I.

EXPERIMENT TITLE : MATERIALS AND THEIR CHANGES

II. PURPOSE :

1. Knowing Physical Changes

2. Knowing Chemical Changes

3. Knowing examples of physical and chemical changes

III. THEORETICAL OVERVIEW

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space (has volume). Everything in the universe,
including the human body, is considered matter. Matter exists in three states: liquid, solid, and gas.
Material change involves the alteration of a substance's properties, either transforming into a new
substance or not. Discussing matter and its changes involves various substances: solids, liquids, and
gases. For instance, consider detergents and stains on clothing. Why can detergent remove stains from
clothes? This relates to the concept of matter and involves the states of matter, particularly the
attraction between molecules. It's this molecular attraction that allows detergents to lift stains from
clothes. Soaps and detergents reduce the influence of surface tension in water. The surface tension of
pure water is high, causing dirt to cling to fabric. When detergent is added to pure water during the
laundry process, the surface tension in the small holes formed by the fabric decreases due to the
detergent, enabling dirt to detach from the fabric's fibers. Therefore, using detergent helps remove dirt
from clothes. A substance that reduces surface tension in a liquid is called a surfactant. In conclusion,
matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. A material can undergo changes, either physical or
chemical. (Harefa., 2019).

All objects in the world, such as rocks, soil, plants, animals, and household appliances around
us, are matter. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. The term matter is often equated
with the terms object and substance. Actually, both objects, matter, and substances can be defined as
anything that has mass and occupies space.How do you identify matter? It is not difficult to identify
various forms of certain matter. You can see and touch solid substances, such as wood, iron, soil, and
rocks, or you can also see and touch liquid substances, such as water, kerosene, and milk. Then how do
you recognize gas? It is not easy to recognize gas as matter because most gases cannot be seen.
However, when you blow on your hand, you will feel the air coming out of your lungs. You can also
recognize that gas has mass by comparing a balloon filled with air to one that is not filled with air. A
balloon filled with air has a larger mass than if the balloon is not filled with air.Matter around us is either
in the form of a single substance, or it is a mixture. Single substances consist of elements and
compounds. (Hari., 2019).
 These materials are classified based on their characteristics, namely the similarities and differences
in their properties. Objects experience a change of state from one state to another due to the influence
of the environmental temperature. Types of state changes include freezing, melting, evaporating,
condensing, subliming, and deposing.An element is a single substance that cannot be converted back
into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means. The smallest part of an element is an atom. A
compound is a single substance that can be decomposed into two or more simpler types by chemical
means. For example, water with the formula H2O can be decomposed into the elements hydrogen (H2)
and oxygen (O2).A mixture is a matter that consists of two or more substances and still has the
properties of the original substances. Mixtures consist of homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous
mixtures. (Ratnawati., 2018).

Here are some examples of elements, including cuprum or copper (Cu) in electrical cables,
aluminium (Al) in aluminium cookware, ferrum (Fe) or iron in the form of iron bars, aurum or gold (Au)
in gold jewelry, and carbon (C) found in charcoal and pencil lead. Similarly, compounds, examples of
compounds include calcium oxide (CaO) which is present as betel lime which is commonly eaten with
betel and areca nuts. Sodium chloride (NaCl) which is known as table salt, acetic acid (CH3COOH) which
is known as vinegar, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) which is known as baking soda. (Leba et al.,
2021).

Chemistry studies natural phenomena, especially about matter, changes in matter and the
energy that accompanies these changes. In addition, chemistry explains in more detail about the
structure, composition, and properties of matter. The discussion of the structure and composition of
matter includes the structure of the particles that make up matter, namely atoms, molecules, ions, and
how these very small particles of matter combine with each other to form matter that is larger in size so
that it can possibly be observed. The composition of the formation of larger matter is also a major topic
that uses calculations known as stoichiometry. (Setiawan & Sriwahyuni., 2021).

Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures in which the constituent substances are mixed perfectly. In
homogeneous mixtures, the constituent substances cannot be distinguished. Examples: salt water,
syrup, air, bronze, brass. Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that we often see in our daily lives.
Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures in which the constituent substances are not mixed perfectly. The
constituent substances can still be distinguished. Examples: mixtures of water with coffee, water with
flour, and water with sand. (Hayati., 2022).

Changes in matter, physical changes are changes in matter that do not produce new substances,
for example melting wax. Melted wax will cause a change in matter from solid to liquid but does not
change the wax substance into a new substance. According to Nurcahyo, physical changes are changes
in a substance that do not cause the formation of new substances, meaning that the constituent
elements will remain the same as the original substance and can be returned to its original form
(reversible) even without chemical reaction, for example changes in shape, size, and the form of matter.
Chemical change is a change in matter that produces new substances. According to Nurcahyo (2018:5),
chemical change is the opposite of physical/physical change. If the physical change does not cause the
formation of new substances, then in this chemical change the change can cause the formation of new
substances whose constituents are different from the original substance. This is due to the presence of a
chemical reaction. For example, burning paper, when we burn paper, the paper that was originally white
turns black and the paper changes its substance into charcoal or ash. Other examples include
photosynthesis, digestion, and food spoilage.(Gusman et al., 2022).

IV. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

4.1 APPARATUS

NO APPARATUS NAME SIZE AMOUNT

1. Test tube clam - 1 piece

2. Measuring pipette 10 mL 4 pieces

3. Dropper pipette - 2 pieces

4. Spirit lamp - 1 piece

5. Asbestos pad - 1 piece

6. Beaker glass 100 mL 2 pieces

7. Test tube - 10 pieces

8. Test tube rack - 1 piece

9. Watch glass - 2 pieces

4.2 MATERIALS

NO MATERIALS CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION FASA COLOR AMOUNT

NAME FORMULA

1. Iodine Cristals I2 - Solid Gray 2 mL

2. Copper (II) Cuso4 - Solid Blue 1 gram

Sulfate Crystals

3. Magnesium Mg - Solid Gray 1 gram

Powder

4. Hydrochloric HCl 0,1M Liquid Colorless 2 mL

 Acid

5. Carbon CCl4 - Liquid Colorless 1 mL

Tetrachloride

6. Potassium KI 0,1 M Liquid Colorless 2 mL

Iodide

7. Wax CnH2n+2 - Solid White 10 grams

8. Distilled water H2O - Liquid Colorless 200 mL