Unit-5

A. Questions for 1 Mark Each :

(a) Write whether the following statements are true or false :

Q.1. Forgetting helps in the act of remembering.

Ans :- True.

Q.2. We cannot attend more than one thing at a time.

Ans :- True.

Q.3. We forget more in the day time than at night.

Ans :- False.

Q.4. Memory cannot be improved by practice.

Ans :- False.

Q.5. Forgetting may be temporary as well as permanent.

Ans : True.

Q.6. Memory School of psychology considers memory as a mental process.

Ans :- False.

Q.7. Repetition is essential for learning.

Ans :- True.

Q.8. Health is a prerequisite for good memory.

Ans :- True.

Q.9. Memory is a mechanical process.

Ans :- True.

Q.10. Memory is present knowledge of past experience.

Ans :- True.

Q.11. When older memories interfere in retrieval of newer memory it is called repression.

Ans :- False.

Q.12. Mass learning is more helpful than spaced learning in memorization.

Ans :- False.

Q.13. Whole method of learning is more effective than part learning in memorization.

Ans :- True.

Q.14. Closure is a cause of forgetting.

Ans :- True.

Q.15. It is easier to remember meaningless words.

Ans :- False.

Q.15. Recognition is possible in the presence of past experience.

Ans :- True.

Q.17. Recognition is not possible in absence of sensory experiences.

Ans :- False.

Q.18. Forgetting is essential for memory.

Ans :- True.

Q.19. Memory iş a remarkable mental power.

Ans :- True.

Q.20. Memory is an active process of our mind.

Ans :- True.

Q.21. Memory can not take place without sensory experiences.

Ans :- True.

Q.22. Capacity of retention is native.

Ans :- True.

Q.23. Recognition is comparatively a passive process than recall.

Ans :- False.

Q.24. We remember the multiplication table because of habit memory.

Ans :- True.

Q.25. Good memory is always serviceable.

Ans :- True.

B. Fill in the gaps:

Q.26. The process of reproduction of past experience in conscious mind is known as

………………

Ans :- Recall or remembering.

Q.27. Identification of past experience in its presence is known as …………..

Ans :- Memory.

Q.28. Presence of an object of reproduction is …………. essential in the process.

Ans :- Memory.

Q.29. Time gap is a cause of …………….

Ans :- Forgetting.

Q.30. According to Burgson there are two types of memory – one is true memory and the other
type ……… Memory.

Ans :- Habit.

Q.31. Forgetting due to physical causes is called……………

Ans :- Fading.

Q.32. ……………..is possible only in the presence of a past stimulus.

Ans :- Memory.

Q.33. Retro-active-inhibition may be one of the causes of ……………

Ans :- Forgetting.

Q.34. Memory consists of three separate and interrelated components – learning retention and
……………

Ans :- Recall or remembering.

Q.35. Memory traces are known as ……………

Ans :- engram.

Q.36. When newer memories interfere in retrieval of older memory it is called ……………

Ans :- Retro-active-inhibition.

Q.37. Learning something given intervals is known as……………

Ans :- Spaced learning.

Q.38. …………..believed that memory can be improved through practice.

Ans :- William Mc Dougall.

Q.39. Forgetting is a defence mechanism of the conscious mind. The statement was made
by………

Ans :- Freud.

Q.40. A man identifies a friend whom he has not met for a long time. He did it with the help
of………………

Ans :- Recall or remembering.

Q.41. A teacher while teaching about a poem recited from memory a poem of the same poet
which she learnt in her childhood The type of memory activated was…………….
Ans :- Memory (Image).

Q.42. …………..is the first step in memory.

Ans :- Experience acquisition-or learning.

Q.43. …………… is the second stage in memory.

Ans :- Retention.

Q.44. ………….is the mental revival of image.

Ans :- Memory.

Q.45. Memory formed through a motor mechanism is known as ……………..

Ans :- Habit memory.

Q.46. When the time gap between learning and remembering is long then it is known as ……….
memory.

Ans :- Long term.

Q.47. …………..memory is based on logical thinking.

Ans :- Logical.

Q.48. According to ………………memory can be improved. by practice.

Ans :- M.C. Dougall.

Q.49. According to …………..retentiveness is innate.

Ans :- Stout.

Q.50. Inability to remember is commonly known as……………

Ans :- Inability to remember is commonly known as forgetting.

Q.61. Remembering with deliberate attempts is known as …………… memory.

Ans :- active.

Q.62. ………….memory is a mechanical type of memory.

Ans :- Rote memóry.

Q.63. Remembering our name is an example of…………… Memory.

Ans :- prolonged .

Q.64. Swimming is possible because of …………. memory.

Ans :- habit

C. Give Short Answer (preferably in one sentence) :

Q.65. What is recognition?

Ans :- Recognition is a form of remembering charecterized by a feeling of familiarity when something

previously experienced is again encountered.

Q.66. What is the first factor of memorization?

Ans :- Learning or acquisition of experience.

Q.67. Write the name of the process which sends the unfavourable experience from conscious
mind to unconscious mind to unconscious mind.

Ans :- Repression.

Q.68. What is a memory trace?

