Chapter 2

Principles for Water Network

Design
Water Network Development &
Design Standards
 Chapter 2
Principles for Water Network Design
Table of Contents
I. PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................. 1
II. SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................. 1
III. RESPONSIBILITIES & AUTHORITIES ................................................................................................. 1
IV. ABBREVIATIONS, DEFINITION OF TERMS & KEY REFERENCES ................................................. 1
V. PLANNING PRINCIPLES FOR WATER NETWORK DESIGN ........................................................ 2
V.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2
V.2 General Criteria ...................................................................................................................... 2
V.2.1 Design Period ............................................................................................................... 2
V.2.2 Service Area ................................................................................................................. 3
V.2.3 Land Use, Population and Water Demands ........................................................... 3
V.2.4 Whole-Life Cycle Cost ................................................................................................ 3
V.2.5 Monitoring Requirements ............................................................................................ 3
V.3 Pump Planning Criteria ........................................................................................................... 4
V.4 Piping Planning Criteria.......................................................................................................... 5
V.4.1 Piping Configurations .................................................................................................. 5
V.4.2 Fire Hydrants ................................................................................................................ 6
V.4.3 Isolation Valves............................................................................................................. 6
V.4.4 Vacuum Relief and Air Release Valves.................................................................... 7
V.4.5 Control Valves .............................................................................................................. 7
V.4.6 Flushing Valves ............................................................................................................. 7
V.4.7 Cross-connection Control ............................................................................................. 7
V.4.8 Pipe Size Selection ...................................................................................................... 7
V.4.8.1 Pipe Velocities ............................................................................................. 8
V.4.8.2 Hydraulic Losses and Friction Coefficients.............................................. 9
V.4.8.3 Allowable System Pressures ...................................................................... 9
V.4.9 Continuity of Service ................................................................................................... 9
V.4.9.1 Redundancy for System Reliability .......................................................... 9
V.4.9.2 Paralleling Piping System.......................................................................... 9
V.4.10 Miscellaneous Planning Criteria ..............................................................................10
V.4.10.1 Corrosion Protection .................................................................................10
V.4.10.2 Distribution System Safety and Security...............................................10
V.4.11 Water Network Design Steps..................................................................................10
V.5 Reservoir/Storage Tanks Planning Criteria ......................................................................11
V.5.1 Basic Function ..............................................................................................................11
V.5.2 Tank Shape and Type of Construction ...................................................................12
V.5.3 Storage Sizing ............................................................................................................12
V.5.4 Effective Storage Volume.........................................................................................13

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V.5.5 Operational Storage (OS) Volume ........................................................................13
V.5.6 Equalization Storage (ES) Volume ..........................................................................13
V.5.7 Standby Storage (SB) Volume.................................................................................14
V.5.8 Fire Storage (FS) Volume .........................................................................................15
V.5.9 Dead Storage (DS) Volume .....................................................................................15
VI. KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS................................................................................................15
VII. RECORDS ...........................................................................................................................................15
VIII. LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................16
IX. LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................................16
X. APPENDICES......................................................................................................................................17
X.1 Appendix A – Water Demand Values ..............................................................................17
X.2 Appendix B – Water Network Development Procedure Summary and Checklists ...19
X.2.1 Hydraulic Analysis Summary....................................................................................19
X.2.2 Hydraulic Analysis Checklist .....................................................................................20
X.2.3 Transmission and Distribution Main Design Checklist ...........................................20

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I. PURPOSE
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the water network principles for use by designers
and engineers that are applicable for all properties where the potable water is supplied by
KM. As the principles are the same for KM internal staff and for outside consultants.

II. SCOPE
This chapter summarizes the design criteria for elements of the water system reservoir,
pumping system, and transmission/delivery system including:
■ Service area coverage,
■ Water demand projections,
■ Pipe network design and hydraulic modeling,
■ Typical piping configurations and valving requirements,
■ Reservoir and pumping station design criteria and
■ Safety and security.
This document also presents the current KM guiding principles for the provision of water
network design and a summary and checklist for the preparation of hydraulic network
analyses.

III. RESPONSIBILITIES & AUTHORITIES

KM staff and design consultants will utilize these principles to evaluate the distribution system,
plan future improvements to support growth, and implement enhancements to improve system
performance. For each new project, the developer shall submit the proposed water
infrastructure planned for the project. KM is responsible for review and approval.

Any deviations from these standards/guidelines outlined in this document must be reviewed
and approved by KM.

IV. ABBREVIATIONS, DEFINITION OF TERMS & KEY REFERENCES

Abbreviations and definition of terms used in this chapter are consistent with the Standard
Terminologies, Abbreviations, Acronyms and Definitions provided in the Glossary of
Documents. The Glossary of Documents is located at the beginning of each volume of this
Manual.

