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810204

A Study of Oil Seals

for Shock Absorbers
of Automotive Suspensions
Yoshio Ohtake,
Yoshio Kawahara,
and Hiroshi Hirabayashi
Nippon Oil Seal Industry Co., Ltd.
(Japan)
Yasuo Yamamoto
and Susumu lida
NOK, inc.
U. S. A.

International Congress and Exposition

Cobo Hall, Detroit, Michigan
February 23-27,1981
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ISSN 0148-7191
Copyright © 1981 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
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FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAINTAINING good sealing
characteristics, the following oil seals for
reciprocating motion as shown in Table 1 are
currently used for the application of a shock
absorber of automotive suspension. This oil
seal for reciprocating motion (an absorber seal)
fulfills its sealing fucntion to protect the
leakage of oil through the narrow clearances
between a rod guide and a piston rod. At the
same time an absorber seal, because of its low
frictional characteristics, is closely related
to the function of the vibration system of the
suspension which maintains seating-comfortabili-
ty, good maneuvrability, and safe landing capa-
bility CD* Fig. 1 shows three different types
(Type-A, -B, and -C) of automotive shock absor-
bers. A Type-A absorber is twin tube construc-
tion, and is generally used for automotive rear
axles as in wishbone type suspension. A Type-B
absorber is monotube construction (conventional
strut), and is generally used for automotive
front axles as in strut type suspension. As you
can see in this figure, Type-A and Type-B absor-
bers have a mechanism for absorbing the vibra-
Types of oil seals for automotive shock
absorbers and their characteristics are given,
and necessary items for designing seals are
0148-7191 /81/0223-0204$02.50
Copyright © 1981 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
810204
Shock Absorbi
ive Suspensic
Yoshio Ohtake,
Yoshio Kawahara,
and Hiroshi Hirabayashi
Nippon Oil Sea! Industry Co., Ltd.
(Japan)
Yasuo Yamamoto
and Susumu iida
NOK, Inc.
U. S. A.
tion energy from outside after utilizing viscous
resistance which a lubricant enclosed in a tube
organizes, flowing through narrow olifice.
A Type-C absorber, on the other hand, has
construction which encloses both lubricant and
inert gas in a condition bordering on a free
piston in a tube. It has a mechanism for ab-
sorbing the vibration energy from outside due to
the viscous resistance of the lubricant and the
reaction of the enclosed gas. In recent years
particularly, this type of absorber has a strong
application for some models of automobiles due
to the great improvement in automotive comfort
(2 and 3).
From a practicality point of view, the
relationship between the typical absorber seal
configuration, as shown in Table 1, and the
three types of absorbers, as shown in Fig. 1, is
as follows: seal shape A is suitable for minute
vibration conditions under high pressure , and
*Numbers in parentheses designate References at
end of paper.
-ABSTRACT
clarified based on experiments and experiences
upon required performances of products.
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2 810204

Table 1 - Typical shapes of shock absorber seals TEST APPARATUS AND CONDITIONS
and their peculiarity
TEST APPARATUS FOR INVESTIGATING FRICTIO-
NAL CHARACTERISTICS - Test apparatus is shown
Shape Peculiarity diagrammatically in Fig. 2.^ A specimen (T) was
installed onto a housing fry which was fixed
This shape having excellent to a driving case QJ). A test shaft (5) was
fine shock amplitude resi­ fixed to a body portion through a load cell (&)
stance under high press­ and was born by the guide QT). A lubricating
oil \2j was supplied to a circular chamber
ure is used for rear defined by the driving case and the test shaft.
absorber. The driving case (Y) was reciprocated with the
This shape having excellent velocity which changed sinusoidally by means of
prescrived oil mechanism. The friction force
anti-dust-, long durabili­ between the specimen and the test shajt was
ty performance and l i p - detected by means of the load cell (V) andwas
B followability is used recorded continuously on an oscillograph (&j
through a strain meter (T) during a test. The
for strut type absorber. lip temperature was measured by using an Alumel-
Chromel thermocouple (9J of 0.02cm diameter
inserted into the lip near the spring pocket and
This shape having excellent recorded continuously on an outobalance type

\^zn heat resistance under

high pressure is applied
to special type absorber.
recorder (id) .

