FMF E

^BL@MJRHRML

M. Hmtmr
Hmtmr Fbhmo
Fbhmomlc
mlc Kmsm
Kmsmhmj
hmj
^ble
^blelc
lccm
cmhm
hml
l sbdmr
sbdmrmj
mj fb
fbru
rupm
pm mrtbg
mrtbgmo
mo kbru
kbrupm
pmom
oml
l smhmj
smhmj smtu
smtu wudu
wudu`
`
obfu`mymml ymlc tukfuj `ml fbrobkfmlc `mhmk tmtmlml kmsymrmomt. Mrtbgmo
fesm kblccmkfmroml obkmduml pbrm`mfml sumtu fmlcsm `mhmk pbrea`b sbdmrmj
sbdmr mj
tbrtbl
tbrtbltu
tu ymlc
ymlc kbkfbr
kbkfbreom
eoml
l elgark
elgarkmse
mse fbrobl
fbroblmml
mml `blcml
`blcml kmsm
kmsm hmhu
hmhu sbfmcm
sbfmcmee
pb`akml mtmu fmses pblcbtmjuml `mhmk fbrfmcme mspbo, tbrkmsuo mspbo
obfu`mymml.
Mrtbgmo fesm kbldbhmsoml gblakblm obfu`mymml `e kmsm hmhu `blcml
sbcmhm
sbcmhm pbrkms
pbrkmsmhmj
mhmjmll
mllym,
ym, tbltml
tbltmlc
c obdmym
obdmymml
ml mtmu obkul`
obkul`urm
urmlly
llym.
m. Mrtbgmo
Mrtbgmo

obfu`mymml El`albsem ymlc tbrfbltmlc `mre Ymfmlc smkpme Kbrmuob sbdmtelym

kbrupmoml sumtu omrym oreym. Jmh ele `mpmt `etbkuoml `mhmk fbrmcmk dbles
uoerml
uoerml rukmj
rukmj m`mt
m`mt `mbrmj
`mbrmj,, rbhebg-r
rbhebg-rbheb
bhebgg iml`e
iml`e `ml fmlcul
fmlculml
ml suie
suie hme
hmelly
llym,
m,
pmtulc preketeg `mre suou Mskmt ^mpum, pmtulc pmrm `bwm `mre Fmhe `ml Dmwm,
`ml sbfmcmelym. Fbl`m-fbl`m pusmom sbpbrte obres, mrim (Fmhe), fusmlm m`mt
obfbsmrml
obfbsmrml `mbrmj `blcml
`blcml pbrlmo-pbrl
pbrlmo-pbrleolym
eolym,, kbrupmoml
kbrupmoml fbl`m-fbl`
fbl`m-fbl`mm jmseh
sble oreym.

F. Vuku
Vukusm
sml
l Kmsm
Kmsmhm
hmj
j

M. Mpm
Mpm Etu
Etu Mrtb
Mrtbgm
gmoo
F. Mpm
Mpm Ymdm
Ymdm Dble
Dbless Mrtb
Mrtbgm
gmo
o
I. Mpm Ymdm Ialtaj Mrtbgmo

I. Puduml
Puduml ^bluh
^bluhesm
esmlm
lm
M. Kblcbtmjue Mrtbgmo
F. Kblcbtmjue Dbles Mrtbgmo
I. Kblcbtmjue Ialtaj Mrtbgmo

=
 FMF EE
^BKFMJMYML

M. Mrtbgmo
Mrtbgmo
Mrtbgmo m`mhmj
m`mhmj fbl`m,
fbl`m, sbpbrte
sbpbrte mhmt,
mhmt, pbrjem
pbrjemsml,
sml, `ml sbdbles
sbdbleslym
lym,, ymlc
ymlc
kblulduooml obimompml obrdm kmlusem (tbrutmkm `e kmsm hmkpmu), `etbkuoml
hbwmt pblccmheml mrobhahace.
mrobhahace. Femsmlym
Femsmlym ymlc `eomtbcareoml
`eomtbcareoml sbfmcme mrtbgmo
m`mhmj
m`mhmj fbl`m
fbl`m ymlc
ymlc `mpmt
`mpmt `ehejm
`ehejmt,
t, `ermfm
`ermfm,, sbrtm
sbrtm `e`aou
`e`aoukbl
kbltms
tmseoml
eoml.. Mrtbgm
Mrtbgmo
o
kblulduooml jmseh omrym tmlcml kmlusem mtmu dbdmo fumtml kmlusem `e kmsm
hmkpmu.
Kblurut Mrgml @emlsymj `ml omwml-omwml `mhmk fuou ^rmsbdmrmj
El`albsem (6>=5), mrtbgmo kbrupmoml fbl`m mrobahace mtmu fbl`m pblelccmhml

sbdmrmj, tbrkmsuo sbkum fbl`m ymlc tbhmj `efumt mtmupul `eka`egeomse ahbj
kmlusem mcmr fesm `epel`mjoml. Mrtbgmo ducm fesm `eomtmoml sbfmcme sbfumj
afybo
afybo ymlc
ymlc kblcml
kblcml`ul
`ulc
c lehme
lehme obpblt
obpbltelc
elcml
ml fu`mym
fu`mym mtmu
mtmu sbdmrmj
sbdmrmj.. Mrtbgmo
Mrtbgmo
m`mhmj smhmj smtu fbltuo obfu`mymml geseo ymlc `ejmsehoml kmlusem `mhmk
kmsymrmomt.