Key KM references used in the development of this document include:

■ General Specifications of Main Laying Materials for Waterworks
■ General Specifications for Main Laying Contracts
■ Water Network Standard Drawings
■ Regulations of Internal Water Installations and Connection Works
■ Water Development Guidelines for Bulk Customers
Key references outside KM used in the development of this document include:

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 Chapter 2
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■ Distribution Valves - Selection, Installation, Field Testing, and Maintenance, AWWA
Manual of Water Supply Practices, M44
■ Installation, Field Testing, and Maintenance of Fire Hydrants, AWWA Manual of
Water Supply Practices, M17
■ Dubai Electric and Water Authority, Guidelines for New Project Development, 2008.
■ Washington State Department of Health (1999). Water System Design Manual. DOH
331-123 (REV. 12/09). http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/dw/publications/331-123.pdf
■ Mays, Larry (2000). Water Distribution Systems Handbook. McGraw-Hill. 540 pp.
■ City of San Diego Water Department, General Design Guidelines, San Diego, CA.
■ Sanks, R. L., G. Tchbanoglous, B.E. Bosserman, G. M. Jones. 1998. Pumping Station
Design,2nd Edition, Butterworth Heineman, Boston, MA.

V. PLANNING PRINCIPLES FOR WATER NETWORK DESIGN

V.1 Introduction
The distribution network is a critical component of every potable water utility. Its primary
function is to provide the required quantity of water at acceptable quality and pressure.
Water systems must operate 24 hours each and every day in order to maintain reliable
service.

Water distribution system infrastructure is generally considered to consist of the pipes, pumps,
valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances that
connect treatment plants or well supplies to customer taps. The characteristics and typical
features of the basic infrastructure components in the potable water distribution system are
discussed in the following sections.

V.2 General Criteria

Effective water distribution systems have standard criteria on which the adequacy of the
existing and planned system can be evaluated. These criteria are enumerated in the sections
to follow.

V.2.1 Design Period

Water system components are designed to meet the demands of its service area over a
design period. The economical period of design of water system elements is related to its first
cost, service life, present population and growth rate of its service area, economic discount
rate and the ease and cost of increasing its capacity. Most of the above factors typically vary
from locality to locality, hence resulting in a variable economical period of design.

Design period that is too short must have larger or parallel pipes installed soon after the initial
installation. Conversely, design period that is too long results in excessive costs. Overdesigned
pipelines will have low velocities until the demand is sufficient to require larger flows. This will
result in higher maintenance costs for flushing to keep water quality within acceptable limits.

The ideal design period is based on historical data and projected future events. Experience
has shown the design periods given in Table V-1 typically within acceptable ranges and
therefore can be used. If information is available to justify variance from these values, consult
with KM for guidance.

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Table V-1 Design Period
Type of Works Design Period (Years)
Pumping Stations 20
Storage Reservoirs 20
Secondary Distribution Mains 20
Primary Distribution Mains 30
Source Transmission Mains 50

V.2.2 Service Area

The design consultant, in consultation with Water Planning Department (WPD), defines the
project service area and identifies the pressure zones in which it is located. WPD approves the
service area boundaries. Consideration should be given to projected land uses and demand
based on phased and full development of the service area. The phasing of development
should be clearly delineated consistent with the development framework of MMUP
requirements.

V.2.3 Land Use, Population and Water Demands

Population projections and per capita consumption for residential, commercial, institutional and
industrial expansion, determine water demand/flows used to size the network components
from the various sources of supply to every point in the system. Appendix A presents typical
land use categories and ranges of unit water consumption to be used to establish the water
demand requirements for development projects. However, it is the responsibility of the
consultant/developer to accurately determine the demand required with due consideration to
the nature and type of the proposed development. KM must concur with the water demand
forecast prior to project approval from KM.

Water use fluctuates hourly, daily, weekly, and between seasons. These variations are
expressed as ratios to the average day demand, called peaking factors. Flow demands are
estimated from values in Appendix A. The projected water demand or flows should be
presented in various development phase over the chosen design period.

V.2.4 Whole-Life Cycle Cost

As part of the engineering evaluation, all development alternatives identified should be
subjected to whole-life-cycle cost analyses in order to arrive at the most economically cost
effective recommended plan.

Whole-life cycle costs shall also be used to determine planning horizons and appropriate
phasing of development, taking into account demand growth and changing operating
conditions. The prevailing acceptable discount rate as stipulated by Qatar should be used for
the whole-life cycle costing.

V.2.5 Monitoring Requirements

Depending on the nature and the size of the project network, monitoring devices at main
connection locations will be installed by KM. These devices are outlined as follows:

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■ Flow Metering – Metering is essential for measurement and flow monitoring along the
distribution systems. Flow meters should be proposed at selected and strategic
locations.
■ Pressure Transmitters – Pressure gauges and transmitters are required to monitor
pressures at various locations.
■ Pressure Regulating Valve – Pressure regulating valve will be installed in case the
customer is supplied from a water transmission line in order to reduce pressure at the
storage facility inlet.
■ Water Quality Monitoring – Analyzer stations consisting of transmitters and sensor
assemblies for measuring pH, residual chlorine, conductivity and temperature should be
installed at specified locations identified by KM guidance provided in Chapter “Water
Sampling Design Standards”.
■ Water SCADA Requirements – KM requirements for integrating newly developed
network for major projects into the NWCC.

V.3 Pump Planning Criteria

Pumps work with storage tanks, variable frequency drives, control valves, and pipe manifold
(suction and discharge headers) to maintain a consistent pressure range in the distribution
system.

The Pump Station Design Standards include:

■ Pumping unit types and selection criteria.
■ Matching pump curves to meet the required system hydraulic characteristics.
■ Number of pumps, including stand-by and maintenance pumps.
■ Vibration and cavitation considerations.
■ Provisions for expansion of the pump station for future flows with minimal disruption of
operations.
■ Pumping station layout and appurtenances to be provided.
■ Power requirements including variable frequency drives, motor selection criteria, and
emergency power alternatives.
■ Pump control philosophy and data to be relayed to the NWCC.

