A.

External Morphology

Simple Eudicot Leaf Monocot Leaf Gymnosperm Leaf

Plant Name: Tropical almond Plant name: Broadleaf lady Plant name: New caledonia
(Terminalia catappa) palm (Raphis excelsa) pine (Araucaria columnaris)

B. Compound Leaves

Simple pinnately compound Bipinnately compound Tripinnately compound

Plant name: Neem tree Plant name: Fishtail palms Plant name: Malunggay
(Azadirachta indica) (Caryota mitis) (Moringa oleifera)
https://businessmirror.com.ph
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 Bifoliate palmately Trifoliate palmately Tetrafoliate palmately Pentafoliate
compound compound compound palmately compound
Plant name: Butterfly Plant name: Clover Plant name: Water Plant name:
tree (Bauhinia (Trifolium) Clover (Marsilea) Broadleaf lady palm
purpurea) https://www.1800flow https://encrypted-tbn3 (Raphis excelsa)
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og/tree-list-arranged- acts/fun-four-leaf-clov image?q=tbn:ANd9G
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C. Phyllotaxy
 Alternate Opposite Decussate
Plant name: Devil’s Ivy Plant name: Akapulko Plant name: Oregano
(Epipremnum aureum) (Senna alata) (Origanum Vulagre)

Equitant Distichous Whorled

Plant name: Snake Plant Plant name: Ti (Cordyline Plant name: Pleioblastus)
(Dracaena trifasciata) fruticosa)

https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/a
bies/concolor/
 Imbricate Fascicle
Plant name: New caledonia pine (Araucaria Plant name: White fir (Abies Concolor)
columnaris)

D. Leaf Venation Pattern

 E. Leaf Modification

F. Internal Anatomy

Questions

1. A leaf is characterized by a flattened structure with a green pigment, chlorophyll,

responsible for capturing sunlight and facilitating the process of photosynthesis. There
are two fundamental types of leaves: simple and compound. A leaf is simple if it consists
of a single, undivided blade attached to the stem by a petiole. This design allows for a
straightforward and continuous surface for light absorption and gas exchange. Some
examples of simple leaves include pear, oak, guava, and oregano. In contrast, a leaf is
considered compound when its blade is segmented into leaf-like pieces known as
leaflets. Two or more leaflets are attached to the midrib or main vein of a compound leaf,
which is attached to the petiole. Compound leaves can be further classified into
pinnately compound leaves, where leaflets connect along the midrib, and palmately
compound leaves, where leaflets attach at the petiole's tip. Mimosa, acacia, and pea
plants exhibit pinnately compound leaves, whereas citrus, chestnut, and oxalis plants
showcase palmately compound leaves.

2. The leaf is characterized by the presence of two distinct epidermal layers—namely,

the upper and lower epidermises—each playing a specialized role in functions such as
light absorption, gas exchange, and overall leaf physiology. Generally, the surface of
epidermal cells is protected by a layer called the cuticle. The cuticle is rich in lignin,
which adds rigidity to the leaf, and waxes, which function in waterproofing. Since the
upper epidermis of a leaf is more exposed to environmental factors such as sunlight,
wind, and potential physical damage, it typically has a thicker cuticle. Conversely, the
lower epidermis, being on the shaded side of the leaf, has a thinner cuticle. Furthermore,
the upper epidermis of a leaf lacks stomata as it serves primarily as a protective layer.
Stomata are essential for gas exchange, allowing the entry of carbon dioxide needed for
photosynthesis and the release of oxygen produced during this process. However,
placing stomata on the upper surface could expose the leaf to higher rates of water loss
through transpiration. On the other hand, the lower epidermis exhibits structural
adaptations to support gas exchange. It often features a higher density of stomata,
which are flanked by specialized cells known as guard cells. These guard cells regulate
 the opening and closing of the stomatal pores, controlling the influx of carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis and the release of oxygen.

3. Secondary growth is not manifested in leaves due to the absence of vascular cambium,
which is responsible for the formation of secondary phloem and xylem. Unlike roots and
stems, where vascular cambium and cork cambium enable secondary growth, leaves
mainly undergo primary growth from apical meristems, elongating but not widening. In
contrast to stems and roots, which endure for several growing seasons, leaves typically
have a brief lifespan, serving their functions in photosynthesis and transpiration within a
single season. Because leaves are temporally oriented, there is no need to develop
secondary growth.

4.
Common Name Scientific Name Family Use

Sambong Blumea balsamifera Asteraceae Diuretic,

antiuricemic,
antimicrobial, and
antioxidant

Ampalaya Momordica Cucurbitaceae Antimetabolic

charantia syndrome,
antidiabetes,
purgative, and
anti-inflammatory

Akapulko Senna alata Leguminosae Antifungal,

antiscabies,
athelmintic

Saluyot or Jute Corchorus Malvaceae Treatment and

Mallow olitorius prevention for
diabetes mellitus,
arthritis, colds,
fever, diarrhea,
stomachache,
headache, and
asthma

Mayana Coleus blumei Lamiaceae - For pain, sore,

swelling, and cuts
 - Antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory,
and treatment for
headache and
bruises

Banaba Lagerstroemia Lythraceae - Used for treating

speciosa diabetes and
kidney diseases
- Antibacterial,
antiviral, and
antifungal

Alugbati Basella alba Basellaceae Used for reducing

local swelling,
hastening
suppuration of boils
and ulcers, and
treating burns and
scalds

Tawa-tawa Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Decoction of leaves

used for fever
(dengue fever),
colds, cough, and
flu

Laurel Laurus nobilis Lauraceae Stomachic,

carminative
remedies,
treatment of
digestive disease

Talisay Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Leaves are applied

L. to rheumatic joints
and used to expel
worm and treat
hepatitis and
dermatitis