Vmo Ë`m{déÕ
Ý`m`mb`mV `m{MH$m XmIb H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
Aem àH$mao doJdoJio H$m`Xo, {Z`‘-Cn{Z`‘m§À`m g§{hVoÛmao àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Am`moJmÀ`m {e’$maetZwgma ñWmnZ
Ho$boë`m àemgH$s` Ý`m`m{YH$maUmMrhr ‘XV KoVbr OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm A§Ë`V à^mdr Pmë`m
AmhoV. EImÚm {eñV^§J H$aUmè`m H$‘©Mmè`m{déÕ {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr Ho$ë`mg g§KQ>ZoMo ZoVo Am§XmobZmMr ^mfm
H$aVmV. {edm` ‘mJmgdJu` H$‘©Mmar d ‘{hbm H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m ~m~VrV d[að> A{YH$mar {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mMo
YmS>g XmIdV ZmhrV. àemgZmV amOH$s` ZoË`m§Mm dmT>Vm hñVjon, nÌH$mam§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ, OmVr` g§KQ>Zm, ‘{hbm g§KQ>Zm,

‘mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ, ‘{hbm Am`moJ, H$‘©Mmar g§KQ>Zm, BË`mXr H$maUm§‘wio {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr H$aUo ho àemgH$mg‘moarb
EH$ AmìhmZmË‘H$ H$m`© ~Zbo Amho.
na§Vw gwemgZ Am{U ñdÀN> àemgZ {Z{‘©VrgmR>r H$mhr Jmoï>r H$aUo An[ahm`© AgVo. `mM ^y{‘Ho$VyZ {eñV^§JmÀ`m
H¥$Ë`mH$S>o nmhmdo bmJob. àemgZmÀ`m H$m`©j‘VogmR>r Aer H$R>moa nmdbo CMbmdr bmJVmV.
6.2.4 VH«$ma {ZdmaU `§ÌUm

àemgZmV H$m`© H$aVmZm H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm g§KQ>Zm ~Z{dÊ`mMm d g§n H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agë`m‘wio Ë`m A{YH$mamMmM
dmna H$ê$Z emgH$s` H$‘©Mmar Amnbo {hV H$ë`mU emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. AZoH$ emgH$s`-AemgH$s` H$m‘Jmam§Mo
àíZ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m d g§n H$aUmè`m H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m ‘mJÊ`m ‘mÝ` H$aVrbM `mMr emídVr ZgVo. Ë`m‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm
An[ahm`©nUo g§nmgma»`m ‘mJm©Mm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. gaH$mar H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m g§nmMm gm‘mÝ` OZVmÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmda
{dnarV n[aUm‘ hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§H$Sy>Z g§nmgma»`m ‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmD$ Zò Aer OZVoMr Anojm
AgVo, Va H$‘©Mmè`m§Zr emgZm{damoYmV nwH$mabobm g§n emgZmbmhr ng§V nS>V Zmhr. Aem n[apñWVrV H$‘©Mmè`m§Mo àíZ
JmèhmUr d g‘ñ`m H$em gmoS>{dë`m Omì`mV `m{df`r J§^ra àíZ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U emgZ (‘mbH$) d H$‘©Mmar (ZmoH$a) `m§À`mV gm‘§Oñ`mMo g§~§Y {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r EImXr ñdV§Ì
`§ÌUm Amdí`H$ AgVo. Aem `§ÌUoÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ‘mbH$ d ZmoH$am§Vrb g§Kf© H$‘r H$ê$Z VS>OmoS> KS>dyZ AmUbr OmVo.
AbrH$S>rb H$mimV Va gh^mJr ì`dñWmnZmgma»`m (Participative Management) g§H$ënZoMm {dH$mg Pmë`m‘wio
{Z‘m©U à{H«$òV ZmoH$a dJm©bm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVbo OmVo. ‘mbH$-ZmoH$a `m§À`mVrb gm‘§Oñ`nyU© g§~§Y {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r
VH«$ma {ZdmaU `§ÌUobm {deof ‘hÎd àmá Pmbobo AmnUmg {XgyZ òVo. H$maU `m `§ÌUm ‘mbH$ Am{U ZmoH$a `m§À`mVrb
‘Ü`ñW ~ZyZ H$m`© H$aVmV.
(A) ^maVmVrb VH«$ma {ZdmaU `§ÌUm