Pumping facilities should be designed for the period associated with full water system build-
out for a specific planned development unless another period is justified and approved by
KM.

A booster pump station (BPS) designed to draw water from a distribution system to supply a
separate high service area directly affects the supplying distribution system. The hydraulic
analysis should include a minimum 48 hour period of simulated operation during which the
peak projected 24 hour flow (PHD) is modeled.

When network analysis determines pumping is required to maintain system integrity, the
following principles should be incorporated into the network design:
■ Duty pumping configurations.
■ Type of drive (variable frequency or fixed speed).

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■ Control logic for start/stop operation.
■ Pump curves from actual manufacturer’s published data.
■ Transient analysis and surge control

A water system may include multiple pumps designed and operated to provide variable
design flows to its service area.

All pumps including fixed speed and variable speed pumps must be capable of supplying
output required (pressure and flows) to meet the level of service set by the local supply
requirements. The duty pump(s) must have adequate capacity to satisfy the flow and pressure
requirements of the water distribution system under all operational scenarios.

The pumping station peak design flow rate should be achieved with all duty pumps operating
at the design head condition. A minimum of two duty pumps should be provided in each pump
station. As a general guideline, the maximum capacity of any one pump should be limited to
approximately 1.0 m3/s unless this leads to an excessive number of pumps. Table V-2
provides general guidance for the required number of pumping units.

Table V-2 Number of Pumping Units

Rising Main Rising Main Number of Standby
Capacity/ Pump, Number of Duty
Min. Flow Rate Peak Flow Rate and Maintenance
(m3/s) Pumps
(m3/s) (m3/s) Pumps
0.5 1.5 0.5 3 2
1.0 3.0 0.5 6 2
2.0 6.0 1.0 6 2

V.4 Piping Planning Criteria

The system of pipelines that transport water from the desalination plant to the customer, are
often categorized from largest to smallest as transmission mains, rising mains, distribution
mains, service lines, and premise plumbing:
■ Transmission mains usually convey high water flows over long distances, such as from a
treatment facility to a reservoir or storage tank within the distribution system.
■ Rising mains and distribution mains are typically smaller in diameter than the
transmission mains and generally follow the main roads and city streets.
■ Service lines carry water from the distribution main to the building or property being
served. Service lines can be of any size depending on how much water is required to
serve a particular customer and are sized so that the utility’s design pressure is
maintained at the customer’s property for the desired flows.
■ Premise plumbing refers to the piping within a building or home that distributes water
to the point of use. In premise plumbing the pipe diameters are usually comparatively
small.
V.4.1 Piping Configurations
The designer should set out and size pipes along travel routes within approved corridor
allocations. For transmission mains and rising mains, the design should include redundant
parallel mains to allow for continued service during maintenance periods when one main must

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be removed from service. Water pipe network configurations generally follow travel ways
and are either branched systems or looped systems.

A branch system is comprised of successively smaller pipes that branch off larger pipes and
terminate at the customer’s service. The water can take only one pathway from the source to
the consumer. This type of system is most frequently used in remote areas accessed by only
one travel way.

A looped system consists of connected pipe loops throughout the area to be served and is
most common in municipal areas where travel ways intersect. Multiple paths exist that the
water can follow from the source to the consumer.

Looped systems are more reliable. Line breaks can be isolated without interruption of service
since an alternate flow path is available. Water flow will often reverse direction in the pipe
network because of varying demands. This helps reduce stagnation problems but can increase
transit time for water delivery. Another benefit resulting from multiple flow paths is the
increase in available flow for firefighting. Looped systems also often provide access to
multiple fire hydrants to enhance firefighting efforts.

Most systems are a combination of both looped and branched configurations. Looped systems
are encouraged and should be incorporated whenever possible. When dead-end lines are
unavoidable, flushing hydrants are to be provided at the end of all dead-end lines.

Pipe network design within a District Metered Area (DMA) or individual development should
loop pipes whenever possible and avoid dead-end lines. Connecting points between adjacent
DMAs should be analyzed as both open and closed connections to determine which scenario is
most beneficial for water flows and quality.

Fire service requirements for any project are determined by CD.

V.4.2 Fire Hydrants

Fire hydrant connecting pipes between the main and hydrant should be 150mm for mains that
are sized 150mm and bigger. Fire hydrant connections to mains less than 150mm in diameter
if needed are to be 100mm underground type.

These types of hydrants not designed to provide CD required fire flows, such as flush valves,
standpipes, blow-offs, or nonstandard smaller volume hydrants without pumper ports, may be
placed on mains less than 150mm in diameter. Hydrant barrels should be sized to match the
connecting pipe.

V.4.3 Isolation Valves

Mainline valves should be the same diameter as the pipeline. On distribution mains in
residential areas, valves are placed at street intersections and on each smaller main as it
leaves the larger main. In general, valves are placed on tees in two(2) directions. In
commercial and industrial areas, valves should be placed on each branch of tees. The
maximum spacing of valves is provided in chapter “Main Laying Design Standards” included in
this Manual.

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Where future water main extensions are anticipated, valves are placed where possible so
that customers are not out of service during connection work. In most cases this calls for a line
valve six (6) meters from the end of the main.

