THE AGE OF CLASSICS Greek Orders of Architecture

-An order is a systematic and organized way of

identifying temples and other building through the sum
Minoan Civilization of their parts
♣Geography – island of Crete; City of Knossos
♣Religion – Zeus / Aphrodite •3 requisites to an order:
♣History - Strong Mythological Basis oHorizontal Entablature
♣Art and Architecture: oUpright Column
Palace of Knossos oBase
-Cretan Column (bun capital, only column made of wood
made by Cedar from Lebanon) •3 Orders:
Labyrinth at Crete oDoric
-House of Minotaur made by Daedalus oIonic
-Maze of tunnels located near Palace of Knossos oCorinthian

Mycenean Civilization Greek Meander Bands

♣Geography – island of Mycenea; City of Troy •Astragal/Bead and Reel
♣Religion – Zeus /Aphrodite •Guilloche
♣History- Illad depicted by Homer •Egg and Dart/Tongue
♣Art and Architecture: •Honeysuckle
Megaron •Fret
-selling quarters of men in Trojan Palace •Dentils
-meets to discuss political affair •Anthemion
-bun capital
Citadel of Mycenea – Tholos (behive tomb) and The Lion Gate Greek Moldings
Walls of Troy – most terrified means of defense in history •Fillet
•Cavetto
Greek Civilization •Ovolo
♣Geography –Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean •Corona
Sea (first armada – great ship building) •Cyma Recta
♣Religion – Zeus /Aphrodite (Polytheism) •Cyma Reversa
♣Geology – Marble as building material (archi not built •Scotia
but sculpted) •Torus
♣Sculpture: Art form favored by gods
1.Archaic Parts of an Order
-Daedelic Style – body must not be twister •The Roof
-Only sign of life: Archaic Smile oPediment – triangular face of wall
-Kourus - Male, Kore – Female oTympanum – fills the space inside pediment
1.Classic oAcroterion – ornamental blocks
-Typified by the S curve •The Entablature
-Weight of body rests on one leg oCornice – where pediment rests
-Implied movement: more space between legs, arms, oFrieze – horizontal band that supports the truss
torso of pediment
♣Triglyph – upright channels spaced at
Greek Sculptural Forms regular intervals
•Caryatids – female as columns ♣Metope – spaces in frieze between
•Canephora – female carrying basket on their heads triglyphs for relief
•Atlantes – male as columns oTenia – narrow band that separates frieze from
•Telamones – male as brackets in architecture architrave
•Busts – carved from chest/neck up oArchitrave – horizontal band supported by columns
•Term/Torso – carved from waist up ♣Regula – naroow bands attached to triglyph
♣Guttae – six squares attached to regula
Greek Pottery
•Red figure ware – red figure, black bg
•Black figure ware – black figure, red bg
•White ground ware – red or black figures, white bg
 •The Column Forms of Greek Architecture
oCapital – crowning member of column 1.Palestra - wrestling school; specializes also in teaching
♣Abacus – square slab reading, writing and numbers
♣Echinus – carries the design 2.Temple - Most important form of Greek architecture /
♣Annulet – the necking; separates capital from houses the Greek god or goddess / Usually, one god –
shaft one temple
oShaft – body of column
♣Drums – section of column Parts of Temple
♣Flutings – concave grooves alongside shaft 1.Antae – main entrance
♣Entasis – optical illusions 2.Pronaos – foyer, where people congregate
•The Base 3.Naos– main hall where the statue of the deity is placed
oStylobate – top most step of the base 4.Adyton – A private room that continues from the naos
oStereobate – remaining steps 5.Opisthodomus/Epinaos – The treasury of the temple
oCrepidoma – 3 steps that make up base 6.Peristasis – The row of columns that surround the
temple
Parts of Architecture 7.Pteron – The porch or the portico
1.Citadel – fortress, walled/high city founded by Pericles/
elgin marble sculptures made by Phidias Temple Terminologies
2.Propylea – gate/entrance 1.In Antis – when two columns are placed in front of the
3.The Chalkotheke – bronze gallery, collection of antae
Athena’s bronze statues 2.Prostyle - has a row of usually four or six columns in
4.Brauronia – sanctuary of Artemis front
5.Agora – marketplace/contains stoa 3.Amphiprostyle - repeats prostyle at the back
6.Stoa – porch of shops Colonnade – series of 4.Dipteral - double colonnade on all 4 sides, sometimes
columns with further rows of columns at front/back
7.Boulouterion – buildings of citizen of Greece 5.Engaged Columns – directly attached to the external
8.Tholos – all-purpose venue: sleeping quarters/dining walls.
