We discover the

possibilities by doing, by
trying new activities...We
learn who we are in
practice, not in theory.”
- David Epstein
1
Instrument for
Measuring Current,
Voltage and
Resistance
COMPASS
● The compass is
the simplest
instrument that can
be used to detect
electric current.
 GALVANOMETER
● A galvanometer is an
electromechanical measuring
device used to measure the
strength of current and
direction in an electric circuit.
● A typical galvanometer
consists of a moving coil,
permanent magnet, iron core,
non-magnetic frame,
suspension wire and a spring.
AMMETER
● An Ammeter, also called
ampere meter, is a
measuring instrument used
to measure the strength (or
magnitude) of the electric
current flowing in a circuit.
● An ammeter can be used to
measure both direct current
(DC) and alternating current
(AC).
 VOLTMETER

● A voltmeter, also known as

a voltage meter, is an
instrument that measures
the voltage or potential
difference between two
points of an electronic or
electrical circuit.
 OHMMETER
● Ohmmeter, instrument for
measuring electrical
resistance, which is
expressed in ohms.
● In the simplest ohmmeters,
the resistance to be
measured may be
connected to the instrument
in parallel or in series.
 MULTITESTER
● Multimeter is a multi-functional
electrical measuring instrument.
Its main function is measuring of
characteristics of electric signal.
● Multimeter combines functions
of an ammeter, a voltmeter and
ohmmeter as well as other
electrical measuring instruments.
Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy
● Modern society has become increasingly dependent
on electricity over the years.

● Electricity is used today in lightning, heating or

cooling, refrigiration, food preparation, transport,
communication, entertainment, data storage and
manipulation, medical applications. manufacturing,
construction and a lot more.
Electrical Energy
● Electricity is a means of energy transfer because it
can transport energy from genrators to the
consumers through a network of wire.
● It can also be converted into other usable energy
forms, such as heat, light, mechanical and chemical
energy.
Electrical Energy
● Electricity can also be controlled at the point of
use with a switch to turn electrical devices on or off.
● Even people in remote areas now enjoy the benefits
through solar power and wind-driven generators.
Measure of Electrical
Consumption
Measure of Electrical Consumption
● Much of the energy you use everyday is in your
home.
● How can you tell how much energy you use and
where you use that energy?
Measure of Electrical Consumption
● To measure how much energy an appliance
uses and how the energy costs, you have to
understand the concept of power.
Power
• In electrical circuits , power is manifested by
the heating or warning of the resistor or load.
• The load can be a commercially available
resistor or home appliances.
• This heating effect can be directly verified by
touching the back of the television, refrigirator
or electric fan after yu have used them for
some time.
• Electric power is measured in watts in honor
of James Watt, the inventor of the steam
engine.
• Watt is used to measure the amount of power
an appliances needs and consumes.
• Wattage is measure of electrical consumption
1000 watts = 1kW
• The amount of electricity a power plant generator or
cutomer uses over a period of time is measured in
kilowatt hours (kWh) is equal to the energy of 1000
watts working for one hour.
• Kilowatt hour is determined by multiplying the number
of kilowatts required by the number of hours a day.
• For example, if you use a 40-watt ligt bulb for 5 hours a
day, you have used 200 watts of power, or 0.2 kilowatt
hour of electrical energy.
• If you look at your family’s monthly electric bill, you
will notice that you are being charged for the kWh,
you note that power is derived from, the amount of
work done, or energy consumed, per unit time.
• Therefore, you billed according to your monthly
electrical energy consumption.
Power

● Power refers to the amount of work (W) done,

or energy consumed, per unit time.
• The standard metric unit of power is the Watt.
• As is implied by the equation for power, a unit of
power is equivalent to a unit of work divided by a unit
of time.
• Thus, a Watt is equivalent to a Joule/second.
• For historical reasons, the horsepower is
occasionally used to describe the power delivered by
a machine.
• One horsepower is equivalent to approximately 750
Watts.
Horsepower
• L a rg e e l e c t ri c m o t o r a re o f t e n ra t e d i n
horsepower in the same way the automobile
engines are rated.

