Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 6

4=OPOAG=KMAQAIOEQ=SJOM=N?

PANOEJIAN
KMJ?AN=GANAIAG/Y@ECJ/EQEGS/JHAM?E=G=MCAIOEIJ l
>G
O,
f-<
kf
FCNCACIM
JLI=?M;F?M
S;L<CNL;F?M

DA>3@63 D3L;
;Yf^X[fgficXOe`m\ij`[X[[\<l\efj;`i\j$O<;%)
?oDl\q[\cX=udXiX[\;g\cXZ`ye\ecf=`m`cp=fd\iZ`Xc[\c>\gXikXd\ekf
Dl[`Z`Xc[\MXeCj`[if'Jifm`eZ`X[\<l\efj;`i\j)
=fejlckfigXiXcXji\]fidXj[\cfj=y[`^fjJifZ\jXc\j\ecXjJifm`eZ`Xj[\Lwf
H\^ifpMXekX=ilq)

[
&&

\e
>><
&&
H
F+
1
:

O<
:
>A
G<
S
M
&&
bS
M
R
1
&&
>G
&&
>G
l

AK
Vb

à
e+
-
(O

J^ qrq bi ^ mo bsbkq f s^ v lq o^p `rbpq f lkbp mo l`bp^i bp bk bi AÉaf dl Af sf i v Aljbo `f ^i ^o dbkq f kl 0.3
(#)+%#&
>aX_ceXfXagXTegrVh_bX_ThgbefXXaYbVTXaTaT_\mTeT_ZhabfTfcXVgbfXfXaV\T_XfWX_<tW\Zb<\i\_l<b`XeV\T_:eZXag\abWXfWXhaTtcg\VT
cebVXfT_) :fr'TaT_\mT T_ZhaTfVhXfg\baXfYhaWT`XagT_XfWX_ =XeXV[bWX ?T`\_\TlbgebfTfcXVgbfVb`b _T ghgX_T ceXiXag\iT dhXX_ teZTab
]hW\V\T_WXUXbgbeZTeTTdhX__TfcXefbaTfVhlbfWXeXV[bffXiXaT`XaTmTWbfldhXeXdh\XeXaWXhaTcebagTghgX_TTY\aWXdhXX_WTsbabfX
gbeaXXa\eeXcTeTU_X)
IT_TUeTfV_TiX5<tW\Zb<\i\_l<b`XeV\T_:eZXag\ab'ghgX_TceXiXag\iT'WTsblcXe]h\V\b\eeXcTeTU_X)

!)*( "*
Bag[\fTeg_WXg[XThg[beYbVhfXfbaTaT_lm_aZfb`XXffXag_T_TfcXVgfbYg[X:eZXag\aX<\i\_TaW<b``XeV\T_<bWXYeb`TcebVXWheT_cb\ag
bYi_Xj)M[hf'[XTaT_lmXffb`XYhaWT`XagT_ \ffhXfbY?T`\_lETjTaW bg[XeTfcXVgffhV[Tfg[XceXiXag\iXZhTeW\Taf[\cg[Tgg[X]hW\V\T_
`TaTZX`Xag`hfgZeTaggbg[bfXj[bfXe\Z[gfTeXg[eXTgXaXWTaWj[beXdh\eXTaXTe_lZhTeW\Taf[\cfbg[Tgg[XWT`TZXWbXfabgUXVb`X
\eeXcTeTU_X)
DXijbeWf5:eZXag\aX<\i\_TaW<b``XeV\T_<bWX'ceXiXag\iXcebgXVg\ba'WT`TZXTaW\eeXcTeTU_XWT`TZX)
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