hall of officials 6.Pseudodipteral - engaged columns in the inner row of
9.Theokoleon – residence of high priests columns at the sides
10.Prytaneion – seat of Prytaneis, Greek house of senate, 7.Cyclostyle – round columnar arrangement
holy fire of Hestia (hearth goddess)
11.Theater/Theatron/Koilon- home of Apollo (god of arts Plan Types
and muses) / carved out from hillside for open air 1.DISTYLE - 2 columns
perfomances 2.TETRASTYLE - 4 columns
3.HEXASTYLE - 6 columns
Parts of Greek Theater 4.OCTASTYLE- 8 columns
1.Parodos – main entrance 5.DECASTYLE - 10 columns
2.Orchestra – flat round disc where performers perform

3.Logeion/Proskenion – Elevated podium where the The Roman Empire

performers are introduced
♣Geography – situated on a barren land
♣Religion – Jupiter / Venus
4.Paraskenion – stairs on both sides for the performers ♣Lifestyle – Hedonism (pursuit of pleasure)
performers perform, may contain the altar ♣Art and Design:
5.Skene – backstage oInterior Design
oGrotesque – Griffin (lion body, wings and talons of
6.Kerkis – Upper and lower rows of seats; lower seats for eagle, dog head w/ beak)
priests of Dionysus, the god of wine
oMeander Bands
7.Klimakis – Aisles ♣Arabasque – vertical
♣Rinceaux – horizontal
8.Diazoma – Main aisle that separates the lower from the
upper seats
o Painting
Types of Greek Theaters ♣Trompe L’oeil – 3D, optical illusions
♣Mosaic – small tiles called tesserae
1.Auditorium – with a semi-circular orchestra
♣Fresco – wet plaster painting
2.Odeon –intimate gatherings like poetry readings, o Engineering
usually covered ♣Concrete, Aqueducts and Plumbing, Bridges
3.Hippodrome – Oval shaped theater for horse and o Architecture
chariot racing ♣Round Arch – Vaults and Dome
oOrders of Architecture
4.Stadium – Oval shaped theater for foot races
♣Tuscan – abacus, echinus, not fluted
♣Composite – abacus, volute, fluted
Forms of Architecture The Roman House
•The Forum (ex. The Forum Romanum)- where people •Atrium – hoses in the city by the rich
gather for religious, political, judicial pursuits •Domus – atrium (city)
•The Regia – high priest •Villa – atriuma (country)
•The Curia – public court •Insula – tenement housing in the city
•Tabularium – official records office of ancient Rome
•Roman Temple (ex. The Pantheon) Parts of Roman House
•Thermae – Roman Bath (ex. Thermae of Carcalla) – •Vestibulum – entrance
social spaces used by men, women during the day •Lanua – front door
•Fauces – Corridor
Parts of Roman Temple •Cubiculum – Bedroom
•Podium – raised platform •Triclinium – Dining Room
•Entrance Steps – series of steps •Tablinum – Study Room
•Pronaos – foyer •Lararium – alter
•Cella – main hallParts of Roman Thermae •Latrina – bathroom and toilet
•The Grounds •Culina – Kitchen
oAtrium: Principal entrance and vestibule •Taberna – Store room
•Latrina: Water Closet •Atrium – living room
oPromenade: outdoor walkways a.Andron – corridor connecting atrium and garden
oPalestra: Gymnasium b.Compluvium – rectangular opening above atrium
oLibraries: Storage of reading materials c.Impluvium – pool for rainwater
oGardens: labyrinths, water features •Ala – two rooms facing the atrium
oHalls: Banquets •Peristylium – row of column facing the garden
oWater Reservoirs: water supply •Hortus – Garden
oAqueducts: Water source •Prosticum – Back entrance
•The Baths
oEntrance Halls: Foyers Parts of Roman Insula
oApodyteria: Dressing rooms •Shops/Taberna: middle-lower class citizens have shops of
oFrigidarium: cold water business
oTepidarium: warm or tepid water •Light Well: admits light to all the floors
oCaldarium: hot water •Water Well: supplies water for insula