TEST APPARATUS FOR INVESTIGATING SEALING

This shape having excellent
lip-followability and
long durability performa­
D nce is used for strut
type absorber.
is used for a Type-A absorber which creates very
little heat generation in practical use. Seal
shapes B and D have superior dust-resistant
characteristics, and are suitable for a Type-B
absorber, in which the lateral load is often
applied, due to their excellent durability and
followable capability of shaft eccentricity. A
seal shape C has superior heat-resistant chara-
cteristics under high pressure conditions, and
is suitable for a Type-C absorber in which a
high pressure lubricant is often structurally
applied.
DURABILITY ~ Test apparatus is shown diagramat-
ically in Fig. 3. Test shafts (V) were fixed
to the upper frame of a body portion QjH- Test-
ing absorbers ML) to which specimens ?2j were
attached were reciprocated by means or-a driving
shaft (4) in connection with a support in the
crank and rocker mechanism (s_). The lip temp-
erature was measured as same method as in the
case of frictional characteristic testing. For
purpose of investigating the effect of environ-
mental temperature on the sealing performance,
a furnace (lo) , in which testing absorbers were
accomodated, was prepared to the test apparatus.
TEST CONDITIONS FOR FRICTION CHARACTERIS-
TICS TEST - The friction test was conducted
under the conditions of a constant stroke length
of 10 mm, three kinds of oil a, b, and c as
shown in Table 2, and three different frequencies
of cycle, 1, 3 and 5 Hz. A test seal configura-
tion in this case is shown as Sample 1 in Fig. 4,
and NBR (symbols A and B in Table 3) was used
as the lip material. Test shafts of SAE 1045
steel were ground to a surface roughness of
Rmax=0.5 ium.

An absorber seal is a very important and
critical component for automotive suspension.
In spite of the importance of understanding its
sealing and frictional characteristics from a
design or practical point of view, unfortunately
these characteristics have not necessarily and
sufficiently been made clear yet (4). In this
paper, sealing characteristics of an absorber
seal are analized on the basis of the sealing
theory of an oil seal for reciprocating motion
together with consideration of indispensable
design factors, practical expansion from the
experimental stage and their problems.
TEST CONDITIONS FOR DURABILITY TEST - The
durability test was conducted under the condi-
tions of two kinds of stroke length of 2 mm and
60 mm, two kinds of oil d and e as shown in
Table 2, and three different frequencies of cycle
1, 3 and 5 Hz. The test seal is the same as that
used in the friction characteristics test except
that in testing the amount of oil evaporation (5),
a test seal configuration (shown as Sample 2 in
Fig. 4) was used. Test shafts were adjusted to
have a surface roughness of Rmax=0.5jUm. Shaft
eccentricity of 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mmTlR was
given in the case of testing its followable
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810204 3

Type A Type B Type C

Twin tube type Mono tube type(strut) Mono tube pressurized

0ii sea[ (T) Rod guide

(D Oi' seal (D
(2) Rod guide (2) Rod guide
(2) Oil seal ,
(3) Piston rod (3) Piston rod (3) Piston rod

© Oil © Tube © Oil

(5) Tube (5) Spring
Fig. 1 - Various types of shock absorbers for
automobile

limit of shaft eccentricity. In order to inves-
tigate the influence of sealing durability with
different surface roughness, five different test
shafts, with surface roughness between 0.5 and
3lim, were used. Typical example of surface
roughness of 0.5 and 3 i/m is shown in Fig. 5.
Rubber materials and their Shore hardness of
test specimens (Hs A - JIS) are shown in Table 3.
TEST RESULTS QN FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
- Frictional wave-form is shown in Fig. 6 in
which the test oils a, b, and c (as shown in
Table 2) were applied. Frictional wave-form
resembles a rectangle under the conditions of
lower viscosity of oil and lower frequency cycle.
Frictional wave-form is, however, changed to
resemble a sinusoidal wave under the condition
of higher viscosity of oil and higher frequen-
cies of cycle. (In Fig. 6, M.S. represents a
motoring stroke, and P.S. represents a pumping
stroke.) Under the conditions of lower visco-
sity of oil and lower frequency of cycle, it
has been observed that the minute vibration is
placed on frictional wave-form one on top of
another, and that the oil film is unstable.
In Fig. 6, the coefficient of friction f
will be expressed as follows:
f = F/Pr [1]
where F = (Fp + F^)/2 ; Maximum frictional force
Fp = F at the time of pumping stroke
FH = F at the time of motoring stroke,.
Now, duty parameter G will be introduced as a
physical property to express the lubricating
condition between the lip leading edge and the
shaft surface. Then G will be expressed as
follows:
G = Dytfu/Pr [2]
where D = shaft diameter
JU - viscosity of oil
u = shaft speed.
A typical example shown in Fig. 7 expresses
the relationship between f and G which has been
obtained in the experiment with absorber seals.
In the area of G value less than 2xI0~6, f
decreases with increasing G, but in the area of
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4 810204

