energies

Article
Article
Analysis
Analysis and
and Mitigation onSwitching
Mitigation on Switching Transients
Transients of
of
Medium-Voltage Low-HarmonicFilter
Medium-Voltage Low-Harmonic Filter Banks
Banks
Joon-Ho Kim1,21,2and Jin-O Kim1,* 1,
Joon-Ho Kim and Jin-O Kim *
1
1 Department
DepartmentofofElectrical
ElectricalEngineering,Hanyang
Engineering, HanyangUniversity,
University,Seoul
Seoul04763,Korea;
04763, Korea;comebackjh@hanyang.ac.kr
comebackjh@hanyang.ac.kr
22 Hyundai
HyundaiElectric
Electricand
andEnergy
EnergySystems,Gyeonggi-do
Systems, Gyeonggi-do16891,Korea
16891, Korea
** Correspondence:
Correspondence:jokim@hanyang.ac.kr
jokim@hanyang.ac.kr
Received: 6 April 2020; Accepted: 24 April 2020; Published: date



Received: 6 April 2020; Accepted: 24 April 2020; Published: 1 May 2020


Abstract: This paper presents the switching transients of medium-voltage low-harmonic filter
Abstract:
banks, Thishave
which paper presents
alower the switching
back-to-back transients
inrush currentof medium-voltage
and higher transient low-harmonic filter (TRV)
recovery voltage banks,
which have alower back-to-back inrush current and higher transient recovery voltage
compared withcapacitor banks. The switching transients of the filter banks aredescribed by the (TRV) compared
with capacitor
analytical banks.
approach andThe switching
field transients150
measurementsfor of the
MVA filter banks are described
back-to-back by the
filter banksare analytical
provided to
approach and field measurements for 150 MVA back-to-back filter banks are
support the switching phenomena described in this paper.As a mitigation measure of the high provided to support the
switchingrecovery
transient phenomena described
voltage, in this paper. type
a double-breaker As a mitigation measure of the
switchgearisanalyzed high transient
in terms recovery
of the operating
voltage, a double-breaker type switchgear is analyzed in terms of the operating
sequence and the time of the upper and lower breakers. From the analyses, an operation scheme sequence and the
time of the upper and lower breakers. From the analyses, an operation scheme for
forthe double-breaker switchgear is proposed toavoid insulation failure of the breaker during the the double-breaker
switchgear isby
interruption proposed to avoid
mitigating insulation
the transient failure of
recovery the breaker
voltage acrossduring the interruption by mitigating
each breaker.
the transient recovery voltage across each breaker.
Keywords:back-to-back inrush current; capacitor switching; harmonic filter banks; switching
back-to-back
Keywords:transient
transients; inrush
recovery current; capacitor switching; harmonic filter banks; switching
voltage
transients; transient recovery voltage

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Filter banksare applied to mitigate harmonics in power systems by providing a low-impedance
Filter banks are applied to mitigate harmonics in power systems by providing a low-impedance
path for a certain harmonic frequency [1,2]. Depending on theapplication and voltage level, there are
path for a certain harmonic frequency [1,2]. Depending on the application and voltage level, there
several types of filter banks, as shown in Figure 1, namely, damping filters for high-voltage direct
are several types of filter banks, as shown in Figure 1, namely, damping filters for high-voltage direct
current (HVDC) systems, detuned filters for low voltage systems,and single-tuned filters for low-
current (HVDC) systems, detuned filters for low voltage systems, and single-tuned filters for low-
and medium–voltage systems[3–5]. A single-tuned filter is the most common filter in industrial
and medium-voltage systems [3–5]. A single-tuned filter is the most common filter in industrial
applications. It consists of resistance, inductance, and capacitance in series to bypass a certain
applications. It consists of resistance, inductance, and capacitance in series to bypass a certain harmonic
harmonic to which it is tuned.The configuration and passive components of de-tuned filters are the
to which it is tuned. The configuration and passive components of de-tuned filters are the same as those
same asthose of single filters. De-tuned filters are used for power factor correction. Theyalso
of single filters. De-tuned filters are used for power factor correction. They also mitigate any harmonics
mitigate any harmonics a little bit, andarenormally tuned between 4.0 and 4.4.C-type filters have
a little bit, and are normally tuned between 4.0 and 4.4.C-type filters have become the most widespread
become the most widespread filters among the four types of damped filters, namely: first-order,
filters among the four types of damped filters, namely: first-order, second-order, third-order, and
second-order, third-order, and C-type filters. A C-type filter includes a resistor in parallel to the
C-type filters. A C-type filter includes a resistor in parallel to the inductor that produces a damping
inductor thatproduces a damping characteristic at frequencies above the tuning frequency.
characteristic at frequencies above the tuning frequency.

CM

L Ld De-tuning
C reactor
R
L
C C

Sinlge-tuned C-type Detuned

filter filter filter

1. Themost
Figure 1.The mostwidespread
widespreadpassive
passivefilter
filterbanks
banksin
inpower
powerutilities.
utilities.

Energies2020, 13, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2020, 13, 2187; doi:10.3390/en13092187 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
Energies 2020, 13, 2187 2 of 14
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15

In Korean
In Korean power
power grids,
grids, one
one of
of the
the representative
representative harmonic
harmonic loads
loads is
is an
an electric
electric arc
arc furnace
furnace (EAF)
(EAF)
of medium voltage. This load generates lots of power quality issues and has to be integrated
of medium voltage. This load generates lots of power quality issues and has to be integrated into the into the
grid
grid with
with harmonic
harmonic filter
filter banks
banks in
in order
order to
to meet
meet the
the grid
grid code [6–11]. Onewaywidely
code[6–11].One way widelyused usedfor
forEAFsis
EAFs
is to install multiple low-harmonic single-tuned filters for the mitigation of multiple
to install multiple low-harmonic single-tuned filters forthe mitigation of multiple harmonic orders harmonic orders
(Figure
(Figure 2).2).The EAFEAF
The system shownshown
system in Figurein2 consists
Figure of 2 an EAF forofsteel
consists anmelting;
EAF for a thyristor-controlled
steel melting; a
reactor (TCR) for voltage
thyristor-controlled rise(TCR)
reactor prevention caused rise
for voltage by large capacitive
prevention filter banks;
caused by largeandcapacitive
four harmonic
filter
filters for 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th harmonics mitigation.
banks;and four harmonic filters for 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th harmonics mitigation.

Configuration of an electric arc furnace with four single-tuned filter banks.