Valves for fire hydrants are perpendicular to the water main and in line with the fire hydrant;
no offsets are allowed. Valves in the distribution system should be placed so that pipe sections
can be isolated such that no more than 2 fire hydrants are out of service at any one time in the
event of a main break. Place valves at the connection to the main for all fire services including
hydrants. Typical valving and pipe configurations are presented in the Standard Drawings.

V.4.4 Vacuum Relief and Air Release Valves

Size vacuum relief and air release valves using the design standards and guidelines found in
chapter “Main Laying Design Standards”.

Air inlet and discharge vents for valve chambers should be at least 0.5 m above finished
grade when possible. Vent opening should be downward facing with insect screen. Where it is
not practical to install an air vent above grade, the below-grade chamber must be rated for
appropriate traffic loading in traffic areas and the chamber must drain to daylight.

V.4.5 Control Valves

Set out and size control valves using the design standards and guidelines found in chapter
“Main Laying Design Standards”.

Hydraulic modeling must verify the need for the control valve function and location. Use of
control valves requires KM approval. This includes:
■ Pressure Reducing
■ Pressure Sustaining
■ Pressure/Surge Relief
■ Flow Control
■ Level Control
V.4.6 Flushing Valves
Install washouts or hydrants at low points and dead-ends using the design standards and
guidelines found in chapter “Main Laying Design Standards”. They should be designed to
achieve a minimum velocity of 0.40 m/s in the main for scouring purposes.

V.4.7 Cross-connection Control

No direct connection is allowed between potable and non-potable sources. Types of backflow
prevention are selected based on the service condition. Design cross-connection devices as
recommended in the design standards and guidelines found in chapter “Main Laying Design
Standards”.

V.4.8 Pipe Size Selection

Pipe size selection is based on the required flow demand along with allowable velocities and
the available pressures within the system. Network analysis techniques and computer
modeling should be utilized for all pipe networks with more than two branching pipes.

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KM and the Consultant should discuss (or provide the latter with) the available information
regarding system hydraulics including:
■ metering locations,
■ existing pipe sizes,
■ available pressures, and
■ Future water demands.
Pipe sizes larger than those required for the specific development may result when considering
future demands provided by KM. Sharing of the cost to install oversized pipes may be
considered by KM if hydraulic modeling can verify a smaller pipe is adequate for the
development when additional future demands imposed by KM are not considered.

The design consultant prepares the final hydraulic calculations to verify that the final design is
in conformance with the KM standards and guidelines.

It should be emphasized that actual internal pipe diameter instead of nominal size should be
used during hydraulic modeling. Depending on the type of pipe to be used, there can be
marked difference in internal and nominal diameters even as the parameter diameter is a
very sensitive variable in the calculation of pipe frictional head losses.

V.4.8.1 Pipe Velocities

High velocities result in excessive friction losses that require large power consumption for
pumping. It may also erode the pipe lining material and pipe breaks are more likely to occur
due to high transient pressures. Generally, maximum velocities under 1.50 to 2.0 m/s should
be maintained. Higher velocities (as much as 2.5 m/s) are acceptable only during critical
periods such as firefighting events.

Conversely, if a minimum velocity of 0.50 m/s is not regularly observed in the pipeline,
sediments can accumulate and tuberculation is likely to form. A minimum velocity of 0.50 m/s
is required to suspend solids and should be observed throughout the pipe network on a
regular basis.

Pipe velocities for both transmission and distribution mains should be within values provided in
Table V-3.

Table V-3 Allowable Velocity and Head Losses

Minimum Maximum
Pipe Size (mm)/ Scenario Allowable Velocity Allowable Velocity
(m/s) (m/s)
Distribution Mains
ADD 0.50 1.5
ADD+FF - 2.5
Transmission Mains
ADD 0.50 1.0
PHD - 2.0
Deviation from these values must be approved by KM.

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V.4.8.2 Hydraulic Losses and Friction Coefficients
Typically, pipelines are designed using the Hazen-Williams or Darcy-Weisbach equations that
require friction coefficient values selected by the design engineer based upon experience or
documented recommended values. Calculations should include minor losses for valves and
bends in the pipeline. In lieu of specific calculations for minor losses, calculated head losses
may be increased by 10% for fittings and other minor losses if approved by KM.

V.4.8.3 Allowable System Pressures

Minimum residual pressures and the maximum working pressures to be maintained at all points
in the system are listed in Table V-4. The test pressures are 1.5 times the maximum working
pressure, e.g., for a distribution main the working pressure is 6 bar, the test pressure is 1.5 x 6
= 9 bars.

Table V-4 Residual Pressures

Pipe Size (mm) Minimum Residual Pressure (bars)
Distribution Mains1 1.5
Transmission Mains 2.0
Note 1 : The residual pressure shall be met at the critical (highest and farthest) nodes of the system,
regardless of whether this node is on a primary or secondary line.

Critical points usually the farthest and highest points in the network are monitored for pressure.
As demand fluctuates, the discharge pressure and flow from each RPS is increased.

V.4.9 Continuity of Service

When existing service areas are impacted by new construction, provide continued operation
of existing facilities or provide temporary facilities to maintain uninterrupted service to
customers. If disruption of service cannot be avoided, schedule such outages to the least
disruptive time of day or night. Notify affected customers and minimize the time period of
outage.