Ans :- Memory trace is a memory that is somehow physically stored in the brain. This is also reffered
to as an engram. Nobody really knows how this actually occours, but research has shown that it’s
likely that memory is physically stored in many areas of the brain, not just one specific area.

D. Give Short Answer (preferably in one sentence) :

Q.69. What is true memory?

Ans :- True memory involves image or mental pictures of past events.

Q.70. Why is recognition easier than recall?

Ans :- Recognition easier then recall because it involves more causal those cues spread activation to
related information in memory, raise the answer’s activation, and make you more likely to pick it.

Q.71. Mention which process seems to operate in answering multiple choice items.
Ans :- Recognition process.

Q.72. Give an example of immediate memory.

Ans :- Dictation writing is an example of immediate memory.

Q.73. “Black reminds us white”- Why

Ans :- Due to the associative memory black reminds us while.

Q.74. “The daughters’ face reminds us about her mother”- Why

Ans :- Due to the similarity of associative memory the daughters face reminds us about her mother.

Q.75. Why is property more easily memorised?

Ans :- We get to remember poems when we hear it by recitation Rhythmic recitation of poems help
our memory. So poetry is more easily memorised.

Q.76. What is habit memory?

Ans :- Habit memory is the idea that habits are formed partly through memorization.

Q.77. Write the name of the psychologist, who believed that memory, can be improved through
practice?

Ans :- The name of the psychologist, who believed that memory, can be improved through practice
are William MC, Dougall.

E. QUESTIONS FOR 2 MARK EACH :

Q.1. Mention two factors that help retention of past experience.

Ans :- Two factors that help retention of past experiences are:- repetition and continuous practice.

Q.2. Write the name of two processes through which we can remember something.

Ans :- (a) Recognition (b) Recall.

Q.3. What is repression?

Ans :- Repression is used to describe the conscious or unconscious blocking of recollections or

memories of a past event.
Q.4. What is blocking?

Ans :- To prevent movement through or past something, or to prevent something from happening or
succeeding is known as blocking.

Q.5. What is fading?

Ans :- Forgetting due to physical causes is termed as fading.

Q.6. How does the law of dissimilarity help in memorization?

Ans :- If three is differences between two subjects it helps us in memorization. eg sorrow things can
be maintained by remembering good things. Darkness can be removed by brightness.

Q.7. What is the span of memory?

Ans :- The number of items, usually words or numbers, that a person can retain and recall. Span of
Memory is a test of working memory. In a typical test of memory span, an examiner reads a list of
random numbers about the rate of one number per second. At the end of a sequence, the person being
tested is asked to recall the items in order. The average span for normal adults is seven to nine.

Q.8. “Repetition is an essential condition of memory.”-Explain.

Ans :- Repetition strengthens the bond in learning to keep its impression for a long period of time. It
makes our learning more active. It is valuable for learning all types of material for both immediate
and delayed recall.

Q.9. “Recognition facilitates recall.”-explain with an example.

And :- Recall is the mental search of information, whereas recognition is the mental familiarity with
information. When a person recalls a piece if information, they think back to any memories related to
the desired piece of information until they have it. People use recall to define words.

Example of recall :- Describing a dangerous experience, or remembering the address of a well-loved

person.

Q.10. Give an example of sensory memory.

Ans :- The ability to look at something and remember what it looked like with just a second of
observation is an example of sensory memory.

Q.11. What is long term memory?

Ans :- Long term memory refers to the memory process in the brain that takes information from the
short term memory store and creates long lasting memories.
Q.12. Will to learn helps in remembering – explain.

Ans :- Intention to learn and concentrate gives longer retention and better recall. Materials learned
without intention are difficult to be remembered for longer times. So it is said that the will to learn is
winning half the battle.

Q.13. ‘Will to learn helps in remembering’ – Explain .

Ans :- Intention to learn and concentrate gives longer retention and better recall. Materials learned
without intention are difficult to be remembered for longer times. So it is said that the will to learn is
winning half the battle.

Q.14. What is a spaced method of learning?

Ans :- Spaced method if learning comprises breaking a long course into several sessions or modules
of shorter durations with breaks in between the sessions. With this approach of teaching, learners can
retain the information taught in the course.

Q.15. “Organisation of material is a favourable condition of learning” –Discuss.

Ans :- In general, the importance of the problem or the meaningfulness of objects is also as important
to secure attention. Because, we pay attention to that which is of concern to us.

Q.16. Mention two conditions which can improve retention.

Ans : There may be two types of retention :

(i) short term memory .

(ii) Long term memory .

F. QUESTIONS FOR 3 MARK EACH :

Q.1. What is memory? Give a comprehensive definition of memory.

Ans :- Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and
retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing
future action. If past events could not be remembered, it would be impossible for language,
relationships or personal identity to develop, Memory loss is usually described as forgetfulness or
amnesia.

Comprehensive definition of memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing,

retaining, and leter retrieving information. There are three major processes involved in memory:
encoding, storage, and retrieval. Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover
information. However, this is not a flawless process.
Q.2. What is sensory memory?

Ans :- Sensory memory is a mental representation of how environment events look, sound, feel, smell
and taste. It includes a little long-term component useful for such activities as recognizing a color or a
familiar voice. However, most vived details of sensory memory seem to fade quickly.

Q.3. What is the relationship between memory and image?