F. Dble
Dbless Mrtb
Mrtbgm
gmo
o
Fbltuo obfu`mymml fbrupm mrtbgmo `eobhapaooml kbldm`e bkpmt dbles
fbr`msmromly zmkmllym, ymole4

Tmkml pmhbaheteouk
@mhmk
@mhmk fuou
fuou @msmr-@
@msmr-@msmr
msmr Ehku
Ehku Fu`mym
Fu`mym (@bsore
(@bsorepse
pse Obpref
Obprefm`e
m`eml
ml
Fmlcsm
Fmlcsm El`alb
El`albsem)
sem) (6>=5)
(6>=5) omrym
omrym Eskm
Eskm Pmltmw
Pmltmwe,
e, zmkml
zmkml pmhbah
pmhbahete
eteouk
ouk
`epbroermoml tbrdm`e sboetmr 7>> refu tmjul ymlc hmhu. Tmkml ele `esbfut
ducm zmkml fmtu tum. Ialtaj mrtbgmo pm`m zmkml pmhbaheteouk m`mhmj
ompmo cblccmk. Mrtbgmo ele fmlymo `etbkuoml `e omwmsml ^uhmu Dmwm,
ojususlym Dmwm Pekur. Kmyaretms mrtbgmo `e zmkml ele `eculmoml ultuo
pbrhel`ulcml `ere.

6
 Tmkml kbsaheteouk
@ehmlser `mre fuou Yble Vupm El`albsem `mhmk ^brspboteg Ybdmrmj
(6>=3) omrym ^urwa ^rejmtel, zmkml kbsaheteouk mtmu zmkml fmtu tblcmj

kbkeheoe fmlymo pblelccmhml mrtbgmo pbltelc. Kmyaretms tbkuml mrtbgmo

tbrsbfut kbkpbrhejmtoml deom kmlusem `e zmkml ele kuhme je`up kblbtmp
mtmu telccmh pbrkmlbl. Mrtbgmo ele fmlymo `etbkuoml `e ^uhmu Yukmtbrm,
lmkul
lmkul m`m ducm
ducm `e Fml`ul
Fml`ulc,
c, sbpbrte
sbpbrte ^m`mhmr
^m`mhmrmlc
mlc Ieiehbl
Ieiehblcom
com,, Fmldmr
Fmldmrml,
ml,
sbrtmm Obreli
sbrt Obrelie.
e. Ialtaj
Ialtaj mrtbgmo
mrtbgmolym
lym m`mhmj
m`mhmj Ompmo
Ompmo Yukmt
Yukmtbrm
brm mtmu pbffhb
pbffhb,,
ompmo pbl`bo mtmu jmbjb iaurtb.

Tmkml lbaheteouk
@esbfu
@esbfutt ducm
ducm zmkml
zmkml fmtu
fmtu fmru.
fmru. ^m`m
^m`m zmkml
zmkml lbahet
lbaheteou
eouk
k fmlymo
fmlymo

`etbkuoml mrtbgmo fbrupm pbrmhmtml oreym. Ialtaj mrtbgmolym m`mhmj ompmo

pbrsbce ymlc fmlymo `etbkuoml `e omwmsml Yukmtbrm, Dmwm, Fmhe, Lusm
Pblccmrm, Kmhuou, Yuhmwbse, sbrtm Omhekmltml. Ybhmel etu, m`m ducm ompmo
haldalc, ymlc fbltuolym ful`mr `blcml udulc hmliep. Fmlymo `etbkuoml
`e `m
`mbrm
brmj
j Ybrm
Ybrmk,
k, Cara
Caralc
lc,, Pmle
Pmlekf
kfmr,
mr, Hbte
Hbte,, Kelm
Kelmjm
jmsm,
sm, `m
`ml
l Yb
Ybrm
rmwm
wmo
o
(Omhek
(Omhekmltm
mltml
l Pekur)
Pekur).. Ybhmel
Ybhmel ompmo,
ompmo, m`m ducm
ducm mrtbgmo
mrtbgmo hme
hmelly
llym,
m, sbpbrte
sbpbrte
pbrjemsml, tbkfeomr, `ml hmel sbfmcmelym.

Tmkml Kbcmheteouk

@esbfut ducm zmkml fmtu fbsmr. Tmkml ele kbldm`e mwmh hmjerlym
fbrfmcme fmlculml ymlc tbrfumt `mre fmtu `ml fbruourml fbsmr. Ialtaj
pblelccmhmllym m`mhmj kbljer, `ahkbl, smroagmcus, `ml oufur fmtu ymlc
fmlymo `e fbfbrmpm omwmsml `e El`albsem. ^m`m zmkml ele, pblelccmhml
mrtbgmo kblulduoo
kblulduooml
ml kmsymrmomtl
kmsymrmomtlym
ym kuhme kblcculmo
kblcculmoml
ml pbrmhmtml
pbrmhmtml `mre
hacmk,
hacmk, sbrtm
sbrtm kuhme
kuhme kblcbl
kblcblmh
mh obfu`m
obfu`mymm
ymml.
l. Jmh ele `ehejm
`ehejmtt `mre
`mre mrtbgmo
mrtbgmo
pul`bl fbrul`mo, wmrucm,
wmrucm, `ml oufur fmtu.

9
I. Ialt
Ialtaj
aj Mrtb
Mrtbgm
gmo
o
=. Mrtbgm
Mrtbgmo
o ymlc
ymlc m`m
m`m `e
`e lbcmr
lbcmrm
m hm
hmel
el
Fbreout ele fbfbrmpm ialtaj mrtbgmo mltmrm hmel4

m. ]uepu
]uepu ag
ag Imrmh
Imrmh (9.>>
(9.>>>
> YK,
YK, ^bru)
^bru)
Oatm Yuie Imrmh m`mhmj oatm kbtrapahes fbrusem 2.>>> tmjul
ymlc
ymlc kbwmoe
kbwmoehe
he pbrm`m
pbrm`mfml
fml tbrtum
tbrtum ymlc
ymlc `eobtm
`eobtmjue
jue `e Mkbreo
Mkbreom,
m, ymlc
ymlc
`eoblmh sbfmcme Lartb Ijeia. @e mltmrm fmlymo mrtbgmo humr femsm ymlc
`etbku
`etbkuoml
oml `e set
setus
us tbrsbfu
tbrsbfut,
t, pmrm
pmrm mrobah
mrobahac
ac kblbku
kblbkuoml
oml sbckbl
sbckbl tmh
tmhee
ymlc `eeomt `eoblmh sbfmcme quepu.
]uepu,
]uepu, om`mlc
om`mlc-om
-om`ml
`mlc
c `esbfu
`esbfutt ‚olat
‚olat fbrfei
fbrfeimrm
mrm―,
―, m`mhmj
m`mhmj mhmt
pbrbomk ymlc tbr`ere `mre fblmlc wmrlm, peltmh, `ml fblmlc
fblmlc ymlc `eeomt
`mre rmkfut hhmkm mtmu mhpmom, mtmu tbrfumt `mre tmhe ompms.