Figure 2. Configuration

Capacitor banks,
Capacitor banks, which
which areare normally
normally used used for for reactive
reactive power
power compensation,
compensation, are are composed
composed of of
series
series and
and parallel
parallel capacitor
capacitor units. In addition,
units. In addition, inductors,
inductors, often
often called
called current
current limiting
limiting reactors,
reactors, areare
placed
placed between
between the the main
main bus bus and
and the
the capacitor
capacitor banks banks toto mitigate
mitigate transient
transient inrush
inrush currents
currents duringduring
the energization, and outrush currents for a short-circuit near
the energization, and outrush currentsfor a short-circuit near to the capacitor banks.Theto the capacitor banks. The equivalent
equivalent
circuits
circuits ofof the
the capacitor
capacitor banksbanks are,
are, therefore,
therefore,the the combination
combination of of the
the inductance
inductance and and capacitance
capacitance in in
series, similar to the single-tuned and de-tuned
series, similar to the single-tuned and de-tuned filters in Figure 1. filters in Figure 1.
A high
A highmagnitude
magnitude andand
frequency
frequency inrush current
inrush and voltage
current occur during
and voltage occurback-to-back switching
during back-to-back
in capacitorinbanks.
switching Numerous
capacitor banks.studies have been
Numerous conducted
studies have beenon how to reduceon
conducted these
howswitching
to reduce transient
these
currents and voltages, which can affect equipment damage, system reliability,
switching transient currents and voltages, which can affect equipment damage, system reliability, and power quality [12–25].
The
and authors of [12] present the
power quality[12–25]. Theconsiderations
authors of [12]that must be given
presentthe to the phenomenon
considerations that must of bethe increased
given to the
transient currents that accompany back-to-back capacitor switching
phenomenon of the increased transient currents that accompany back-to-back capacitor switching operations and provide references
based on industry
operations and provide standards and experiences.
references based on industryThe authors of [14]and
standards propose installing
experiences. Thea surge
authors capacitor
of [14]
across
propose theinstallinga
reactor as surgewell as a standard
capacitor surge
across theprotection
reactor aspackage,
well asawhich can surge
standard be applied to the package,
protection existing
installations
which can betoapplied solve theseto theissues.
existing installations to solve these issues.
While the configuration
While the configuration of of both
both banks
banks is is similar,
similar, the
the switching
switching transients
transients between
between them them are are
completely different because of the different ranges of the inductance value.
completely different because of the different ranges of the inductance value. For capacitor banks, the For capacitor banks, the
value
value ofof the
the current
current limiting
limiting reactors
reactors is typically several
istypically several hundred
hundred microhenries.
microhenries. On On thethe other
other hand,
hand,
harmonic
harmonic filter filterbanks
banks normally
normally include
includea higher inductance
a higher than capacitor
inductance banks, and
than capacitor the inductance
banks, and the
value is determined by the system voltage, power frequency, effective
inductance value is determined by the system voltage, power frequency, effective reactive power, reactive power, and tuning
harmonic order [26]. Low harmonic filter banks normally include
and tuning harmonic order [26]. Low harmonic filter banks normally include a higher inductancea higher inductance than capacitor
banks, which isbanks,
than capacitor aboutwhich
severalis tens
about of several
millihenries,
tens ofespecially at a especially
millihenries, medium voltageat a medium[26]. As these
voltage
characteristics affect transient phenomena, the capacitor bank and the
[26]. Asthese characteristics affect transient phenomena, the capacitor bank and the harmonic filter harmonic filter bank must be
distinguished and analyzed. and analyzed.
bank must be distinguished
As capacitorbanks
Ascapacitor banksand and filter
filter banks
banks havehave different
different characteristics,
characteristics, itit should
should be be applied
applied afterafter
analyzing
analyzing the transient study according to each international standard. The standards have not yet
the transient study according to each international standard. The standards have not yet
been
been set
set forforthetheharmonic
harmonicfilter bank,
filter bank, causing
causing problems
problems in designing
in designing the back-to-back
the back-to-back filterfilter
bank.bank.
This
paper presents
This paper the difference
presents between the transient
the differencebetween phenomena,
the transient which are
phenomena, inrush
which arecurrent,
inrushtransient
current,
voltage,
transient voltage, and transient recovery voltage in the back-to-back switching of banks
and transient recovery voltage in the back-to-back switching of the capacitor and the
the capacitor
banks and the harmonic filter banks. To address these problems, an appropriate breaker
considering the inrush current and transient voltages due to the back-to-back harmonic filter bank
Energies 2020, 13, 2187 3 of 14

Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 15

harmonic filter banks. To address these problems, an appropriate breaker considering the inrush
need tobe selected and operated. This paper proposes equations to calculate the inrush current,
current and transient voltages due to the back-to-back harmonic filter bank need to be selected and
inrush frequency, and transient recovery voltage for the back-to-back switching of harmonic filter
operated. This paper proposes equations to calculate the inrush current, inrush frequency, and transient
banks. Moreover, the mitigation method and operating sequence are presented by an
recovery voltage for the back-to-back switching of harmonic filter banks. Moreover, the mitigation
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) simulation. Transient phenomena, due to the
method and operating sequence are presented by an Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)
back-to-back switching of capacitor banks and harmonic filter banks,are investigated by field
simulation. Transient phenomena, due to the back-to-back switching of capacitor banks and harmonic
measurements and EMTP simulation. In addition, the proposed mitigation methods are
filter banks, are investigated by field measurements and EMTP simulation. In addition, the proposed
demonstrated through EMTP simulation in a case study.
mitigation methods are demonstrated through EMTP simulation in a case study.
2. Switching
2. Switching of
of Filter
Filter Banks
Banks
The switching
The switching of of filter
filter banks
banks produces
produces transient
transient voltages
voltages and
and currents.
currents. Such
Such phenomena
phenomena have have
different characteristics
different characteristics compared
comparedwith withnormal capacitor banks,
normal capacitor banks,because
because of of the
thedifferent parameters
different parameters
and/or circuit configurations. Thus, in this section, the peculiarity of single- and
and/or circuit configurations. Thus, in this section, the peculiarity of single- and de-tuned filter de-tuned filter bank
bank
switching is discussed with regards to the transient phenomenaoccurring during
switching is discussed with regards to the transient phenomena occurring during energization and energization and
de-energization, i.e.,
de-energization, i.e., transient
transient voltage
voltage and
and inrush
inrush current
current during
during single
single and
and back-to-back
back-to-back filter
filter bank
bank
energization, recovery voltage after the current interruption, restrike overvoltage
energization, recovery voltage after the current interruption, restrike overvoltage in the recovery phase,in the recovery
phase,
and and outrush
outrush currentcurrent
for the for thecircuit
short short circuit
near tonear to the banks.
the banks. In thisIn this paper,
paper, low harmonic
low harmonic filter
filter banks
banks are considered,especially atmedium-voltage. So, it is assumed that the value
are considered, especially atmedium-voltage. So, it is assumed that the value of the current limiting of the current
limiting for
reactors reactors for thebanks
the capacitor capacitor banks
is several isseveral
hundred hundred microhenries
microhenries and the value and of thethe valuelimiting
current of the
current limiting
reactors reactors
for the filter banksforisthe filter
tens banks is tens of millihenries.
of millihenries.

2.1. Energization of Single Filter Bank

2.1.
equivalent circuit
The equivalent circuit of
of aasingle
singlebank
bankisisaaseries
seriesRLC circuit,as
RLC circuit, as shown Figure 3. It consists of a
source, source impedances
source, source impedances (RS(R S and L S
S), and filter impedances (L1
1 and C
and C11).).

Rs Ls VBUS

CB

Vmcosω t
L1

C1

Figure 3. Equivalent circuit for single filter bank energization.