^maVmVrb gaH$ma d gaH$maÀ`m H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Üò gwg§dmX, ghH$m`© amhmdo, H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m g‘ñ`m d VH«$marMo {ZdmaU
ìhmdo `mgmR>r B§½b§S>‘Yrb ìhrQ>bo n[afXoÀ`m YVuda EImXr `§ÌUm {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdr Aer n{hë`m doVZ Am`moJmZo
{e’$mag Ho$br hmoVr. doVZ Am`moJmÀ`m {e’$maerZwgma gd© ‘§Ìmb`mVrb H$‘©Mmè`mgmR>r ñQ>m’$ g{‘Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV
`mdr `mgmR>r 1954 ‘Üò J¥h‘§Ìmb`mZo gd© ‘§Ìmb`m§Zm n[anÌH$ nmR>{dbo hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma gd© ‘§Ìmb`m§Zr ñQ>m’$ g{‘Ë`m
ñWmnZm Ho$ë`m. nwT>o 1946 ‘Üò ñQ>m’$ g{‘Ë`m§Mo Zm‘m§Va ñQ>m’$ n[afX Ago H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ñQ>m’$ n[afXm XmoZ àH$maÀ`m
hmoË`m. Ë`m nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.
(1) d[að> ñQ>m’$ n[afX
d[að> ñQ>m’$ n[afX H|$Ðr` godm§‘Yrb {ÛVr` Am{U V¥Ìr` loUrVrb H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m g‘ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. `m n[afXo‘Üò 7 Vo 10 gaH$mar à{V{ZYr {Z`w³Vs Ho$bo OmV AgV. àËòH$s 20 H$‘©Mmè`m§‘mJo 1
H$‘©Mmar à{V{ZYr {ZdS>bm OmV Ago. g§~§{YV ‘§Ìmb`m§Mm g{Md qH$dm g§`w³V g{Md `m n[afXoMm AÜ`j Ago.
gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV `m n[afXoMm H$m`©H$mi 1 df© hmoVm; na§Vw 1946 nmgyZ `m n[afXoMm H$mbmdYr 2 dfmªMm dmT>{dÊ`mV
Ambm.
(2) H${Zð> ñQ>m’$ n[afX
H${Zð> ñQ>m’$ n[afX MVwW© loUrVrb H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m g‘ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m g{‘VrMr
aMZm d[að> ñQ>m’$ n[afXoà‘mUoM hmoVr. `m n[afXoMm AÜ`j {d^mJmÛmao {ZdS>bm OmV Ago. Cng{Md XOm©À`m A{YH$mè`mbm
`m n[afXoMm AÜ`j åhUyZ {Z`w³Vr {Xbr OmV Ago. `m n[afXoV {H$‘mZ ghm`H$ XOm©Mo A{YH$mar ho emgZmMo à{V{ZYr
åhUyZ {Z`w³Vs Ho$bo OmV AgV. Va H$‘©Mmè`mMo à{V{ZYr 1.20 `m à‘mUmV {Z`w³V Ho$bo OmVmV.
(~) ñQ>m’$ n[afXm§Mr H$m`}

(1) H$m`m©Mm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Cnm` `moOZm H$aUo.
(2) godm{df`H$ AQ>r d {Z`‘m~m~V H$‘©Mmè`m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ emgZmbm H$i{dÊ`mgmR>r H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm g§Yr XoUo.
(3) H$‘©Mmè`m§‘Üò d¡`{³VH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aUmar gmYZo {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
ñQ>m’$ n[afXm darbà‘mUo H$m`© H$aV AgV. B§½b§S>‘Yrb pìhQ>bo n[afXoÀ`m YVuda ñQ>m’$ n[afX ñWmnZ H$aVm§Zm
g¡Õm§{VH$Ñï>çm `m n[afX Mm§Jë`m hmoË`m. ‘mÌ ì`mdhm[aH$ nmVirda `m n[afXm Amnbr H$V©ìò nma nmS>Ê`mV nyU©V…
Anèr R>aë`m. ^maVmV AZoH$ ‘§Ìmb`m§Zr doioda ñQ>m’$ n[afX ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m ZmhrV. H$mhr ‘§Ìmb`m§Zr Aem n[afX
ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. ‘mÌ Ë`m§À`m ~¡R>H$m {Z`{‘VnUo KoVë`m ZmhrV. {edm` `m n[afXm§Zm ‘hÎdmÀ`m {df`m§da {ZU©` KoÊ`mMm
A{YH$maM ZìhVm. `m n[afXm§Zr Á`m {e’$maer Ho$ë`m Ë`m {e’$maetZm ‘§Ìmb`mV Ho$amMr Q>monbr XmI{dbr OmV Ago.
åhUyZ `m n[afXm Amnbr H$m`} H$aÊ`mV nyU©V: Anèr R>aë`m AmhoV.
(H$) VS>OmoS> `§ÌUm

(1) VS>OmoS> A{YH$mar
VS>OmoS> `§ÌUoVrb A{YH$mar {d{eï> ^y-{d^mJmgmR>r qH$dm {d{eï> CÚmoJY§ÚmgmR>r EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ AgVmo. OoWo
H$m‘Jma d ‘mbH$ VUmd {Z‘m©U Pmbm Agob VoWo VS>OmoS> A{YH$mar H$bhmMr VnmgUr H$aVmo. Oa H$bh {‘Q>{dÊ`mg è
Ambo Va Ë`mg§~§YrMm Ahdmb V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mda XmoÝhr njm§Mr gh‘Vr KoD$Z emgZmH$S>o nmR>drV AgVmo.
(2) VS>OmoS> ‘§S>i

VS>OmoS> A{YH$mar Amnë`m H$m‘mV Oa Aèñdr Pmbo Va ho ‘§S>i V`ma H$aÊ`mV òVo. `m ‘§S>imV 1 AÜ`j d 2
Vo 4 gXñ` AgVmV. åhUyZ `mbm emgZmÀ`m ‘mÝ`VoMr JaO AgVo. òWo H$m‘ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmamIS>m V`ma H$ê$Z {Z`‘mZo
H$m`© Ho$bo OmVo. XmoÝhr njm‘Üò VS>OmoS> H$aÊ`mMo H$m‘ Ho$bo OmVo. VS>OmoS> Pmë`mZ§Va Ahdmb V`ma H$ê$Z d XmoÝhr
njmÀ`m ñdmjè`m Ë`m Ahdmbmda OmoSy>Z VmVS>rZo emgZmbm gmXa H$amdm bmJVmo; na§Vw Oa VS>OmoS> hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr Va
‘§S>imZo Ho$bobo à`ËZ d VS>OmoS> Z hmoÊ`mMr H$aUo `m g§~§YrMm Ahdmb gaH$maZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m ‘wXVrV gaH$maH$S>o
gmon{dÊ`mMo ~§YZ VS>OmoS> ‘§S>imda AgVo.
(3) Mm¡H$er Ý`m`mb`