Ans :- True memory involves images or mental pictures of past events. Image memory is regarded as
a pure type of memory and is used widely by all.

Q.4. Give psychological analysis of the following.

Ans :- Psychology has various methodological ways or approaches to understanding and explaining
psychological phenomena. In order to obtain responses from individuals a number of psychological
tools or instruments are used. The responses taken on those tools constitute the basic data that are
analyzed to study human experiences, mental processes and behaviours.

Q.5. Explain the followings:

( i ) Forgetting is a condition of memorization .

( ii ) Forgetting is a blessing .

( iii ) Forgetting is a defence mechanism

Ans :- ( i ) Forgetting is a condition of memorization:- Forgetting is regarded as a condition of

memory because retentive capacity which is so essential for memory is an inherited ability and hence
it is limited . Forgetting helps the mind to push necessary and old ideas into unconsciousness and thus
make space to learn and retain new experiences .

( ii ) Forgetting is a blessing:- Forgetting though unwanted is essential because it indirectly helps in

learning and acquiring experiences . Forgetting helps in removing unnecessary things from mind and
making space to retain the essential one . Forgetting is necessary for memory as well as a person’s
good mental health .

( iii ) Forgetting is a defence mechanism:- Frued the great psychoanalyst regarded forgetting as a
very necessary condition for good mental health . According to him it is a defence mechanism of the
human mind . Because it helps to forget the sorrows and painful experiences of life and to lead a
normal life with normal mental conditions.

Q.6. Explain how the law of association helps in memorization.

Ans :- The principle of association is very helpful in remembering and recall . Items should be made
to connect learning with previous learning on one hand and with so many related things on the other .
Sometimes special techniques and devices are to be used that facilitate learning and recall . For eg . –
VIBGYOR has proved us an effective aid in remembering the colours of rainbow .
Q.7. What are the different stages involved in the memory process ?

Ans :- The different stages in the process of memory are-

Learning or
Recognition acquisition of
experience

Recalling or
remembering Retention

( a ) Learning or acquisition of experience:- This is the first stage in the process of memory.
Without learning or acquisition of knowledge the mind is like a white sheet of paper. Memory cannot
occur without prior learning or acquisition of knowledge.

( b ) Retention or Retaining:- Whatever one learns , effort must be made to store their images in
mind . Without this retaining function , nobody can have memory . The stored images of learning and
experiences can be recalled whenever necessary . As it is inherited , the power of retention is limited
and cannot be changed.

( c ) Recall or Remembering:- This is the third stage where images stored are brought back to the
conscious part of the mind. Efforts are made to revive and reproduce past experiences in the present
context without making any change of the images.

( d ) Recognition :- It is the fourth stage. Recognition is the act of mentally verifying the correctness
or otherwise of the remembered factor.

Q.8 . What is memory training ?

Ans :- Memory Training is a program for helping individuals of all ages sustainably improve memory
and attention. Memory training is intended to improve our memory by using a combination of
compensatory and remedial strategies, which addresses both the shortcomings of the memory system
and strategies for accommodating weaknesses. At Landstorm center, our comprehensive diagnostic
evaluations will allow our clinical team to pinpoint exactly where memory and attention issues are
stemming from. Our clinical team will then be able to determine what type of memory is in need of
intervention and what intervention patient. Memory training will allow patient to improve their
attention, concentration, and working and long term memory.

Q.9 . ” There is no place for creativity in memory. ” – explain.

Ans :- ” There is no place for creativity in memory . ” – A person may have more memory power , but
he may not be intellectually sound . A person of good memory can memorise the content only but if
his intelligence is not so good then he cannot find the content in the proper place.

Q.10. Mention three factors which help in retention .

Ans :- Three factors which help in retention are-

1. Recognition and rewards.

2. Employee friendly work environment.

3. Employee satisfaction survey on a regular basis.

Q.11. Identify which types of memory seems to operate in the following cases –

( a ) Playing a musical instrument.

( b ) Using a telephone number from a telephone diary.

( c ) Writing dictation.

Ans :- ( a ) Habit memory.

( b ) Rote memory.

( c ) Immediate memory.

Q.12 . What is the opinion of stout regarding memory improvement ?

Ans :- Stout contends that memory can be improved, but only in special directions, by long practice
the actors come to remember and recall their dialogue or part. But effects of practice are strictly
confined to the special field and do not spread to other fields of work.

Q.13 . ‘ We forget because we do not want to remember something’ Discuss.

Ans :- We forget because we don’t want to remember someone because there are a number of reasons
which lead us to forget things. Most of the times, you would see that it is easy to remember things if
we attach or associate pictures or any sort of visual representation to them. This is because this give us
extra link in our brain and also makes us form an option of it. It may be a functional feature of the
brain, allowing it to interact dynamically with the environment.

Q.14 . ” To remember well , we must forget a great deal ” -explain.

Ans :- To remember well , it is necessary to forget unnecessary things. If a person continues to

remember unpleasant incidents and unnecessary things there is likelihood of his working capacity
getting slack and weak.

Q.15. Why closure is considered as a cause of forgetting?

Ans :- When our learning is going on or half completed , then in our mind a mental tension is also
happening for the later part of learning . For which memory remains in an active mood . But when our
learning becomes and then our mind feels a tension free mood , as a result the impact of forgetting is
seen .

