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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

Chapter 08
Principles of Development

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The concept that an egg or sperm cell contained a very small but fully developed individual
was called
A. induction.
B. pronuclei.
C. preformation.
D. holoblastism.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Gradable: automatic
Section: Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis
Topic: Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis

2. The concept that an egg contains the building material that must somehow be assembled is
called
A. induction.
B. pronuclei.
C. preformation.
D. epigenesis.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Gradable: automatic
Section: Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis
Topic: Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis

8-1
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

3. The point of fertilization occurs when

A. sperm are deposited in the vagina.
B. sperm reach the outer jelly coating of the egg.
C. she sperm sheds the tail.
D. the sperm nucleus and egg nucleus unite to form a zygote.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Fertilization
Topic: Fertilization

4. Before fertilization, as an egg cell matures, its nucleus increases RNA content and it is
called
A. a pronucleus.
B. a cleavage furrow.
C. a germinal vesicle.
D. a blastomere.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Fertilization
Topic: Fertilization

5. Generally, only one sperm fertilizes an egg because

A. there are so few sperm that two are unlikely to arrive at the same time.
B. sperm compete and only the most fit one is accepted.
C. many sperm enter but only one set of chromosomes fuses with the egg nucleus; excess
sperm are absorbed.
D. when the first sperm membrane fuses with the egg membrane, it separates the fertilization
membrane and forms a barrier to other sperm.

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Section: Fertilization
Topic: Fertilization

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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

6. What prevents a foreign species' sperm from fertilizing an egg?

A. Nothing prevents fertilization if chemical and other behavioral cues allow mating
B. Egg recognition proteins on the acrosomal process bind to specific sperm receptors on the
vitelline envelope
C. The size and shape of sperm must fit the hole in the egg membrane
D. The cortical reaction by the egg actively draws in the sperm

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Fertilization
Topic: Fertilization

7. The response to sperm fusing with the egg membrane causes enzyme-rich granules to
ultimately cause the separation of the vitelline envelope and the egg membrane; this is called
A. polyspermy.
B. pronucleation.
C. the cortical reaction.
D. cytoplasmic localization.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Fertilization
Topic: Fertilization

8. Entrance of more than one sperm

A. is called polyspermy and is disastrous for animal zygotes.
B. results in epigenesis.
C. is neutralized by fusion with polar bodies.
D. results in formation of a large pronucleus.
E. initiates cleavage.

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Section: Fertilization
Topic: Fertilization

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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

9. ___________ occurs when a fertilized egg enters cell division without further growth in
volume.
A. Cleavage
B. Gastrulation
C. Differentiation
D. Embryology

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

10. The product of cleavage in a zygote produces a cluster of small cells called
A. pronuclei.
B. blastomeres.
C. polar bodies.
D. meroblasts.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

11. Eggs with very little yolk that is evenly distributed in the egg are called
A. mesolecithal.
B. holoblastic.
C. isolecithal.
D. telolecithal.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

8-4
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

12. Eggs with a moderate amount of yolk concentrated at the vegetal pole are called
A. mesolecithal.
B. holoblastic.
C. isolecithal.
D. telolecithal.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

13. Eggs with abundant yolk that is concentrated at the vegetal pole are called
A. mesolecithal.
B. holoblastic.
C. isolecithal.
D. telolecithal.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

14. The effect of yolk on cleavage is that

A. yolk promotes faster cleavage.
B. yolk promotes spiral cleavage in all cases.
C. yolk slows down and indirectly determines the type of cleavage to take place.
D. yolk is the origin of all cleavage planes.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

8-5
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

15. Cleavage on the surface of the yolk of the chicken egg is partial because cleavage furrows
cannot cut through; this is called
A. meroblastic.
B. holoblastic.
C. isolecithal.
D. indeterminant.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

16. In animals, indirect development

A. occurs only in mammals.
B. lacks a larval stage.
C. involves a larval stage.
D. occurs only when eggs develop without being fertilized.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage
Topic: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage

17. Radial cleavage is found in

A. birds.
B. mammals.
C. most protostomes.
D. sea stars.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

8-6
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

18. A characteristic of development of Deuterostomia is

A. spiral cleavage.
B. mosaic development.
C. the mesoderm developing from a special blastomere called the 4d cell.
D. radial cleavage.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

19. Rotational cleavage is unique to

A. amphibians.
B. mammals.
C. sea stars.
D. lophotrochozoa.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

20. Cleavage in mammals

A. is faster than most other groups.
B. does not begin, like most other animals, with a first cleavage plane through the animal-
vegetal axis.
C. is asynchronous, meaning that all blastomeres do not divide at the same time.
D. is very loose, with cells drifting about in a loose amorphous, bubble-like mass.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