@eobtm
btmjue fmjwm pm`m smmt Elim, sestb stbk kbkfbkfmltu
kblcukpuho
kblcukpuhoml
ml `mtm `ml kblyekpml
kblyekpml imtmtml, kuhme `mre kbkmltmu
ob
obwm
wmde
defm
fml
l pm
pmdm
dmo,
o, kblc
kblcuk
ukpu
puho
homl
ml imtmt
imtmtml
ml sb
sbls
lsus
us `b
`blc
lcml
ml fb
fblm
lmr,
r,
elgarkmse omhbl`br, `ml arcmlesmse kehetbr.

f. Fatah
Fatah fmye
fmye tbrmo
tbrmoatm
atm (0>> YK, Etmhem)
Etmhem)
Pmjul
Pmjul hmh
hmhu,
u, pmrm
pmrm mrobah
mrobahac
ac `e Etmhem
Etmhem kblbku
kblbkuoml
oml fatah
fatah fmye
fmye
tbrmoatm fbrusem 6.0>> tmjul, ymlc fbrgulcse cml`m sbfmcme kmelml
fbrfbltuo fmfe. Mrtbgmo uleo m`mhmj smhmj smtu `mre fbfbrmpm fbl`m

hmlcomm ym
hmlco ymlc
lc `etb
`etbku
kuom
oml
l tbrmo
tbrmoje
jerr `e Kml`
Kml`ur
urem
em,, ob
obte
teom
om pb
pbob
obrd
rdmm
mml
l
oalstruose kblcbospas kmomk Kbssmpeml.

i. Lbfrm
Lbfrm Yoy
Yoy @eso
@eso (=.7>>
(=.7>> YK, Dbrkml
Dbrkml))
Lbfrm Yoy @esi m`mhmj perelcml pbrulccu fbrusem 9.7>> tmjul
ymlc kbrupmoml fmceml ymlc humr femsm sbjelccm mwmhlym `eymoele
sbfmcme
sbfmcme pbkmhsu
pbkmhsuml
ml mrobah
mrobahace
aces.
s. Lmkul,
Lmkul, mlmhese
mlmhesess ehkemj
ehkemj tbrpbr
tbrpbreli
eliee
kblculcompoml fmjwm etu kbkmlc mshe `ml mrtbgmo ymlc fbrjmrcm
sbomrmlc tbrkmsuo `mhmk `mgtmr ‚Kbkare @ulem― RLBYIA.

0
 ^blb
^blbku
kuml
ml Lbfr
Lbfrmm Yoy
Yoy @e
@esi
si tbrdm
tbrdm`e
`e `e Jutml
Jutml Tebc
Tebcbh
bhra
ra`m
`m,,
Ymxaly-Mljmht, Dbrkml. Rourml imormk fbr`emkbtbrlym sboetmr 9> ik,
fbrmtlym 6,6 oc, `ml `ejemse `blcml pmtelm feru-jedmu `ml fbrtmtmjoml

sekfah bkms. Ele ukuklym `etmgseroml sbfmcme kmtmjmre mtmu fuhml

purlmkm, fuhml smfet, `ml feltmlc-feltmlc (tbrkmsuo sbfumj
sb fumj obhakpao
`emrteoml sbfmcme ^hbem`bs).
Pbr`
Pbr`mp
mpmt
mt `u
`umm fu
fusu
surr bkms
bkms `e sbpml
sbpmldm
dmlc
lc sese.
sese. Ob`u
Ob`umm fu
fusu
surr
tbrsbfutt kbldmlcom
tbrsbfu kbldmlcomu
u su`ut
su`ut :6 ¾, `blcml fblmr kblulduooml
kblulduooml su`ut
ml
mltm
tmrm
rm pa
pase
sese
se kmtm
kmtmjm
jmre
re tbrfb
tbrfblm
lmk
k `e kusek
kusek pm
pmlm
lmss `m
`ml
l tete
teteo
o fm
fmhe
heo
o
kmtmjmre kusek `elcel `e cmres heltmlc Kettbhfbrc (2= ¾ L).
^blmkfmjml tbrmojer m`mhmj fusur hmel `e fmceml fmwmj ymlc
`eobhehelce `blcml fbfbrmpm carbsml kmolm ymlc te`mo pmste, `emrteoml

fbrmcmk sbfmcme Yahmr Fmrcb (‘ompmh kmtmjmre‛) `blcml fmlymo

`myulc, mtmu sbfmcme Fekm Ymote.

`. Pjb Prul`ja
Prul`jahk
hk Yul Ijmre
Ijmreat
at (i.
(i. =3>>-2>>
=3>>-2>> YK, @blkmr
@blkmro)
o)
Prul`j
Prul`jahk
ahk Yul ‚Ijmre
‚Ijmreat―
at― kbrupm
kbrupmoml
oml mrtbgmo
mrtbgmo pbrulc
pbrulccu
cu `ml
bkms ymlc `etmreo `mre rmwm ymlc tbrhbtmo `e ^uhmu Ydçhhml`, @blkmro
pm`m tmjul =5>6. Kbsoepul mrtbgmo ele `eomtmoml keheo Tmkml
^brulccu Lar`ei (sboetmr =3>>-2>> YK), tbpmtlym usem kmsej fbhuk
pmste.