oNatatorium: Swimming pools •Latrine: Toilets
oLaconicum: dry sweating room •Stairs:
oUnctuaria: shampooing the hair •Rooms: Living quarters
oPortico: Open courtyardForms of Roman •Storage:
Architecture •Entrance Vestibule:
•Theater The Pantheon:
oAmphitheater – built up structure made of levels - •Dome – world’s most perfect dome
Colosseum or The Flavian Amphitheater •Impressive Colonnade – made up of Corinthian columns
a.Arena – stage •Coffers – coffered ceiling balances evenly the weight of
b.Podium – reserved for elites, senators, vestal virgins dome
c.Maenianum Primum – reserved for equites •Oculus – admits light into the temple
d.Maenianum Secondum Imum
– soldiers, married citizens, boys and tutors
e.Maenianum Secondum Imum Summum
THE MIDDLE AGES
– Pullati w/ black tunics, foreigners, slaves
f.Maenianum Summum in Ligneis – women The Bryzantine Empire
♣ The Fall of Rome
oCircus – patterned after Greek hippodrome (horse/ • The Death of Marcus Aurelius
chariot racing) The Circus Maximus • The Burning of Rome
g.Carceres – entrance of chariots and charioteers -Neropolis
h.Bulvinar – emperor -The Eradication of Christians
i.Tribunes – rich citizen of Rome
♣ Constantinopole
j.Spina – median boundary • The capital of the official religion of the empire.
k.Meta – corner on both ends • Christianity is the official religion of the empire
l.Portia Triumphalis – winners’ triumphal exit declared by Constantine.
♣ Art - Symbolism: The Fish, Peacock, Dove
♣ Iconography - Religious art; painting & sculpture that
represents Christ, Angels, the Virgin Mary, the Apostles.
 ♣ Architecture • Aisles: Spaces on both sides of the nave; maybe single or
• Pendentives - Concave concrete triangles that solve double, where the pews are located
the problem of putting a dome on a square base • Transepts: The crossing; space in the church that traverses
• Squinch Arches - series of Corbel type arches the nave; it separates the nave from the bema
• Concrete + Brick + Rubble • Bema/Chancel: contains elevated platforms for the clergy
• Capitals: • nPulpit: Usually elevated, where the priest addresses the
- Bird and Basket congregation
- Wind Blown Acanthus • Choir: Seats reserved for members of the church who are the
- Cubical/Geometric: Double Capital, Twin Capital only ones allowed to sing
♣ Capitals • Naos: The central space usually directly below a dome
• Wind Blown Acanthus • nExedra: The space directly below the half-domes of the
• Cubical or Geometric church
• Bird and Basket • Channels: Corridors leading from one excedra to another
• Double Capital • Apse: The semi-circular termination of the church
• Twin Capital • Sanctuary: The elevated portion in the apse where the altar
is placed
• Altar: The altar table or communion table
• Baldochino/Ciborium: A canopy or covering supported by
columns, freestanding in the sanctuary above the altar
• Retable: A framed altarpiece, painted or carved, rising
behind the altar table
• Ambulatory: Walkways around the sanctuary
• Chevet/Apse Chapel: A chapel radiating tangentially from
one of the bays or divisions of the apse

Kinds of Church Plans

1. Circular/Octagonal
2. Greek Cross
3. Latin cross Basillica
4. Domed Octagon
5. Complex Four Columned
6. Semi-Complex Four Columned
7. Central Plan Tetrconch
8. Four Columned
9. Two Columned
Parts:
1. Narthex
2. Stairs
Forms of Bryzantine Architecture 3. Ambulatory
• Circular/Octagonal Plan: 4. Exedra
• Greek Cross Plan: 5. Naos
• Latin Cross Plan: Also known as a Basilica 6. Sanctuary
• Other Forms of Plans: 7. Apse
• Domed Octagon 8. Chevet
• Complex Four Columned