8-7
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

21. In the human, which part of the blastocyst will develop into the embryo proper (versus the
supporting placenta)?
A. Archenteron
B. Blastopore
C. Trophoblast
D. Inner cell mass

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

22. Superficial cleavage is found in

A. amphibians.
B. mammals.
C. sea stars.
D. insects.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

23. When the central mass of yolk restricts cleavage to the surface of the egg, and 8 rounds of
mitosis without cytoplasmic division pepper the surface with nuclei that eventually are
enclosed, this is ______ cleavage.
A. Radial
B. Spiral
C. Superficial
D. Trophoblastic

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Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

24. A developmental stage comprised of a hollow ball of cells is the

A. blastula.
B. blastocoel.
C. gastrula.
D. neurula.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

25. The internal pouch representing the developing gut in a gastrula is called a _______
A. blastocoels.
B. pseudocoelom.
C. coelom.
D. archenteron.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage
Topic: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage

26. In nearly all metazoa, "germ layers" is a term that describes

A. the germ cells.
B. foreign cells that enter the embryonic process.
C. mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm.
D. the germ line, in contrast to the somatic or body cells.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage
Topic: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage

8-9
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

27. The special blastomere labeled the 4-d cell often gives rise to the
A. endoderm of many protostomes.
B. endoderm of many deuterostomes.
C. mesoderm of many protostomes.
D. mesoderm of many deuterostomes.
E. ectoderm of many protostomes.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

28. A primitive streak appears during gastrulation of

A. sea stars and humans.
B. birds and reptiles.
C. nemerteans.
D. only mammals.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Gene Expression During Development
Topic: Gene Expression During Development

29. "Diploblastic" refers to ________ where _________.

A. fish and amphibians, cells divide in twos synchronously
B. sea stars and humans, development can proceed in two directions
C. birds and reptiles, the egg must be completely nourished within a shell
D. cnidarians and comb jellies, only two germ layers are formed
E. only mammals, advanced neural structures are formed

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage
Topic: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage

8-10
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

30. An enterocoelous animal has

A. a true coelom.
B. a pseudocoelom.
C. no coelom.
D. a schizocoelom.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

31. The difference between schizocoelous and enterocoelus organisms is

A. no difference at all; they are two names for the same eucoelomate structure.
B. a difference in how the true coelom forms from mesoderm, from the gut or blastopore
region.
C. the difference between a pseudocoelom and a true coelom.
D. a difference between a split two-chambered coelom and an intact or enterocoelom.

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

32. The conclusion of Spemann's work, in which he tied off a zygote isolating the nucleus on
one side and only cytoplasm on the other, helped prove
A. origin of the coelom.
B. nuclear equivalency.
C. cytoplasmic specification.
D. Embryonic induction

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Mechanisms of Development
Topic: Mechanisms of Development

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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

33. Mosaic development in animals

A. is a type in which each of the fate of a blastomere is heavily determined by its neighbor
cells.
B. is synonymous with regulative development.
C. is a type in which each of the early blastomeres lacks the potential of developing into a
complete organism and removing a blastomere eliminates a future body part.
D. None of the choices are correct

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

34. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of regulative development in animals?

A. occurs in most (but not all) deuterostomes.
B. is a type in which removing a blastomere causes the remaining blastomeres to "fill in" for
the lost cell.
C. usually occurs in protostomes.
D. is a type in which the fate of a blastomere is heavily determined by its neighbor cells.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

35. Neighboring cells influence the development of each other, either by direct contact or by
production of chemical signals, in
A. neurulation.
B. induction.
C. maternal determinants.
D. homeotic pattern formation.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Mechanisms of Development
Topic: Mechanisms of Development

8-12
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

36. The difference between primary and secondary induction is a difference between
A. "hard-wired" commands and chance development.
B. effects of the dorsal lip organizer and effects of the subsequent cell's induction.
C. nuclear and cytoplasmic determinants.
D. homeotic pattern formation and regular structural gene effects.

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Section: Mechanisms of Development
Topic: Mechanisms of Development

37. In mammals, the organ of exchange between the mother and fetus is the
A. amnion.
B. placenta.
C. chorion.
D. yolk sac.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

38. The allantois

A. becomes the chorionic villi.
B. lies next to the shell in chicks.
C. is a structure composed of two germ layers.
D. gives rise to umbilical blood vessels in humans.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Vertebrate Development
Topic: Vertebrate Development

8-13
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

39. Which is NOT an extraembryonic membrane?

A. Amnion
B. Placenta
C. Yolk sac
D. Allantois

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Section: Vertebrate Development
Topic: Vertebrate Development

40. The placenta develops from

A. fetal membranes only.
B. maternal tissue only.
C. both fetal and maternal tissue.
D. polar bodies that develop just the placental tissues.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

41. In land vertebrates, the function of the chorion is to

A. become umbilical cord.
B. enclose the entire embryonic system and then fuse to form the chorioallantoic membrane.
C. grow from the embryonic hindgut to become a repository for the wastes of metabolism.
D. surround the embryo and provide a marine environment for development.