(T) Driving case (D Guide (T) Absorbers for testing, © Specimens

Q) Lubricating oil © Specimen (seals),® Test s h a f t , © Driving shaft,
(§) Test shaft © Load ceil
© C r a n k and rocker mechanism,® Con­
(£) Strain meter (§) Oscillograph
(§) Thermocouple ® Autobalance recorder
trol b o x , ® Auto-balance recorder for
(jl) Housing temperature,® Meter for shaft speed,
(9) Body portion, ® Furnace for heat­
ing and cooling conditions
Fig. 2 - Test equipment for f r i c t i o n a l character-
istics Fig. 3 - Test apparatus for seal durability

G value higher than 2xl0~6, f increases with

increasing G. In some other seal applications
for reciprocating motion such as in a valve stem
*- (f/f M [dxjmax
In case of double lips, a larger pressure
E4]

seal (6), O-ring (7), and a lip seal {8}, similar gradient will be selected. According to inverse
result (as shown in Fig. 7) has been obtained. theory, the condition to be sealed has been
Specifically, in the f-G graph, the following given as follows:
relationship is obtained in the area of hydro- dp [5]
dynamic lubrication, dxImax- .> dx max.M
f =^GV2 [3] where j d p / d x | m a x . P maximum pressure
The equation [3] will not be obtained in the gradient of oil side
area of non-hydrodynamic lubrication, and it has pressure distribution
a characteristic that f increases with decreas- on pumping stroke
ing G in the area of G value less than 2xl0~6
(as shown in Fig. 7). Therefore, G value of
2xl0~6 (named hereafter to G c value) means the |dp/dx(Imax-M - maximum pressure
point that the lubrication state changes from gradient of atmospheric
hydrodynamic lubrication to non-hydrodynamic side pressure distri-
lubrication. bution on motoring
In applying the inverse theory of hydro- stroke
dynamic lubrication (9), and in assuming the A typical example is shown in Fig. 9 which was
contact pressure distribution as shown in Fig. 8, obtained by photoelastic experiments. In this
the frictional characteristics of hydrodynamic experiment the stress concentration is observed
lubrication will be expressed by the following at the leading edge of the contact area, and the
equation: realization of equation [5] is confirmed.
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810204 5

Table 2 - Types o f l u b r i c a t i n g o i l and t h e i r Table 3 - Characteristics of lip material

viscosity
Kinds of viscosity (csll Rubber
oil
a
" ™ w g>n

19
m*c
3.8
Note
For friction
Marks materials «tf
b 70 15 testing A NBR A 84°
c 470 27 B NBR A 8 6°
d 60 13 For performance C FKM A 83°
e 26 5 testing
D NBR f"\ / &m

<P 3 4
iMm

(a) Rma«= 0.5Mm

■Lip material - A and B

(b) Rma*= 3.0Mm
(I) Sample: 1
<P 3 3 Pig. 5 - Examples of shaft surface roughness

Material- C 4>10
shaft surface condition, etc.) compared to that
of the developmental stage. A field leakage
in X^" problem, therefore, can be prevented before
occurring if a seal manufacturer and a user can
maintain a close relationship with technical
i communication.

