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Communication-Systems Jee Eng
Communication-Systems Jee Eng
Communication Systems
Communication System
Noise
Communication System
Parts of a transmitter:
Transmitting
Antenna
Input
Transducer Modulator Amplifier
signal
Transmitting
Antenna
Input
Modulator Amplifier
signal
Transmitting
Antenna
Input
Amplifier
signal
Amplifier: To compensate the attenuation of the signal, the amplification (i.e., the increase
of amplitude and hence the increase of strength) of the signal is required to be
done and it is done by using amplifier.
Transmitting antenna: The modulated and amplified signal is then radiated into space
with the help of an antenna called “Transmitting antenna”.
Communication System
Input Communication
signal Channel
Noise
Communication System
Input Communication
signal Channel
Noise
• Noise: It refers to the unwanted signals that tend to disturb the transmission and
processing of signals in a communication system.
Communication System
Parts of a receiver:
Receiving
antenna
Output
Demodulator Amplifier Transducer signal
𝜆
𝑙 ≥
4
Transmission Medium
Transmitting Receiving
Antenna antenna
Input Output
Transmitter Receiver
signal signal
• Depending on the distance between transmitting antenna and receiving antenna, the
electromagnetic wave radiated by transmitter can be classified into three categories:
▪ Ground waves
▪ Sky waves
▪ Space waves
Ground Wave
• For transmitting the signals of longer wavelengths (i.e.,
lower frequencies), the antennas have large physical size,
and they are located on or very near to the ground.
• For ground wave propagation, the attenuation increases rapidly with increase in
frequency. Thus, it is not suitable for transmitting high frequencies.
• Ionization occurs due to the absorption of the ultraviolet and other high-energy radiation
coming from the sun by air molecules.
• At upper layers, air density is low → Low absorption of radiation → Low ionization.
• At lower layers, air density is high, but intensity of radiation is low → Low ionization.
𝑑𝑀
𝑑𝑇 = 2𝑅ℎ 𝑇 𝑑𝑅 = 2𝑅ℎ𝑅
ℎ𝑇 ℎ𝑅
If a carrier wave of 1000 𝑘𝐻𝑧 is used to carry the signal, the length of transmitting
antenna will be equal to:
Given: 𝑓 = 1000 𝐻𝑧
Solution:
To transmit or receive a signal of wavelength 𝜆, the minimum required height of the antenna is:
𝜆
𝑙=
4
𝑐
𝑙=
4𝜈
3 × 108
𝑙= 𝑚
4 × 1000 × 103
𝑙 = 75 𝑚
In a line of sight communication, a distance of about 50 𝑘𝑚 is kept between the
transmitting and receiving antennas. If the height of the receiving antenna is 70 𝑚.
Find the minimum height of the transmitting antenna. (Given: Radius of the Earth
= 6.4 × 106 𝑚)
Given: ℎ𝑅 = 70 𝑚
𝑑𝑀 = 50 𝑘𝑚 = 50 × 103 𝑚
𝑅 = 6.4 × 106 𝑚
To find: ℎ 𝑇 = ?
Solution:
𝑑𝑀 = 2𝑅ℎ 𝑇 + 2𝑅ℎ𝑅
𝑑𝑀 = 2𝑅 ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝑅
50 5 ℎ 𝑇 = 31.8 ≈ 32 𝑚 ℎ 𝑇 = 32 𝑚
= ℎ 𝑇 + 70
8
To double the covering range of a TV transmission tower, its height should be
multiplied by:
Message Signals
• Bandwidth refers to the frequency range over which an equipment operates, or the
portion of the frequency spectrum occupied by the signal.
Bandwidth of signals:
• Suppose we wish to transmit an electrical signal in the audio frequency (𝐴𝐹) range
(20 𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 20 𝑘𝐻𝑧) over a long distance. We cannot do it, because of:
𝑐 3 × 108
Wavelength of signal, 𝜆 = = = 20000 𝑚
𝑓 15 × 103
𝜆
Length of a vertical antenna, 𝑙 = = 5000 𝑚
4
• To setup an antenna of vertical height 5000 𝑚 is impossible. Thus, we need to use high
frequencies for transmission (because 𝑓 ↑ ⟹ 𝜆 ↓ ⟹ 𝑙 ↓), and for this purpose, we need
modulation.
Need of Modulation
Carrier wave
Continuous Discontinuous
(sinusoidal) wave (Pulsed) wave
Types of Modulation
𝑐(𝑡) 𝑚(𝑡)
𝑡 𝑡
𝐴
𝑐(𝑡) 𝑚(𝑡) 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑚
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡 𝐴𝑚 𝑡 𝑡
𝑚(𝑡) 𝐴 Envelope
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑚 𝑡 𝑡
𝐴 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑚
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑚
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
• Modulation index:
𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴
𝜇= = 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑚
• In practice 𝜇 is kept ≤ 1 to avoid
distortion. 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
Given: 𝑣𝑚 = 5 1 + 0.6 sin 6280𝑡 sin 211 × 104𝑡 𝑉 Adding equation 1 and equation 2 , we get,
Solution:
2𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 16 𝑉
We know: 𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = A𝑐 + A𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝐴𝑚
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 1 + sin 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
𝐴𝑐
𝜇𝐴𝑐
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 − cos 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 𝑡
2
𝜇𝐴𝑐 𝜇𝐴𝑐
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = A𝑐 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 − [cos 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 𝑡]
2 2
Summary
𝐴c 𝐶
𝜇𝐴𝑐 𝜇𝐴𝑐
𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = A𝑐 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 − [cos 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 𝑡]
2 2
Solution:
Average power dissipated per cycle in the unmodulated carrier wave is:
1 𝑇 𝑉𝑐2 1 1 𝑇 2 2
𝑃𝑐 = න 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑅 𝑅 𝑇 0 𝑐
𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑐 = Where 𝑅 = Resistance of the antenna
2𝑅
𝜇2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 1 +
2
If 𝐼𝑡 and 𝐼𝑐 is rms value of modulated current and unmodulated carrier current, respectively,
then,
𝑃𝑡 𝜇2 𝐼𝑡2 𝑅 𝐼𝑡 𝜇2
= 1+ = 2 = 1+
𝑃𝑐 2 𝐼𝑐 𝑅 𝐼𝑐 2
Summary
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑐(𝑡) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑡 + 𝐶𝑥 2 (𝑡)
A𝑐 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
• The band pass filter rejects DC and the sinusoids of frequencies 𝜔𝑚 , 2𝜔𝑚 and
2𝜔𝑐 and retains the frequencies 𝜔𝑐 , 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 and 𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 .
• Detection is the process of recovering the modulating signal from the modulated carrier
wave.
Receiving IF Output
antenna Amplifier Detector Amplifier signal
Stage
• Signal received from the receiving antenna is first passed through an amplifier because
the signal becomes weak in travelling from transmitting antenna to receiving antenna.
• For further processing, the signal is passed through intermediate frequency (IF) stage
preceding the detection. At this stage, the carrier frequency is changed to a lower frequency.
• The output signal from the detector may not be strong enough to be made use of and
hence is required to be amplified.
Detection of AM Wave
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
Given: Modulation frequency, 𝑓𝑚 = 250 𝑘𝐻𝑧 So, immediate next available broadcast frequency
𝑓𝑚 = 10% 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑐 is:
For a given carrier wave of frequency 𝑓𝑐 with Therefore, if another AM station approaches us for
modulation frequency 𝑓𝑚 , the bandwidth is: license, the broadcast frequency which we can
allot is 2000 𝑘𝐻𝑧.
𝑓𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚
𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑐 ± 2𝑓𝑚