CiAÉafdlAfsfivAljbo`f^iabi^ L^`fÉk?odbk+ m^`fa^a* abjbk`f^* ploaljrabw* bq`, crbolk


qfk^ì bk^abi^kqbAAvALì *pbbk`rbkqo^sf+ prpqfqrfa^p mlo afpmlpf`flkbp nrb pb ^grpq^k ^
dbkqbabpabbi/ ab^dlpqlab0./3v`lkpqfqrvÉ ilafpmrbpql mloilpRo^q^alpGkqbok^`flk^ibp,
rk do^k^s^k`b obpmb`qlabi AÉafdlAfsfi vabi
AÉafdlab Aljbo`fl nrb e^k pfal abold^alp* Cpb `^j_fl ab kljbk`i^qro^ kl bp plil rk^
^j_lpp^k`flk^alpbkbiQfdilVGV, `rbpqfÉk pbj~kqf`^ pfklnrbfj mloq^ rk^`lk+
`bm`fÉk afpqfkq^ ab i^p mboplk^p,Aljl ^cfoj^
Bb bkqo^a^ `lkpqfqrvb rk sboa^abol ^`fboql Jlobkwbqqf bk i^ Gkqolar``fÉk ^iAAvAL* pb e^
e^_bo rkfcf`^al i^ ibdfpi^`fÉk `fsfi v`ljbo`f^i mbkp^al bk bi `fra^a^kl v mlo bpl ilp m^o^+
bk rk ` É a fd l  Ñkf`l* qo^ q^ k a l  bk ` l k gr k ql  afdj^p v mofk`fmflp obpmlkabk ^ i^p mo~`qf`^p
fkpqfqr`flkbp nrb kl pb grpqfcf`^_^ j^kqbkbo pl`f^ibp v `riqro^ibp sfdbkqbp* qlal il `r^i pb
pbm^o^a^p*bpmb`f^ijbkqb obpmb`qlab i^pl_if+ bumobp^bkbiibkdr^gbj~p`i^ol mlpf_ib/,
d^`flkbp, Ciil* ^abj~p ab i^ afpmbopfÉk nrb
bufpqÅ^ bk j^qbof^ `ljbo`f^i* mrbp do^k m^oqb Kbob`b abpq^`^opb i^ obdri^`fÉk ab i^ cfif^`fÉk
abi AÉafdl ab Aljbo`flcrb obbjmi^w^al mlo mloqÄ`kf`^pab obmolar``fÉk erj^k^ ^pfpqfa^
ibvbpbpmb`f^ibp, ì ^oqÅ`rilp 347 ^ 353ì 8 i^ cfif^`fÉk pb abofs^
abi `lkpbkqfjfbkql mobsfl* fkcloj ^al v if_ob9
Qb^asfboqbbki^krbs^ibdfpi^`fÉkrk^qboj fkl+ plk efglp ab nrfbk afl ^ irwvabi elj_ob l i^
ildÅ^ nrbabklq^ rk j^vlo obpmbql mlo i^ mbo+ jrgbonrbafl pr `lkpbkqfjfbkqlì 340ì 9kl
plk^ erj^k^,W^ kl pb e^_i^ ab qbkbk`f^ ab pbdbkbo^sÅk`rilgroÅaf`l^idrkl`lknrfbkpr+
efglvaboÄdfjbkab sfpfq^p *pfklabobpmlkp^+ jfkfpqolilpd^jbqlppfbprkqbo`bol*bu`bmql^
_fifa^am^obkq^i*abob`elpvab_bobpabilpmol+ ilpcfkbpabilpfjmbafjbkqlpj^qofjlkf^ibpbk
dbkfqlobp*`rfa^alabilpefglpv`ljrkf`^`fÉk* ilpjfpjlpqÄojfklpnrbi^^alm`fÉk mibk^ì
bq`, Qb e^ abpqboo^albiqÄoj fkl `lk`r_fk^ql  ^oqÅ`ril353ì 9klbp^ajfpf_ibi^fjmrdk^`fÉk
nrb e^_Å^^anrfofal rk pfdkfcf`^al mbvlo^qfsl ab i^ cfif^`fÉk `r^kal e^v^ jbaf^al `lkpbkqf+
m^o^ obbj mi^w^oil mlo rkfÉk `lksfsbk`f^i , jfbkql mobsfl fkcloj^al v if_ob ^ i^p qÄ`kf`^p
7 : L E 9 7 J K I  /10

J^p kloj^p mol`bp^ibp nrb pb obcboÅ^k ^ fk`^+ ab cboqfifw^`fÉk ^pfpqfa^ ì 355ì 9 i^p mboplk^p

/, JMPCLXCRRG*Pf`^oalJ, AÉaêdlAfsfivAljbo`f^iabi^L^`fÉk,Jbv04772,@rbklp?fobp*Cafqlof^iPr_fkw^i+Ariwlkf*