Figure 3.Equivalent circuit for single filter bank energization.
This R–L–C circuit can be written with the single nodal equation. By solving the nodal equation,
This R–L–C
the natural circuit
response for can be written withcondition
the underdamped the single(inrush
nodal equation.
current) isBy
assolving
follows:the nodal equation,
the natural response for the underdamped condition (inrush current) is as follows:
s  
C1 
𝐶 11 
i ( t ) = Vm sin t (1)
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑉 Leq 𝑠𝑖𝑛 pLeq C1 𝑡 (1)
𝐿 𝐿 𝐶
where Leq = LS + L1 , assuming RS = 0.
where L = L + L ,assuming R = 0.
The peak and frequency of the inrush current for a single filter bank are the same as those in the
The peak and frequency of the inrush current for a single filter bank are the same asthose in the
literature [27]:
literature [27]: s
C1
ipeak = Vm (2)
L𝐶eq
𝑖 = 𝑉 (2)
𝐿
and
1
finrush = (3)
and
p
2π Leq C1
1
𝑓 = (3)
2𝜋 𝐿 𝐶
Energies 2020, 13, 2187 4 of 14

Energies 2020, 13,

Compared toxaFOR PEER REVIEW
capacitor 4 of 15 filter
bank, the inrush current and its frequency, associated with single
bank energization, are greatly reduced by the series tuning reactor. Moreover, the transient overvoltage
Compared to a capacitor bank, the inrush current and its frequency, associated with single filter
during energization is also reduced with the reduced inrush current. In other words, neglecting the
bank energization, are greatly reduced by the series tuning reactor. Moreover, the transient
effects of pre-ignitions,
overvoltage during the switchgear
energization mayreduced
is also not be with
stressed with additional
the reduced over-voltages
inrush current. and inrush
In other words,
currents compared with the regular energizing of a capacitor bank.
neglecting the effects of pre-ignitions, the switchgear may not bestressed with additional
over-voltages and inrush currents compared withtheregular energizing of a capacitor bank.
2.2. Energization of Back-To-Back Filter Bank
2.2. Energization of Back-To-Back Filter Bank
Multiple single-tuned filters are normally employed as a group in order to mitigate multiple
harmonicMultiple single-tuned
orders. Therefore, filters are
multiple normally employed
single-tuned filters are asconsidered
a group in order to mitigate
to describe multiple
the characteristics
harmonic orders.Therefore,
of back-to-back filter bank energization. multiple single-tuned filters are considered to describe the
characteristics of back-to-back filter bank energization.
As the energization of these multiple filters at the same time can result in significant transient
Asthe energization of these multiple filters at the same time can result in significant transient
overvoltages for low-order harmonic filters, the multiple filters are switched individually [28], known as
overvoltages for low-order harmonic filters, the multiple filters are switched individually[28],
back-to-back switching conditions [28]. Back-to-back capacitor bank switching occurs when switching
known as back-to-back switching conditions [28].Back-to-back capacitor bank switching occurs
C1 with C2 for
when being inCservice,
switching or vice versa [27]. As shown in Figure 4, the energization of back-to-back
1 with C2for being in service, or vice versa [27]. As shown in Figure 4,the
filter energization
banks should be started with
of back-to-back filter the filter with
banksshould be the lowest
started withharmonic order, lowest
the filter withthe and they should be
harmonic
de-energized from
order, and theythe filter be
should with the highestfrom
de-energized harmonic filter
the filter to thehighest
withthe filter with the lowest
harmonic harmonic
filter to the filter filter
in order to avoid
withthe lowestundesired
harmonic parallel resonance
filter in order [28].
to avoid undesired parallel resonance [28].

Figure
Figure 4. Switchingsequence
4. Switching sequenceof
of multiple
multiple single-tuned
single-tunedharmonic filters.
harmonic filters.

The inrush
The inrush current
current includes
includes twotwo naturalcomponents;
natural components;oneonebetween
between thethe
bank being
bank energized
being (C2 (C2
energized
bank in Figure 5) and the bank already energized (C 1 bank in Figure 5), and the other between the
bank in Figure 5) and the bank already energized (C1 bank in Figure 5), and the other between the
source impedance and the bank being energized.If the source inductance, L , is much greater than
source impedance and the bank being energized. If the source inductance, LS , is much greater than the
the tuning or current limiting reactors (L ≫ L andL ), the inrush current is mainly the resonant
tuning or current limiting reactors (LS  L1 and L2 ), the inrush current is mainly the resonant current
current between two banks, and it is expressed as follows:
between two banks, and it is expressed as follows:
s𝐶 1
𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛  𝑡 (4)
𝐿Ceq  𝐶 1 𝐿 
i2h (t) = Vm sin p t (4)
Leq  Ceq Leq 
where
where 𝐶𝐶
𝐶 = C1 C2 (5)
Ceq = 𝐶 + 𝐶 (5)
C1 + C2
and
and
𝐿 = 𝐿 + 𝐿 (6)
Leq = L1 + L2 (6)
The peak and frequency of the inrush current for two banks in parallel, which are the same as
The
thosepeak
in theand frequency
literature of the
[28], can inrushascurrent
be written follows:for two banks in parallel, which are the same as
those in the literature [28], can be written as follows:
𝐶
𝑖 =𝑉s (7)
𝐿Ceq
ipeak = Vm (7)
and Leq
1
and 𝑓 = (8)
2𝜋 𝐶
1 𝐿
finrush = p (8)
2π Ceq Leq
Energies 2020, 13, 2187 5 of 14
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 15

Rs Ls
VBUS

CB 1 CB 2

Vmcosω t L1 L2

C1 C2

Figure 5. Circuits for back-to-back filter banks energization.

Figure 5. Circuits for back-to-back filter banksenergization.
In the case of capacitor banks, the current limiting reactor is sized with relatively small values
In the case several
(approximately of capacitor
hundredbanks, the current Therefore,
microhenries). limiting reactor is sizedcurrent
the resonant with relatively
between small values
two banks is
(approximately
dominantly several hundred
considered, and the abovemicrohenries).
equationsTherefore,
are typicallytheused
resonant current between
for a capacitor two banks
bank application.
is dominantly
On the otherconsidered,
hand, if theand sourcetheinductance,
above equations are less
LS , is much typically
than the used for or
tuning a current
capacitor bank
limiting
application.
reactors (LS  L1 and L2 ), the inrush current is mainly the resonant current between the source
On theand
impedance other
thehand, if thebeing
filter bank source energized. It isLthe
inductance, , issame
much less thanfor
condition the
thetuning
singleor current
bank limiting
energization,
reactors (L ≪ L andL ),
and its equation is as follows: the inrush current is mainly the resonant current between the source
impedance and the filter bank being energized. It is the same condition forthe single bank
r  
energization, and its equation is as follows: C2  1 
i2h (t) = Vm sin p
 t (9)
LS + L2 C2 (LS + L2 )
𝐶 1
𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 (9)
𝐿 + 𝐿
From the above equation, the peak and frequency of the 𝐶 (𝐿
inrush )
+ 𝐿 current for two back-to-back banks
are the following:
From the above equation, the peak and frequency
r of the inrush current for two back-to-back
C2
banks are the following: ipeak = Vm (10)
LS + L2
and 𝐶
𝑖 =𝑉 1 (10)
finrush = p 𝐿 +𝐿 (11)
2π C2 (LS + L2 )
and Because of the high tuning reactors of filter banks, the energization of back-to-back filter banks is
1 and its frequency can be calculated by the
similar to single bank energization, and the inrush current
𝑓 = (11)
2𝜋 𝐶 (𝐿
above equations. Moreover, the transient overvoltage of the )
+ 𝐿back-to-back filter bank energization is
also much smaller than that of the back-to-back capacitor bank energization, because the transient
overvoltage is associated with the back-to-back inrush current. Table 1 shows the inrush current and
Table 1. Comparing the inrush current and transient voltage between back-to-back capacitor banks
transient voltage between back-to-back capacitor banks and back-to back filter banks.
and back-to back filter banks.

