FALL PROTECTION AND SAFETY LADDER
Construction work
- is traditionally a hazardous occupation.
- 6 meter or 20 ft. vertical distance.
Fall accidents can be classified as, fall
1. To work surface
2. an object
3. From moving vehicle/equipment
4. From stairs, ramps, and ladders
5. from edges
6. Into/through an opening
7. from one work level
8. to the other
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS CATEGORIES
- Surface protection (non-slip flooring)
- Fixed barriers (handrails, guardrails)
- Surface opening protection (removable covers
guardrails)
- Travel restraint systems (safety line and
harness)
- Fall arrest systems (safety line and harness)
- Fall containment systems (safety nets)
A.) GUARDRAIL
is a permanent or portable structural system consisting
of top rail, mid rail
B.) WARNING BARRIER
- issued to indicate to workers that they are
approaching a hazardous work area, where a potential
to falling exists.
C) HANDRAIL
- on the open side of stairs, ramps and other similar
means of access, proper handrail must be provided.
D) LADDER CAGE
- is a permanent structure attached to a ladder that
provides a barrier between the worker and the
surrounding space
travel restraint system is intended to limit a worker's
movement.
a fall arrest system does not prevent a fall it reduces
chance of injury when a fall takes place.
Specification for a Fall Arrest System
Anchorage point - shall be located as high as equipment
permits it, as it is dangerous to work above the point of
anchorage.
Lifeline - This is the part of the system that is attached
to the anchor point and the user of the system. Lifelines
must have sufficient strength to support a weight of
1140 kgs. (2,500 lbs) without breaking.
Fall arrestors (rope grab) - This is a device that
automatically locks onto the lifeline when a fall occurs.
Lanyard - is an approved device located between the
fall arrestor and the worker safety harness.
Shock absorber - This is a device that limits the force
applied to the user when a fall occurs.
Full body safety harness - This is a device designed to
contain the torso and pelvic area of a worker and to
support the worker during and after a fall.
FALL CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
a.) Safety Net - where it is impractical to provide a fixed
barrier or fall arrest system.
b.) Safety Mesh - Safety mesh, which is securely fixed,
provides fall protection for roof Installers.
SCAFFOLDING
- is a temporary structure made of timber, metal
or bamboo.
COMMON HAZARDS IN THE USE OF SCAFFOLDS
• fall of person from height
• fall of materials and object from height
• collapse of scaffold
• safe access not provided
• electrocution
CLASSIFICATION OF SCAFFOLD
SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDS - are platforms supported by
legs.
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS - contains one more platforms
suspended by ropes.
OTHER SCAFFOLDS - Refers to man lifts, hoists, etc.
OTHER TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING USED IN
CONSTRUCTION
Single Scaffolding - also known as putlogs bricklayer
scaffold
Steel Scaffolding - simple to construct and dismantle
Cantilever Scaffolding - often more unsteady than other
types.
Trestle Scaffolding - includes a platform that sits on top
of a ladder with wheels for maneuverability.
Double Scaffolding - a double row of scaffolding makes
the entire support structure stronger.
Patented Scaffolding - benefits from a steel
composition and comes equipped with special couplings
Suspended Scaffolding - contains one more platforms
suspended by ropes or other non- rigid means.
PERSONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SAFE USE
OF SCAFFOLDING
- Fall arrest systems
- Falling object protection
- Training
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
1. Fittings and Accessories
2. Base plates and Screw Jacks
3. Erection and Dismantling
4. Dismantling
5. Training Requirements
Bamboo Scaffolds - Used for painting and light
construction work.
Competent Person - An individual capable of identifying
existing and predictable hazards.
Ladders - Used as work platform only when in use of
small hand tools and handling light materials.
Damaged ladders shall be removed and tagged “unsafe”
or “destroyed”
SCAFFOLD TAGGING
Green tags- be hanged at each scaffolds access that
have been inspected and are safe to use.
Yellow tags shall be placed whenever special
requirements for safe use are required.
Red tags “DANGER – UNSAFE FOR USE”,