Q.16. ” Nita has learnt a poem from her book , after learning the second poem she forgot the
first one ‘ — Give reason.

Ans :- It is occured due to retroactive inhibition . If immediately after learning a lesson we are born a
new lesson, the new learning inhibits the retention of the previous learning .

Q.17. We forget more in day than night.

Ans :- In our life both memory and forgetting are equally important . Forgetting is an important
condition of memory . Memory depends upon forgetting . Forgetting helps the mind to push necessary
and old ideas into unconsciousness and thus makes space to learn & retain new experiences .

In day time we can mix up with the various peoples , situations , environment , etc conditions, so it is
not possible to memorise all things which are around as in day time . But at night we can stay at home
and relax our minds from the above conditions. That is why we forget more in day than night .

G. QUESTIONS FOR 4 MARK EACH:

Q.1 . Distinguish between:

( a ) True memory and habit memory.

Ans :- True memory depends on independent recollections. It depends upon association and motivated
study and therefore it is preferred to by educators. On the other hand Habit memory is dependent upon
mere motor mechanism. The contents of a lesson which has been learned by heart by repetition and
hence can be recalled almost mechanically is in example of habit memory.

( b ) Recall and recognition.

Ans:- Recall is the mental search of information, whereas recognition is the mental familiarity with
information. When a person recalls a piece of information, they think back to any memories related to
the desired piece of information until they have it. People use recall to define words. when a person
recognizes a piece of information, through, they don not have to think back to any memories related to
the desired piece of information, because they are already familiar with it. People use recognition to
navigate through their neighbourhood.

( c ) Immediate memory and prolonged memory.

Ans :- The differences that exists between immediate memory and prolonged memory may be
summarised as under :-

( i ) For immediate memory intensive study is necessary for a short period but for prolonged memory
a long duration of study is required.

( ii ) Immediate memory is not long lasting. Students hardly remember more than half after six
months of their examination. But prolonger memory is everlasting.

( iii ) Immediate memory has no permanent value but prolonged memory has permanent value .

( iv ) Immediate memory is a good form of memory but prolonged memory is the best form of
memory .

( d ) Rote memory and logical memory.

Ans :- Rote memory is verbal repetition of a learnt material mechanically, it is similar to habit
memory and it is possible without understanding the learnt material, for example, learning the
multiplication labels or a poem. But on the other hand, logical memory involves a paper
understanding of the material learnt.

Q.4 . Describe physical and mental causes of forgetting.

Ans : – physical causes of forgetting are :-

1. Old age :- Forgetting is generally more in senior people. Nervous system of the body along with
the brain function generally declines due to age.

2. Depression:- Common signs of depression include a stifling sadness, lack of drive, and lessening
of pleasure in things you ordinarily enjoy. Forgetfulness can also be a sign of depression or a
consequence of it.

3. Tiredness or Fatigue :- Working very hard continuously for a long time makes you physically
exhausted. As a result the nervous system including the brain becomes tired and weak. Such a
situation induced forgetting.

4. Lack of sleep:- Not getting enough sleep in perhaps the greatest unappreciated cause of
forgetfulness. Too little restful sleep can also lead to mood changes and anxiety, which in turn
contribute to problems with memory.
5. Brain Injury: Our brain has several regions like cerebrum cerebellum, midbrain thalamus, medulla
oblongata etc. The cerebrum region is primarily responsible for memory work. If that part is injured
due to some accident or severe ailment, forgetting may occur. This memory lost may be long lasting
or temporary.

6. Intoxicant: There are some intoxicating drugs, use of which may cause forgetting For example, if
drugs like alcohol, tobacco, phensidyl. heroine etc are used regularly, forgetting may take place in
adults as well in young boys and girls. Thus taking harmful, drugs is another cause of forgetting.

7. Lack of Repetition: To keep in mind the process of an activity forgetting learnt by us, it's
repetition is very essential Otherwise forgetting may occur rapidly. Hence lack of repetition is a
cause of forgetting

Mental causes of forgetting:

(a) Learning without Interest: Lack of interest in learning and retaining images is a very important
cause of forgetting Because one easily forgets those in which he has no interest

(b) Retro-active-inhibition: It is a psychological condition experienced by everybody. In the opinion

of S S. Chauhan, "Retroactive inhibition means that something works backward to block something
else." This kind of mental blocking happens when two different subjects are leami without providing
any time gap. Thus if one subject is learnt, immediately after learning another, a kind of mental
blocking develops When the person tries to remember the first experience, the second experience
creates a shadow and become like an obstacle in recollection of the first. Thus retroactive inhibition
is an important cause of forgetting

(c) Repression: Repression means keeping down something by force. It is a psychological

phenomenon where by unfulfilled desires of mind. unpleasant experiences of life are forcefully or
voluntarily pushed back into the unconscious level of mind Hence repression a kind of voluntary
forgetting

(d) Emotional Turmoil: We have variety of emotions in us, like love, anger, jealous, hatred etc.
Sometimes due to certain provocative situation a person may suffer from acute emotional
disturbance or turmoil. This excessive and uncontrolled emotion may cause forgetting

(e) Termination of learning process: Learning is a very active process, where different mental
activities including memory are actively associated. But if there is complete termination of learning
process in some particulars field, forgetting starts and gradually becomes more active than memory.
Hence termination in learning is a cause of forgetting

Q.5 . Explain the concept of associative memory with example.