1. Comparing the inrush

Table Contents current and transient
Back-To-Back voltage
Capacitor between back-to-back
Banks Back-To-Back capacitor
Filter banks
Banks
and back-to back filter banks.
𝐶 𝐶
Peak 𝑖 =𝑉 𝑖 =𝑉
Contents
𝐿
Back-To-Back Capacitor Back-To-Back𝐿Filter
+𝐿
Banks Banks
1 1
Inrush Frequency 𝑓 =
r
Ceq 𝑓 = q
C2
current
Peak 2𝜋 𝐶ipeak𝐿 = Vm Leq Vm 𝐶 LS(𝐿
ipeak =2𝜋 )
+ L2 + 𝐿
√1 √ 1
High inrush current
Frequency f and 2π
inrush = its Ceq Leq Low inrush
f inrush2πcurrent
= and its
C2 (LS +L2 )
Inrush current
Remarks frequency supplied by other
High inrush current and its frequency
Low inrushsupplied
current andby the
Remarks frequency
feeders already supplied by other its frequency
energized supplied by
source
feeders already energized the source
Peak High Low
Transient Peak High Low
Dominant
Transient voltage Dominant
voltage Several frequencies
Several frequencies Power frequency
Power frequency
frequency frequency

Because
Thus, it of the high
could tuning reactors
be summarized thatof filter
the banks, the energization
back-to-back energization ofof back-to-back filter
filter banks has a banks
lower
is similar to single
back-to-back inrushbank energization,and
current magnitude and the inrush current
frequency, as welland its frequency
as lower can be
overvoltage, calculated
compared by
with
the above equations. Moreover,
those of capacitor banks. the transient overvoltage of the back-to-back filter bank energization
is also much smaller than that of the back-to-back capacitor bank energization, because the transient
 overvoltage is associated with the back-to-back inrush current.Table 1 shows the inrush current and
transient voltage between back-to-back capacitor banks and back-to back filter banks.
Thus, it could be summarized that the back-to-back energization of filter banks has a lower
back-to-back inrush current magnitude and frequency, as well as lower overvoltage, compared
withthose
Energies of capacitor
2020, 13, 2187 banks. 6 of 14

2.3. De-Energization of Back-To-Back Filter Bank

2.3. De-Energization of Back-To-Back Filter Bank
Breaking the current of a capacitor bank or a filter bank is like a capacitive switching duty,
which Breaking
is explainedthe current of a capacitor
first. Afterwards, bank or a filter
the differences bank isout.
are pointed likeInathe
capacitive
following,switching
a single-phaseduty,
which
breakingis explained
operationfirst. Afterwards,
is explained the differences
inthe circuit diagram are pointed
given out. In the 6,
in Figure following,
and the acorresponding
single-phase
breaking operation is explained
current/voltagecharacteristics areinalso
theshown
circuitindiagram
Figure 6. given in Figure
The grid 6, and the
is represented bycorresponding
an AC voltage
current/voltage
source,Us, an inductancecharacteristics
LS, andare aalso shown in C
capacitance Figure 6. The
s,whereas thegrid
loadisisrepresented by an ACCvoltage
a simple capacitor, l. When

source, U , an
the circuit-breaker
s inductance L
(CB) opens
S , and a capacitance
at time t0, an arc C s , whereas the load is a simple capacitor,
ignites. Because of the arc characteristics, C l When
. the
the circuit-breaker
current,i b, is chopped (CB) at
opens at time
t1, prior t0 , an
to the arc ignites.
natural current Because
of zero.of At
thethis
arc characteristics,
moment, the system the current, ib ,
voltage,
isUchopped
s, is nearly at tat
1 , prior
its to the
maximum, natural
becausecurrent
of of
the zero. At
capacitive this moment,
phase angle. theInsystem
addition, voltage,
the U ,
voltage
s is nearly
across
atthe
its capacitors
maximum,isbecause higherof the the
than capacitive
actual phase
sourceangle.
voltage,In addition,
because the voltage
of the across the
inductance. capacitors
This leads toisa
higher than the recovery
1-cos -shaped actual source voltage,
voltage Uvac because
across the of the inductance.
switch This leads
with a source sidetoanda 1-cos
load-shaped recovery
side component.
voltage Uvac side
The source across the switch
transients arewith a source
caused side and load
by oscillations side component.
between elements CThe s and source side transients
Ls, which disappear
are caused
within by oscillations between
severalmilliseconds. At theelements
load side,Csthe and Ls , which
capacitor disappear
stays chargedwithin
because several milliseconds.
no discharge path
Atis the load side, the capacitor stays charged because no discharge path is available.
available.

Figure 6. Circuit diagram for single phase filter current interruption.

Figure 6. Circuit diagram for single phase filter current interruption.

For a filter bank, the trapped voltage at Cl (Ul ) can be calculated as follows:
For a filter bank, thetrapped voltage at Cl (Ul) canbe calculated as follows:
ZC 𝑍
ul =𝑢 = l us0 𝑢 (12)
(12)
ZLl 𝑍
+ Z+
Cl 𝑍

Thisimplies
This that the
implies that the trapped
trapped capacitor
capacitorvoltage
voltageisishigher
highercompared
comparedwith
withthat ofaapure
that of purecapacitor
capacitor
load.In
load. Inparticular,
particular,lower
lowerharmonic
harmonicfilter
filterbanks
banksshow
showaahigher
highertrapped
trappedvoltage,
voltage,as shownin
as shown inTable
Table2.2.

Table2.2.Trapped
Table Trappedcapacitor
capacitorvoltage
voltagefor
forfilter
filterbanks.
banks.