‚Obrbtm― tbr`ere `mre ou`m pbrulccu, perelcml pbrulccu `blcml

hbkfmrml bkms tepes ymlc `etboml `e smtu sese, `ml 7 ra`m bkpmt ra`m
ymlc ducm tbrfumt `mre pbrulccu. Ybhmel sbfmcme afdbo retumh, em ducm
tbhmj kblymrmlom
kblymrmloml
l fmjwm Kmtmjmre Prul`jahk
Prul`jahk ‚Ijmreat― kulcoel
tbhmj fbrgulcse sbfmcme omhbl`br.
Pbare ele `eobkuomoml ahbj Ohmus Vml`sfarc, sbarmlc pragbsar
Mrobahace `e Rlevbrsetms Oapbljmcbl, ymlc kbldbhmsoml fmjwm tjb
cah`bl `my-se`b kbkeheoe `ekblse ymlc tbromet `blcml sbpbrtecm `mre
tmjul Kmtmjmre, sb`mlcoml sese kmhmk `mre helcomrml oalsbltres pusmt

fbsmr kbkeheoe `ekblse tbromet `blcml blmk fuhml hulmr.

2
 Ahbj omrblm etu, em kblyekpuhoml fmjwm ‘ruduomllym m`mhmj
omhbl`br
omhbl`br Kmtmjmre
Kmtmjmre pm`m sese jmre, `ml omhbl`br
omhbl`br Fuhml pm`m sese kmhmk
Obrbt
Obrbtmm Kmtm
Kmtmjm
jmre
re,, ym
ymlc
lc tmkpm
tmkpmol
olym
ym kbru
kbrupm
pmom
oml
l pb
pbrj
rjet
etul
ulcm
cml
l ym
ymlc
lc

sbkpurlm‛.

b. Ybruhelc
Ybruhelc @evdb
@evdb Fmfb (2:.>>>
(2:.>>> ’ 09.>>>
09.>>> YK,
YK, Yhavb
Yhavblem)
lem)
Mhmtt kuseo
Mhm kuseo tbrtum
tbrtum ymlc
ymlc pbrlmj
pbrlmj `etbku
`etbkuoml
oml `eymoe
`eymoele
le m`mhmj
m`mhmj
sbruhelc @evdb Fmfb, `etbkuoml `e sbfumj cum `e Yhavblem pm`m tmjul
=552. Etbk tbrsbfut m`mhmj grmckbl `mre tuhmlc pmjm sbboar fbrumlc
cum ymlc
ymlc tbh
tbhmj
mj `ehufm
`ehufmlce
lce.. Mrtbgmo
Mrtbgmo ele tbh
tbhmj
mj fbruse
fbrusemm 7>.>>>
7>.>>>-09
-09.>>
.>>>
>
tmjul.
^mrm ehkuwml ymlc te`mo `mpmt kblbrekm obkulcoelml fmjwm

Lbml`brtjmh sb`mlc fbrkmel kuseo kblahmo ohmek tbrsbfut `ml

kblcmt
kblcmtmom
moml
l fmjwm
fmjwm hufmlc
hufmlc ymlc
ymlc `euoer
`euoer `blcml
`blcml sbkpur
sbkpurlm
lm `ml rmpe
rmpe
sbfblmrlym m`mhmj jmseh `mre grmckbl tuhmlc ymlc tbhmj `eoulymj ahbj
sbboar felmtmlc.
Lmkul, oalsblsus ukuk fmjwm sbruhelc @evdb Fmfb
sbfbl
sbfblmrl
mrlym
ym m`
m`mh
mhmj
mj mhmt
mhmt kuseo
kuseo tb
tbhm
hmj
j fb
fbro
robk
bkfm
fmlc
lc sbere
sberelc
lc `b
`blc
lcml
ml
pml`mlcml Lbml`brtjmh `mre felmtmlc preketeg ymlc te`mo fbrfu`mym
kbldm`e kmlusem ymlc hbfej imlccej mojerlym fbrufmj.

g. Om`m
Om`mhh Rfme
Rfme`
` (i 2.>>
2.>>>
> YK,
YK, Ermo
Ermo))
^m
^m`m
`m mwmh
mwmh mfmfm`
m` ob-6
ob-6>,
>, pm
pmrm
rm mr
mrob
obah
ahac
ac kblc
kblccm
cmhe
he `e setu
setuss
mrobahace Pbhh Mh―Rfme` `e Ermo obteom kbrbom kbkfumt pblbkuml
ymlc
ymlc te`
te`mo fems
femsm,
m, fml
fmlymo
ymo mr
mrtb
tbgm
gmo
o fbru
brusem
sem 3.>
.>>>
>> tm
tmj
jul yml
mlc
c
kblccmkfmroml sasao jukmlae` `blcml omrmotbresteo sbpbrte om`mh,
tbrkmsuo obpmhm pmldmlc, kmtm fbrfbltuo mhkal`, wmdmj kbrulielc
pmldmlc `ml je`ulc tepb om`mh.
Fbfbrmp
Fbfbrmpmm tbrhej
tbrhejmt
mt kblcbl
kblcblmom
moml
l jbhk
jbhk `ml kbkehe
kbkeheoe
oe sbkmimk
sbkmimk
fmltmhml `e pul`mo, sb`mlcoml pmtulc-pmtulc hmel ymlc `etbkuoml

7
 ymetu kbkbcmlc talcomt obrmdmml, kulcoel sbfmcme sekfah obm`ehml
`ml juouk.
^mtulc-pmtulc dmltml `ml fbtelm `etbkuoml `mhmk pastur ymlc

fbrfb`m, tbtmpe ymlc pmhelc mlbj `mre sbkum etu m`mhmj pmtulc wmletm
ymlc kblccbl`alc fmye kblyusu, `ml mlmo etu ducm `ewmoehe `blcml
getur kerep om`mh.
Fu`mym Rfme`eml m`mhmj fu`mym prmsbdmrmj `e Kbsapatmkem
ymlc fbrmsmh `mre 2.2>> `ml 0.>>> YK. Ybpbrte jmhlym fmlcsm Yukbrem,
msmh usuh
usuh armlc-
armlc-arm
armlc
lc Rfme`e
Rfme`eml
ml te`mo
te`mo `eobtmj
`eobtmjue.
ue. Kbrbom
Kbrbom telccm
telccmhh `e
pbrkuoekml `bsm fbsmr `e rukmj-rukmj `mre fmtu fmtm `ml kbrbom
tbhmj
tbhmj kblc
kblcbk
bkfm
fmlc
lcom
oml
l mr
mrset
setbo
botu
tur,
r, pb
pbrtm
rtmle
leml
ml,, `m
`ml
l fb
fbrtm
rtmle
le `b
`blc
lcml
ml
kblcculmoml erecmse.