Mm¡H$er Ý`m`mb`mV EH$ ì`³Vs qH$dm gaH$mabm `mo½` dmQ>Vrb VodT>çm ñdV§Ì ì`³VsZo H$m‘ H$am`Mo AgVo.
Ë`mgmR>r EH$ AÜ`j AgVmo. Mm¡H$ergmR>r Amdí`H$ VodT>r JUg§»`m Agmdr bmJVo. Mm¡H$er Ý`m`mb`mV gdmªJrU
Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z 6 ‘{hÝ`m§À`m AmV V`ma Ho$bobm Ahdmb gaH$maH$S>o nmR>dmdm bmJVmo.
(4) H$m‘Jma Ý`m`mb`

H$m‘Jma Ý`m`mb`mV EH$m ì`³VsMr Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$ gaH$maÀ`m dVrZo Ho$br OmV AgVo; H$m_Jma
Ý`m`mb`mV nwT>rb {df` {dMmamV KoVbo OmVmV. (1) H$nmV d ~S>V’$r© (2) CÚmoJY§ÚmVrb {Z`§ÌUmMr A`mo½` nÕVr
(3) gdbV, g§n, Q>mio~§Xr `mda n[apñWVrZwgma {ZU©` XoVo.
(5) Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mbò

Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mb`mV Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ EH$mM ì`³VsMr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br OmVo. hr Zo‘UyH$ gaH$maÛmao hmoV AgVo.
Ë`mgmR>r nmÌVm Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm Ý`m`mYre, Ë`mbm ‘XVrgmR>r 2 VÁk ì`³Vs òWo CÚmoJY§Úm§er g§~§{YV àíZ {dMmamV
KoVbo OmVmV. CXm. doVZ, ^Îmo, H$m‘mMo Vmg, aOm, ~moZg, ~S>V’$r© Am¡Úmo{JH$ {eñV BË`mXr.
(6) amï´>r` Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mbò

Ago Ý`m`mb` ñWmnZo{edm` Xwgam n`m©` emgZmOdi ZgVmo. `m Ý`m`mb`mV EH$M ì`³Vs Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ H$m‘
H$arV AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmar nmÌVm Á`m ì`³VsZo Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ H$m‘ Ho$bobo Agob qH$dm
H$m‘Jma nwZ{d©Mma Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mb`mMm AÜ`j qH$dm g^mgX åhUyZ H$‘rV H$‘r XmoZ df} H$m‘ Ho$bobo Agob VrM
ì`³Vs amï´>r` Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mb`mMm Ý`m`mYre hmoÊ`mg nmÌ g‘Obr OmVo.
‘mbH$-ZmoH$a g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm nwT>rb ‘hÎdnyU© n¡by§Mm {dMma H$aUo ‘hÎdmMo R>aVo. H$maU `m n¡by§Mm
‘mbH$-ZmoH$a g§~§Ym§da {deof à^md nS>Vmo.

6.2.5 H$m`©{gÕrMo ‘yë`‘mnZ
àemgZ ì`dñWoV CnbãY ‘Zwî`~imMm nyU©nUo Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoUo hr ~m~ àemgZmV H$m`©j‘Vm {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m
Ñï>rZo ‘hÎdmMr Amho. àËòH$ H$‘©Mmè`mMr H$m`©j‘Vm Am{U H$m`©nÕVr Zo‘H$s H$er Amho, `mMmhr Aä`mg H$amdm bmJVmo.
H$maU EH$mM àH$maMo H$m‘ H$aUmè`m H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m kmZmV, AZw^dm§V d H$m¡eë`mV ’$aH$ AgVmo. Ë`m‘wio Ë`m§À`m
H$m`©j‘VoVhr ’$aH$ nS>Vmo. EH$mM àH$maMo H$m`© H$aUmao AZoH$ H$‘©Mmar Agbo Var gdmªZm EH$mM nmaS>çmV ‘moOUo
AÝ`m`H$maH$ R>aVo.
Omo H$‘©Mmar OmñV H$m`©j‘ Amho. Ë`mbm ~jrg XoUo, àmoËgmhZ XoUo àg§Jr ~T>Vr XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r
àËòH$ H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m H$m`©j‘VoMo AMyH$ ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m ‘yë`‘mnZ nÕVrbmM n[aUm‘H$maH$Vm
(H$m`©{gÕr) ‘yë`‘mnZ Ago åhUVmV, àËòH$ H$‘©Mmè`mMr H$m`©j‘Vm doJdoJir Agë`m‘wio Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Vhr
V’$mdV AgUo gmh{OH$ Amho. H$‘©Mmè`mbm doVZ dmT> XoVmZm qH$dm ~T>Vr XoVmZm Ë`mMo ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m H$m`©j‘VoMo d `moJXmZmMo ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òbmM H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZ Ago åhUVmV.
(A) H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZmMm AW© d ì`m»`m

