LECTURE NOTES

IN
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY
 Chapter I.
Electrical Machinery Generalization

A. Rotating Electrical Machines

- are electrical machines where some of its parts are moving
or rotating.
- It used for the purpose of converting energy from one form
to another.

Example:
1. Generator – it converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy.
2. Motor – it converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy.
3. Rotary Converter – it changed ac energy into dc energy.
4. Frequency converter – it change ac electrical energy at
one frequency into ac electrical energy at another
frequency.

B. Non-Rotating Electrical Machine

- also an electrical machine but there is no moving part.

Example:
1. Transformers - is an electrical machine that converts
electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit
without changing the frequency.

C. Prime Mover
- it is used to drive a generator.

Example:
1. Steam turbine
2. combustion engine
3. hand-operated crank
4. Hydraulic Turbines
5. Gas Turbines
D. Armature Windings
- it is virtually the heart of a DC generator or DC motor.
- For dc generators, it is where the voltage is generated.
- For dc motors, it is where the torque is developed.

E. Field Poles
- they are usually used for all types of dc generators and
motors.
- It consists of a laminated steel core, of rectangular cross
section, surrounded by one or more copper coils.
- They are always even in number.

F. Types of Direct-Current Generator.

1. Shunt generators
– it is where the field winding called the shunt field
winding is connected in parallel or across the
armature.

Two types of shunt generator:

a. Self-excited shunt generator - the excitation is produced
by a single winding connected to its own positive and
negative brushes.

b. Separately excited shunt generator – the excitation is

produced by a single winding connected to the positive
and negative bus bars fed by another dc generator.

2. Series generator
- it is where the field winding called the series field
winding is connected in series with the armature.

3. Compound generator
- This type of generator has two complete sets of field
windings called the series field and the shunt field for
excitation purposes.

G. Alternating Current Generators

 - they are usually called alternators.
- They are constructed so that the armature core and its
winding are stationary, while the field poles rotate.
- They are also constructed to generate much higher voltages
than are generators built for dc service.

Two reasons why ac machines can be built in large sizes and made
to develop high voltages:

1. No commutator is required, a commutator being a very definite

limiting factor in the construction and operation of dc
generator.
2. The armature winding can be placed in a stationary part of
the machine, the stator, where it is possible to provide good
insulation strength for the high voltage winding.

H. Types and Characteristics of Direct Current Motors.

1. Shunt Motor – the field winding called the shunt field

winding which is comparatively high resistance field
winding of many number of turns of fine wire is
connected in parallel with the armature.

Torque characteristics: medium starting torque

Speed characteristics: adjustable speed

2. Series Motor - the field winding called the series

field winding which is extremely low-resistance field
winding of very few number of turns of heavy wire is
connected in series with the armature.

Torque characteristics: high starting torque

Speed characteristics: variable speed

3. Compound Motor – it is excited by a combination of a

shunt field (many turns of fine wire) connected in
 shunt with the armature and a series field (few turns
of heavy wire) in series with the armature.

Torque characteristics: low starting torque

Speed characteristics: adjustable or variable
speed

I. Types and Characteristics of Alternating Current Motors.

Single-Phase Motors
– they have low horsepower ratings and are used to
operate mechanical devices and machines requiring a
comparatively small amount of power.
– Their greatest fiels of application are in the
fractional-horsepower range, that is, below 1 hp.

Three-Phase Motors (Polyphase motors)

- they are usually used on farms and in small shops and
factories where polyphase power is not available.
- They have better operating characteristics than single-
phase machines and cost less per horsepower.
- They have ratings of 1 hp to 1o hp.
- They are served by two- or three-phase power.

Classification of Single-Phase Motors

1. Shaded-pole and reluctance motor

- are built in very small sizes from about 1/500 to 1/6 hp.
- They are cheap to construct, have low starting torque, not
much overload capacity, and low efficiency and may be speed
controlled.

2. Split-phase motors
- they are manufactured in sizes up to about ¾ hp.
 - They are comparatively low in cost, have fair starting
torque, not much overload capacity, and fair efficiency,
and operate at nearly constant speed.
- They are usually equipped with capacitors and have high
starting torque.

Note:
- When their capacitor is used only during the starting
period, they are called capacitor-start split phase
motors.

- When two values of capacitor are provided, one for

starting and another for running, they are called two-
value capacitor motors.

3. Universal motors
- they are usually constructed for service on direct or
alternating current up to 60-cycles.
- It has high starting torque, excellent overload capacity
and good efficiency, and permitting the speed to be
controlled over very wide limits.

4. Synchronous motors
- they have very little starting torque, practically no
overload capacity, and are quite inefficient, and absolute
constant speed.
- they are used for timing purposes.

Classification of Polyphase Motors

1. Squirrel-cage Induction Motor

- they are widely used because they have desirable all-
purpose characteristics.
- They have good starting torque and overload capacity,
highly efficient, low in cost per hp, and are particularly
rugged and trouble-free.
 - These motors will operate in an atmosphere containing dirt,
moisture, or corrosive or explosive fumes and can even be
constructed to perform submerged in oil or water.

2. Synchronous Motors
- they are generally constructed with a stator core and
winding similar to those used on induction motors
(squirrel-cage or wound-rotor), but with a rotor consisting
of a set of salient poles.
- They are most expensive than induction machines in the
smaller sizes, but cost about as much as squirrel-cage or
wound rotor motors in ratings of more than 100 hp.
- When properly designed, they have good starting, torque,
overload capacity, and efficiency.
- They are used in applications requiring infrequent
starting, where the load is substantially constant, and
where high power factor or power factor correction is
desirable or profitable.

Advantages:

1. Absolutely constant speed, determined only by the frequency

of the supply and the number of rotor poles.
2. The possibility of adjusting the motor power factor to
desirable value.