Filter
FilterHarmonic Order
Harmonic Order
Parameters
Parameters UnitUnit Second
Second Third
Third Fourth
Fourth FifthFifth
System frequency Hz 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
System frequency Hz 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
Inductance
Inductance mH mH 56.2
56.2 17.6
17.6 17.0
17.0 9.69.6
Capacitance
Capacitance µF μF 50.0
50.0 70.0
70.0 40.0
40.0 50.0
50.0
Trapped capacitor voltage (V
Trapped capacitor voltage
C ) pu
(VC) pu 1.38
1.38 1.14
1.14 1.07
1.07 1.05
1.05

Formedium-voltage
For medium-voltageapplications,
applications,filter
filterbanks
banksarearecommonly
commonlyconnected
connectedto toan
anungrounded
ungroundedstar star
connectiontoblock
connectionto blockthethe flow
flow of the
of the 3rd harmonic
3rd harmonic current
current into
into the the system
system throughthrough the grounded
the grounded neutral.
On the other hand, a grounded star connection with the tuning reactor located on the neutralonside
neutral. On the other hand, a grounded star connection with the tuning reactor located the
neutral side may be used for high-voltage applications [28]. A delta-connection is only
may be used for high-voltage applications [28]. A delta-connection is only used for a low voltage (e.g., used fora low
voltage
2400 (e.g.,and
V) [29], 2400 V) [29], and
therefore, this therefore,
connectionthiswasconnection was not considered.
not considered.
The equivalent circuit for the ungrounded filter bankscan
The equivalent circuit for the ungrounded filter banks canbebedrawn
drawnasasshown
shown in in
Figure 7. 7.
Figure In
Figure
In Figure 7, theungrounded
7, the ungrounded filterfilter
bank isbank is represented
represented by Ccapacitors,C
by capacitors, f, combined with
f , combined with inductors, Lf ;
while Ceq is the capacitance between the circuit breaker (mostly cable capacitance) and the filter bank;
and Cn is the capacitance to ground of the neutral.
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 15

inductors,L
Energies f;while Ceq is the capacitance
13,
2020,2020,
Energies 2187
13, x FOR PEER REVIEW between the circuit breaker (mostly cable capacitance) and
7 of
7 of 15 14
the filter bank; and Cn is the capacitance to ground of the neutral.
inductors,Lf;while Ceq is the capacitance between the circuit breaker (mostly cable capacitance) and
the filter bank; and Cn is theVcapacitance Lf Cf
A toA’ground of the neutral.
sa

LLf f CC Cn
VsbVsa BA B’
A’ f f
N
LLf f CC Cn
VscVsb CB C’
B’ f f
N
Vsc
Ceq Ceq CeqLf Cf
C C’
Ceq Ceq Ceq

Figure 7. Equivalent circuit for the three-phase filter bank.

Figure 7. Equivalent circuit for the three-phase filter bank.
Under aasteady-state
steady-state condition,
condition, CCnnisisat
atthe
theground
ground potential.
potential. When
Whenphase
phase AA isis first
first interrupted,
interrupted,
it makesUnder
the three-phase
asteady-statesystem unbalanced
condition, andground
Cn is at the causespotential. of the phase
the rise When potential
A is of the
first neutral point
interrupted,
withithalf
makes
half the
ofofthe
the three-phase
trapped
trapped systemvoltage
capacitor unbalanced
capacitor and
(VC ).(V
voltage IfC).causes
the thethe
Ifeffect ofrise
theof
effect ofthe
thepotential
inductance of theisneutral
is neglected,
inductance the point
transient
neglected, the
with
recovery half
transient voltage of the
recovery(TRV) trapped capacitor
in phase
voltage voltage
(TRV)Ainisphase (V
the following: ). If the
A is the following:
C effect of the inductance is neglected, the
transient recovery voltage (TRV) in phase A is the following:
V𝑉 𝑉0 =
AA
=V 𝑉 + 1.5𝑉
+1.5𝑉
= 𝑉S + 1.5VC (13)
(13) (13)
In the case of capacitor banks, the trapped capacitor voltage, VC, is almost the same as the
In case
the case
In voltage,
the of capacitor
ofS.capacitor banks,
banks, the trapped capacitor voltage,
V ,VisC, almost
is almostthethe same as the
source V By assuming VCthe = Vtrapped capacitor voltage, same
S, the TRV in phase A of theCcapacitor banks can reach 2.5 pu
as the source
source
voltage, V voltage,
. By V S. By assuming VC = VS, the TRV in phase A of the capacitor banks can reach 2.5 pu
assuming V = V , the TRV in phase A of the capacitor banks can reach 2.5 pu
(2.5 (2.5 S
VS) V[30]. As shown in Table C 2,S the trapped capacitor voltage, VC, is higher than the source
S) [30]. As shown in Table 2, the trapped capacitor voltage, VC, is higher than the source
(2.5 VS ) [30].
voltage, VS, V Asthe
for shownfilterinbanks.
Table 2, the trapped
Therefore, capacitor
filter voltage, VChigher
banks experience , is higher
TRVthanthan the source voltage,
capacitor banks.
voltage, S, for the filter banks. Therefore, filter banks experience higher TRV than capacitor banks.
V S example, the TRVs of 2nd and 3rd harmonic filters in Table 2 can reachup to3.07puFor
For, for the filter banks. Therefore, filter banks experience higher TRV than capacitor banks. and example,
2.71pu,
For example, the TRVs of 2nd and 3rd harmonic filters in Table 2 can reachup to3.07pu and 2.71pu,
the TRVs
respectively.of 2nd and 3rd harmonic filters in Table 2 can reach up to 3.07 pu and 2.71 pu, respectively.
respectively.
Figure
Figure 88 shows
Figure shows
8 shows the measured
thethemeasured
measured transient
transientcapacitor
transient capacitorvoltages
capacitor voltagesduring
voltages during
during the
the
the interruption
interruption
interruption ofofthe
thethe
of current
current
current of
aof2nd
a of harmonic
a 2nd
2nd filter
harmonic
harmonic and
filter
filter the
and transient
andthe
thetransient recovery
transient recovery voltage
recovery voltageof phase A,
voltageofofphase which
phaseA,A, whichis
whichinterrupted
is interrupted
is interruptedfirst; 1 puis
first;first;
1 1
equivalent
puis to the
equivalent source
to the voltage
source and
voltage transient
and recovery
transient voltage
recovery when
voltage
puis equivalent to the source voltage and transient recovery voltage when phase A is interrupted phase
when A
phase is interrupted
A is interruptedfirst by
EMTP simulation.
first by EMTP
first by EMTP simulation. simulation.

(a) (b)
(a) 90
[kV] (b)
70
90
[kV]
50
70
30
50
10
30
-10
10
-30

-10
-50

-30
-70
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [s] 0.10
-50
(c)
-70
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [s] 0.10

Figure 8. Transient voltages for three-phase filter (c) interruption; (a) transient capacitor voltages during
Figure 8.Transient
the interruption of thevoltages for three-phase
2nd harmonic filter
filter (field interruption; (a)
measurement); (b)transient capacitor
transient recovery voltages
voltageduring
for phase
the interruption of the 2nd harmonic filter (field measurement); (b) transient
A interrupted first (field measurement) (c) transient recovery voltage for phase A interrupted recovery voltage forfirst
phase
Figure A interrupted
8.Transient
(simulation). first (field
voltages measurement)
for three-phase (c)interruption;
filter transient recovery voltage for
(a) transient phase Avoltages
capacitor interrupted
during
first (simulation).
the interruption of the 2nd harmonic filter (field measurement); (b) transient recovery voltage for
Neglecting the pre-ignition,
phase A interrupted first (field the oscillating(c)
measurement) capacitor
transientvoltage
recoveryconsists of the
voltage for following
phase two parts:
A interrupted
(1) before and (2) after the interruption of phases B and C. Before the interruption of phases B and C,
first (simulation).
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 15
Energies 2020, 13, 2187 8 of 14