0./3*m,7

0.4 Pli^ka ?o^wf


k^`fa^p^qo^sÄpabi^pqÄ`kf`^pabobmolar``fÉk mboplk^p nrb `lksfsbk v `ljm^oqbk rk mol+
erj^k^ ^pfpqfa^ mrbabk l_qbkbo fkcloj^`fÉk vb`ql absfa^ bk `ljÑk*pb^kabi jfpjl lab :
obi^qfs^^ilpalk^kqbpbkilp`^plpmobsfpqlpbk afcbobkqb pbul ì ^oqÅ`ril 3.7ì , Qb ob`lkl`b l
bi ^oqÅ`ril 342ì `r^kal pb^ obibs^kqb m^o^ i^ bcb`qlpgroÅaf`lp ^ bp^p rkflkbp pf pb `rjmibk EN
O,
p^iralmloo^wlkbpab_fa^jbkqbcrka^a^p*bk ilppfdrfbkqbp obnrfpfqlp8^' ilpalpfkqbdo^kqbp i-<
EN
bpqb Ñiqfj l `^pl mrbab obsbi^opb i^ fabkqfa^a pb^k j^vlobpab ba^a* _' klbpqÄk rkfalp mlo FCNCACIM
sÅk`rilpabm^obkqbp`lbk iÅkb^ ob`q^bkqlalp JLI=?M;F?M
abi alk^kqbì , S;L<CNL;F?M
ilpdo^alp*kf`li^qbo^i e^pq^bipbdrkaldo^al9
Cp fj mloq^kqb bi krbsl oÄdfjbk m^o^ i^^alm+ `' kl bpqÄk rkfalp mlosÅk`rilp ab m^obkqbp`l
`fÉkì ^oqÅ`rilp372vpfdrfbkqbpì nrbfkqbkq^ mlo^cfkfa^abk iÅkb^ ob`q^9a' klqbkd^k fj mb+
pfjmifcf`^oilpqo~jfqbpv^_obsf^obimboÅlalab afj bkqlabifd^jbkkfbpqÄobdfpqo^a^rk^`lk+
bpmbo^9^pfjfpjli^`ob^`fÉkabi^^alm`fÉkab sfsbk`f^ ab j^kbo^ pfjriq~kb^9b' j^kqbkd^k
fkqbdo^`fÉk*nrbpb`lkcfdro^`r^kalpb^almq^ i^ `lksfsbk`f^ aro^kqb rk mboÅlal jÅkfjl ab
^iefglabi`Ékvrdblabi`lksfsfbkqbì ^oqÅ`ril alp^Çlpì ^oqÅ`ril3/.ì ,
40.* Ñiqfj l^m^oq^alì vqfbkb bcb`qlp afpqfk+
qlp^ i^ ^alm`fÉkpfjmibv^ i^ ^alm`fÉk mibk^ J^ bufpqbk`f^ ab i^ rkfÉk `lksfsbk`f^i* pr bufp+
ì ^oqÅ`ril41.vpfdrfbkqbp,ì 9vi^ mlpf_fifa^a qbk`f^vilpm^`qlpnrbi^m^obg^e^v^`bib_o^al*
abi^almq^alabj^kqbkbosÅk`rilgroÅaf`l`lk pb fkp`of_bk bk rk obdfpqolbpmb`f^i ^ ilpcfkbp
^idÑk j fbj _ol ab i^ c^j fif^ ab lofdbk bk i^ mol_^qloflpì ^oqÅ`ril 3//ì 9 kll_pq^kqbpbo
^alm`fÉkmibk^*vabqbkbosÅk`rilgroÅaf`l`lk i^ fkp`ofm`fÉk bk bi obdfpqol morb_^ prcf`fbkqb*
^idÑk jfbj_ol ab i^ c^jfif^ abi ^almq^kqb bk q^j _fÄk mrbab ^`obafq^opb mlo `r^inrfbo lqol
i^^alm`fÉk pfjmibì^oqÅ`ril40/ì , jbafl ab morb_^ ì ^oqÅ`ril3/0ì , J^ fkp`ofm+
`fÉkplilbpfkafpmbkp^_ibm^o^i^molqb``fÉkab
N~oo^cl ^m^oqb jbob`bk i^p afpmlpf`flkbp nrb i^sfsfbka^c^jfif^ovabilpjrb_ibpfkafpmbkp^+
obdri^kbij^qofjlkfl*biafslo`flvi^prkflkbp _ibpabbpq^*ab ilpnrb kl mrbabk afpmlkbopb
`lksfsbk`f^ibp,Ck bi j ^qofj lkflpb^`i^o^nrb kfqo^pmloq^opbpfkbi`lkpbkqfjfbkqlab^j_lp
kfkdrk^ kloj^ mrbabpbofkqbomobq^a^ kf^mif+ `lksfsfbkqbp,J^sfsfbka^c^j fif^oklmrbabpbo
`^a^bkbipbkqfalabifjfq^o*obpqofkdfo*bu`irfol bgb`rq^a^mloabra^p`lkqo^Åa^pabpmrÄpabi^
prmofjfoi^fdr^ia^aababob`elpvl_ifd^`flkbp fkp`ofm`fÉk ab i^ rkfÉk `lksfsbk`f^i* bu`bmql
abilpfkqbdo^kqbpabij^qofjlkfl*vilpbcb`qlp nrb e^v^k pfal `lkqo^Åa^p mlo ^j_lp `lksf+
nrbbpqbmolar`b*pb^`lkpqfqrfal mloalpmbo+ sfbkqbpl mlorkl abbiilp`lk bi^pbkqfjfbkql
plk^pabafpqfkqllfdr^ipbulì ^oqÅ`ril2.0ì , abilqolì ^oqÅ`ril300ì ,

