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 Chinese Architecture
▪ Palaces and temples are the chief building type.
▪ Diverse architecture caused by differences in
geographic and climatic conditions.
▪ System of wood frame construction.
history of architecture

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 Yang-shao
A model of Jiangzhai, a Yangshao
village.

Neolithic culture in China centered

history of architecture

■
around the Yellow River.
■ Characterized by pit dwellings and
fine pottery painted in geometric
designs.

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 Shang Dynasty
The site of Yin, the capital of the Shang
dynasty.

Also Yin Dynasty.

history of architecture

■
■ 1600-1030 BC.
■ Introduction of writing,
development of an urban
civilization, and a mastery of
bronze casting.

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 Qin Dynasty
▪ 221-206 BC
▪ Emergence of a centralized government; first imperial
dynasty.
▪ The construction of much of the Great Wall of China.
history of architecture

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 Religious Structures
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 Towers and gateways

▪ Pailou, monumental gateway to a palace, tomb, or

sacred place.
▪ Zhonglou, bell tower or pavilion at the right side of a
city gate, palace entrance, or forecourt of a temple.
history of architecture

▪ Gulou, left side counterpart of a zhonglou.

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 Mingtang
■ Bright Hall
■ A ritual structure in Chinese
architecture that serves as the
symbolic center of imperial power.
Designated as the intersection of
history of architecture

■
heaven (circle) and earth (square),
oriented around the four cardinal
directions.
■ Lingtai, spirit altar, raised
astronomical observatory; usually
the central, circular upper storey of
the mingtang.

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 Ta
▪ A Chinese pagoda.
▪ Pagoda, Buddhist temple, square or polygonal in plan,
with roofs projecting from each storey; erected as a
memorial or to hold relics (derived from the Indian
history of architecture

stupa).

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 history of architecture

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The Songyue
INDIANTemple Ta, Dengfeng, Henan Province. (China’s oldest surviving ta.)
`
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 history of architecture

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Fogong Pagoda.
INDIAN
` (200-foot-high tower built entirely out of wood.)
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 Temple of Heaven
■ Circular Mound Altar, ritual
platform.
■ Imperial Vault of Heaven
■ Hall for Prayer for Good Harvests
■ Abstinence Palace
history of architecture

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 history of architecture

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Temple ofINDIAN
Heaven.
` (Circular wooden prayer hall, heaven. Rectangular courtyards, earth.)
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 history of architecture

ISLAMIC
Hall for Prayer
INDIAN for Good Harvest, Temple of Heaven.
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 Palaces
history of architecture

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 history of architecture

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Palace ofINDIAN
Heavenly
` Purity, Beijing, China. (Built by emperor Zhu Di, the best preserved imperial palace in China.)
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 Forbidden City
■ A palace complex including
temples, reception halls,
residences, and service buildings.
■ Palace of Heavenly Purity, the
residence of the son of heaven and
history of architecture

the conceptual center of the

empire.
■ Hall of Supreme Harmony,
emperor’s throne room; also where
he met daily with his officials.

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 history of architecture

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Summer Palace,
INDIAN
` Beijing, China. (Summer retreat from the Forbidden City.)
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 Arrangement of Buildings
▪ Buildings are dispersed around a courtyard.
▪ Entire grouping is organized around a central pathway
or axis.
▪ Largest and most important building at the
history of architecture

northernmost.
▪ Surrounding structures and courtyards increase in
size as they get closer to the main building.

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 Fortifications
history of architecture

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 history of architecture

ISLAMIC
The GreatINDIAN
Wall` of China, built by Qin Shih Huang Ti.
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 Great Wall of
China
■ Fortified wall to protect China
against nomads from the north.
■ Also served as a means of
communication.
history of architecture

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 Design Principles
history of architecture

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 Yin-Yang
■ The interaction of two opposing
and complementary principles
■ Yin: feminine, dark, and negative
■ Yang: masculine, bright, and
positive
history of architecture

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 Feng Shui
■ “wind water”
■ Arranging architectural elements
so that they are in harmony with
nature.
Goal: to promote the optimal flow
history of architecture

■
of positive energy (chi’i) within the
building.
■ Most buildings face south or
southeast to take advantage of
prevailing winds and sunshine.