• Horsepower and voltage are simply two

different units that may be used to specify
power.
• W o rk i s a l s o o f t e n d o n e b y a p p l i a n c e s
through the generation of heat.
• As an example, a 500 watt hair dryer contains
a special resistance wire to provide heat,
along with the fan to blow air by the heated
wire.
• This, then generate enough heat to
comfortably dry air.
Resistor
• Any resistance will engage heat as current
passes through it.
• Resistors will also have a power or wattage
which is different from the wattage given to an
appliances.
• The power rating of an appliance is usually
the rate at which it is using electrical energy to
do the work for us.
• The power rating of a resistor is a measure of its
ability to give off unwanted heat or dissipate heat
by the convection of air moving around the
resistors.
• A bigger resistor comes in contact with more air, it
can handle more power, and thus has a higher
wattage rating.
• The wattage rating of a resistor is the higher power
the resistor can be operated without overheating
 P
I E
Power
Formula 1:
• In any electrical circuit, the power is computed
making use of these three formulas:

• In regard to Voltage and current, it is articulated as

P=IxE
Problem 1: In the circuit shown in Fig. 1, the voltage applied to
the resistor is 6 volts and the current flowing through it is 1.5
ampere.
E=6V
P=IxE

P = 1.5 A x 6 V
I = 1.5 A P = 9.0 W

P=?
Problem 1: In the circuit shown in the voltage applied to the
resistor is 12 volts and the power dissipated by the resistor is
30 watts.
E = 12 V
I=P/E

I = 30 W / 12 V
I=?A P = 2.5 W

P = 30 W
• The first power formula can be used with the Ohm’s
Law to derived another formula for power.
• All that is necessary is to substitute one of the forms
of the ohm’s law into the first power formula: that is,
one part of the power formula is replaced with it’s
equivalent from Ohm’s Law.
• The result is that power can now be found by
multiplying current times current times resistance.
P=IxR

E=IxR
Then

P=IxIxR

P = I² x R
 P
I² R
Power
Formula 2:
Problem 1: In the circuit shown in the illustration below, I is 3
amp, and R is 10 ohms, and you need to calculate the power
dissipated P.

P = I² x R
P = 3A x 3A x 10 Ω
I=3A P = 90 W

R = 10Ω
Problem 2. In the circuit shown in the illustration, I is 2 amperes
and P is 1000 watts. Calculate the value of R.

�
R=
��

I = 2A R=
���� �
�� � ��

R = 250Ω
P = 10OO W
Problem 3. In the circuit drawn below, P= 100 watts and R is
200 ohms, determine the current flowing I.

� �
� =
I = ?A �
��� �
�� =
200�

�� = .5 A
P = 10O W
I = .√5 A
R = 200Ω
I = 0.707A
• One formula is available that may come in handy in
calculating power in circuit situations where a resitor’s
ohmic value and the voltage across it are known and you
need to calculate the power of being dissipated.
• Using the original formula for power , P=ExI , requires that
you know both the voltage, across and current flowing
through the resistors.
• One form of Ohm’s Law enables you to solve for current: I
= E/R.
• If you substitute this formula, the result is a new equation
 E²
P R
P=ExI �
P=Ex
� �
I=
� P = E x E/R

�²
P=
�
• Practice Problem
1. If you place the voltage across a resistor at 20 volts and
its resistance at 50 ohm’s.
�²
E = 20V P=
�
��� � ���
P=
50�
��� �
P=
50�
R = 50Ω P=8W
P=?
Sample Problems:
• 1. In the simple circuit shown below, a volatge is applied to a
resistor and current flows through the resistor. Use Ohm’s
law to find the applied voltage if the current is 5 amperes and
the resistance is 3 ohms.
R = 3Ω E=IxR
E = 5A x 3Ω
I = 5A
E = 15 V

E = ?A
• 2. Find the current I flowing in the circuit shown if the voltage
is 12 volts and the resistance is 4 ohms.

R = 4Ω I=E/R
I = 12 V/ 4Ω
I = ?A
I=3A

E = 12 V
• 3. In the circuit shown below, find the power dissipated by
the resistor when applied voltage is 24 volts and the current
flowing through the resistor is 8 amperes.

P = ?W P=I/E
P = 8A/ 24V
I = 8A
P = 192 W

E = 24 V
• 4. In a simple circuit, find the power dissipated by a 10 ohms
resistor when the current flowing throgh it is .5 amperes.
P = ?W P = I² / R
R = 10Ω
P = (5A)²/ 10Ω
P = 25 A x 10Ω
I = 5A
P = 250 W
• 5. Given a simple circuit, find a current flowing through a 4-
ohm resistor when the resistor is dissipating 100 watts of
power.
�
P = 100 W I²=
�

R=4Ω I²=
��� �
��

I²= 25
I=?A
I = √25
I = 5A