àemgH$s` H$‘©Mmè`mH$S>o gmon{dbobo H$m`© VS>rg ZoÊ`mÀ`m H¥$Vrbm n[aUm‘H$maH$Vm Ago åhUVmV. Va `m H$m`m©Mr
VnmgUr H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òbm ‘yë`‘mnZ' Ago åhUVmV. àËòH$ H$‘©Mmè`mMr ~wÕr, kmZ, H$m¡eë` d AZw^d doJdoJio
AgVmV. Ë`m‘wio àËòH$ H$‘©Mmar H$arV Agboë`m H$m‘mV d XOm©V ’$aH$ nS>Vmo. Ë`mgmR>r àËòH$ H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m`©j‘VoMo
‘yë`‘mnZ H$aUo àemgZmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo. AZoH$Xm H$‘©Mmè`m§H$S>o gmon{dbobo H$m`© Vmo R>am{dH$ doioV
nyU© H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Aem H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m Ag‘W©VoMr H$maUo XoIrb H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZmV emoYbr OmVmV.
WmoS>Š`mV àËòH$ H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m`©nyU© H$aÊ`mÀ`m {H«$òMr VnmgUr H$ê$Z Ë`mMo `mo½` àH$mao ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m
à{H«$òbmM H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZ Ago åhUVmV.
(1) Amë’«o$S> d ~oÅ>r
{d{eï> H$m`© H$aUmè`m H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H¥$VrnmgyZ g§KQ>Zobm {H$Vr gmnoj ’$m`Xm hmoVmo. `mMo {Zanoj ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aUo
åhUOoM H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZ hmo`.
(2) ES>{dZ pâbßnmo
nÕVera, doimodoir Am{U ‘Zwî`mbm eŠ` Agob {VVŠ`m {Z:njnmVrnUo H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m H$m`©H$m¡eë`mMo d Ë`mÀ`m
~T>VrÀ`m j‘VoMo Ho$bobo ‘yë`‘mnZ åhUOo H$m`©{gÕrMo ‘yë`‘mnZ hmo`.
(3) hodob
`m§À`m ‘Vo, H$‘©Mmè`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mo gyú‘ d emór` nÕVrZo AdbmoH$Z H$ê$Z Ë`mAmYmao H$m`©j‘VoMm
AmT>mdm KoUo åhUOoM H$m`©{gÕrMo ‘yë`‘mnZ hmo`.
(~) H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZmMo CÔoe

àemgZmVrb ‘w»` àemgH$mbm ‘mZd g§gmYZm§~m~V nwaoer ‘m{hVr Agë`m{edm` Ë`mg H$moUVrhr `moOZm à^mdrnUo
am~{dVm òV Zmhr. ‘mZd g§gmYZm§Mo AMyH$ ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ ZdrZ g§H$ënZm§Mm Aä`mg H$amdm bmJVmo. `m
Zì`m g§H$ënZoVrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMr g§H$ënZm åhUOo H$m`©{gÕrMo ‘yë`‘mnZ hmo`. H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZ Imbrb CÔoe g‘moa
R>odyZ Ho$bo OmVo.
(1) H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m ì`{³VJV {dH$mgmg dmd

H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZmZ§Va g§~§{YV H$‘©Mmè`mbm Ë`mÀ`m H$m‘mV Zo‘Š`m H$moUË`m gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV `m~m~V
‘m{hVr {Xbr OmVo. Ë`mÀ`m ì`{³V‘ÎdmV H$moUË`m JwUm§Mr, H$m¡eë`mMr d kmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©V
gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m‘wio ^{dî`mV H$moUH$moUVo ’$m`Xo Ë`mbm {‘iy eH$VmV `mMohr ‘mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo OmVo.
(2) godVo H$m`‘ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

gZXr godH$mMm n[a{djmYrZ H$mbmdYr g‘mYmZH$maH$ Agob VaM Ë`mg godoV H$m`‘ Ho$bo OmVo. Ooìhm H$‘©Mmè`mÀ`m

n[a{djmYrZ H$mbmdYr g§nVmo Voìhm Ë`m§À`m godm gmVË` g§X^m©V ‘w»` àemgH$mbm {ZU©` ¿`mdm bmJVmo. Ë`mÀ`m
H$m`©j‘VoMo, `moJXmZmMo ‘yë`‘mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZ V§ÌmMm AmYma KoVbm OmVmo.
(3) doVZdmT>rMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r

àemgZ Omo H$‘©Mmar gdm}ËH¥$ï> H$m‘ H$aVmo Ë`mg AmJmD$ doVZdmT> {Xbr OmVo. ~jrg d nwañH$mahr {Xbo OmVmV.
Ooìhm EH$mM àH$maMo H$m‘ AZoH$ H$‘©Mmar H$arV AgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s gdm}ËH¥$ï> H$‘©Mmar {ZdS>Uo AdKS> AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r
Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mo dñVw{Zð> ‘yë`‘mnZ H$amdo bmJVo.
(4) ~Xbr d ~T>VrMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r

H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m `mo½`Vog§~§Yr AMyH$ ‘m{hVr àmá H$ê$ZM ~Xbr qH$dm ~T>Vr g§X^m©V {ZU©` ¿`mdm bmJVmo. àemgZmV
H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr {Z`w³Vs Pmë`mZ§Va Vo H$moUH$moUË`m H$m`m©gmR>r A{YH$ H$m`©j‘ d Cn`w³V AmhoV ho ‘w»` àemgH$mbm R>admdo
bmJVo. Ë`mZ§Va àemgH$s` H$m`©j‘Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o A{YH$ `mo½` H$m‘o gmon{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMr ~Xbr Ho$br
OmVo. VgoM `mo½` H$‘©Mmè`mbm ~T>Vr {Xbr OmVo. H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZmÛmao AMyH$ {ZU©` KoVbm OmVmo. `mo½` ì`³Vsg
~T>Vr {Xbr OmVo. n`m©`mZo g§nyU© àemgZ `§ÌUm H$m`©j‘ ~ZVo.
(5) Mm§Jë`m H$‘©Mmè`mg àmoËgmhZ XoUo

H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZmÛmao àemgZmVrb gd© H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m`©j‘VoMo AMyH$ ‘yë`‘mnZ hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio ‘w»` àemgH$mbm
H$moUVr ì`³Vs A{YH$ Mm§Jbr Amho. àemgZmÀ`m Cn`moJmMr Amho `mMr ‘m{hVr {‘iVo. VgoM {d{dY ‘mJm©Zr Mm§Jë`m
H$‘©Mmè`mg àmoËgmhZ XoVm òVo. CXm. gÝ‘mZ {MÝh XoUo, àepñVnÌ XoUo, H$m¡VwH$ H$aUo, doVZdmT> BË`mXr.
(6) {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mgmR>r