6. Mrtbgm
Mrtbgmo
o ymlc
ymlc m`m `e El`a
El`alb
lbsem
sem
Fbreout mrtbgmo ymlc m`m `e El`albsem
m. ^esmu
^esmu Fbhm
Fbhmte
te `mr
`mree fmjml
fmjml tuhmlc
tuhmlc
Mhmt
Mhmt-m
-mhm
hmtt `mre
`mre tuhm
tuhmlc
lc fe
felm
lmtm
tmlc
lc ym
ymlc
lc kbru
kbrupm
pmom
oml
l mr
mrtb
tbgm
gmo
o
el`albsem ymlc smtu ele tbrfumt `mre tml`uo rusm, femsmlym mhmt ymlc
smtu ele fmlymo `e pmkbroml mtmu `e pbrhejmtoml `e fmlymo kusbuk,
omrblm obuleomllym `ml fbltuolym ymlc el`mj. ^blelccmhml sbdmrmj
zmk
zmkml pmhb
pmhba
ahete
heteou
ouk
k jms
mseh
eh fu
fu`m
`my
ym Lcml
Lcml`
`al
alc.
c. Kmimk-kmimk

mrtbgmo ymlc
ymlc sm
smtu
tu el
elee ducm
ducm sb
sbkp
kpmt
mt `e pm
pmkb
kbro
roml
ml `e `m
`mhm
hmk
k sbdmrmj
kusbuk Yukpmj ^bku`m `e Dmomrtm ymlc mojerlym fmlymo `e ouldulce
fmlymo armlc omhm etu.

f. Ompm
Ompmo
o Cblc
Cblccm
cmk
k
Ompmo mtmu mhmt fbrsbdm
fbrsbdmrmj
rmj ymlc smtu ele, ducm te`mo omhmj uleo
om
omrbl
rblmm fb
fblt
ltuo
uoly
lymm `m
`ml
l fm
fmly
lymo
mo du
ducm
cm `e cb
cbkm
kmre
re ah
ahbj
bj ehku
ehkuwm
wml
l `m
`ml
l
pbleokmt sbdmrmj. Ompmo ele kbrupmoml sbldmtm ymlc `e culmoml ahbj
kmlusem zmkml prmsbdmrmj, ymlc `e culmoml ultuo fbrfuru felmtmlc
mtmu
mtmu ob
obpb
pbrhu
rhuml
ml kmom
kmomlm
lml
l sbjmre
sbjmre-j
-jmre
mre.. M`m
M`m fm
fmly
lymo
mo sbdmrmj
sbdmrmj Jaka
Jaka

3
 Ympebls ymlc fesm oetm pbhmdmre ducm. Kesmhlym ultuo kblcupms ukfe-
ukfeml, armlc-armlc zmkml `uhu, kblcculmoml mhmt ymlc smtu ele.
Mhmtt ele fbrjms
Mhm fbrjmseh
eh `e tbkuom
tbkuoml
l `e `mbrmj
`mbrmj sbpbrt
sbpbrtee omhel`
omhel`mm (Hmkpu
(Hmkpulc
lc),
),

Prulyml Fmhe `ml Mwmlc Fmlcomh (Omhekmltml Ybhmtml). Ompmo ele

fmlymo `e culmoml zmkml `uhu ultuo obje`upml sbjmre-jmre, etu
sbfmflym `e fmlymo kusbuk, mhmt ymlc smtu ele smlcmt kblmreo fmlymo
armlc ultuo kbhejmtlym.

i. Mlmo ^mlmj
Ialtaj Mrtbgmo `e El`albsem ymlc smtu ele m`mhmj mlmo pmlmj.
Mhmt ymlc smtu ele, `e culmoml ducm ultuo obpbrhuml hmellym `mhmk
obje`u
obje`upml
pml sbjmre-j
sbjmre-jmre
mre.. Mlmo
Mlmo pmlmj
pmlmj ele tbrfum
tbrfumtt `mre
`mre fmjml
fmjml fmtuml
fmtuml
cmkpelc. Umlc kblmreo m`mhmj, pblbkuml ymlc smtu ele `e tbkuoml `e
fbfbrmpm `mbrmj sbpbrte Cum hmwm (Ymkpulc) `ml cum-cum `e Pufml.
Mhmt ymlc smtu ele kbrupmoml
kbrupmoml pblelccmhml fbl`m fbrsbdmrmj ymlc ducm
tbroblmh `ml fmlymo `e imre, omrblm obuleoml, `ml lehme sbdmrmjlym
ymlc telcce.

`. Mhmt
Mhmt Ybr
brp
pej
Mhmt ymlc smtu ele m`mhmj fmtu sbrpejml sesm pbkfumtml ompmo
cblccmk ymlc `e tmdmkoml. Mhmt tbrsbfut `e culmoml ultuo fbrfmcme
jmh, kesmhlym sbfmcme sbrut, cur`e, pblusuo, `ml pesmu. Fmlymo ymlc
tbrtm
tbrtmre
reo
o ahbj
ahbj fb
fbl`
l`mm ym
ymlc
lc smtu
smtu el
ele,
e, om
omrbl
rblmm fe
fesm
sm `e cu
culm
lmom
oml
l ul
ultu
tuo
o
fbrfmcme dbles obfutujml ymlc fbrkmlgmmt. Pbkpmt pblelccmhml
fbrsbdmrmj `e `ulem ym
ymlc
lc hmel
hmelly
lymm el
elee du
ducm
cm kbru
kbrupm
pmom
oml
l el
elga
gark
rkms
msee
kblmreo, ymlc fesm oetm `mpmtoml. Pbkpmt `e tbkuomllym mhmt ymlc
smtu ele ducm m`m `e fbrfmcme tbkpmt `ml omwmsml oatm. Ybpbrte `e Yaha,
Dmwm Pblcmj, smkpme `e Gharbs.

