CHAPTER II

BASIC THEORY
II.1 Definition of Operation System
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware.
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management,
memory management, process management, handling input and output, secondary storage
management, OS security. operating system is software that enables applications to interact
with a computer's hardware.

II.2 Function of Operating System

1. File Management

It manages all the file related activities such as organization storage, retrieval, naming,

sharing and protection of files.

2. Memory Management

Memory management module performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of

memory space to programs in need of this recources.

3. Process Management

Process Management helps OS to create and delete processes. It also provides

mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.

4. Handling I/O

An operating system (OS) is a system software that manages computer hardware and

software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

Input/Output management is one of the key components of an OS. It is responsible for

managing the transfer of data between the computer and its peripherals.

5. Secondary Storage Management

 Secondary storage management in operating system is the process of managing the

computer’s secondary storage. Secondary storage is the computer’s long-term

memory, where data is stored for future use.

6. OS Security

Security refers to providing a protection system to computer system resources such as

CPU, memory, disk, software programs and most importantly data/information stored

in the computer system.

7. Communication Management

Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters and another software

resources of the various users of the computer system.

8. Networking

A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share memory, hardware

devices or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the

network.

II.3 Types of Operating System

1. Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows has existed in one form or another since 1985, and it remains the

most popular operating system for home and office computers. Initia; versions of

windows worked with and earlier Microsoft operating system called MS-DOS,

providing a modern graphical interface on top of DOS traditional text-based

commands. Signature features of Microsoft Windows user interface include windows

themselves-rectangle-shaped on panel screens that represent individual applications.

2. Mac OS

Signature elements of Mac OS include the dock used to find programs and frequently

used files, unique keyboard keys including the Command key and the stoplight-
 colored buttons used to resize open program windows. Mac OS is known for its user-

friendly features, which include siri, a natural voice personal assistant and facetime.

3. iOS

It runs on Apple hardware, including iphones, ipad tablets and ipod touch media

players. Signature features of IOS include the App Store where users buy apps and

download free software, an emphasis on security including strong encryption to limit

what unauthorized users can extract from the phone and a simple. Streamlined

interface with minimal hardware buttons.

4. Android

Android is the most popular operating system in the world judging by the number of

devices installed. Largely developed by Google, it’s chiefly used on smartphones and

tablets. Unlike IOS, it can be used on devices made by a variety of different

manufacturers and those makers can tweak parts of its interface to suit their own

needs. Users can download custom versions of the operating system because larger

portions of it are open source meaning anyone can legally modify it and publish their

own. However, most people prefer to stick with the version that comes on their

devices.

5. Linux

Unlike many other operating system, development on Linux isn’t led by any one

company. The operating system was created by Finnish programmer Linux Torvalds

in 1991. Nowadays, programmers from all over the world collaborate on its open

source code and submit tweaks to the central kernel software and other programs. A

wide assortment of commercial and open source software is available for Linux and

various Linux distributions provide custom user interface and tools for installing

software onto machines running the operating system.