• Semi-complex Four Columned Forms of Bryzantine Architecture
• Central Plan Tetraconch • Baptistery:
• Four Columned • A circular or octagonal building that is separate from the
• Two Columned main church for the sole purpose of performing
baptisms
Parts of a Bryzantine Church • Contains a basin of water or pool in the center called the
• Atrium: The open space or open couryard before entering baptismal font or the piscina
the main doors of the church • Mausoleum:
• Porch: The elevated platform laden with steps leading to the • Contains the repository of a dead Christian
main door of the church • Cenotaph: An empty tomb; a monument in honor of a
• Narthex: The foyer of the church; in medieval times, this person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere
space was reserved for non-converts • Sanctuary:
• Nave: The main central walkway of the church • Contains the relic of a Saint or Martyr of the church
Forms of a Bryzantine Baptistery ♣ Architecture
• Atrium: The main foyer leading to the vaulted corridors • The Round Arch
• Outer Vaulted Corridor: Circular hallway that serves as • Arcades - Series of arches placed
the walkway side by side
• Inner Vaulted Corridor: Contains niches for saints and • Receding arches
other symbols of the church • The Tympanum: The space filled in between an
• Piscina: Pool or basin of water where the baptism is opening and an arch
performed • Capitals
• Baptismal Font: Fountain of sacred water that flows into -Cushion -Scalloped
the piscina
Parts of a Bryzantine Mausoleum
• Entry Corridor - The main entry to the vaulted corridor
• Circular Vaulted Corridor - Circular hallway that
separates the ossuaries from the burial chambers
• Ossuaries - Burial chambers for bones
• Burial Chambers - Repositories for dead bodies • The Vaults
• Central Burial Chamber - Main repository, usually • Barrel Vault
reserved for the most important members of the family • Groin Vault
Parts of a Bryzantine Sanctuary • Ribbed Vault
• Narthex - The main atrium • Butresses - External supports for walls
• Nave - The main hall where people wait to venerate • Towers - Built because of the advantage of height
• Retable/Iconostasis- Iconographic screen that separates
the nave from the altar and the apse, Wall of icons Forms of Romanesque Architecture
• Apse: ♣The Cathedral
• Altar: Where the saint or martyr is venerated • Porch
• Chevet: Where the relic of the saint or martyr is • Nave
enshrined • Double Aisle
• Bema/Chancel
The Romanesque Period • Pulpit:
Factors that helped shape the Romanesque Period • Choir:
♣ The Crusades - The continuing efforts of the Christian • Transepts
empire to expand the empire through conversion. • Apse
- The battle between the Christians and the Muslims • Sanctuary:
♣ Feudalism - The granting of land titles or fiefs • Altar:
- The conflict between the church • Baldochino/Ciborium:
and the state • Retable:
• Fiefs - Land titles that separated • Ambulatory:
the empire into fiefdoms • Chevet/Apse Chapel
and eventually – kingdoms • Sections of a Romanesque Cathedral Wall
diminishing the role and - Ground Floor Arcade
importance of the church - Triforium Arcade or Blind Story
- Clerestory Arcade
Romanesque Contributions to Art and Architecture Romanesque Cathedral: Plan and Section
♣ Art A. Clerestory Arcade
B. Triforium Arcade
• Metalwork C. Ground Floor Arcade
Church decorations 1. Porch
Exposed nail heads 2. Double Aisle
• Painting 3. Nave
4. Transept
Manuscript illuminations and illustrations
5. Berma
• Sculpture 6. Apse
Relief carvings
The chevron meander band Forms of Romanesque Architecture