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 Jian
▪ The basic measure in construction.
▪ Standard unit of space marked by adjacent frame
supports.
history of architecture

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 Dougong
■ Interlocking bracket system used in
traditional Chinese construction to
support roof beams.
■ Has both structural and decorative
purpose.
history of architecture

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 Colors
Connotations of colors:
▪ Green, wood.
▪ Yellow, earth; spaces reserved for emperors.
history of architecture

▪ Blue and black, water.

▪ White and gray, metal.
▪ Red, fire; hope and satisfaction.

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 Significance
The mosque is an example of the mud-brick construction of the region. Typical of the Dyula mosques, the building does not have a courtyard. The flat roof is
supported by clay piers and the structure contains numerous buttresses.

Selection Criteria
history of architecture

vi. to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal
significance

End of Module 5
ISLAMIC
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BURMA, CAMBODIA,
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Ar. Christian Nico Pilotin
CHINESE
JAPANESE
HOA 122 Instructor
 history of architecture

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Architecture
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 Japanese Architecture

▪ Characterized by a synthesis of seminal ideas from

China and native conditions producing a distinct style
▪ Light, delicate, and refined.
history of architecture

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 Nara Period
Heijō Palace, imperial residence.

■ 710-794 CE.
Adoption of Chinese culture and
history of architecture

■
form of government.
■ Named after the first permanent
capital and chief Buddhist center in
ancient Japan.

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 Heian Period
▪ 785-1185 CE.
▪ Modification and naturalization of ideas and
institutions introduced from China.
history of architecture

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 Shinto Shrine
history of architecture

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 Shimmei-zukuri

▪ Style of Shinto shrine embodying the original style of

Japanese building.
▪ Rectangular plan raised on posts, surrounded by a
railed veranda, with a free-standing post at each gable
history of architecture

end.

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 Ise Jingu
The Ise Jingu consists of two shrines:
▪ Outer Shrine (Geku), which is dedicated to Toyouke,
the Shinto deity of clothing, food and housing.
history of architecture

▪ Inner Shrine (Naiku), which enshrines the most

venerated deity Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess.

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 history of architecture

ISLAMIC
Naiku, innermost
INDIAN
shrine for Amaterasu. (Rebuilt every 20 years; Unlike most other Shinto shrines, the Ise Shrines are
built inSRI
a purely
LANKA Japanese architecture style which shows almost no influence from the Asian mainland.)
`

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 Torii
The torii of Itsukushima (Miyajima)
Shrine.

Monumental freestanding gateway

history of architecture

■
on the approach to a Shinto shrine.
■ Two pillars connected at the top by
a horizontal crosspiece and a lintel
above it.

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 history of architecture

ISLAMIC
Itsukushima Shrine,
INDIAN
` Hiroshima Prefecture. (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
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 Buddhist Temple
history of architecture

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 Kodo, assembly hall for
monks for reading sacred
texts.
To, Japanese pagoda
enshrining Buddha relics.
Kondo, Golden Hall;
sanctuary where the main
image of worship is kept.
Chumon, inner gateway to
history of architecture

the precinct.
Kairo, covered gallery
surrounding the precinct.
Sorin, crowning spire on a
Japanese pagoda.

ISLAMIC
A Japanese Buddhist
INDIAN
` Temple.
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 history of architecture

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Horyuji Temple,
INDIAN Nara. (One of the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world.)
`
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 To
■ Japanese pagoda, also butto or
toba.
■ Central structure of a Buddhist
compound.
history of architecture

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 history of architecture

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The Golden Pavilion,
INDIAN
` Kyoto. (Kinkaku-ji; Built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, a Zen temple.)
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 Palaces
history of architecture

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 history of architecture

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Himeji Castle.
INDIAN (Himeji-jo; the finest surviving example of early 17th-century Japanese castle architecture.)
`
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 Himeji Castle
■ “The White Heron.”
■ Tenshu-gun, keeps.
■ Harakiri-maru, inner courtyard in
the southeast corner of the court
where a samurai would commit
history of architecture

suicide.

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 Domestic Architecture
history of architecture

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 Shoin
▪ Meaning “writing hall.”
▪ A new type of residential architecture during the
Muromachi period (1338-1573).
▪ Features the proportioning system of using tatami
history of architecture

mats (about 1x2 yards in size).

▪ Tokonoma, decorative alcove.
▪ Chigaidama, staggered shelves.
▪ Shoji, paper-covered wooden lattice.