Ans :- It is a special type of memory that is optimized for performing searches through data, as
opposed to providing a simple direct access to the data based on the address. It is a general tendency
of mind to use association while remembering past experience and learning. We remember something
in association with some other thing. Associative factors like sameness , difference and nearness are
aid to remembering. There are three laws of association that operate in memory relating to these
factors called the law of similarity, the law of contrast and the law of contiguity respectively.

Associative factors also help the students in exercise of memory effectively in examinations. The
Daughter’s fare remains one of the mother owing to the law of similarity. The days of hardship
reminds one of the days of glory owing to the law of contrast. Similarly , the name of Rama reminds
one of the name of Label name owing to the law of contiguity.

Q.6 . Describe any two economical methods of memorising.

Ans :- Any two economical method of memorising are:-

( i ) Recitation:- Recitation is economical of time in memorising, and fixes the mater more durably. If
nonsence syllabus are replaced by sensible material, we get better results. Recitation is a greater
advantage for permanent memory then for immediate memory.

( ii ) Motive:- Motive purpose or utility of learning should be clear in mind if maximum output of
learning is to be derived. Aimless or imaginary learning gives the discouraging result. Motive gives
incentive to learning and remembering.

Q.7 . ” Recall is impossible without retention and retention is useless without recall . ” –
Discuss.

Ans :- Retention is the ability or capacity of the mind to retain the facts learnt in the past. It is the
function of the brain. It is the storage of material brought up by learning. So retention depends on
learning. Retention makes our experiences more efficient and clear. Again coming to the
consciousness the past experiences is called recall. Recall is learned response to a stimulus. This recall
is based on retention because it is on the basis of it that we are able to remember old things and what
we will retain is easily recalled. Therefore it is said that recall is impossible without retention and
retention is useless without recall.

Q.8 . ‘ Forgetting may be considered as a boon to us ‘.- Discuss.

Ans :- Forgetting is the opposite direction of memory. Forgetting means failure to recall to mind an
idea or group of idea. When an individual try to recall the past experiences , but is not able to bring it
to his mind is forgetting. we have to unable to recall or reproduce the past experiences from our mind
due to forgetting. As a result or for it we have to loss facts , knowledge etc. from the mind. Therefore
it is considered as a boon to us.

Q.9 . Explain how forgetting protects our mental health as a defence mechanism.

Ans :- Forgetting refers to the failure or loss of information already stored in our brain. It is gradual ,
spontaneous and universal process in which we are unable to memories our past experiences from
memory storage. Though this condition is unbearable ful for us yet from some other point of view we
can Judged it as a defence mechanism. Because , we have to store new learning in our mind in our
daily life. So for the storage of new learning we have to forget some unnecessary experience of our
mind. Moreover our life circle we have to face some too sorrowful experience and it hits our mind , if
it his hit is running continuously then it may stand as a hindrance in our life. In that situation also
forgetting helps to protect our mind. therefore forgetting protect our mental health as defense
mechanism.

Q.10. Distinguish between:

( a ) Proactive inhibition and retroactive inhibition.

Ans :- If one subject is learnt immediately after another subject the learning impression of the later
one is inhibited by the previous one is known as proactive inhibition. On the other hand when one
subject is learnt immediately after another subject without any break , the learning impression or
image of the previous one is inhibited by the later one is known as retroactive inhibition.

( b ) Short term memory and long term memory.

Ans :- Short term memory relates to a situation in which any memorised element has to be recalled or
expressed at once. This memory is also called immediate memory. For example , pupils study just
before the exams and then reproduce the learnt material , but only a part of it is remembered after a
long period of time . Some special qualities are mental alertness , concentration , sharp receptivity of
the sense organs and nervous system are required to develop and apply short term memory.

Prolonged memory is an ability to remember past retained experiences after a long lapse of time. It
means one has learnt something in the past and reproduced it in the present after a long interval of
time. It requires liveliness of mental image received and better capacity to retain in mind for a long
period of time. Prolonged memory is also known as long term memory. For example if an adult can
recall some events or experiences or incidents happened in his early life , he has long term memory.

Q.12. ” Nature of learning material is a condition of forgetting ?” Discuss.

Ans :- As learning occurs universally to all human beings,so also forgetting,occurs to all.There are
certain theories which explain the occurrence of forgetting.One the theory of decay, it emphasizes that
the impression created in the mind fades away after a period of time due to disuse.

However there are certain activities like cycling, swimming etc. When a material is learnt,
memorisation occurs keeping the whole situation in mind. But when drastic changes are made in the
learning situation, forgetting occurs.

Q.13. Explain the concept of logical and rote memory with example.

Ans :- Rote memory is verbal repetition of a learnt material mechanically , it is similar to habit
memory and it is possible without understanding the learnt material , for example , learning the
multiplication labels or a poem. But on the other hand , logical memory involves proper
understanding of the material learnt. For example:- A boy mechanically recites a poem again and
again, and commits it to memory. This is rote memory. Logical memory depends upon intelligent
understanding or assimilation. It does not depend upon mere repetition.
H. QUESTIONS FOR 5/6 MARK EACH:

Q.1 . What is memory ? Describe its characteristics.