The gargoyle - Grotesque sculpture with the body of ♣ The Monastery
monkey with a pointed tail, the wings of a bat and the • Church
head of a monster with an open mouth • Cloister - The courtyard of the monastery
• Tapestries • Library - Repository of manuscripts
• Chapter House - Meeting hall
• Parlor - Reception hall
 • Dormitory - Sleeping quarters 7.Chapter House
• Reredorter/Necessarium - Communal latrine 8.Parlor
• Malt House - Where grain is stored 9.Dormitory/Dorter
• Refectory - Dining room 10.Reredorter
• Calefactory/Warming House - Where the communal 11.Malt House
fire was kept 12.Refectory
• Almonry - Where alms are kept and distributed; 13.Warming House
where the almoner is stationed 14.Almonry
• Novice’s Quarters 15.Novices’ Quarters
• Abbot’s Lodgings - Residence or the head monk 16.Abbot’s Lodging
• Visiting Abbot’s Lodgings 17.Visiting Abbot’s Lodging
• Infirmary - Where the sick is treated 18.Infirmary
Romanesque Monastery Plan Forms of Romanesque Architecture
1. Nave • The Fortress/Fortification
2. Tower • Military construction designed for defense
3. Sanctuary/Bema • Bastion: Angular structure projecting outward from a
4. Transepts fortress for artillery
5. Cloister • The Keep - Fortified tower within a fortress built within a
6. Library castle
7. Chapter House • The Castle/Manor - Residence of the ruler or lord
8. Parlor • Barbican/Gate House - Fortified outpost or gateway
9. Dormitory/Dorter which is sometimes attached to the guard rooms
10. Reredorter • Tower Prison
11. Malt House • Service Rooms
12. Refectory • Stable
13. Warming House • Household apartments - Living quarters of the staff
14. Almonry • Ante Room - Foyer
15. Novices’ Quarters • Chapel
16. Abbot’s Lodging • Retainer’s Hall - Room for the assistant of the lord
17. Visiting Abbot’s Lodging • Retainer’s Kitchen
18. Infirmary • Great Chamber/Chamber - The living room
Forms of Romanesque Architecture • Kitchen
• The Monastery: • Pantry
- Church • Buttery - For the butler; room for the spirits
- Cloister - The courtyard of the monastery • Lord’s Hall - Private residence of the lord
• Library - Repository of manuscripts • Bailey: - Courtyard
• Chapter House - Meeting hall • Postern - A secondary door or gate which is concealed; a
• Parlor - Reception hall secret entrance or exit
• Dormitory - Sleeping quarters Romanesque Keep: Plan
• Reredorter/Necessarium - Communal latrine 1.Entrance to Keep
• Malt House - Where grain is stored 2.Ante Room
• Refectory - Dining room 3.Great Hall
• Calefactory/Warming House - Where the communal 4.Throne Niche
fire was kept 5.Chamber
• Almonry - Where alms are kept and distributed; 6.Kitchen
where the almoner is stationed 7.Chapel
• Novice’s Quarters Romanesque Castle: Plan
• Abbot’s Lodgings - Residence or the head monk 1.Barbican/Gate House. 12. Chamber
• Visiting Abbot’s Lodgings 2.Guard Rooms 13. Great Chamber
• Infirmary - Where the sick is treated 3.Tower Prison 14. Kitchen
4.Service Rooms 15. Pantry
Romanesque Monastery: Plan 5.Stables 16. Buttery
1.Nave 6.Household Apartments 17. Lord’s Hall
2.Tower 7.Ante Room 18. Bailey
3.Sanctuary/Bema 8.Chapel 19. Postern
4.Transepts 9.Retainer’s Kitchen
5.Cloister 10.Retainer’s Hall
6.Library 11.Tower
THE DARK AGES Tracery Patterns
Trefoil Quatrefoil Cinquefoil Multifoil

The Gothic Period

♣ The Black Plague - The Bubonic Plague
wiped out two-thirds of Europe’s
population Gothic Sub Periods
♣ The Inquisition - People were ♣ Early English/Lancet – Presence of tracery
unenlightened and in the dark and patterns in the tympanum of Gothic
Scientific thinking was not encouraged. windows.