<t>1 9 PROBLEM FROM THE STANDPOINT OF DESIGN AND

PRACTICE
^Material - D
MINIMUM AMOUNT OF OIL - Seal life will be
(II) Sample: 2 i

greatly influenced by the amount of oil which

Fig. 4 - Test specimens (absorber seals) enters into the vicinity of a seal lip in a unit
of time. The relationship between Tw and Q is
shown in Fig. 10 where Tw is the amount of time
that prescribed lip wear occurs and Q is the
Generally speaking, sealing durability of
amount of applied oil to a lip edge. In the
an absorber seal is sufficiently reviewed at
area Q § 1 mm3, the value of Tw will be obtained
the design stage to be satisfied with this
as Tw = 30 Hr, and will be constant. From this
equation [5], In practical application, there-
fact, it is considered that the necessary mini-
fore, such an absorber seal will never cause its
mum amount of lubricating oil for lip portion
leakage problem in the field. A cause of the
will be obtained as Q = 1 mm3.
leakage problem in the field is in most cases
In a practical application of a shock
misunderstood in relation to its operating
absorber, the heat generation will be created
condition, or to be changed carelessly to dif-
due to its work, and therefore lubricating oil
ferent conditions (change of oil, change of
in a tube will be evaporated (5). A typical
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810204

Kinds of Frequency Hz
oil 1

i M.S 1 kg

0.1 0.3 0.5 1

G

Fig. 6 - Have-forms of frictional force of Fig. 7 - Halation between non-dimensional duty

absorber seals parameter, G, and coefficient of f r i c t i o n , f
Oil
s-de
)dP/dx|rnaxP Outer diameter surface

vldP/dxImax^

Shaft

Air
side
(a) I n case of single UP nV fc'^% L——Metal case

MPidxUx.Pi
^v6p/dx|max.M1
fdP/dx| m a x ,p 2
JdP/dXJmaa.M2 Trim-
angle

v
Aproach
angle b (Contact width)
(b) In case of double lip
Fig. 9 - Example of photoelastic stress patterns
Fig. 8 - Definition of maximum pressure gradient of an absorber seal
 Downloaded from SAE International by North Carolina State Univ, Tuesday, September 18, 2018
810204
example is shown in Fig. 11 to show that the
amount of evaporated oil will be accelerated
when shaft surface temperature is higher than
50°C. At the temperature of 100°C, the amount
of evaporated oil will be 4.2xl0~6 cmVs-cm 2 .
The amount of evaporated oil will be expressed
as q » l cup, in the case of shaft diameter of
10 mm, a stroke length of 10 mm, and working
hour of 20 hours. This value is not small, and
sometimes is misunderstood to be the leakage of
oil from a seal.
SHAFT ECCENTRICITY - In the case of an
absorber seal, particularly in the case of a
seal for strut in Fig. 1, shaft eccentricity
will be given due to its side force. There are
various seal configurations, but a seal must be
chosen in a way that shaft eccentricity is
considered to be very important as a strut type
absorber. Fig. 12 illustrates the variation of
lip contact width to the shaft, developed in the
circumferential direction, of a single lip-edge
type seal and a double lip-edge type seal. The
single lip-edge type seal, as shown in Fig. 12(A),
shows a constant contact width of 0.1 mm in the
case that the shaft eccentricity is zero.
However, in the range of £,5 0.2 mmTIR, the
contact width becomes unstable, and the contact
width corresponding to the direction of the
shaft eccentricity increases and the contact
width at the opposite side decreases to zero
and furthermore a narrow clearance occurs at
that side. On the other hand, the double lip-
100
50
30 —- —
c) \
10
E
°/H
5 O
3 Frequency : 5 Hz
^ - St roke ■. 5 mm
5h
_ rS f ughness : 0-^m
1 c
OU :a
0.5 / c\
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Qn mar
Fig. 10 - Relation between necessary minimum
amount of lubricating oil for lip portion and
and running period up to occurrence of prescribed
wear area
7
edge type seal, as shown in Fig. 12 {B), shows
a constant contact width of about 0.2 mm in the
range o f £ ^ 0.5 mmTIR, and the contact width
decreases locally in the case of £,= 1.0 mmTIR.
The reason of this smaller variation of the
contact width in double lip-edge type seal is
considered that a lip-edge of atmospheric side
functions as a guide to the shaft which helps
the followability of a lip-edge of oil side to
the shaft. Therefore, it is clear that double
lip-edge type seal shows good sealing character-
istics for a strut type absorber to which side
force is applied.
LIP MATERIAL AND SEALING CHARACTERISTICS -
In the case of an absorber seal, there is a
tendency for the permanent compression of a lip
portion to be directly influenced. Fig. 13
illustrates the test results of seal durability
after a test seal was installed around a shaft,
was dipped into the oil tank, and was heated for
a certain amount of time.
Depending on lip material, the border-line
between sealing and leaking will be different.
At oil temperature of 100°C, the border-line for
lip material A will be 60 hours, and for lip
material B 200 hours. This difference is due to
the different deformation (permanent compression)
at the contact area of different lip material.
Depending on oil temperature, the amount of time
that the leakage occurs will be shortened because
of the different pressure distribution which is
.-6
6x10
(C }
fef
r
L r J
3*
en
E
a.
a;
o
E
<
1.2 U 1.6 0
0 50 100 150
Shaft surface temperature
Fig. 11 - Relation between shaft surface tempera-
ture and amount of evapolating oil
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8 810204