b. Ompm
Ompmo
o ^brsbce
sbce
Mhmt ymlc smtu ele, tmo omhmj kblmreo pmrm ehkuwml `ml fmlymo

armlc ymlc sblmlc `mtmlc fbrouldulc ob tbkpmt sbdmrmj `ml kblcblmh

:
 fmlymo sbdmrmj kusbuk Yalafu`aya ymlc tmo omhmj kblmreo ultuo `e
hejm
hejmtt `m
`ml
l `e `m
`mtm
tmlc
lce.
e. Mhmt
Mhmt el
elee kb
kbru
rupm
pmom
oml
l mh
mhmt
mt `b
`blc
lcml
ml pb
pbrk
rkuo
uomm
mml
l
kbkmldmlc `ml fbrfbltuo sbce bkpmt. Ybhuruj pbrkuomml mhmt ele,

femsmlym su`mj `e casao jmhus sbdmo zmkml purfm omhm. Rltuo sese
pmlcomhlym, ojusus `e eomt pm`m tmlcome, sbjelccm sese `bpmllym
`bpmllym smlcmt
tmdmk. Rourmllym pul fbsmr, ymlc fesm fbrgulcse sbfmcme imlcouh, tmpe
ultuo uourml ymlc obieh, femsmlym `e culmoml ultuo pmjmtml `e `mhmk
rukmj mtmu ultuo pblcculmml prefm`e. Mhmt ele, `e tbkuoml `e `mbrmj
Dmwm, Fmhe, Hakfao, `ml Yuhmwbse.

g. Kmtm ^m
^mlmj
Mhmt ymlc smtu ele, m`mhmj mhmt ymlc pmhelc pbltelc ultuo `e
culm
culmom
oml
l zm
zmkm
kml
l `mju
`mjuhu
hu.. Om
Omrb
rblm
lm pb
pblc
lccu
culm
lmml
mlly
lymm ym
ymlc
lc sm
smlc
lcmt
mt
pbltelc, pblelccmhml zmkml hacmk fbse ducm fmlymo `e imre `ml `e hejmt
ultuo `e dm`eoml pblbheteml ymlc humr femsm ultuo fmlymo armlc. Ybhmel
ultuo fbrfuru, kmtm pmlmj ducm `e culmoml ultuo kblmlcomp eoml,
kmtm
kmtm pm
pmlm
lmj
j `e fu
fumt
mt fb
fbrc
rcbr
brec
ece,
e, mc
mcmr
mr fe
fesm
sm `m
`mpm
pmtt `b
`blc
lcml
ml ku`m
ku`mj
j `e
culmoml omhm etu. Ybhmel tbrfumt `mre fmtu, kmtm pmlmj ducm tbrfumt `mre
tuhmlc. Pbkpmt `e tbkuomllym mhmt ele m`mhmj, `e Cum Hmwm, Cum Cb`b,
Dmwm Pekur, Yuhmwbse Ybhmtml.

c. Fbdm
Fbdmlm
lm ^b
^bru
rulc
lccu
cu
Ialt
Ialtaj
aj Mrtbg
Mrtbgmo
mo `e El
El`a
`alb
lbsem
sem ym
ymlc
lc smtu
smtu el
elee fb
fbru
rupm
pm fb
fbl`
l`mm
fbrfbltuo sbpbrte cetmr spmlyah ymlc te`mo fbrtmlcome. Femsmlym, mhmt
ymlc smtu ele `e culmoml ultuo jemsml `mhmk obje`upml sbjmre-jmre.
M`m fmlymo pblelccmhml fbrsbdmrmj `e Dmwm Fmrmt ultuo `e dm`eoml
rbgbrblse fmlymo jmh tbltmlc sbdmrmj mtmu mrtbgmo El`albsem. ^brkuomml
`mre humr mhmt ymlc smtu ele `e jemse pahm mlymkml sekbtres. Dm`e, ultuo
jemsml ymlc el`mj ymlc femsmlym `e hbtmooml `e kusbuk, fbl`m ymlc
smtu ele smlcmthmj kblmreo `ml el`mj.

5
j. Mrim
Mrim ^br
bru
ulc
lccu
cu
Fbltuo `mre mrtbgmo ymlc uleo hmellym m`mhmj Mrim ^brulccu.
Mhmt ymlc smtu ele fbrkmimk-kmimk fbltuolym. Rkuklym, fbltuolym

hbf
bfeej sb
sbrrelc ymlc oetm dukpme mtmu tbkuoml `e kusb kusbuk
uk `e
Rfu` Fmhe
Fmhe ym
ymlc
lc tmo
tmo om
omhm
hmj
j kblm
kblmreo
reo.. @ml
@ml fe
femsm
msmly
lymm fb
fblt
ltuo
uo mrim
mrim el
elee
fbrfbltuo `mhmk fbrmcmk seomp. Pbkpmt `e tbkuomllym mhmt mtmu
fbl`m ele m`mhmj `e Vemu, Dmwm Pekur, `ml Dmwm Fmrmt.

e. @ahkbl
Mrtbgmo fmlculml ymlc smtu ele m`mhmj ymlc pmhelc sbrelc `e
culmoml sbfmcme mhmt fmlculml pm`m zmkml `uhu. @ahkbl m`mhmj kbdm
fmtu, ymlc tbr`ere mtms fmtu hbfmr ymlc `e tapmlc ahbj fbfbrmpm fmtu
hmel.. @ahkbl
hmel @ahkbl sbl`er
sbl`eree kmsuo
kmsuo `mhmk
`mhmk sbdmrmj kusbuk
kusbuk Gmtmjehhmj
Gmtmjehhmj ymlc
oesmjlym smlcmt kblmreo ultuo `e pbhmdmre. @ahkbl sbl`ere fbrgulcse
sbfmce tbkpmt pbrsbkfmjml.