Ci afslo`fl pb ab`obq^graf`f^ij bkqb ^ mbqf`fÉk Ckqob ilp jr`elp ^s^k`bp abi krbsl AÉafdl
ab^j_lplrklplilabilp`Ékvrdbpì ^oqÅ`ril `loobpmlkabpbÇ^i^oq^j _fÄk bi m^dl mlo`lk+
215ì Qbbifj fkÉbiafslo`flmlo`rim^abrkll pfdk^`fÉkbuqo^graf`f^iì ^oqÅ`rilp7/.vpfdrfbk+
ab^j_lp`Ékvrdbp*vi^kb`bpfa^aab^ibd^oi^p qbpì  ^ cfk ab fkqbkq^o afpj fkrfo i^ `^kqfa^a
`^rp^pabi^ormqro^j^qofjlkf^i,J^p`rbpqflkbp ^_orj^alo^ ab mol`bplpgraf`f^ibp* bifjfk^al
nrbmrba^k prp`fq^opbobpmb`ql^ i^^qof_r`fÉk qlal^nrbiilnrb mrbabe^`bopbcrbo^abi~j+
abi^sfsfbka^*i^afpqof_r`fÉkabilp_fbkbpvi^p _fqlabilpqof_rk^ibp,
JS
bsbkqr^ibp`ljmbkp^`flkbpb`lkÉjf`^pbkqob
ilp`Ékvrdbp*^i bgbo`f`flabi^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a J^ molqb``fÉk ab ilpabob`elpabi `lkprjfalo
m^obkq^i* bk bpmb`f^i i^ mobpq^`fÉk ^ifjbkq^of^* e^jbob`falbpmb`f^i^qbk`fÉk*obdri~kalpbilp
r lqo^p nrb pb molmlkd^k* kl prpmbkabk bi `lkqo^qlpab`lkprjl&^oqÅ`rilp/.70vpfdrfbk+
af`q^alab i^ pbkqbk`f^ abafslo`flì ^oqÅ`rilp qbp', Ci AÉafdl* m^oqfbkal ab i^ fab^ ab nrb pb á0
216v217ì , qo^q^abrk^qrqbi^afcbobk`f^a^mloi^abpfdr^i+ Åd
a^aabi^pm^oqbp`lkqo^q^kqbp*bpq^_ib`bnrbi^p \
Qb obdri^k i^p rkflkbp`lksfsbk`f^ibp _^p^a^p kloj^pnrbobdri^ki^pobi^`flkbpab`lkprjl O
bk obi^`flkbp ^cb`qfs^p ab `^o~`qbo pfkdri^o* ab_bk pbo^mif`^a^p b fkqbomobq^a^p `lkclojb O
mÑ_if`l* klqlofl*bpq^_ibvmboj^kbkqbab alp `lkbimofk`fmflabmolqb``fÉkabi`lkprj falov \