V.4.9.1 Redundancy for System Reliability

When two supply mains are available, two connection points to the distribution network are
recommended to allow uninterrupted service should one supply point be shut down for
maintenance or repair. The primary connection point is metered. The secondary connection
point is valved and in a normally closed position. An adjacent DMA with a connecting main is
suitable for emergency supply should the primary supply point be out of service.

V.4.9.2 Paralleling Piping System

If system analysis recommends increasing existing pipe sizes for future requirements, consider
installation of parallel mains to minimize disruption of service during construction.

For critical customers such as hospitals, consider parallel mains to provide redundancy for
increased reliability of service should repair or maintenance require one main be shut down.
Parallel pipelines should also be considered for pipelines critical to system operation such as
distillate mains, rising mains, primary distribution mains, and reservoir inlets.

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Parallel mains should be physically separated by a minimum of the larger of one (1) meter or
one (1) pipe diameter separation to allow excavation for maintenance without impacting the
second main. Install parallel mains on opposite sides of rights-of-way if possible.

V.4.10 Miscellaneous Planning Criteria

Additional considerations for network planning include protective features that support
maintenance and operation activities.

V.4.10.1 Corrosion Protection

Provisions should be incorporated to monitor pipe integrity where corrosive soils are prevalent
or when pipelines transition to and from buried conditions such as bridge crossings, especially
in salt-water environments or other harsh environments. Corrosion to metal pipes can also
result from stray electrical currents in the soil. This usually occurs when metal pipes are near or
cross major oil or natural gas pipelines protected by impressed current. Corrosion protection
standards and guidelines are found in chapter “Main Laying Design Standards”.

V.4.10.2 Distribution System Safety and Security

With an increase in the importance of security of drinking water pipes, pumps, reservoirs, and
hydrants, there is a corresponding increase in the responsibility of operators to make decisions
during perceived security events.

Training for water distribution system operators should emphasize issues related to the
mechanical aspects of water delivery (pumps and valves) and safety. System operators are
responsible for ensuring that the operation of the system does not cause degradation of water
quality.

The training should include an understanding of constituents that affect public health, such as
disinfectants, disinfection by-products (DBPs), and metals, and how distribution system
operations affect their concentrations. Distribution system operators should understand the
health related implications of water quality monitoring.

V.4.11 Water Network Design Steps

Table V-5 presents general design steps to follow for network development. Note that these
steps are iterative and may need to be revisited during the course of a design project in
order to complete the design from draft to final stages.

Table V-5 Principles for Water Network System Design Guide

Design Step Description
Define the project service area and identify the pressure zones in which it is
1. General: Determine located; coordinate this effort with Water Planning Department. For this
Service Area and the remaining items in this table, utilize Appendix B for checklists
relating to hydraulic analysis and transmission and distribution main design.
For preliminary design, assess the demand required from the new service
area based on typical land use categories and ranges of water demands
2. General: Determine
listed in Table X-1 and Table X-2 of Appendix A. Refer to Water Network
Water Demands
Design Guidelines, Appendix A for detailed guidelines for project
requirements and preparation of demands for bulk customers.

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Table V-5 Principles for Water Network System Design Guide
Design Step Description

3. General: Determine Determine water demands and apply peaking factors to establish design
Flow Demands flow demand values.

Determine the required project network piping based on the service area
4. Pipe Network: map, customer locations and the design standards and guidelines including
associated fire hydrants and valving.
5a. System Planning:
Prepare the proposed network hydraulic model analysis. If the results of the
Determine
modeling efforts show that a pump station is necessary, proceed to Step 5b.
Requirements
Otherwise, proceed to Step 6.
Network
5b: RPS Planning: Prepare a preliminary RPS station design and the duty points identified in
Determine Pumping the hydraulic model. Provide storage facilities as required and incorporate
Requirement into the piping and pump station networks.
5c: Pump Planning:
Based on the results of the initial modeling, modify the design if needed
Refine Booster
and re-run the model with the revised pump data until a design is created
Pumping
which satisfies the requirements.
Requirement
5d. System Planning:
Determine Surge Perform a transient analysis of the network model to determine the extent
Protection of surge protection required.
Configuration
6. General: Determine
Determine based on each specific project needs which of the monitoring
required monitoring
devices are required.
requirements
Application of fire hydrant criteria should be discussed both with CD and
7. Fire Flow Simulation KM with respect to the specific requirements of the development projects
being designed.
8. Option Analysis & Perform network analysis by setting all criteria and necessary inputs.
Recommendation Consider all options and present recommendations.
9. Prepare Engineer’s
Prepare Engineer’s report.
report
Present the Engineer’s Report to KM for review and approval before
10. Seek KM approval
proceeding.

V.5 Reservoir/Storage Tanks Planning Criteria

V.5.1 Basic Function
Adequate storage plays in important role in sustaining KM water distribution network. All
pumping stations draw its water from a number storage reservoirs strategically arranged
within the confines of a typical RPS. Regardless of the type of construction and material used,
a potable water reservoir has the following essential functions:
■ To provide adequate storage and emergency reserve in case of outages and
interruptions from the production/treatment plan and transmission main.