Ans :- Memory is our ability to encode, store, retain, and subsequently recall information and past
experiences in the human brain. It can be thought of in general terms as the use of past experience to
affect or influence current behavior whether that’s soon after the information has been processed, or
many years into the future. While it’s tempting to think of memory as computer storage or a tape
recording that can be played back perfectly at will, human memory is far more complex and
changeable than that! Even our ideas of how memory works have changed over the years,

Characteristics of good memory :- Psychologists have put forward the following marks of qualities
of a good memory .

MARKS OF GOOD MEMORY

Quick and easy learning Long Retention Accmate and Prompt Reproduction Ability to Serve

(a) Ability to learn quickly and easily: One of the important mark of good memory is the ability to
learn quickly and easily. The person with good memory is always able to learn very quickly and
without much effort. On the other hand a person with weak memory lacks these qualities. Thus case
and rapidity in learning and acquiring experiences is a remarkable mark of good memory

(b) Long Retention: Retention is indispensable for memory. The images of what is learnt or acquired
must be stored in mind for future recollection. A person with good memory not only learnt quickly
and easily, but can also retain their images for long time.

(C) Accurate and Prompt and Reproduction: The process of memory also requires reproduction of
images as and when necessary. A good memory depends largely on the ability to reproduce
correctly. A person with good memory is blessed with this quality He can not only learn quickly and
easily, can retain learning for a longer time and can also recollect or reproduce correctly and
promptly whenever situation demands. Thus accurate and prompt reproduction is a major mark of
good memory

(d) Ability to Serve: A good memory must have ability to serve as and when necessary. A person
with good memory can recall the right thing at the right moment. If our memory fails as at our need,
it cannot be called a good memory. Whatever one learns or acquires experiences in life become
meaningful if memory remain serviceable. Thus service ability is also a mark of good memory
Q.2 . What is memory ? Give a few definitions of memory.

Ans :- Memory refers to retaining and recalling information over a period of time, depending upon the
nature of cognitive task you are required to perform. It might be necessary to hold an information for
a few seconds.

Definition of Memory :-

( i ) According to woodworth and Marauis, “Memory consists in learning, retaining and remembering
what has been previously learned.”

( ii ) According to James S. Ross-“A memory is a new experience determined by dispositions laid

down by a previous experience. The relation between the two being clearly apprehended.”

( iii ) According to W.M. Ryburn – ” The power that we have to store experiences and bring them into
the field of consciousness something after the experience have occured is turned memory ‘

(iv) According to William Mc Dougall – ” In the strictest or narrowest sense memory or remembering
implies imagining of events as the experienced in the past. “

Q.3. Define memory. What are the three things that are necessary for memory to occur.

Ans :- Memory may be described as the power of reproduction recollection of past events. It is the
ability or faculty of remembering Memory is a complex process involving several factors like hearing
or registration , retention , recall and recognition.

Different factors of memory :- Following are the factors of memory –

( i ) Registration :- Registration is the impression of experiences. The experiences must be imprinted

on the mind to remember.

( ii ) Retention :- It means what is learnt or experienced is retained or kept in the mind. It depends
upon frequency , recency and interest. If the experience is repeated frequently we remember well or in
other words, we remember well.

( iii ) Recall :- Recall is the reproduction of the past experience. Recall is of two types , spontaneous
and deliberate.

( iv ) Recognition :- Recognition is the mental procession power of identifying what is recalled. A

person’s power of recognition is greater than his power of recall.

Q.6. What is Recall ? Describe some Psychological factors related with recall.
Ans :- Recall is a act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to
help in retrieving the information.

Recall is of two types –

( i ) Spontaneous Recall. and

( ii ) Deliberate Recall.

In spontaneous recall the impression comes to our mind spontaneously i.e. without any effort. But in
Deliberate Recall , will is needed to bring back some impression to the conscious level of mind.

Here the individual needs a better ability of keeping image in mind called retentiveness. If the power
of retaining is more , the image may be kept alive and active in mind. Weakness of this power results
in fading out of the image from mind. It is a difficult form of remembering which involves keeping
and reviving the image of the post.

Q.7 . What is forgetting ? Mention its characteristics.

Ans :- The term forgetting refers to the loss of information already stored in long-term memory. It is
also known as a passive mental process in which we can’t recall the experience or information we
have already learned. It is a failure to retain what has been acquired.

Characteristics of forgetting :-

1. Forgetting is an unavoidable mental phenomenon. Inability to recall or remember what has

been stored in mind is called forgetting
2. Forgetting though unwanted is essential because it indirectly helps in learning and acquiring
experiences.
3. It is a natural mental condition which acts as a defence mechanism for our mind.
4. Learning is a very often called "judicious forgetting". Because forgetting helps in removing
unnecessary things from mind and make space to retain the essential one.
5. One peculiar characteristics of forgetting is that it is maximum in individuals during the initial
hours of learning and slows down as time passes.

9. what is Interference?

Ans :- This view explains that we forget because new material interferes with the retrieval of
previously learnt information or old memories inhabit retention of new material.