H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZmVyZ àemgZmVrb H$moUË`m ì`³Vs H$m`©j‘ d H$moUË`m ì`³Vs AH$m`©j‘ AmhoV `mMr dñVw{Zð>
‘m{hVr {‘iVo. Omo H$‘©Mmar AH$m`©j‘, ~oO~m~Xma Amho. Ë`mÀ`m{déÕ {eñV^§JmMr H$m`©dmhr H$aVm òVo. VgoM H$moUË`m
ì`³Vsg H$moUVr H$m‘o ÚmdrV `mMm {ZU©` KoVm òVmo.
H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZmMr à{H«$`m hr H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m`©j‘VoMo AMyH$ ‘moO‘mn H$aUmar à{H«$`m Amho. `m ‘yë`‘mnZ
nÕVr‘wio H$‘©Mmè`m§V AmË‘{dídmgmMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoVo. VgoM ñdV:bm AmoiIÊ`mMr d BVa ghH$mè`m§er Amnbr
dmJUyH$ H$er Agmdr, `mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr H$‘©Mmè`mbm {‘iVo. Amnë`m dV©UwH$sMm BVam§da H$m` n[aUm‘
hmoVmo, ho XoIrb g‘OyZ KoVm òVo. g§KQ>ZoV gbmo»`mMo g§~§Y {Z‘m©U hmoVmV gmh{OH$M Ë`mVyZ g§KQ>ZoMr H$m`©j‘Vm
dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV hmoVo.
6.5.6 ‘mZd g§gmYZ boIm§H$Z

‘mZd g§gmYZ hr AË`§V ‘hÎdnyU© g§nÎmr Amho. ‘mZdr g§nÎmr hr ^m¡{VH$ g§nÎmrnojm {^Þ g‘Obr OmVo. ^m¡{VH$
g§nÎmrbm H$moUË`mhr ^mdZm Am{U H$moUVohr ñne©kmZ AgV Zmhr Va ‘mZdr g§nÎmrg ñne©kmZ Am{U ^mdZm AgVmV.
^m¡{VH$ g§nÎmrMm Kgmam H$mT>Vm òV Zmhr Am{U {ZKV Zmhr. H$maU ‘mZdr g§nÎmr H$mbm§VamZo Am{U H$mbàdmhmV A{YH$
g‘¥Õ hmoV AgVo.
ì`dgm` hr g§H$ënZm ‘wimVM Zâ`mer Owibobr AgVo. ì`dgm` hm Zâ`mgmR>rM AgVmo. Ooìhm Zâ`mMm g§~§Y
òVmo. Voìhm Jw§VdUyH$ òVo Am{U Z’$m H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r g§nyU© n[aì`` H$mT>mdm bmJVmo. ì`dgm`mMm (Casting) H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r
^m¡{VH$ g§nÎmr~amo~a ‘mZdr g§nÎmrMo XoIrb ‘yë`m§H$Z H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. B. g. 1960 ‘Üò aopÝgg qbH$Q>© `m
g‘mOemókmZo BVa g‘mOemókm§À`m gmo~V gd©àW‘ ‘mZdr g§gmYZ boIm§H$Z (Human Resource Acquainting) hr
g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$ê$Z {ZpíMV ñdénmV ‘m§S>br.
(A) ‘mZd g§gmYZ boIm§H$Z ì`m»`m

(1) A‘o[aH$Z Agmo{gEeZ Am°’$ AH$mD$§ÝQ>g
‘mZdr g§gmYZ boIm§H$Z Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`mV ‘mZdr g§gmYZm§Mo g§~§{YV AmH$S>çmMo {ZpíMVrH$aU Am{U
‘moO‘mn Ho$bo OmD$Z g§~§{YV AmH$S>o éMr AgUmam§Zm {Xbo OmVmV.

(2) ñQ>onQ>oZ H$mo’$
‘mZdr g§gmYZ boIm§H$Z åhUOo g§KQ>ZoVrb {Z`wŠVr, à{ejU, AZw^d Am{U A§Jmda KoVboë`m O~m~XmarMr
g§KQ>ZoMr BZnwQ> (AmXmZo) åhUyZ Ho$bobr ‘moOXmX hmo`.
(~) ‘mZd g§gmYZ boIm§H$ZmMr JaO

CÚmoJmVrb ‘mZdr ghg§~§Y ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m JaOoVyZ ‘mZdr g§nÎmrÀ`m ‘wë`m§H$ZmMr JaO {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho. ‘mZdr
ghg§~§Ym§Mm ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma H$aUmè`m gm‘m{OH$ emókm§Zr ‘mZdr g§gmYZ boIm§H$ZmMr JaO nwT>rbà‘mUo
{deX Ho$br Amho.
(1) na§namJV boIm nÕVrV g§KQ>ZoVrb ‘mZdr g§gmYZm§~ÔbMr H$moUVrhr ‘m{hVr CnbãY hmoV Zmhr. ‘mUgm{edm`
H$moUVrhr ^m¡{VH$ Am{U Am{W©H$/{dÎmr` g§gmYZo à^mdrnUo dmnabr OmV ZmhrV. åhUyZ ‘mZdr g§gmYZ boIm§H$Z
ñdV§Ì AgUo JaOoMo Amho.
(2) ‘mZdr g§KQ>Zoda Ho$bobm IM© hm Jw§VdUyH$ g‘Obm nm{hOo; nU {H$aH$moi IM© AWdm Mmby IM© åhUyZ XmIdbm
OmVmo.
(3) H$moUË`mhr ì`dgm`mMr CËnmXH$Vm Am{U Z’$m j‘Vm hr nyU©nUo ‘mZdr ^m§S>db, `moJXmZmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. XmoZ
gma»`m ì`dgm` g§ñWoOdi AË`§V CÎm‘ Am{U ‘hÎdnyU© Aer `§Ìgm‘wJ«r Amho, Ë`m XmoÝhrhr ì`dgm` g§ñWm
EH$mM ~mOmanoR>oV H$m`© H$aVmV; na§Vw XmoÝhr g§ñWm§Mm Z’$m AWdm àmár gmaIr AgV Zmhr. H$maU Ë`m§À`mV ‘mZd
g§gmYZ AWdm g§nÎmrV ’$aH$ AgVmo. Oa AmnU ‘mZdr e³VsMo ‘yë` Xwb©{jV Ho$bo Va g§nyU© ì`dgm`mMo ‘yë`
H$mT>Uo AË`§V {O{H$arMo hmoD$Z OmVo.
(4) Oa ‘mZdr g§gmYZm§Mo ‘yë` `mo½` àH$mao Z’$m, VmoQ>m ImVo Am{U pñWVr {ddaUmV Zm|X{dbo Zmhr Va ì`dñWmnZmMo
‘mZdr g§nÎmrg§~§YrMo H$m`© AY©dQ> am{hbo Ago ‘mZbo OmVo.
(5) na§namJV boI nÕVrV {Z`w³Vs, à{ejU AmXr darb a¸$‘ IM© g‘OyZ àmárÀ`m à‘mUmV Vmo nwT>o g‘m`mo{OV Ho$bm
OmVmo; na§Vw ‘mZdr g§gmYZm§darb gd© IM© ho Jw§VdUyH$ g‘OyZ Ë`mbm Jw§VdUwH$sà‘mUo g‘Obo nm{hOo.
6.2.7 g§`³w V nam‘e©Xm`r `§ÌUm