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■ To balance or equalize downstream daily variations in demand with relatively constant
rates of inflow and to cover peaks in demand.
■ Permit high service pumps at desalination plants to operate at a relatively uniform
rate.
V.5.2 Tank Shape and Type of Construction
Reservoirs should be designed and constructed with at least two compartments so that one can
be drained for maintenance without having to put the whole reservoir out of service. The tank’s
shape generally follows the type of construction adopted and materials used for construction:
■ A rectangular tank is suitable for a cast in-situ reinforced concrete tank while a circular
(cylindrical) tank goes well with a pre-stressed concrete or steel tank.
■ For a two-compartment rectangular reservoir, the most economical plan shape is when
its length is one and half times its breadth.
■ Buried and partially buried tanks minimize heating of the water and have fewer
aesthetic issues than tanks at grade, but have poor accessibility for cleaning,
maintenance and repairs.
■ Concrete tanks generally need coating re-application on a much less frequent basis
than do steel tanks.
■ Rectangular tanks can be compartmentalized offering more flexibility for the flow
paths and outages for maintenance and cleaning.
■ Circular tanks, other than a concentric tank design (small tank within a larger tank), do
not offer the same flexibility. However, circular tanks are less likely to have dead
zones where solids can settle, and they have no corners, making them easier to clean.
V.5.3 Storage Sizing
Storage facilities shall have a capacity to meet projected water demand including fire water
storage, emergency and standby reserve. It is the design engineer’s responsibility to
understand the applicability of the requirements stated in this section as it relates to storage
reservoirs.

The KM system has several storage reservoirs coupled with pumping stations to provide
pressure to the distribution system. There are five storage volume components designers must
consider when sizing total storage volume:
1. Operational storage (OS)
2. Equalizing storage (ES)
3. Standby storage (SB)
4. Fire storage (FS)
5. Dead storage (DS)
Figure V-1 illustrates each of these components. Only effective storage volume, as defined in
Section V.5.4, can be used to determine the actual available, or design storage volume. In
KM context, the minimum effective storage volume should not be less than twice the projected
average day demand (ADD) derived at the design year.
If the project is to be phased and two or more storage reservoirs are ultimately required, the
initial or first phase storage reservoir shall include the capacity for the total project (all

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phases) fire flow storage and emergency storage plus the peak hour storage requirement for
the first phase water demand.

V.5.4 Effective Storage Volume

Effective storage volume is equal to the total volume less the dead storage (DS) built into the
reservoir (i.e., Effective Storage Volume = OS + ES + SB + FS). Total reservoir volume, as
measured between the overflow and the reservoir outlet levels, is typically not equal to the
effective volume available to the water distribution system. A minimum storage water level
may be needed to provide sufficient suction head for pumps to withdraw water from a
reservoir to feed directly into a distribution system. Conversely, the rate and pressure of the
water feeding into a reservoir may limit the top water level, making the upper volume of the
reservoir unavailable and not a part of the effective storage of the reservoir.

V.5.5 Operational Storage (OS) Volume

Operational Storage Volume is the volume of the reservoir devoted to supplying the water to
the distribution system under normal operating conditions, but with no source water entering
the reservoir. When the reservoir is full, OS provides a safety factor beyond that provided
by the ES, SB, and FS as shown Figure V-1.
Min. Freeboard = 0.50m
Effective Storage Overflow Level
Total Volume

Volume

Ground Level

Figure V-1 Reservoir Storage Components

V.5.6 Equalization Storage (ES) Volume
When the source flow rate into the reservoir cannot meet the periodic daily (or longer) peak
demands placed on the water distribution system, equalization storage (ES) volume must be
provided to maintain water supply to all service connections. Several factors influence the ES
volume, including peak diurnal variations in water system demand, source production capacity,
and the mode of source water operation. The design engineer must consider source water
hydraulic capabilities to properly evaluate ES requirements and design of each storage
system.

1. ES sizing will require developing a peak day demand (PDD) diurnal curve for the
water distribution system demand. Diurnal demand varies due to water system size,
season, and type of demand (residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational).
After developing the PDD diurnal curve, the design engineer can calculate the required

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ES by determining the difference between supply and demand over the course of the
day. Extended period simulation hydraulic models can be used for this purpose. As a
general guideline, the volume of ES needed using constant pumping is about 10 to 25
percent of the PDD.
2. For multiple day demand, the ES volume will increase significantly if the source(s)
cannot meet the PDD. In such cases, the design engineer can calculate the difference
between supply and demand over multiple days to determine the required ES. This
approach requires developing water system-specific diurnal demand curves. Extended
period simulation hydraulic modeling may be needed to confirm that system demand
can consistently be met.

V.5.7 Standby Storage (SB) Volume

Standby storage (SB) provides a measure of reliability in case source water systems fail or
unusual conditions impose higher demands than anticipated in the distribution system. The SB
volume recommended for storage reservoirs with one source of water may differ from storage
reservoirs being fed by multiple sources. It is the responsibility of the design engineer to
investigate and understand the hydrodynamics and reliability of all sources that will be
feeding into a storage reservoir to determine the appropriate SB volume needed.

1. Water Storage Reservoirs Supplied by a Single Source. It is recommended that

storage reservoirs fed by a single source have a SB volume at least equal to the
average daily demand (ADD) or one day of storage as defined by Equation (2).