The two types of interference are:- Proactive interference Retroactive interference

1. Proactive interference:- It is partial or complete forgetting of newly learnt material due to

interference by previously learnt material.
2. Retroactive interference:- It is the partial or complete forgetting of previously learned material
due to the interference of new material.

iv) Motivated forgetting:- People may consciously or unconsciously forget unwanted memories. The
two level of motivated forgetting are repression and thought suppression.

1. Repression:- According to Sigmund Freud, we subconsciously push unwanted or painful memories

into the unconscious.

2. Thought suppression:- It is a conscious effort to forget about painful experiences of life.

v) Retrieval failure:- The person knows something but cannot remember it when needed. This occurs
due to,

i) To the inadequate encoding of material.

ii) Improper storage.

iii) Incorrect retrieval cues.

iv) The person is under emotional pressure at that time.

Q.10 . Discuss about different types of memory.

Ans :- (a) Image Memory: As the name implies this type of memory depends purely on the image of
past experience and learning retained in mind. In order to have this kind of memory one must have
previous learning and experience Their images have to be stored in mind and revived whenever
necessary. This kind of memory therefore requires high intelligence, creativity, imaginative ability of
an individual Hence image memory is regarded as a pure type of memory and is used widely by all.
Students use it while answering essay type questions

(b) Habit Memory: this kind of memory is formed through physical repetition and hence called habit
memory. When an activity is repeated again and again, a kind of memory is acquired and it is habit
memory. This memory depends more on physical repetition than on images retained i mind For
example the memory one uses in playing an instrumental music is habit memory.

Besides image and habit memory there are other types of memory too. and a few of them are
mentioned below -

(c) Long term or Prolonged memory: This types is named on the basis of time required between
acquiring learning or experience and remembering or reproducing them If the time gap is long, it is
called long term memory. For example if an adult can recall some incidents happened in his early
life, he has long term memory. This ability to remember things even after long time interval is rare
and it always prove an individual strong retaining ability
(d) Short term or immediate memory: When something is reproduced shortly after learning, it is
known as short term memory. There is very little interval between learning and getting it's memory
back. For example when a press reporter notes down the proceedings of meeting he has to use short
term memory. Some special qualities like mental alertness concentration, sharp receptivity of the
sense organs and the nervous system as a whole are required to successfully develop and apply
short term memory.

(e) Logical Memory: This memory does not depend upon mechanical repetition. Instead of blind rote
learning, in order to have logical memory one has to learn and acquire experience using logical and
analytical abilities. Besides, for logical reproduction intelligence, reasoning, the power of
understanding etc. are also necessary. This is a better type of memory and can be compared to pure
memory. Students generally use this memory while solving mathematical problems and doing
laboratory experiments etc

(D) Rote memory: Rote memory means a kind of verbal memory. where verbal repetition is used to
retain images in mind and to reproduce them. It is thus quite different from logical memory. Instead
of applying understanding, intelligence, logical ability, etc verbal repetition is used mechanically in
case of rote memory. Sometimes students use this memory during examination. But it is a very
temporary type of memory and may fail one any moment.

(g) Sensory memory: Everyone of us is blessed with five sense organs with their respective special
functions. When some experience is acquired through our sense organs and it's memory is derived,
it is called sensory memory. Thus by using eyes one may have visual memory, from car auditory
memory from skin tactual memory etc. Sensory memory is lower type of memory. Generally grown
up people use this memory less, where as little children use it very frequently

(h) Associative memory: It is a general tendency of association while remembering past experience
and learning. Most of us try to remember something by associating the same with a similar
experience. The memory that is derived out of associate is called associative memory. There are a
few factors or principles of association which influence over associative memory They are similarity,
nearness and difference. These are also called law of similarity As examples we may state that
because of similarity the son's appearance reminds us his father, black colour reminds us of white
because of opposite quality or contrast and satrya dance reminds us of Srimanta Sankardeva
because of near relation.

Q.11. Can memory be improved by practice? Discuss.

Ans :- Can memory be improved by practice:- Everyone is vitally interested in the question
whether memory can be improved by practice or not.
Stout contends that memory can be improved, but only in special directions. By long practice the
actors come to remember and recall their part. But effects of practice are strictly confined to the
special field and do not spread to other fields of work.

According to James retentiveness is a physiological ability, so it cannot be improved by practice.

Learning is a factor of memory. So, improvement of learning of recording facts indirectly helps
memorisation.

William Mc Dougall had maintained that memory can be improved by practice. He had given his
views on the basis of the result of his memory experiment.

From the above consideration it may be maintained that general Improvement of memory ability or
power of retaining is not possible through training, although certain favourable conditions help
individuals in making effective use of his memory.

Q.12. Discuss about different methods for memory training.

Ans: This is a highly debatable question. The experts are divided in their opinion on this question.
Some believe that memory can be improved while others think that there is no way to improve
memory.

William James believes that retentiveness is a physiological ability and hence unchangeable. It is the
power of learning, not the power of retention, that is improved by practice. Stout, on the other hand,
argues that memory can be improved but only in a special direction. By long practice the actors
remember their parts well. The postman can remember the name and address of people because of
special practise and training.