H${Zð> Am{U d[að> ñQ>m’$ n[afXobm Anè Amë`mZ§Va B§½b§S>‘Yrb ìhrQ>bo H$m°pÝgbà‘mUo VrZ ñVar` g§`w³V
nam‘e©Xm`r `§ÌUm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. emgZ Am{U gZXr ZmoH$am§À`m à{V{ZYtZm g§`w³VnUo {dMma{d{Z‘` H$aÊ`mgmR>r
ì`mgnrR> {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo. g§`w³V nam‘e©Xm`r `§ÌUm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` B. g. 1960 ‘Üò KoÊ`mV Ambm;
na§Vw àË`jmV B.g. 1966 ‘Üò hr `§ÌUm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
(A) g§`Šw V n[afXm

g§`w³V nam‘e©Xm`r `§ÌUm VrZ ñVam§da ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Vo VrZ ñVa åhUOo amï´>r`, ImVo{Zhm` Am{U ñWm{ZH$
hmo`.
(1) amï´>r` g§`³w V n[afX

emgZ Am{U gZXr godH$ `m§À`mV gwg§dmX KS>dyZ AmUUmar hr gdm}ƒ n[afX hmo`. `m n[afXoV emgZmMo 25
à{V{ZYr AgVmV. Va {d{dY gZXr godH$m§À`m ‘mÝ`Vmàmá g§KQ>Zm§Mo 40 Vo 60 gXñ` AgVmV. H|$Ðr` ‘§{Ì‘§S>imMm
g{Md hm `m amï´>r` g§`w³V n[afXoMm nX{gÕ AÜ`j AgVmo.
(2) ImVo{Zhm` g§`³w V n[afX

àËòH$ ImË`mV Aer ñdV§Ì n[afX ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVo. ImË`mMm ‘w»` g{Md hm `m ImVo n[afXoMm AÜ`j AgVmo.
Amnë`m ImË`m§VJ©V H$m`©aV Agboë`m gZXr godH$m§À`m g‘ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo H$m‘ hr n[afX H$aVo. `m n[afXoV emgZmZo
Zo‘bobr gXñ` g§»`m 10 AgVo. Va H$‘©Mmar à{V{ZYtMr g§»`m {H$‘mZ 20 d H$‘mb 30 EdT>r Agy eH$Vo.

(3) ñWm{ZH$ qH$dm àmXo{eH$ g§`w³V n[afX
ñWm{ZH$ ^mJmV H$m`©aV Agboë`m gZXr godH$m§À`m g‘ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r àmXo{eH$ n[afX ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVo. `m
n[afXoV emgZmMo 5 Am{U H$‘©Mmè`m§Mo 8 à{V{ZYr H$m`©aV AgVmV.
(~) g§`w³V nam‘e©Xm`r `§ÌUoMr H$m`}