SBTSS = (ADD) Eq. (2)

Where:
SBTSS = Total standby storage for a single source water system (m3)
ADD = Average day demand for the design year (m3/day)
2. Water Storage Reservoirs Supplied by Multiple Sources. Water systems supplied by
multiple sources should have SB volume based on Equation (3).
SBTMS = (ADD) - tm (QS - QL) Eq. (3)
Where:
SBTMS = Total standby storage component for a multiple source water system
(m3)
ADD = Average day demand for the design year (m3/day)
QS = Sum of all installed and continuously available supply source capacities,
except emergency sources (m3/day)
QL = The largest capacity source available to the water system (m3/day)
tm = Time the remaining sources are pumped on the day when the largest
source is not available (minutes). Unless restricted otherwise, assume
1,440 minutes

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3. Reduction in Standby Storage. SB volume can be reduced if additional water supply
sources are available and there is emergency power that starts automatically if power
is lost at the primary water source.

V.5.8 Fire Storage (FS) Volume

When a dedicated fire standpipe system is being supplied from the water reservoir, a fire
storage shall be provided.

This fire storage (FS) level depends on the maximum flow rate and duration requirements
needed in the supplying distribution system in accordance with KM fire hydrant guidelines.
The minimum FS volume for water systems served by single or multiple supply sources is the
product of the required flow rate (expressed in liters/min) multiplied by the flow duration
(expressed in minutes) as provided in Equation (4).

FS = (FF)( tm ) Eq. (4)

Where:
FF = Required fire flow rate (l/min)
tm = Duration of FF rate (min)

V.5.9 Dead Storage (DS) Volume

Dead storage (DS) is the volume of stored water not available at all times. It is the total
storage below the invert level of the lowest discharge outlet from the reservoir. The dead
storage usually contains accumulated silts and suspended solids which should not enter into the
distribution system. The dead storage volume should not be more than 5% of the reservoir’s
volume.

VI. KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

■ Prepare network hydraulic model.
■ Conduct transient analysis of the network hydraulic model.
■ Prepare Engineer’s report

VII. RECORDS
Table VII-1provides details on the types of records that should be retained.

Table VII-1 Record Retention Table

Records Custodian Record Location Retention Time
Network Soft copy in the server (N Drive) and hard
WPD 5 years
Hydraulic Model copy in the NDS Data Control Room
Transient Analysis
Soft copy in the server (N Drive) and hard
of network WPD 5 years
copy in the NDS Data Control Room
hydraulic model
Soft copy in the server (N Drive) and hard
Engineer’s report DC 5 years
copy in the NDS Data Control Room

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VIII. LIST OF TABLES
■ Table V-1 Design Period
■ Table V-2 Number of Pumping Units
■ Table V-3 Allowable Velocity and Head Losses
■ Table V-4 Residual Pressures
■ Table V-5 Principles for Water Network System Design Guide
■ Table VII-1 Record Retention Table
■ Table X-1 Unit Water Demands (Domestic Category)
■ Table X-2 Unit Water Demands (Non-domestic Category)

IX. LIST OF FIGURES

■ Figure V-1 Reservoir Storage Components

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X. APPENDICES
X.1 Appendix A – Water Demand Values
Table X-1 and Table X-2 present typical ranges of water consumption rates and should be
used to establish various land use water demand for development projects. However, it is the
sole responsibility of the consultant/developer to accurately determine the demand required
with due consideration to the nature and type of the proposed development. Justification for
variance from this table should be submitted to KM for concurrence.

Table X-1 Unit Water Demands (Domestic Category)

Land Use Category Unit Daily Water Consumption

(Liters)
Residential Building (Per Capita) 250-400
Qatari Villas (Per Capita) 500-800
Worker Labor Accommodation (Per Capita) 80-150
Mixed Use Residential (Per Capita) 250-400
(Source: KAHRAMAA Water Development Guidelines for Bulk Customers, April 2012)

Table X-2 Unit Water Demands (Non-domestic Category)

Daily Water Consumption
Land Use Category Unit
(Liters)
Mixed Use Commercial (Per Capita) 60-80
Commercial Building (Per Capita) 60-100
Mosque (Per Capita) 10-50
Restaurant (Per Meal) 10-20
Hotel (Per Room) 200-300
Shop (Per Capita) 60-80
Office (Per Capita) 60-80
School (Per Capita) 60-80
University (Per Capita) 60-80
Medical (Per Bed) 60-80
Public Amenities (Per Capita) 20-50
Nursery (Per Capita) 60-80
Guard House (Per Capita) 60-80
Retail (Per Capita) 60-80
Theatre (Per Capita) 10-50
Stadium (Per Capita) 15-20
Town Centre (Per Capita) 60-80
Manufacturing (Per Capita) 60-80

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Table X-2 Unit Water Demands (Non-domestic Category)
Daily Water Consumption
Land Use Category Unit
(Liters)
Workshop (Per Capita) 60-80
Pool Volume plus the rate of re-
Swimming Pool
filling/year
Warehouse/ Store/
(Per Unit) 2, 889
Showroom
MEW Electricity Substation (Per Unit) 509
Clinics (Per Unit) 26, 458
Gardens/ Parks/ Nurseries (Per Unit) 85, 106
Car Wash (Per Unit) 20, 991
Embassies (Per Unit) 21, 205
Petrol Station (No Car Wash) (Per Unit) 2, 559
Sports Stadiums (Per Unit) 109, 712
Industry
Heavy Water Using (cum/hectare/day) 120
Light Water Using (cum/hectare/day) 30
Precast Factory (cum/hectare/day) 85
Garage for Heavy Truck (cum/hectare/day) 30
Food Stores (cum/hectare/day) 30
Industrial Store (cum/hectare/day) 30
Livestock, (liter/head/day)
Camel (liter/head/day) 30-55
Cow (liter/head/day) 100-126
Sheep (liter/head/day) 8-20
Goat (liter/head/day) 7-12
Chicken (liter/head/day) 13-62
Type of Crops
Vegetables (liter/m2/day) 5.37
(Source: KAHRAMAA Water Development Guidelines for Bulk Customers, April 2012)