Although some hold the view that memory is hereditary and fixed at birth, through suitable methods
and practice memory can be improved. So the teacher should help the child make the best use of what
little memory he has. It must also be remembered that the teacher must be able to arouse interest in
the class. When the child finds the teaching interesting he pays more attention which helps in
memorisation. Suitable method of teaching helps memorisation.

Q.13. Can there be good or bad memories? Justify your answer.

Ans :- Memories can be both good or bad. There are memories either from long ago or from the
recent past. In our critical times, we may get some refreshment by recalling our memories we can run
our lives smoothly with the help of these memories.Memory plays a very significant role in one’s life.
Hence everybody wants to have a good memory. But that doesn’t happen. Power of remembering
varies from person to person. Some have very good memories and some have weak memories.

All people do not have equal ability to exercise memory. Following are certain distinguishing
characteristics of good memory.

( i ) Ease and rapidity of learning :- A man of good memory can learn and acquire anything easily.
He does not have any difficulty in learning which he wants to remember.
( ii ) Permanence of retention :- Long duration of retention is a distinguishing mark of good
memory. Ability of retention helps an individual to keep his learning impression in mind for a long
period of time.

(iii) Promptness and accuracy of reproduction :- A man of good memory can reproduce anything
immediately without any effort.

(iv) Serviceability :- Good memory of a person finds expression through serviceability. Serviceability
of our past experiences alone can help us to make effective use of memory.

Q.14. Discuss about different economic methods of memorization.

Ans :- The different economic methods of memorization are :-

( a ) Intention to reproduce :- The willingness of children to reproduce something learned improves

the capacity for their memory.

( b ) Suitable method :- The teacher should select the most suitable method of memorisation in the
class.

( c ) Interest :- Interest is an important factor of good memory. So the teacher should try to create
interest among the students.

( d ) Rhythmic learning :- Rhythmic learning helps rote memory. Correct recitation gives us pleasure
to recall the learned material.

( c ) Special practice :- For better memorisation practice period should be properly distributed and
spaced.

Q.15. Supposing yourself as a school teacher, how would you help a child to develop a good
memory?

Ans :- Improvement of memory is a commonly expressed desire on the part of the every
individual. But improvement of memory is a controversial issue William Me Dougall had maintained
that memory can be improved by practice. On the other hand according to William James
retentiveness is a physiological ability and hence unchangeable. It is innate and mostly depends
upon heredity. It is the power of learning, not the power of retention that is improved by practice.
So some improvement of memory is possible if one could improve the conditions and method of
learning.

Memory can be improved through two channels :-

( a ) Favourable conditions which improve remembering.

( b ) Improved methods which enhance memory.

( a ) Favourable conditions which improve remembering:

( i ) Will to learn :- Intention to learn and concentration gives longer retention and better
recall. Materials learn without intention is difficult to be remembered at letter times. So it is said that
will to learn is winning half the battle.

( ii ) Interest :- Interest is an essential condition for effective learning and memorizations. therefore
every care should be taken to create the desired interest in learning materials.

(iii) Motivation :- Motivation facilitates learning and enhances memory. Motivation facilitates
learning and enhances memory.

(iv) Principle of association :- The principle of association is very helpful in remembering and recall
sometimes special techniques and devices are to be used that facilitate learning and recall eg.
VIBGYOR.

( v ) Rhythm :- Rhythm is an aid to memory. Children easily remember songs and poems when they
hear by rhythm than by more reading. Rhythmic materials can easily stimulate the mind to keep its
impression lively.

( vi ) Meaningfulness of material :- Meaningfulness of materials is important in effective learning

and longer retention.

(vii) Rest :- Rest is an essential psycho-physical condition of learning and remembering. It can
remove fatigue and boredom.

( b ) Improved methods :-

( i ) Recitation :- It is an important technique to affect the economy in memory. It means speaking

and reciting to oneself.

( ii ) Whole method :- it is more economical for memory. Learning part by part makes the impression
fragmentary and short lived.

( iii ) Spaced learning :- It is psychologically sound to reasonably space the learning time by giving
some intervals.

( iv ) Learning by doing :- Learning by doing active learning is obviously superior to passive

learning. Active learning makes the learning impression alive and active in mind for long.

( v ) Repetition and practice :- Repetition on practice strengthens the bond in learning to keep its
impression for long. It utilises the image for which forgetting cannot have its impact on memory.

Q.16. Explain the term interference. How does it affect forgetting?

Ans :- Interference is a psychological condition experienced by everybody. In the opinion of S.S.
Chauhan, “Retroactive inhibition means that something works backward to block something else,:”
This kind of mental blocking happens when two different subjects are learnt without providing any
time gap thus if one subject is learnt, immediately after learning another, a kind of mental blocking
develops. When the person tries to remember the first experience, the second experience creates a
shadow and becomes like an obstacle in recollection of the first. Thus retroactive inhibition is an
important cause of forgetting.

Suggestion to overcome forgetting :-

( i ) Change of environment is a reliable means to remove forgetting. In the new environment one may
adjust his mental power with the surrounding things and may recollect many things.

( ii ) Lack of interest is one of the vital causes of forgetting. Parents and teachers should try to create
interest in students in various subjects.

( iii ) Use of medicine, regular exercises and Yogasana go a long way in overcoming forgetfulness.