(1) emgZ Am{U gZXr godH$ `m§À`m‘Yrb g§~§Y A{YH$m{YH$ Mm§Jbo ~Z{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo. Ë`m§À`mV ghH$m`m©Mr
^mdZm dmT>rg bmdUo.
(2) âVr, ~T>Vr d {eñV `m g§X^m©Vrb gm‘mÝ` VÎdo {ZpíMV H$aUo.
(3) gZXr godH$m§À`m H$m`©j‘VoV dmT> H$aUo.
(4) H$m‘mÀ`m gmo`r, H$m`©pñWVr Am{U godmeVu gwYmaUm§{df`H$ MMm© H$aUo d emgZmH$S>o {e’$maer gmXa H$aUo.
(5) amï´>r` n[afXoH$Sy>Z Ho$di EH$mM ImË`mVrb H$‘©Mmè`m§Mm {df` hmVmibm OmV Zmhr. Va XoemVrb gd© gZXr
godH$m§À`m doVZmg§~§Yr, ‘hmJmB© ^Î`mg§~§Yr d BVa ~m~rg§~§Yr MMm© Ho$br OmVo.
(6) {H$‘mZ doVZ, ‘hmJmB© ^Îmm, doVZ d ^Îmo H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm BË`mXr ~m~r g§`w³V nam‘e©Xm`r `§ÌUoÀ`m H$m`©joÌmV
òVmV. `m g§X^m©V MMm© H$ê$Z emgZmbm `mo½` g„m Úmdm bmJVmo.
(7) H$m‘Jma-H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$ë`mUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$mhr Cnm` gwM{dUo,
emgZ Am{U gZXr godH$ `m§À`mV dmQ>mKmQ>r KS>dyZ AmUUmè`m `m g§`w³V `§ÌUobmhr Ano{jV è {‘imbo Zmhr.
AmOhr XoemVrb H$mhr ‘§Ìmb`m§V g§`w³V nam‘e©Xm`r `§ÌUm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Zmhr. emgZ XoIrb H$‘©Mmè`m§Mo àíZ
gmoS>{dÊ`m~m~V CXmgrZ Agbobo {XgyZ òVo. ghmì`m doVZ Am`moJmZo Ho$boë`m {e’$maer bmJy H$aÊ`mgmR>r gZXr godH$m§À`m
g§KQ>Zm§Zm Am§XmobZmMo hË`ma hmVr ¿`mdo bmJbo. doJdoJù`m ‘mJÊ`m ‘mÝ` H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r ‘moM}, {ZXe©Zo, boIUr~§X
Am§XmobZ, {ZfoY, YaUo, Koamd, g§n BË`mXr ‘mJmªMm Adb§~ gZXr godH$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm H$aVmZm {XgyZ òVmV.
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
(1) VUmdmMm AW© gm§Jm.
(2) gwá VUmd H$mbm§VamZo H$emV n[adVuV hmoVo?
(3) H$_©Mmè`mMo j_Vm g§dY©Z åhUOo H$m`?
(4) A{^àoaUm åhUOo H$m`?
(5) _OwarMo àH$ma gm§Jm.

(1) ‘Zmo~b : H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMr d¥Îmr, ghH$m¶© H$aÊ¶mMr BÀN>m.
(2) Cƒ ‘Zmo~b : H$m‘mMm gH$mamË‘H$ Ñï>rH$moZ d àd¥Îmr.
(3) {ZåZ ‘Zmo~b : H$m‘mMm ZH$mamË‘H$ Ñï>rH$moZ d àd¥Îmr.
(4) A{^àoaUm : g§KQ>ZoVrb ‘mZdr KQ>H$m§Zm H$m¶m©gmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aUmar EH$ à{H«$¶m.
(5) AmMmag§{hVm : AmMmag§{hVm hr ì¶³Vr, nj, g§ñWm ¶m§Zr gm‘m{OH$ ñVamda nmimd¶mÀ¶m ¶mo½¶ ‘mZH$m§Mm,
{Z¶‘m§Mm d O~m~Xmè¶m§Mm EH$ g§M AgVmo.

(1) VUmd hr dmVmdaUmÀ¶m g§~§YmVrb ì¶³VrMr emar[aH$, ‘mZ{gH$ Am{U amgm¶{ZH$ à{H«$¶m AgyZ Ë¶m‘wio ‘Zwî¶
Km~abobm, Jm|Yibobm d ^r{V¶w³V AdñWoV amhVmo.
(2) gwá VUmd hm H$mbm§VamZo àË¶j VUmdmV n[ad{V©V hmoVmo.
(3) H$m¶© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm doJdoJiçm àH$mao A{^ào[aV H$aUo åhUOoM j‘Vm g§dY©Z hmo¶.
(4) ì¶dgm¶mVrb CËnmXZmMr ‘mÌm Am{U JwUdÎmoV dmT> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$‘©Mmè¶m§Mo ‘Zmo~b C§MmdyZ Ë¶m§Zm {d{eï> C{Ôï>o
gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m à¶ËZm§Zm A{^no«oaUm Ago åhUVmV.
(5) amoI ‘Owar, dmñV{dH$ ‘Owar, {H$‘mZ ‘Owar, OrdZ ‘Owar.
6.5 gmam§e
`m KQ>H$mV ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmVrb H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m {d{dY g‘ñ`m d Ë`m g‘ñ`m Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV
òUmao Cnm` OmUyZ KoVbo. H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m g‘ñ`m§Mm H$m‘mÀ`m XOm©da, JwUdÎmoda n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. AmYw{ZH$ ì`dñWmnZ,
àemgZmV H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m`©j‘Vm d¥ÕrgmR>r AZoH$ Cnm` `moObo OmV AmhoV. Mm§Jbo doVZ, H$m‘mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Amdí`H$
gmo`r, gw{dYm, gwQ²>Q>çm, ghbr, joÌôQ> ghbr, gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$‘, `moJ-Ü`mZYmaUm {e{~ao, BË`mXr `moOyZ Ë`m§À`m
j‘Vm JwUdÎmm d¥qÕJV Ho$br OmV Amho. ì`dñWmnH$-H$‘©Mmar `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y Mm§Jbo amhmdoV `mgmR>r AZoH$ `§ÌUm
H$m`©aV AmhoV. Ë`mà‘mUo H$‘©Mmè`m§À`m H$m`©j‘Vm§Mo {d{dY nÕVrÛmao ‘yë`‘mnZ Ho$bo OmD$Z CËH¥$ï>, à^mdr H$‘©Mmè`m§Zm
ào[aV Ho$bo OmV Amho. BË`mXr ~m~rMo kmZ `m Aä`mg KQ>H$mÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ hmoVo.

(1) VUmd åhUOo H$m` gm§JyZ VUmd H$‘r H$aÊ`mMo Cnm` gm§Jm?
(2) {eñV^§JmÀ`m H$m`©dmhrMo àH$ma gm§Jm?
(3) ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmV A{^àoaUoMr Amdí`H$Vm ñnï> H$am?
(4) g§`w³V nam‘e©Xm`r `§ÌUoMr H$m`} {bhm?
(5) ‘Zmo~b g§H$ënZoda {Q>nU {bhm?
(6) H$m`©{gÕr ‘yë`‘mnZmMo CÔoe ñnï> H$am?