_- 1-8
£ 1-6 PtarR" Exentricity<mm)|Shapeaf seailip 120 i
el -*
g 1-2
1
u
o 1 10 -Cis,\
Leak

* 1.0 ^
4)
100 \ < 5*
g0.6 3
<-*
0.2 & 90 s
0 E
360 * 80 Seaf
^n-.-jio . decree
N
70
5 10 30 50 100 500 1000
(A) In case of single tip-edge type
Dipping time . Hr

Fig. 13 - Relation between sealability and oil-

1.8 swelling o£ a lip
El.6
E
.1.4
^1.2 RIfk Sxentricity(mm) Shape of seal tip
'51.0
60
&2_
tJQ8
no
0.5 C^ 50
1.0 \ Before test
£0.6 ~£
S0A <40
en
0.2
0 30
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
Angle , degree * 20
2 100 H*
(B) In case of double lip-edge type 10 5UUM«

Fig. 12 - Relation between among contact width of 00 0.2 04 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
a lip, shaft eccentricity and eight points on the x , mm x , mm
circumferential direction of a lip
(a) First lip (b) Second lip

caused by creep. Fig. 14 illustrates the varia-

Fig. 14 - Relation between pressure gradient and
tion of pressure distribution of lip material A
at the temperature of 100°C. |dp/dx|max-P a n ^ oil-swelling of a lip
jdp/dxJinax-M become closer to each other and they
tend to leak when the amount of time gets longer.
wear of a seal has been inevitably originated
EFFECT OF MINUTE VIBRATION - While driving as shown in Fig. 16 as typical example of condi-
on the interstate freeway a shock absorber does tions of wear.
not receive such a large amount of amplitude,
and rather receives mostly minute vibration. In EFFECT OF SHAFT SURFACE ROUGHNESS - Shaft
the case of a seal for reciprocating motion, it surface roughness is an important factor which
is concluded that the oil film will be broken will influence the lubrication condition of a
when the value 4b/S becomes larger than a certain seal. The lubrication characteristics of a seal
value where b represents contact width and S will be transferred from hydrodynamic lubrication
represents stroke length (10). to non-hydrodynamic lubrication when oil film
thickness h is equal to shaft surface roughness
Fig. 15 illustrates the relationship bet- Rmax (11 and 12). Assuming G c to be transition
ween frequency and stroke length. In the case point from hydrodynamic lubrication to non-hydro-
of smaller stroke length compared to contact dynamic lubrication, the following equation will
width, the collapse of oil film between lip/shaft be obtained according to the theory:
interface has been observed in the particular
area of stroke 10 mm and of frequency 0.5 cps. _9_ _ b dp
Within the area of oil film collapse, the lip 87C p dxjmax^ b > [5]
 Downloaded from SAE International by North Carolina State Univ, Tuesday, September 18, 2018
810204
P-Mo
Series I
M-P3
6 P-M
Series II ©
M~P
Series 01 <? P * M
9 M-P
N *~ — 0 — — — — —©
o"o._ o
-o
10 20 30
Stroke length (mm)
Fig. 15 - Relation between oil-film collapse of
lip/shaft interface and reciprocating condition
of a lip
According to equation [6] G increases with
increasing Rmax- This will mean that the region
of non-hydrodynamic lubrication will be widened
in proportion to the increase of Rjnax- Fig. 17
illustrates an example of the experimental result
in which the relationship of equation [6] is
qualitatively supported.
EFFECT OF THE MEDIUM TO BE SEALED - Fig.18
illustrates the relationship between lip/shaft
interference of an absorber seal and dipping
time in the air and in the oil tank, when
material A, as shown in Table 3, is tested. Lip
interference is decreases very rapidly in a
short period of time when a seal is dipped in
the oil tank. This phenomena will indicate the
decrease of the followable limit of a lip again-
st shaft eccentricity, and will also indicate
the importance of accurate calculation based on
kind of oil and oil temperature.
CHARACTERISTICS IN THE FIELD - Fig. 19
illustrates the relationship between driving
distance and lip interference. The decrease of
interference against driving distance is differ-
ent , depending on the kind of oil, d or e.
Particularly in the case of oil e, the decrease
is observed to be quite rapid. This difference
has mainly been caused by the difference of
temperature due to heat generation within a
9
j-^m^ss-^i
Rf?SE
Slight
wear
(a) In case of stroke length
20 mm
Heavy
wear
-o-
40
(b) In case of stroke length
2 mm
Fig. 16 - Rubbing surface states of a lip after
prescribed running time
shock absorber. Decrease of interference will
initiate decrease of the followable limit, and
will become one of the important factor of leak-
age. Therefore, the selection of oil will
become an important subject.
Fig. 20 illustrates the reliability of a
seal by way of Weibul distribution which is used
for a strut type suspension. The value of m is
different based on the kind of oil; m = 0.4 for
oil d and m = 2.0 for oil e. The reliability of
a driving distance of 100,000 km will be obtained
with m values of 0.025% for oil d, and 0.9% for
oil e. In the case of oil e, the heat generation
in a shock absorber has become greater, and this
heat generation has influenced to the decrease
of lip interference of the seal. Finally leak-
age has occurred due to the decrease of the
followable limit of the seal. This result not
only indicates the great importance of the
selection of oil to be used for an absorber in
order to increase an automobile's vibration
characteristics, but also indicates the neces-
sity of thorough consideration of the life time
of the absorber seal.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper has revealed that the sufficient
performance characteristics of a seal for a
shock absorber have been secured by establishing
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10 810204