Neglecting the pre-ignition, the oscillating capacitor voltage consists of the following two parts:
(1)
the before andovervoltage
transient (2) after theoriginated
interruption
fromofthe
phases B and C.
unbalanced Before
circuit the interruption
configuration shownof in
phases
FigureB 8a,
andandC,
the transient overvoltage originatedfrom the unbalanced circuit
its frequency (f1 ) can be calculated with the fact that Cf  Ceq and Cn : configuration shown in Figure 8a,
and its frequency (f1) can be calculated with the fact that Cf>>Ceq and Cn:
1
f1𝑓 == q 1 (14)
(14)
2𝜋 1.5𝐿
2π 1.5L f 𝐶
Ceq

The equivalent of the circuit after the interruption is shown in Figure 8b, and its frequency (f2) is
The equivalent of the circuit after the interruption is shown in Figure 8b, and its frequency (f2 ) is
as follows:
as follows:
1
f2𝑓 == q1 (15)
(15)
2𝜋 𝐿
2π L f𝐶
Ceq

It is also observed in Figure 9a that after the interruption of phase A, the upcoming current
zero-crossing
zero-crossing ofofphases
phasesB and
B and C should
C should be a be a quarter
quarter of a(90
of a cycle cycle (90 degrees)
degrees) later
later in the in the
power power
frequency.
frequency. However,the interruption of phases B and C happened around 30 degrees
However, the interruption of phases B and C happened around 30 degrees earlier than this, around earlier than
this, around
60 degrees 60 degrees
later, becauselater,because of the
of the harmonics harmonics
from fromrectifier
the thyristor the thyristor rectifier
installed on theinstalled
same bus onwith
the
same busbanks.
the filter with the filter banks.

Lf Cf 2Cf Lf / 2 Lf Cf
A A’ A A’

Ceq Cn Ceq

(a) (b)
Figure 9. Circuit diagrams for three-phase
three-phase filter
filter current
current interruption: (a) one
interruption:(a) one phase
phase interruption
interruption and
(b) all three-phase interruption.

The circuit
The circuit parameters
parametersfor forthe
themeasured
measuredvoltage
voltagewaveforms
waveforms inin Figure
Figure f = 39.1
9 aref =L39.1
9 areL mH mH and and
Cf =
C
52.5
f = 52.5 µF. It is expected that
μF. It is expected that Ceq has C has a very small value, but to know its exact value
eq a very small value, but to know its exact value is difficult in is difficult in
practice. From the
practice. From the measurement,
measurement, the the value
value ofof C
Ceq canbe
eqcan becalculated
calculatedreversely
reversely as
as 55
55 nF,
nF, and,
and, with
with this
this
value, the frequencies of this circuit are the same as the frequencies evaluated
value, the frequencies of this circuit are the same as the frequencies evaluated from Figure 9b. from Figure 9b.
For the
For the grounded
grounded filter
filter banks,
banks, there
there is
is no
no capacitance
capacitance between
between the
the neutral
neutral point
point andand the
the ground.
ground.
Therefore,
Therefore, thetheTRV
TRVininphase
phaseAAofof thethe
grounded
grounded filter banks
filter is smaller
banks thanthan
is smaller that that
of the
ofungrounded
the ungrounded case,
and its analytical expression is as follows:
case, and its analytical expression is as follows:

V𝑉 =𝑉 +𝑉
AA0 = VS + VC
(16)
(16)
In addition, the circuit diagram of the ungrounded filter banks is the same as that inFigure
In addition, the circuit diagram of the ungrounded filter banks is the same as that in Figure 9b for
9bfor both the 1stphase and all three-phase interruptions, because of their balanced condition. The
both the 1st phase and all three-phase interruptions, because of their balanced condition. The TRV
TRV frequency can be calculated as follows:
frequency can be calculated as follows:
1
𝑓= (17)
f = 2𝜋q𝐿 𝐶
1
(17)
2π L f Ceq
3. Case Study and Results
3. Case Study and Results
A case study was performed to examine the impacts of the switching back-to-back filter banks,
whichA wasbased
case studyonwas
anperformed to examine
actual electric the impacts
arc furnace in SouthofKorea,
the switching back-to-back
and aschematic filterof
diagram banks,
four
which
multiplewas based on anfilter
single-tuned actual electric
banks is arc furnaceinin Figure
presented South Korea, and aschematic
10.Parameters diagram of four
for thyristor-controlled
multiple(TCR)
reactor single-tuned filter banks
and harmonic filterisbanks
presented
are ininTable
Figure
3. 10. Parameters for thyristor-controlled reactor
(TCR) and harmonic filter banks are in Table 3.
A case study was simulated considering three cases,namely(1) the switching of the HF5 with
the closed Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 CBs;(2) comparing the results considering CB open sequences; and (3)
the switching with a double circuit breaker structure in Figure 11, which is EMTP modeling for
electric arc furnace.
Energies 2020, 13, 2187 9 of 14
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 15

Figure
Figure 10.
10. Schematic
Schematic diagram
diagram of
of four
four multiple
multiple single-tuned
single-tuned filter
filter banks
banks for
for an
an electric
electric arc furnace.

Table 3. Parameters for thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and harmonic filter banks.

TCR HF5 HF4 HF3 HF2

Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 15
Voltage (kV) 33 kV
Capacity (MVA) 150 51.4 26.3 42.4 30
Inductance (mH) 19 @ 150 MVA 2.34 7.35 8.7 39.1
Capacitance (µF) - 122.5 61.3 92.3 52.5
Cable (m) 220 210 225 240 255

A case study was simulated considering three cases, namely (1) the switching of the HF5 with the
closed Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 CBs; (2) comparing the results considering CB open sequences; and (3) the
switching with a double circuit breaker structure in Figure 11, which is EMTP modeling for electric
arc furnace. Figure 10. Schematic diagram of four multiple single-tuned filter banks for an electric arc furnace.

Figure 11.Electromagnetic Transients Program(EMTP)modelingfor electric arc furnace.

Table 3.Parameters for thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and harmonic filter banks.

TCR HF5 HF4 HF3 HF2

Voltage (kV) 33 kV
Capacity (MVA) 150 51.4 26.3 42.4 30
Inductance (mH) 19 @ 150 MVA 2.34 7.35 8.7 39.1
Capacitance (μF) - 122.5 61.3 92.3 52.5
Cable (m) 220 210 225 240 255