(1) Omoer, Eg., H$moR>mar, nr. d Xm¶‘m, EZ. (2010). ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZ. OiJm§d, àem§V npãbHo$eÝg.
(2) Mirza, S. S. (2008). Human Resource Management. McGraw Hill Education India.
(3) Sharma, V. K. (2007). Human Resource Management. Navi Mumbai, Viva Books Pvt.
(4) Mamoria, C. B. and Gankar, S. V. (2008). Human Resource Management. Mumbai, Himalya
Publishing House.

èd§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
kmZJ§JmoÌr n[aga, J§Jmnya YaUmOdi, Zm{eH$-422 222
XyaÜdZr H«$. (0253 ) 2231475, 2231714
Website: https://ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac Email: dir_shu@ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac
‘mZì`{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$emóo {dÚmemIm

àË`mâU
`m nwñVH$m~m~V Amnë`mbm Aä`mgH«$‘mMr aMZm, H$m{R>Ê` nmVir, ^mfme¡br, {df`-{ddoMZ, ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ `m
g§X^m©V VgoM Vw‘Mm g§~{§ YV joÌmVrb AZw^d, àemgZmVrb AZw^d, àemgH$s` gwYmaUo{df`r ZdrZ Ñï>rH$moZ, bmoH$àemgZmVrb
Zdàdmh BË¶mXt~m~V H$mhr gyMZm Agë`mg nwT>rb nÎ`mda qH$dm Imbr {Xboë`m B©-‘obdê$Z H$idmì`mV.
Amnë`m gyMZm nmR>dÊ`mMm nÎmm

g§MmbH$, ‘mZì`{dÚm d gm‘m{OH$ emóo {dÚmemIm
èd§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {dÚmnrR>, kmZJ§JmoÌr n[aga, J§Jmnya YaUmOdi, Zm{eH$-422 222
dir_shu@ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac, pubadmycmou@gmail.com `m B©-‘obda nmR>dy eH$Vm.
Vw‘À`m{df`r :
(1 ) g§nyU© Zmd …
(2) g§nyU© nÎmm :
(3) ‘mo~mB©b H«$. : _______________ B©‘ob : __________________________________________
(4) {ejU : hþÔm :

(5) Vw‘Mm à{VgmX/gyMZm :
DB/AB21-154

PAD 104-Book-2 (Manav Sansadhan)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PAD 104-Book-2 (Manav Sansadhan)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

`ed§Vamd PAD 104

MìhmU _mZd Am{U {dÎmr` g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZ … g§KQ>Z Am{U g‘ñ¶m

KQ>H$ 1 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ AW©, ñdê$n, ì`már d ‘hÎd 1

KQ>H$ 3 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb` 15

KQ>H$ 4 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ g§KQ>Z : H|$Ðr` ñVa 25

KQ>H$ 6 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g‘ñ`m d Cnm` 45

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

nwñVH$ 1 :H$‘©Mmar àemgZ

nwñVH$ 2 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZ … g§KQ>Z Am{U g‘ñ¶m

nwñVH$ 3 : ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì¶dñWmnZmMr V§Ìo

nwñVH$ 4 :{dÎmr¶ àemgZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 1

(1) ES>{dZ pâbßnmo `m§À`m ‘Vo

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 2

1.2.2 ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMo ñdê$n

1.2.3 ‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZmMr ì`már

(1) H$‘©Mmar Ñ{ï>H$moZ

(2) H$ë`mU Ñ{ï>H$moZ

(3) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y§ Ñ{ï>H$moZ

(A) gm‘m{OH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ‘hÎd

(~) ì`dgm`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ‘hÎd

(H$) CnH«$‘mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ ‘hÎd

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 4

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©

1.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 5

1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 6

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 7

2.2.1 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMm AW© d ì`m»`m

(1) B©. S>ãby. doQ>a (E.W.VETTER)

(2) {S>gÝo Pmo Am{U am°~rÝg (Deceanzo and Robbins)

(3) {bAmoZ ‘oJrÝgZ (Leon C. Megginesson)

2.2.2 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

(1) H$m`© daÀ`m nmVirdê$Z Ho$bo OmVo

(2) {Z`moOZ hr EH$ à{H«$`m

(3) ^{dî`H$mimVrb JaO

(4) Mma n¡by

2.2.3 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr C{Ôï>o

(1) H$m¡eë`mYr{ð>V H$‘©Mmè`m§Mr ^aVr

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 9

(5) H$m¡eë`mMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoUo

2.2.4 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMo ’$m`Xo

(1) gdm}ËH¥$ï> Cn`moJ

(2) A{V[a³V IMm©da Amim

(4) {dH$mg H$m`©H$« ‘m§Zm {Xem {‘iVo

(5) {dÎmr` ì`dñWmnZm‘Ü`o AMyH$Vm `oVo

(6) ~oamoOJmarMo g§H$Q> Q>miVm `oVo

(7) ‘mZ{gH$VoMr ‘m{hVr g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoVo

(8) YmoaUmË‘H$ {Z`moOZ H$aVm `oVo

2.2.5 ‘mZd g§gmYZ {Z`moOZmMr à{H«$`m

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 11

(2) ‘mZd g§gmYZmMr ‘m{hVr Zm|XdUo

(3) {dH$mg H$m`©H$« ‘ am~{dUo

(5) ^aVrMo {Z`moOZ

(6) ‘mZd g§gmYZmMm gdm}Îm‘ Cn`moJ H$aUo

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 12

2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©

2.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

‘mZd g§gmYZ ì`dñWmnZ : g§KQ>Z Am{U g_ñ`m : 13

2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`