J^ qrq bi ^ mo bsbkq f s^ v lq o^p `rbpq f lkbp mo l`bp^i bp bk bi AÉaf dl Af sf i  v Aljbo `f ^i  ^o dbkq f kl 0.5
biab^``bpl^i`lkprjlprpqbkq^_ibì ^oqÅ`ril Cp`fboqlnrb bufpqbk ^kqb`babkqbp ibdfpi^qfslp
/.72ì ,?pfjfpjlpbmobsÄkilp`lkqo^qlp_^k+ ^kqfdrlp ab qrqbi^ mobsbkqfs^ `ljl ilp fkqbo+
`^oflp`lk`lkprjfalobpvrpr^oflpì ^oqÅ`rilp af`qlp v i^p ^``flkbp mlpbplof^p l i^ ii^j^a^
/162 v pfdrfbkqbpì  afpmlkfÄkalpb bumobp^+ abkrk`f^ abi a^Çl qbj fal ì ^oqÅ`rilp 0277*
jbkqb nrb ^ bplp `lkqo^qlp ibp plk ^mif`^_ibp pbdrkal m~oo^cl abi A Éafdl Afsfi abold^al
i^p afpmlpf`flkbp obi^qfs^p ^ ilp `lkqo^qlp ab +qbuql Jbv/55// v401 _fpabi AÉafdl Nol`bp^i
`lkprj l, AfsfivAljbo`f^iabi^L^`fÉk*^`qr^ifw^`fÉkabi
fkqboaf`ql ab l_o^ sfbg^ ì  `rvlp loÅdbkbp pb
J^jbkq^_ibjbkqb*abi?kqbmolvb`qllofdfk^ipb objlkq^k^iabob`elolj^kl9mbolbp^p`^rqbi^p
bifjfkÉbkbi^oqÅ`ril/2biob`lkl`fjfbkql^ilp molqbdÅ^k mofk`fm^ij bkqb abob`elp m^qofj l+
abob`elpfkafsfar^ibpnrbmrbabkpbobgbo`falp kf^ibp* j~p bpmb`Åcf`^jbkqb bi ab molmfba^a
jbaf^kqb rk^ ^``fÉk `lib`qfs^ ì fkafsfar^ibp v mlpbpfÉk* ^dobd~kalpb irbdl i^ qbkbk`f^ ab
eljldÄkblpì , _fbkbp,?`qr^ijbkqbpbe^^s^kw^alm^o^i^mol+
qb``fÉkmobsbkqfs^ababob`elpbfkqbobpbpnrb
QboÅ^ abj^pf^al buqbkpl pbdrfo bkrjbo^kal elvpb`lkpfabo^kmoflofq^oflp*`ljlplkilpob+
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^ `riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