Red tag shall be used when all green or yellow tags has
been removed.
EXCAVATION SAFETY
EXCAVATION - A man-made cut, cavity trench or
depression formed by earth removal.
TRENCH - A narrow excavation. The depth is greater
than the width, but not wider than 15 feet.
SHIELD - A structure able to withstand a cave-in and
protect employees (also called box).
SHORING - A structure that supports the sides of an
excavation and protects against cave-ins.
SLOPING - A technique that employs a specific angle of
incline on the sides of the excavation. The angle varies
based on assessment of impacting site factors.
ASPHYXIATION - The lack of oxygen in a confined space.
CAVE-IN - The separation of a mass of soil or rock
material from the side of an excavation.
8 TYPES OF EXCAVATION
EXCAVATION BY MATERIAL
1. TOPSOIL EXCAVATION - this type of excavation
involves the removal of the exposed or the topmost
area of the earth’s surface.
2. ROCK EXCAVATION - This type of excavation is used
to clear surfaces; like the rocky surfaces that impede
the building process.
3. MUCK EXCAVATION - Muck, the combination of soil
and water, is often undesirable during construction and
needs to be removed.
4. EARTH EXCAVATION - To create a foundation for
buildings and bridges or construct drainage ditches
various layers of earth need to be removed.
EXCAVATION BY PURPOSE
1. CUT AND FILL EXCAVATION - Also known as stripping
excavation, this type of excavation in construction is
used to clear large areas.
2. TRENCH EXCAVATION - In this type of excavation the
length of the excavated area exceeds the depth.
- to bury service line.
3. BASEMENT EXCAVATION - Basement is typically the
area below the ground level.
4. DREDGING - involves excavating and removing
sediments and debris from underwater.
HAZARDS OF EXCAVATION
1. EXCAVATED MATERIAL - refers to waste consisting
mainly of rock and earth excavated during construction.
2. POWERED MOBILE EQUIPMENT - includes backhoes,
track hoes.
3. FALLING OBJECTS NEAR AN EXCAVATION - place
tools and equipment used at the excavation site so that
they cannot fall into the excavation.
4. HUNDERGROUND FACILITIES
COMMON UNDERGROUND FACILITIES INCLUDE:
• ELECTRICAL LINES
• OIL AND GAS LINES
• TELECOMMUNICATION LINES
• WATER AND SEWER LINES
• TRAFFIC SIGNAL LINES
• STEAM LINES
What is the role of a competent person in an PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE ATTENDANT
excavation site? • Stays outside entry point.
- Identifies excavation and trench hazards. • Controls the entry point.
- Authorized to take prompt corrective measures • Calls for rescue if required.
to eliminate hazards. • Can perform non entry rescue if required.
- Responsible for daily excavation inspections. • Performs no work that may distract from their
- Knowledgeable about soils, protective systems, attendant duties.
and OSHA rules.
- Determines which protective systems to use. PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE ENTRANT
• Knows the hazards of the work.
• Can use equipment properly.
CONFINED SPACE SAFETY
• Communicates with attendant.
• Alerts attendant if hazards change or new
- are ubiquitous as recurring sites of both fatal and non
hazards develop.
fatal accident.
• Exits the space if new hazards arise.
- the term "confined space" has been used to label
particular structures such as tanks, vessels, pits, sewers,
hoppers and so on.
- confined space are considerable hazardous than
normal workplace, work involving confined space
generally occurs during inspection maintenance
modification and rehabilitation.

A CONFINED SPACE IS ONE WHERE:

• It has a restricted opening making entry
and exit difficult.
• It is a large enough for a whole person to
enter.
• It is not designed to be occupied.

PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE ENTRY TEAM

SUPERVISOR
• Verifies rescue services are available and can be
contacted.
• Keeps space clear of unauthorized personnel.
• Makes sure that that the entry operation
remains consistent with the conditions of the
permit and that acceptable entry conditions are
maintained.
• Ends entry evolution by cancelling the permit.

PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE ATTENDANT

 Is aware of effects of possible hazards on
attendants behavior.
• Familiar with the hazards and procedures of the
space.
• Monitors and maintains count of entrants.
• Monitors activities and hazards in and around
the confined space.
• Communicates with entrants.