3.1. ResultsFigure
of Case11.1 Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) modeling for electric arc furnace.
Figure 11.Electromagnetic Transients Program(EMTP)modelingfor electric arc furnace.
The inrush current of the back-to-back filter banks with 150 MVA was also presented with its
3.1. Results of Case 1
measured waveform Tableso as to discuss
3.Parameters the characteristics
for thyristor-controlled of and
reactor (TCR) theharmonic
back-to-back filter bank inrush
filter banks.
The inrush current of the back-to-back
current. The inrush current for the switching TCR filter banks
of the HF5HF5 with 150
wasmeasured MVA
HF4 HF3 under
was also presented with its
HF2 the condition with the
measured
closed Q1, waveform
Q2, Q3, and soQ4
asVoltage
to discuss
CBs. (kV) the characteristics of 33the
kV back-to-back filter bank inrush current.
The inrush current for
The measured current the switching
wascompared
Capacity (MVA) of the HF5
with was measured
150the EMTP under
51.4simulation
26.3 42.4thetocondition
analyze
30 withinrush
the the closed Q1,
current
Q2, Q3, and Q4
components, as CBs.
shown in Inductance
Figure (mH)
12. In 19 @ 150 MVA
Figure 12, while 2.34there
7.35is little
8.7 deviation
39.1 between the two
The measured
waveforms of Capacitance
becausecurrent the was (μF) inequality
compared
parameter with - thebetween
EMTP122.5simulation
61.3 real
the 92.3and
to 52.5
analyze the inrush
simulation current
circuits, the
components, as shown in Cable (m) 12. In Figure
Figure 220 12, while 210 225 240
there is 255 deviation between the
little
characteristics in the frequency and the amplitude of the inrush current are almost consistent. With
the EMTP simulation, the inrush current contribution of each feeder was analyzed and is compared
3.1. Results of Case 1
The inrush current of the back-to-back filter banks with 150 MVA was also presented with its
measured waveform so as to discuss the characteristics of the back-to-back filter bank inrush
current. The inrush current for the switching of the HF5 wasmeasured under the condition with the
closed Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 CBs.
Energies 2020, 13, 2187 10 of 14

two waveforms because of the parameter inequality between the real and simulation circuits,
the characteristics
Energies
Energies in PEER
2020, 13, x FOR
2020, 13, x FOR the frequency
PEER
REVIEW and the amplitude of the inrush current are almost consistent.10
REVIEW With
10 of 15
of 15
the EMTP simulation, the inrush current contribution of each feeder was analyzed and is compared in
in Figure
in Figure
Figure 13.
13. 13. The
TheThe analysis
analysis result
result
analysis shows
shows
result that
thatthat
shows the
the the inrush
inrush current
current
inrush of low
current of low
of low harmonic
harmonic filter
filterfilter
harmonic banksbanks is mainly
mainly
is mainly
banks is the
the resonant
resonant current
current between
between the the source
source impedance
impedance and and
the the
filter filter
bank bank being
being
the resonant current between the source impedance and the filter bank being energized. energized.
energized.

Figure 12.
Figure 12. Inrush
Inrush currents
currents for
for 5thharmonic
5thharmonic filter
filter (HF5)
(HF5) energization.
energization.
Figure 12. Inrush currents for 5th harmonic filter (HF5) energization.

Figure13.
Figure
Figure 13.Inrush
13. Inrushcurrent
Inrush currentand
current andeach
and eachfeeder
each feedercurrent
feeder currentfor
current forHF5
for HF5energization.
HF5 energization.
energization.

3.2.
3.2. Results
Resultsof ofCase
Case222
3.2. Results of Case
Initially,
Initially,allallofof
ofthe breakers
the breakerswere closed,
were andand
closed, onlyonly
the breakers of theofcorresponding
the breakers
breakers the correspondingfeedersfeeders
corresponding were
Initially, all the breakers were closed, and only the of the feeders
set to open
were toinopen
set to 60 msinunder
open msindividual
60 ms blocking blocking
under individual
individual conditions. In the condition
conditions.In of simultaneous
the condition
condition blocking,
of simultaneous
simultaneous
were set in 60 under blocking conditions.In the of
the main circuit
blocking, thethe mainbreaker
main circuit was set
circuit breakerto open
breaker was 10
was set ms
set to in
to openadvance,
open 10ms
10ms in and the
in advance,rest
advance, and of the
and the HF
the restfeeders
rest of
of the were
the HF set to
HF feeders
feeders
blocking,
open after
were set
set to60 ms.
to open
open after60ms.
after60ms.
were
Table
Table 44shows
shows the
theresults
resultsfor
forthe
thetransient
transientrecovery
recoveryvoltage
voltageaccording
accordingto tothe
thescenarios,
scenarios,andandthe
the
Table 4 shows the results for the transient recovery voltage according to the scenarios, and the
waveforms
waveforms of of the
of the simulation
the simulation
simulation ofof transient
of transient recovery
transient recovery voltage
recovery voltage are
voltage are shown
are shown in
shown in Figure
in Figure 14.
Figure 14.VV
14.V is maximum
S Sis maximum
waveforms Sis maximum
source
source voltage,
voltage, VV L Lisis
maximum
maximum load
loadvoltage,
voltage,andand
VTRV
V is maximum
TRV is maximum transient recovery
transient voltage
recovery of CB.
voltage of
source voltage, VL is maximum load voltage, and VTRV is maximum transient recovery voltage of
CB.
CB. Table 4. Transient recovery voltage for Case 2.
Table 4.
Table 4. Transient recovery
recovery voltage
voltage for Case 2.
2.
Condition CBs Transient
VS (kV) VL (kV) for Case
VTRV (kV) Waveforms
Condition HF #2 CB CBs
Condition CBs 26.6 VVSS(kV)
(kV) 61.9
VLL(kV)
V (kV) V88.5
V TRV(kV)
TRV(kV)
Waveforms
Figure 14a
Waveforms
Individual HF #3 CB
HF #2 26.3 26.6 45.861.9
CB 72.1
88.5 Figure 14b
Figure 14a
blocking HF #2 CB
HF #4 CB 26.6
26.6 43.061.9 88.5
69.6
Figure 14a
Figure 14c
HF #3
HF #3 CB
CB 26.3
26.3 45.8 72.1 Figure 14b
14b
HF
Individualblocking #5 CB 26.0 42.245.8 72.1
68.2 Figure
Figure 14d
Individualblocking HF #4 CB 26.6 43.0 69.6 Figure 14c
HF #4 CB0.0 26.6 85.243.0
HF #2 CB 69.6
85.2 Figure
Figure 14c
14e
HF #5
HF #5 CB
CB 26.0 42.2 68.2 Figure 14d
14d
Simultaneous HF #3 CB 0.0 26.0 39.242.2 68.2
39.2 Figure
Figure 14f
blocking HF
HF #4 CB #2 CB 0.0
HF #2 CB0.0 0.0 35.785.285.2 85.2
35.7
85.2 Figure 14e
Figure 14e
Figure 14g
HF #3 CB0.0 0.0
HF #5 CB 0.0 33.739.2
39.2 39.2
33.7 Figure 14f
Figure 14h
blocking HF #3 CB
Simultaneous blocking
Simultaneous
39.2 Figure 14f
HF #4 CB
HF #4 CB 0.0
0.0 35.7
35.7 35.7
35.7 Figure 14g
Figure 14g
HF #5
HF #5 CB
CB 0.0
0.0 33.7
33.7 33.7
33.7 Figure 14h
Figure 14h
 Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 15

Under individual blocking conditions, transient recovery voltages up to 88.5 kV are calculated
for
Energies HF13,
2020, #2 2187
CB. This exceeds the CB test value of approximately 17kV and may fail to break because
11 of 14
of the re-ignition caused by the dielectric breakdown.