X10
250

200 r
]
V

150

^ 100
c i
J 100 200
Dipping time
300
, Hr
400

50 Fig„ 18 - Relation between change of lip inter-

0
0
X 1
/

2 3 U
ference and oil swelling of a lip

Rmax,, JJ HI
Fig. 17 - Relation between Gc-value and shaft
surface roughness, R
max

0.05
003

Gt005_.^..---d
0.003 - ^

0.2 03 0.5 1 2 3 5x10^

6 8 10 12 U 16 1&X103
Driving distance - km Driving distance . km
«±
Ir
C ..._ o Fig„ 20 - Relation between leaking rate of
-TSXX absorber seals and practical driving distance of
*KT © o o« * 0 automobile
J#

r the sealing theory of a seal for reciprocating

2 A 6 8 10 12 U 16 18x103 motion. In practice, there have been no recent
Driving distance . km field problems reported. This paper has also
revealed that the operating conditions of a seal
will be changed due to the advancement of
automotive technology, and that close communi-
cation and cooperation about possible changes in
Fig. 19 - Relation among lip interference, total operating conditions must be maintained between
contact load of a lip and practical driving a manufacturer and a user in order to prevent
distance of automobile the occurrence of its future problem.
 Downloaded from SAE International by North Carolina State Univ, Tuesday, September 18, 2018
810204
NOMENCLATURE
b contact width of a seal l i p , cm
D shaft outer diameter, cm
f coefficient of friction
F frictional force, K g
G non-dimensional duty parameter def-
ined by D/Ju/Pr
G value at the point that the lubr-
ication state changes from hydro-
dynamic lubrication to non-hydro-
dynamic lubrication
p contact pressure of a lip, Kg/cm
Pr total contact load of a lip, K g
[d£|
maximum pressure gradient at the
1dx]max
ascending point of inflexion, Kg/cm
[dpi i dp I
— value on motoring stroke,
Idxjmax.M Idxlmax
Kg/cm
dp Idpt , Kg
dx max.P value on pumping s t r o k e , —2-
jdxjmax
q evapolated amount of lubricating
oil at lip portion, cm
Q necessary minimum amount of lubri-
cating oil for lip portion, cm
B peak-to-valley height of surface
max roughness of a shaft, cm
length of stroke, cm
sliding velocity (=7tsV ) , cm/s
viscosity of lubricating o i l , Kg.s/cm
frequency of reciprocation, s~l
non-dimensional constant defined by
fG-1/2
shaft eccentricity, cm
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank the directors of
Nippon Oil Seal Industry C o . , Ltd., for
permission t o publish this paper.
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