d. Cbrmfmj
Cbrmfmj kbrupmoml pbrmfatml rukmj tmlccm, ymlc sbomhecus
kbld
kbldm`
m`ee mrtbg
mrtbgmo
mo ym
ymlc
lc fm
fmly
lymo
mo `e im
imre
re ehku
ehkuwm
wml
l ul
ultu
tuo
o `e dm
dm`e
`eom
oml
l
pblbheteml, smkpme `bteo ele. ^m`m zmkml `uhu mhmt ele kmsej `e fumt
`blcml imrm ymlc pmhelc sb`brjmlm.
s b`brjmlm. Fbhuk kblcculmoml ra`m pbkutmr
`ml tboleo pbkfmomrml ymlc sbkpurlm. Dm`e pmste mrtbgmo ymlc smtu ele
kbru
kbrupm
pmom
oml
l pb
pble
lelc
lccm
cmhm
hml
l El
El`a
`alb
lbsem
sem ym
ymlc
lc fb
fbrm
rm`m
`m `e tbkpmt-tbkpmt
fbrsbdmrmj `e El`albsem ymlc tmo omhmj el`mj ultuo `e hejmt fmjoml
smkpme sbomrmlc.

o. ^epesml
^epesml
^epesml m`mhmj fmtu-fmtu pblccehelc
pblccehelc fbsbrtm
fbsbrtm hml`msmllym
hml`msmllym.. Mhmt
ele `e culmom
culmoml
l te`mo
te`mo jmlym
jmlym ultuo
ultuo kblcce
kblccehel
helc
c kmomlm
kmomlml,
l, tmpe
tmpe ducm
ducm
kblcjmhusom
kblcjmhusoml
l imt kbrmj sbpbrte ymlc omhmu oetm hejmt `e kusbuk, m`m
fbomslym. Femsmlym, armlc-armlc zmkml `mjuhu kblcculmoml mhmt ele

ultuo
ultuo upmimrm
upmimrm retumh
retumh `ml obpbrimym
obpbrimymml.
ml. Dm`e
Dm`e pmste
pmste mhmt
mhmt ele smlcmt
smlcmt `e

=>
 pbrhuoml omhm etu. Mhmt ymlc smtu ele ducm kbrupmoml pblelccmhml
obrmdmml
obrmdmml Yelcmsmre
Yelcmsmre ymlc
ymlc tbroblm
tbroblmhh `ml fmlymo
fmlymo `e imre pmrm
pmrm ehkuwm
ehkuwml
l
ultuo pblbheteml kbrbom.

h. Ompmo Fmju
Ompmo ymlc smtu ele ducm kbrupmoml mhmt ymlc fmlymo `e imre
ahbj
ahbj ehkuwm
ehkuwml,
l, omrblm
omrblm dbles
dbles mrtbgmo
mrtbgmolym
lym ymlc
ymlc uleo
uleo `ml fbrsbdm
fbrsbdmrmj
rmj..
Ompmo ele sbdbles ompmo pbrsbce ymlc pm`m tmlcomelym `e fbre hbjbr
sb
sbje
jelc
lccm
cm kbly
kblybr
brup
upme
me fblt
fbltuo
uo fa
fata
tahh pb
pbrs
rsbc
bce.
e. ^m
^m`m
`m ukuk
ukukly
lym,
m,
sbfblmrlym ompmo ele te`mo tbrhmhu tbroblmh `e El`albsem, omrblm jmlym
m`m `e `mbrmj Kelmjmsm Yuhmwbse Rtmrm `e tbkuoml. Ompmo ele m`m `e
`mhmk pblelccmhml fbl`m fbrsbdmrmj `e El`albsem,
El`albsem, `ml kmsuo `mhmk
pblelccmhml ymlc pmhelc fmlymo `e tbkuoml mtmu `e dm`eoml rbgbrblse
ultuo pmrm ehkuwml.

k. Ompm
Ompmo
o Hal
Halda
dalc
lc
Mhmt ymlc smtu ele, kbrupmoml mrtbgmo El`albsem ymlc fmlymo `e
imre ducm. Lmkm `mre ompmo haldalc sbl`ere, etu omrblm mhmlclym ymlc
fbrfbltuo haldalc `blcml udulc pmlcomh rulielc `ml kbhbfmr. Fmjml
ymlc `e culmoml ultuo kbkfumt ompmo haldalc ele m`mhmj fmtu omhe
ymlc fbrwmrlm objetmkml. Ompmo ymlc smtu ele m`m `mhmk pblelccmhml
fbrsbdmrmj `e El`albsem ymlc kbkeheoe fmlymo uourml `mre ymlc fbsmr
smkpme ymlc obieh. @mbrmj pusmt `mre mhmt ymlc smtu ele m`mhmj ^mpum,
sbfbl
sbfblmrl
mrlym
ym mhmt
mhmt el
elee fb
fbrms
rmsmh
mh `m
`mre
re Msem
Msem `m
`ml
l kbly
kblybf
bfmr
mr ob we
wehm
hmym
ymj
j
El`albsem kbhmhue dmhml tekur.

l. Ymro
roa
agm
gmc
cus
Ymroagmcus mtmu obrml`m m`mhmj pbte fmlculml fbrupm pbte kmte
tbkpmt pblyekpmlml kmymt. Fbltuolym sbpbrte ^mhulc ymlc tbrfumt
`mre mftu utuj `ml `e fbre pblutup. Ialtaj mrtbgmo `e El`albsem ymlc
smtu
smtu ele
ele du
ducm
cm sm
smlc
lcmt
mt tbro
tbrobl
blmh.
mh. Fmly
Fmlymo
mo ar
arml
mlc
c zm
zmkm
kml
l `u
`uhu
hu,, sb
sbrel
relc
c

kblculmoml mhmt ele ultuo kblcufuroml kmymt, mcmr hbfej ku`mj `ml

==
 te`mo pbrhu kblccmhe tmlmj. Mhmt ele m`mhmj mhmt pm`m kmlusem zmkml
fmtu ymlc fmlymo `e imrm pmrm ehkuwml. Pbkpmt pblbkuml mhmt ymlc
smtu ele m`mhmj Fmhe, tmpe ducm fesm `e tbkuoml `e Fal`awasa Dmwm