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 Tana, a recess with built-in
shelving.
Tatami, straw mats used as
floor coverings (about 3’x6’)
Tokobashira, post marking the
partition between the
tokonoma and the tana.
Engawa, extension of the floor,
usually facing a garden; serves
history of architecture

as a passageway or sitting
place.
Kakemono, a vertical hanging
scroll containing either text or a
painting.

ISLAMIC
Zashiki, reception
INDIAN
` room. (Main room in a traditional Japanese house for receiving guests.)
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 Chashitsu
■ teahouses
■ venue for tea ceremony
■ Roji, ornamental garden adjacent t
the teahouse.
history of architecture

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 Proportioning System
history of architecture

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 Ken
A linear unit for regulating column spacing in
traditional Japanese construction.
Initially equal to 6 shaku (1.818 meters); later varied
history of architecture

according to the tatami mats (approximately 3’ x 6’).

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 Ken
The size of a room is designated by the
number of its floor mats (tatami).
history of architecture

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 history of architecture

ISLAMIC
Tokonoma, a shallow,
INDIAN
` slightly raised alcove for the display of a kakemono or flower arrangement.
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 Significance
The mosque is an example of the mud-brick construction of the region. Typical of the Dyula mosques, the building does not have a courtyard. The flat roof is
supported by clay piers and the structure contains numerous buttresses.

Selection Criteria
history of architecture

vi. to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal
significance

End of Module 6
ISLAMIC
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BURMA, CAMBODIA,
THAILAND
Ar. Christian Nico Pilotin
CHINESE
JAPANESE
HOA 122 Instructor
 • QUIZ 2 Sheet No. 1
• Reproduction drawing
• Page 1. Draw the China’s oldest surviving ta
• Due Date: May 21, 2022
• 11:59 PM
• Late plates to be deducted
• Color pencils/pens, watercolor or any other medium
• Paper size Use 9"x12"
• You may add description...
history of architecture

• Indicate the Building name

• Quiz Title: Chinese Architecture

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 • QUIZ 2 Sheet No. 2
• Reproduction drawing
• Page 1. Draw the Japanese Monumental
freestanding gateway on the approach to a Shinto
shrine having two pillars connected at the top by a
horizontal crosspiece and a lintel above it.
• Due Date: May 21, 2022
• 11:59 PM
• Late plates to be deducted
• Color pencils/pens, watercolor or any other medium
history of architecture

• Paper size Use 9"x12"

• You may add description...
• Indicate the Building name
• Quiz Title: Japanese Architecture
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 COLOR CODE
BS ARCH BS ARCH BS ARCH BS ARCH

2A 2B 2C 2D
HOA 3 HOA 3 HOA 3 HOA 3
history of architecture

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 Guidelines for Submission of Plates
1. Refer to Drawing Schedule for due dates of each Plates
2. Prepare to take a photo/scan of your finished/ completed Plate (whole paper)
3. Required format .jpeg
4. Rename photo: Program/Section, Course, Plate No., Last Name, First Name
(example below)
Significance
BSARCH3A_HOA134_P1_DELACRUZ_JUAN
The mosque is an example of the mud-brick construction of the region. Typical of the Dyula mosques, the building does not have a courtyard. The flat roof is
supported by clay piers and the structure contains numerous buttresses.

Selection Criteria
history of architecture

vi. to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal
significance

5. Click "Classwork" from Google Classroom.com

6. Click "View assignment" from WEEKLY topic/ module assigned
7. From "Your Work" + Add or create, File (to upload photo of your Plate)
8. Click "Turn in" for final submission
9. Submit
ISLAMIC
photo on or before due date
INDIAN
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 Guidelines for Submission of Plates
10. Every end of MODULE basis for deadline of delivery of compiled Plates.
11. Submit package on or before due date.
12. Prepare Plates for package delivery through courier.
13. Securely seal your package.
14. Shouldn't have tears, rips, bends, or other damage upon delivery.
Significance
The mosque 15. Properly label your package (example below)of the Dyula mosques, the building does not have a courtyard. The flat roof is
is an example of the mud-brick construction of the region. Typical
supported by clay piers and the structure contains numerous buttresses.
Sender: JUAN DELA CRUZ
FLORENTINO ST., BRGY I, Selection Criteria
history of architecture

vi. to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal
VIGAN CITY, ILOCOS SUR significance
+63 9088000000
Receiver: CHRISTIAN NICO R. PILOTIN
2F JUAN LUNA HALL BLDG, UNIV. OF NORTHERN PHILS, TAMAG,
VIGAN CITY 2700
+63 9063939294

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