CHAPTER 3

DC-DC
Conversion
DC CHOPPERS
Contents
3.1 BUCK Converter Operation
3.2 BOOST Converter Operation
3.3 BUCK-BOOST Converter
Operation
3.4 Efficiency and Harmonic
Distortion of DC-DC Converter
Introduction
 A dc-to‐dc converter, also known as d.c. chopper, is a static
device which is used to obtain a variable d.c. voltage from a
constant d.c. voltage source.
 The power source is either a battery (d.c. volt) or a rectified a.c.
volt.

 The dc-to-dc converter products are used in wide range of

applications e.g. healthcare, communications, computing,
storage, business systems, test and measurement,
instrumentation, and industrial equipment industries.

 They are used in electric motor drives, in switch mode power

supplies (SMPS) e.g. trolley cars, battery operated vehicles,
traction motor control, control of large number of d.c. motors,
etc.
Types of
DC-DC
Converters
 There are
mainly two
types of dc-to-
dc converters
 Step‐down
choppers,
and
 Step‐up
choppers.
Linear Regulator
Vs. Switch Mode
Regulator
❑ The linear dc-dc converter
output voltage is

❑ where the load current is

controlled by the transistor

❑ This converter is called a

linear regulator because the
transistor operates in the
linear region, rather than in
the saturation or cut-off
regions.
❑ While simple, it exhibits
low efficiency.
3.1 BUCK
Converter
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
3.1.2 BUCK
CONVERTER ANALYSIS
3.1.3 BUCK INDUCTOR
CURRENT
3.1.4 BUCK DESIGN
PROCEDURES
3.1.5 EXAMPLES
QUESTIONS
3.1.1 Introduction to BUCK
Converter
❑ Buck Converter is
designed to perform
step-down conversion
of the applied dc input
signal.

❑ It is sometimes
called Step-down
DC-DC Converter.
3.1.2 BUCK Analysis (Switch-ON)
 When the switch S is
turned-ON, the Diode
D is in reverse-biased.
 The current flows
through switch S.
 This results in positive
inductor voltage;
3.1.2 BUCK Analysis (Switch-ON)
 It causes linear increase
in the inductor current,
where
3.1.2 BUCK Analysis (Switch-ON)
3.1.2 BUCK Analysis (Switch-OFF)
 When the switch S is
turned-OFF, the Diode D is
in forward-biased.
 Because of inductive
energy storage, IL
continues to flow.
 The current is freewheeling
through diode D.
 This results in negative
inductor voltage;
3.1.2 BUCK Analysis (Switch-OFF)
 It causes linear decrease in
the inductor current, where

 Derivative of IL is negative
constant; therefore, IL must
decreases linearly.
3.1.2 BUCK Analysis (Switch-OFF)

 From figure
3.1.2 BUCK Analysis
Steady-State Operation
BUCK Converter Output

 At steady-state,
the net change
of current over
one period is
zero; therefore,
3.1.3 Inductor Current
Continuous Current Mode
(CCM)
 Determine Minimum
inductor value for
continuous current
operation.
Capacitor and Voltage Ripple
 To determine the
capacitor value and the
respective ripple voltage,
KCL is applied.
Capacitor and Voltage Ripple
3.1.4 Buck Design Procedures
3.1.5 Example Questions
3.2 BOOST
Converter
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2.2 BOOST
CONVERTER ANALYSIS
3.2.3 BOOST
INDUCTOR CURRENT
3.2.4 BOOST DESIGN
PROCEDURES
3.2.5 EXAMPLES
QUESTIONS
Boost Converter
Boost Converter
Analysis
Inductor Current (IL), L
and C
Examples
3.3 BUCK-
BOOST
Converter
3.3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.3.2 BUCK-BOOST
CONVERTER ANALYSIS
3.3.3 BUCK-BOOST
INDUCTOR CURRENT
3.3.4 BUCK-BOOST
DESIGN PROCEDURES
3.3.5 EXAMPLES
QUESTIONS
Buck-Boost Converter
analysis
 Avg inductor current , IL
L, C and Ripples
Summary
Exercise 1
 A boost DC-DC converter has an inductor current (𝑖𝐿 ) of 0.4
A. The figure below shows the waveform of inductor voltage
for the proposed DC-DC converter. If the converter is
designed for continuous conduction mode (CCM), what is
the minimum value of L should be used.
Exercise 2

 In one application requires a buck DC-DC

converter to operate in DCM. Using these
parameters (Vd = 8 V, Vo = 6 V, R = 10 Ω, fsw =
120 kHz and ∆iL= 0.7), provide the following
details;
 The duty cycle/ratio
 The values of inductor current
 Maximum and minimum of inductor current
 The value of L
 Value of C if the ripple factor must be less than 0.2%
 Draw the waveform of inductor current for DCM
DC-DC Control
Linear and SMPS
Overview
Introduction
Isolated Converter
Topology
Flyback Converter
Forward Converter
Full-Bridge Converter
Half-Bridge Converter
Push-Pull Converter
Multiple Output Converter
Multiple Outputs (Linear)
Current-Mode Control
Converter
Voltage-Mode Current-Mode
Control Control

The PWM ramp is generated from a

signal derived from the output-inducto
current
Q?
THANKS