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Section: Vertebrate Development
Topic: Vertebrate Development

8-14
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

42. The sac that surrounds the fetus and usually ruptures just before childbirth is the
A. amnion.
B. placenta.
C. chorion.
D. yolk sac.
E. allantois.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Vertebrate Development
Topic: Vertebrate Development

43. In an amniotic egg, the amnion

A. serves as a repository for wastes produced by the developing embryo.
B. serves as a respiratory surface for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
C. is a fluid-filled sac that protects the embryo from shocks and adhesions.
D. develops into the chorio-allantoic membrane.

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Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Section: Vertebrate Development
Topic: Vertebrate Development

44. The neural tube of vertebrates develops by

A. folding of ectoderm tissue.
B. migration of mesoderm cells.
C. fusion of ectoderm and mesoderm.
D. extension of endoderm into a thin spinal column.

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Mechanisms of Development
Topic: Mechanisms of Development

8-15
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

45. At which stage do we begin to see development of the mesoderm germ layer?
A. Gastrulation
B. Neurulation
C. Blastulation
D. Cleavage

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage
Topic: An Overview of Development Following Cleavage

46. Somites, which form segmental muscles and vertebrae, develop from which germ layer?
A. Ectoderm
B. Endoderm
C. Mesoderm
D. Myoderm

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Mechanisms of Development
Topic: Mechanisms of Development

47. The nervous system of vertebrates develops from which germ layer?
A. Epiderm
B. Ectoderm
C. Endoderm
D. Mesoderm
E. Myoderm

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Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

8-16
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Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

Fill in the Blank Questions

48. The concept of ________ suggested that preformed animals in the egg unfolded during
development.
preformation

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Section: Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis
Topic: Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis

49. The abnormal entrance of more than one sperm into an egg, normally prevented by the
fertilization membrane, is called _______________.
polyspermy

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Section: Fertilization
Topic: Fertilization

50. The cortical reaction that follows fertilization causes a hardening of the vitelline envelope
to produce the _________ _________.
fertilization membrane

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Section: Fertilization
Topic: Fertilization

51. Animals having radial cleavage (echinoderms) also show a type of development, called
__________ _________, in which separated blastomeres can develop into complete and
normal organisms.
regulative development

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

8-17
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

52. The major group of the animal kingdom that includes animals that in their development
show spiral cleavage and mosaic development is the __________.
protostomes

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

53. A true coelom is a fluid-filled cavity completely lined by ___________.

mesoderm

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

Essay Questions

54. If yolk is primarily food storage for the developing embryo, why is it so central to
understanding cleavage?

Answers will vary.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

55. Throughout the descriptions of the various major animal taxa, the type of cleavage and the
origin of the coelom are of foremost importance. Why are such esoteric developmental
features central to classification compared to other prominent anatomical and physiological
features that are only mentioned for a few major taxa?

Answers will vary.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

8-18
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

56. Contrast mosaic development with regulative development and indicate what animals
would use each pattern of differentiation. Is one form of development "better" than another?
Why or why not?

Answers will vary.

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Section: Mechanisms of Development
Topic: Mechanisms of Development

57. Discuss the process of cytoplasmic specification and the role of differently pigmented
cytoplasms.

Answers will vary.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

58. Distinguish "germ cells" and "germ layers."

Answers will vary.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Section: Cleavage and Early Development
Topic: Cleavage and Early Development

59. Discuss the significance of Spemann's experiment that demonstrated that every blastomere
contains sufficient genetic information for the development of a complete animal.

Answers will vary.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Section: Mechanisms of Development
Topic: Mechanisms of Development

8-19
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08 - Principles of Development

60. Outline the significance of the amniotic egg. Discuss the various layers and their functions
in embryogenesis.

Answers will vary.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Section: Vertebrate Development
Topic: Vertebrate Development

61. Discuss or outline the derivatives of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

Answers will vary.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Section: Developmental Patterns in Animals
Topic: Developmental Patterns in Animals

62. Discuss the significance of the homeotic and other homeobox-containing genes that are
found in one or more clusters on particular chromosomes in Drosophila.

Answers will vary.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Section: Gene Expression During Development
Topic: Gene Expression During Development

8-20
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McGraw-Hill Education.