-Supposed to battle heresy in the middle ♣ Decorated – Presence of stained glass
ages but ended up becoming a series of ♣ Perpendicular – Presence of mullions
witch trials. (torture devices) and transoms
♣ The Black Death - Bome by the fleas of • Mullions: Vertical divisions in Gothic windows
infected rats. • Transoms – Horizontal divisions in
♣ Art: Gothic window
• Painting
- Manuscript Illustrations Forms of Architecture
- Stained Glass ♣ Cathedral
• Sculpture • Narthex
- Portable Sculptures • Spire Tower
Romanesque Contributions to Art and Architecture • Nave
♣ Architecture • Double Aisle
• The Pointed Arch • Naos
• Spandrel: The space between a pointed arch and a • Transepts
rectangular structure
• Double Bema
• Spires: The termination of a tower
• Apse
• Pinnacles: Turret like terminations on top of ying
buttresses • Chevets
• Flying Buttresses: External supports away from the
wall Gothic Cathedral: Plan
• Stained Glass • Narthex
• Rose Windows • Spire Tower
• Piers: Cluster of columns • Nave
• Fan Vault • Aisle
• Lierne Ribs • Naos
• Capital • Transept
• Fleur De Lis
• Bema
• Tracery Patterns: Patterns that hold glass in Gothic
windows • Apse
• Trefoil • Chevet
• Quatrefoil
• Cinquefoil
• Multifoil
fl
 The Six Types of Support for Roofs and Ceilings The Megaliths
1. Post and Lintel - Composed of Vertical posts where a • Menhirs
horizontal member is supported • Stone Obelisks
2. Truss - Composed of a horizontal member where two -Large Pieces of stone
diagonal beams rise and connect at the apex • Cromlechs
3. Arch - Each side rises from a vertical point and bends • Stone Circles
to meet at the center -Post and Lintel structures
4. Vault - Formed by a series of arches laid out -Forming concentric circles
consecutively one after another • Stonehenge
5. Dome - Intersection of arches at an axis
6. Cantilevered - A horizontal beam is supposed by The Bronze Age: The Age of Metal
vertical post on only one side !The start of when people were slowly but surely moving
towards becoming civilized.
THE PREHISTORIC PERIODS
Signi cant Contributions of the Bronze Age
• Before written records
• Fishing
• Archeology - science that deals with old things
• Trade and Barter - Money
• Artifacts
• Jewelry - As a sign of social status
• Fossils
• Most of the facts are based on carbon dating,
drawings and symbols
The Age of Antiquity
“Almost all great civilizsations existed near a body of water.”
The Paleolithic Period: The Old Stone Age
♣ The Three Sub Periods The Mesopotamian Civilization: The Fertile Crescent
♣Geography - Two great rivers; Tigris and Euphrates
1. The Mousterian Period - Man used body as canvas
♣Religion - Polytheism; The Belief in many gods
2. The Aurignacian Period - Used caves as canvas to
record events, 2 dimensional drawings • Enlil: Supreme God, King of the Gods
3. The Magdalenian - 3 dimensional drawings, • Ishtar: Goddess of Fertility, Justice, Love, Beauty
♣History - Mesopotamians developed their first
presence of gender and apecie identification
system of writing - Cuneiform
The Theory of Magic:
-Invented the wheel
• Fertility Magic - Animals painted on cave walls
Three Regions of Mesopotamia
were the young kind or in their young form
1. Sumeria
- Used to hasten the growth of animals so that they
2. Assyria
will be good enough to hunt.
3. Babylon
• Death Magic - Animals are painted with spears or
arrows piercing its body
-The belief that the spirits will guide their aim and Sumerian Civilization
ensure them of a sure kill Forms of Architecture
Three Sumerian Time Periods:
• Propitiation Magic - Animals are painted being
offered as sacrifices to the gods • Pre-Proto Sumerian - Reed Houses
- Used to appease the gods • Proto Sumerian - Brick Buildings, Pillared temples
Forms of Paleolithic Architecture • Sumerian Proper - Introverted type house, Ziggurat
• Lean-to - Made of light weight materials; animal
skin, bones, twigs Assyrian Civilization
• One Room House - Permanent Structure, Made use of • Capital city of Assyrian Civilization is Nineveh
Dry Wall Construction and Flat Top Construction where the Palace is situated
• Mud Hut - Wet Wall Construction, No doors; no Forms of Architecture - Palace
windows but has a hole on top.
Babylonian Civilization
The Neolithic Period: The New Stone Age Forms of Architecture
Forms of Neolithic Architecture
• The Tower of Babel - Built by order of King Nimrod, —
1. Hut with a second oor - storage of surplus grain and Built by men to be equal to God
protection against wild animals.
• The Gate of Ishtar - Dedicated to Ishtar as the Goddess
2. Stone Towers - Protection against neighbouring tribes of Chastity
3. Hut with a rectangular room - For an extended family
• The Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Built by Semiramis by
system, man starts to behave as a basic unit of society order of King Nebuchadnezzar, dedicated to the queen
4. Square Temples - Earliest place of worship, man of Babylon, Amytis.
believed in the presence of a supernatural force that
governs the lives of men
fi
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