90 80
[kV] [kV]
70 60

50
40

30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30

-40
-50

-70 -60
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [s] 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [s] 0.10

(a) Individual blocking: HF #2 CB (b) Individual blocking: HF #3 CB

80 80
[kV] [kV]
60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0

-20 -20

-40 -40

-60 -60
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [s] 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [s] 0.10

(c) Individual blocking: HF #4 CB (d) Individual blocking: HF #5 CB

50 40
[kV] [kV]

30 30

20
10

10
-10
0
-30
-10

-50
-20

-70 -30

-90 -40
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [s] 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [s] 0.10

(e) Simultaneous blocking: HF #2 CB (f) Simultaneous blocking: HF #3 CB

40 40
[kV] [kV]
30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30

-40 -40
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [s] 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [s] 0.10

(g) Simultaneous blocking: HF #4 CB (h) Simultaneous blocking: HF #5 CB

Figure 14. Simulation results of the transient recovery voltage for Case 2.
Figure 14. Simulation results of the transient recovery voltage for Case 2.
Under individual blocking conditions, transient recovery voltages up to 88.5 kV are calculated for
In order to reduce the transient recovery voltage without changing the equipment, the circuit
HF #2 CB. This exceeds the CB test value of approximately 17 kV and may fail to break because of the
breaker operation sequence was changed to the simultaneous blocking condition, but the high
re-ignition caused by the dielectric breakdown.
transient recovery voltage of 85.2kV still occurred in HF #2 CB.A very high TRV can occur during
In
theorder to reduce
filter bank the transient
interruption and it canrecovery
be one ofvoltage without
the severest changing
transients the equipment,
in the filter the circuit
bank, which might
breaker
notoperation sequence
be a big issue in thewas changed
capacitor to interruption.
bank the simultaneous
Thus, blocking condition,
for the filter but the high
bank switching, transient
a higher
recovery
ratingvoltage of breakers
of circuit 85.2 kV still occurred
or circuit in HF
breakers #2double
with CB. A poles
very high TRV
in series can occur
ishighly during the
recommended to filter
bankwithstand
interruption
suchand it can
a high TRVbe one of the severest transients in the filter bank, which might not be
level.
a big issue in the capacitor bank interruption. Thus, for the filter bank switching, a higher rating of
circuit breakers or circuit breakers with double poles in series is highly recommended to withstand
such a high TRV level.
3.3. Results of Case 3: Proposed Method for Reduction Transient Recovery Voltage
The circuit breaker could be damaged because of the transient recovery voltage generated during
the breaker operation. In this paper, a switchboard with a double circuit breaker structure is proposed,
where two circuit breakers are connected in series to the switchboard, and the breaker damage caused
by the transient recovery voltage can be minimized by sharing the transient recovery voltage with the
Energies 2020, 13, 2187 12 of 14

two circuit breakers. The switchboard consists of a bus vacuum circuit breaker (VCB), which
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 15
is an
upper breaker, and a load VCB, which is a lower breaker.
The
3.3. transient recovery
Results of Case voltage
3: Proposed Methodanalysis of each
for Reduction circuitRecovery
Transient breakerVoltage
was performed according to the
different operating
The circuit breaker could be damagedbecause of the transient the
times between the circuit breakers in order to verify effectiveness
recovery voltage of the proposed
generated
scheme,during the breaker operation. In this paper, a switchboard witha double circuit breaker structure isof the
and the optimum sequence and operation time. The waveforms of the simulation
transient recovery
proposed, voltagecircuit
wheretwo are shown in Figure
breakers 15, andinthe
are connected results
series to theareswitchboard,
summarized andinthe
Table 5.
breaker
Ifdamage
the load caused
VCB by the transient
is closed recovery the
after opening voltage
bus can
VCB, be aminimized
high TRVby maysharing
occurthein transient
the bus VCB.
recoverythe
Additionally, voltage with the
differences in two circuit breakers.
the breaker open timeTheand
switchboard consistswere
the TRV values of a not
buslinear.
vacuum circuit
Simultaneous
breaker (VCB), which is an upper breaker, and a load VCB, which is a lower breaker.
opening of both VCBs and opening the load VCB first, have a high TRV sharing effect that leads
The transient recovery voltage analysis of each circuit breaker was performed according to the
to reducing individual breaker TRV. In order to reduce the trapped charge of the load VCB, the
different operating times between the circuit breakers in order to verify the effectiveness of the
two-breaker
proposed opening
scheme,time and difference
the optimum should be kept
sequence below 3 ms.
and operation In addition,
time.The waveformsit can share
of the the stress of
simulation
the VCB operating by controlling the operation sequence of the bus VCB and load
of the transient recovery voltage are shown in Figure 15, and the results are summarized in Table 5. VCB.

100 100

*10 3 *10 3

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0

-20 -20
0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100

(a) Opening Time: (b) Opening Time:

Bus VCB(62.5 ms), Load VCB(67.5 ms) Bus VCB(62.5 ms), Load VCB(65.5 ms)
100 100

*10 3 *10 3

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0

-20 -20
0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100

(c) Opening Time: (d) Opening Time:

Bus VCB(62.5 ms), Load VCB(64.5 ms) Bus VCB(62.5 ms), Load VCB(62.5 ms)
100 100

*10 3 *10 3

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0

-20 -20
0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100

(e) Opening Time: (f) Opening Time:

Bus VCB(64.5 ms), Load VCB(62.5 ms) Bus VCB(65.5 ms), Load VCB(62.5 ms)
100
*10 3
80

60

40

20

-20

-40
0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080 0.085 0.090 0.095 0.100

(g) Opening Time:

Bus VCB(67.5 ms), Load VCB(62.5 ms)

Figure 15. Simulation results of the transient recovery voltage for the proposed method.
Energies 2020, 13, 2187 13 of 14

Table 5. Transient recovery voltage for the switchboard with a double circuit breaker structure.

Opening Time (ms) TRV (kV)

Bus VCB Load VCB Waveforms
Delta T Bus VCB Load VCB
(Upper Breaker) (Lower Breaker)
62.5 67.5 −5.0 84.1 0.0 Figure 15a
62.5 65.5 −3.0 76.8 8.5 Figure 15b
62.5 64.5 −2.0 76.0 9.3 Figure 15c
62.5 62.5 0.0 53.7 31.5 Figure 15d
64.5 62.5 2.0 44.7 40.5 Figure 15e
65.5 62.5 3.0 38.3 46.9 Figure 15f
67.5 62.5 5.0 35.4 66.1 Figure 15g

4. Conclusions
This paper addressed the difference between the capacitor bank and the harmonic filter bank
and analyzed the transient characteristics during back-to-back switching. The cause of the differences
between these banks was found to be caused by design, taking into account L and C.
The switching transients of the filter banks are described by the analytical approach and field
measurements for 150 MVA back-to-back filter banks were provided to support the switching
phenomena described in the paper. In the case of the filter banks, a lower back-to-back inrush current
and higher transient recovery voltage compared to capacitor banks appeared. Therefore, a mitigation
method for the transient recovery voltage was needed. To mitigate the high transient recovery voltage,
a double-breaker type switchgear was analyzed in terms of the operating sequence and the time of the
upper- and lower-breakers. According to the analyses, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, the
optimum sequence, and the operation time was verified to avoid the insulation failure of the breaker
during the interruption, by mitigating the transient recovery voltage across each breaker. The proposed
method could be a useful guide for back-to-back filter bank switching issues.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.-H.K.; methodology, J.-H.K.; supervision, J.-O.K.; writing (original
draft), J.-H.K.; writing (review and editing), J.-H.K. and J.-O.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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