Pekur. Eselym `mhmk kusbuk m`mhmj tuhmlc fbhuhmlc kmlusem, fmrmlc-

fmrmlc pbrulccu, `ml fbse sbrtm kmleo-kmleo.

a. ^ul`
^ul`bl
bl Fbru
Fbrul`
l`mo
mo
Ialtaj mrtbgmo ymlc smtu ele m`mhmj fmlculml kbcmhetj fbrupm
susulml
susulml fmtu
fmtu fbrtel
fbrtelcom
comtt sbfmcm
sbfmcmee tbkpmt
tbkpmt pbkudm
pbkudmml
ml tbrjm`
tbrjm`mp
mp lblbo
lblbo
kaymlc. ^blelccmhml ymlc smtu ele `e tbkuoml `e wehmymj El`albsem,
sbpbrte Cmrut, Fmltbl Ybhmtml, `ml Oulelcml. Ybfblmrlym, fmlculml
ele kbrupm
kbrupmoml
oml `msmr
`msmr fmce
fmce pbkfum
pbkfumtml
tml iml`e
iml`e Obrmta
Obrmtal
l mtmu
mtmu fmlcul
fmlculml
ml
obmcmkmml hmellym. Fmlculml fbrsbdmrmj ele m`m `mhmk tbkpmt-tbkpmt
fbrsbdmrmj `e el`albsem ymlc
ymlc kbru
kbrupm
pmom
oml
l fm
fmce
ceml
ml tb
tbro
robl
blmh
mh `m
`mre
re
sbdmrmjlym.

p. Lbomrm ^brulccu
Lbomrm ymlc oetm tmju m`mhmj mhmt fulye-fulyeml ymlc kerep
cbl`br
cbl`brmlc
mlc.. Ialtaj
Ialtaj mrtbgmo
mrtbgmo `e El`alb
El`albsem
sem ymlc
ymlc smtu
smtu ele `e tbkuom
tbkuoml
l
`mhmk fmlymo sbomhe uourml. Lbomrm tbrfbsmr ymlc pbrlmj `e tbkuoml
m`mhmj `e Fmhe. Fbrcmres tblcmj =7> ik `ml telcce =5: ik. Lbomrm
fbruourml obieh `e sbfut Kaoa. Mhmt fbrsbdmrmj ele kbrupmoml mrtbgmo
oula ymlc kmsej fmlymo `e imre, omrblm obuleomllym. @ml fmjoml,
omrblm te`mo elcel kuslmj, mhmt ymlc smtu ele, te`mo `e pel`mjoml `mre
smtu tbkpmt ob tbkpmt ymlc hmel, mcmr te`mo rusmo, mtmu m`m fmcemllym
ymlc jehmlc.

=6
 FMF EEE
OBYEK^RHML

Mrtbgmo kbrup
Mrtbgmo kbrupmom
moml
l fbl`m
fbl`m mrobah
mrobahace
ace mtmu pblelc
pblelccmh
cmhml
ml fbl`m-
fbl`m-fbl
fbl`m
`m
fbrsbdmrmj, ymetu sbkum fbl`m ymlc `efumt mtmu `eka`egeomse ahbj kmlusem ymlc
`m
`mpm
pmtt `epe
`epel`
l`mj
mjom
oml.
l. Ialt
Ialtaj
aj mr
mrtbg
tbgmo
mo m`
m`mh
mhmj
mj mh
mhmt
mt-mh
-mhmt
mt fm
fmtu
tu,, hacmk `ml tuhmlc,
tuhmlc,
cbrmfmj,, prmsmste hbkpbl
cbrmfmj hbkpblc
c `ml obrtms,
obrtms, sbldmtm-sbldmtm hacmk (mlmo pmlmj, kmtm
pmlmj, `hh), tbrrmiattm `ml tml`uo felmtmlc.
felmtmlc. Fmrmlc ymlc fbrsbdmrmj ele smlcmthmj
smlcmthmj
pbltelc ultuo `ehbtmooml `e kusbuk sbjelccm sbkum armlc `mpmt kbhejmt `ml
kbkpbhmdmrelym.
Mrtbgmo `mhmk mrobahace kblcml`ulc pblcbrteml fbl`m (mtmu fmjml mhmk)
ymlc dbhms `efumt ahbj (tmlcml) kmlusem mtmu dbhms kblmkpmooml (afsbrvmfhb)

m`mlym dbdmo-dbdmo fumtml kmlusem pm`mlym (fuoml fbl`m mhmkemj sbkmtm) kbhmhue
tbolahace pblcurmlcml kmupul tbolahace pblmkfmjml pm`m fbl`m mhmk tbrsbfut.
Iere pbltelc `mhmk oalsbp mrtbgmo m`mhmj fmjwm fbl`m ele `mpmt fbrcbrmo mtmu
`mpmt `epel`mjoml (kavmfhb) ahbj tmlcml kmlusem `blcml ku`mj (rbhmteg) tmlpm
kbrusmo mtmu kblcjmliuroml fbltuolym.

=9
 @MGPMV ^RYPMOM

jttps4//www.oakpms.iak/soahm/rbm`/6>6=/>:/9>/=0>5>>775/mrtbgmo-`bgelese-

dbles-`ml-ialtajlym
jttps4//e`.weoepb`em.arc/weoe/Mrtbgmo
jttp4//semt.ulc.mi.e`/gehbs/wesu`m/6>=6-=-5>0==-20=9>0>>:-fmf=-
=7>:6>=6>9>5>2.p`g
jttps4//`asblsbdmrmj.iak/pblcbrteml-mrtbgmo/
jttps4//sbdmrmjhblcomp.iak/prm-sbdmrmj/ialtaj-mrtbgmo-`e-el`albsem

=0