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X.2 Appendix B – Water Network Development Procedure Summary and
Checklists
■ Initiate project and present concept to KM for concurrence.
o Evaluate service area limits and use categories
o Layout pipe network and develop layout of hydraulic model with nodes and
demands
o Assign demand values and calculate flows for ADD, PDD, PHD, ADD+FF
■ Proceed with Hydraulic Analysis and present to KM for review and approval (See
checklist below).
■ Proceed with pipe network planning with valve, hydrant, system monitoring
requirements, and service location layout and present to KM for review and
approval (See Transmission and Distribution Main Checklist below).
■ Proceed with design as outlined in chapter 1 guidelines and procedures.

X.2.1 Hydraulic Analysis Summary

Provide a narrative along with the hydraulic model printouts and data. The narrative should
discuss low and high-pressure areas in each pressure zone, identify whether the system has
adequate equalizing and firefighting storage, and propose corrective measures. If submitted
as part of a water system plan, the narrative and corrective measures should be in the body
of the plan. The hydraulic analysis should clearly identify how the model was developed and
calibrated, and summarize the output. The following items should be in the hydraulic model
discussion. These items are also in the hydraulic analysis checklist below.
■ Develop a diagram showing all nodes (junctions) used and a corresponding written
summary of assumed supply and demand flows for each condition that must be
evaluated. Larger scale diagram sheets may be necessary to accurately show proper
location and functions of all control valves and pump station facilities.
■ Explain all assumptions used for the model, including friction factors for the pipes and
operating conditions of sources, storage reservoirs, booster pumps, and valves. For
additions to existing water systems, also provide evidence that the computer model
results were compared to actual field measurements, and that the model was
calibrated accordingly.
■ Using a system contour map, identify the minimum pressure results found at the highest
elevations and other critical areas in each pressure zone of the system under flow
conditions found below.
■ Enter pump curves for the proposed source and booster pumps into the program to
indicate how the system will respond to varying flow conditions.
■ Steady-state flow conditions to evaluate should include each of the following:
o PHD in each pressure zone and throughout the water system, under conditions
that deplete all equalizing storage volume and assume all sources are
operating. The resulting pressures should meet the minimum requirements.
o Highest demand firefighting flows during ADD. The engineer should evaluate
the water system and each pressure zone under conditions that deplete
designed firefighting volume and equalizing storage. Again, the resulting
pressures must conform to Table V-4 with respect to values and locations. The

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system or zone must also be evaluated with the largest capacity pump out of
service.

X.2.2 Hydraulic Analysis Checklist

A hydraulic analysis should be used to size and evaluate new or existing distribution systems.
An acceptable hydraulic analysis includes:
■ Description of model whether steady state, or extended period simulation.
■ Assumptions are described including:
o Allocation of demands
o Friction coefficients, which will vary with pipe materials and age
o Pipe network skeletonization, as appropriate
o Operating conditions (source, storage booster pumps, valves)
■ Minimum design criteria (allowable velocities, frictional head losses, minimum residual
pressures) are met under all scenarios, including:
o ADD – Average Daily Demand
o PDD – Peak Daily Demand
o PHD – Peak Hourly Demand
o ADD + FF – Average Day Demand plus Fire Flow
o PHD + FF with Pump Shut-down Surge Condition
■ Demand scenarios are described, including:
o Current demand
o Projected 10-year demand
o Projected build-out demand
■ Provide copies of input and output, including:
o Input data, (demands, elevations, friction losses, and pump curves)
o Hydraulic profile
o Node diagram
o Printout of significant runs
■ Summary of results, deficiencies and conclusions including:
o Identification of deficiencies
o Locations in distribution system where pressures do not comply with KM
guidelines
o Hydrant flow and placement on undersized mains
o Fire flow reliability per CD guidelines

X.2.3 Transmission and Distribution Main Design Checklist

Transmission and distribution main project reports and construction documents should include:
■ Water system sizing analysis documenting availability of adequate source and
storage to supply the proposed service area.
■ Hydraulic analysis used to size mains and determine that required pressures can be
maintained and hydraulic transient analysis for transmission mains and distribution
mains where warranted by high pressures or high velocities (see Checklist for Hydraulic
Analysis for additional details).
■ Identification and description of proposed land use within project area
■ Service area map designating specific properties to be served.

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■ Distribution system map showing location of water lines, pipe sizes, type of pipe,
pressure zones, easements, and location of control valves, hydrants, meters, and blow-
off valves.
■ Specifications for materials, construction, depth of pipe bury, pressure and leakage
testing.
■ Adequate separation from sewer mains, non-potable conveyance systems, and other
buried utilities.
■ Details for pipeline trench, service connections, air and vacuum relief valves, pressure
reducing valves, thrust blocking, backflow assemblies, fire hydrants, and other system
appurtenances.

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