ilp ^s^k`bp ab i^ krbs^ ibdfpi^`fÉk `lk obi^+ cbofalp^ i^p^ira9^dlw^oabrk^j_fbkqbp^kl*
`fÉk ^ i^p kloj^p abold^a^p mbol bp mob`fpl bnrfif_o^al*^mql m^o^ biabp^ooliil erj^kl9^
abqbkbopbbki^pafpmlpf`flkbppl_obi^crk`fÉk i^pbdrofa^a9^i^fkcloj^`fÉk9^`lkaf`flkbpab
mobsbkqfs^ ì  ^ oqÅ`ril  /5/. v pfdrfbkqbpì * qo^qlbnrfq^qfslvafdkl9^klplmloq^okfkdrk^
rkl ab ilp j^vlobp ildolp ab ibdfpi^qfslp* nrb cloj^abafp`ofjfk^`fÉk*bq`,ì ^oqÅ`rilp2/ ^21
obpriq^ bpmb`f^ijbkqb^mif`^_ib^ ilp mol`bplp abi^Alkpqfqr`fÉk L^`flk^iì ,
`lib`qfslpbk dbkbo^i,
Ci A Éafdl Afsfi v Aljbo`f^i lqlod^ bpmb`f^i
Bb_b ob`lkl`bopb nrb i^ qrqbi^ mobsbkqfs^ v^ ^qbk`fÉk^ ilpabob`elpv^`qlpmboplk^iÅpfjlp
e^_Å^ pfal ob`bmq^a^ mlo i^ grofpmorabk`f^ bk ì ^oqÅ`rilp3/ ^4/ì 9bpmb`f^ijbkqbbi^oqÅ`ril
s^oflp ^kqb`babkqbp alkab ilpgrb`bp* ^rk pfk 32pb obcfbob ^ ilp^`qlp mbifdolplp m^o^ i^ sfa^
kloj^p obdri^qlof^p* loabk^olk jbafa^p m^o^ li^fkqbdofa^aabi^pmboplk^pv^ i^ kb`bpfa^a
mobsbkfo bi a^Çl ì 0ì 9 q^j _fÄk bi ^oqÅ`ril abnrbpb^almqbk i^p jbafa^p ab mobsbk`fÉk
/364 abi ?kqbmolvb`ql ab /776 `lkqbjmi^_^ vpbdrofa^a ^ab`r^a^p ^ i^p `fo`rkpq^k`f^p, J^
i^^``fÉk mobsbkqfs^, mlpf_fifa^aabmolef_fo`i~rpri^p^_rpfs^pabilp
`lkqo^qlp ì ^oqÅ`rilp, 766 v 767ì `lkpqfqrvb
Cpq^ ^``fÉkqfbkb`ljll_gbql mofk`fm^i mobsb+ q^j _fÄk rk^ cloj^ ab mobsbkfo bi a^Çl mrbp
kfobi a^Çl ^kqbp nrb pb molarw`^ l afpjfkrfo bigrbwklplilmrbabbifjfk^oi^ppfklq^j_fÄk
ilp bcb`qlp abi v^ molar`fal, Dobkqb ^i a^Çl* molef_fonrbpb^kmobafpmrbpq^pbkmbogrf`flab
i^ ibdfpi^`fÉk qo^af`flk^i mol`ro^_^ i^ obm^o^+ qlalpilp`lkqo^q^kqbpmlpqboflobp,
`fÉk l bk `^pl ab nrb bpq^ pb^ fjmlpf_ib* i^
p^qfpc^``fÉk ab i^ sÅ`qfj^ v*bsbkqr^ijbkqb* i^ Afq^jlp ^ `lkqfkr^`fÉk lqo^p kloj^p bpmb+
mrkf`fÉkabi^dobplo,Qb^dobd^^elo^i^crk`fÉk `Åcf`^p ab qrqbi^ mobsbkqfs^ `lkqbkfa^p bk bi
ab mobsbk`fÉk, AA v AL8 bi ^oqÅ`ril 30 c^`riq^ ^ i^p mboplk^p
^cb`q^a^p bk pr afdkfa^a mboplk^i l c^jfif^o*
J^qrqbi^mobsbkqfs^pbafcbobk`f^abi^pjbafa^p elko^ l obmrq^`fÉk* fj^dbkl fabkqfa^alnrb
`^rqbi^obp bk nrb ^nrbii^ bp abcfkfqfs^ ì 1ì , ab`r^inrfbojlalobpriqbjbklp`^_^a^bkpr
Ckbcb`ql*klpbqo^q^abrk^ jbafa^molsfplof^ fabkqfa^amboplk^i*^ob`i^j^oi^mobsbk`fÉkabi
m^o^^pbdro^obi`rj mifj fbkqlabi^pbkqbk`f^^ a^Çl9bi^oqÅ`ril370mobsÄi^fjmrdk^`fÉkmob+
7 : L E 9 7 J K I  /10

af`q^opbpfklabrk^mobqbkpfÉk^rqÉklj^nrb sbkqfs^abi^cfif^`fÉkmobprjfa^mloi^ibv*^kqbp
`lkpqfqrvbbil_gbqlmofk`fm^iabigrf`flv^ajfqb abi k^`fjfbkql abi efgl9 bi ^oqÅ`ril /.10 pl_ob
rk mol`bplab`lkl`fjfbkql^jmifl*pf_fbkbk qrqbi^ mobsbkqfs^ bk ilp `lkqo^qlp _fi^qbo^ibp*
bpbmol`bplpbmrbabkplif`fq^ojbafa^p`^rqb+ ^rqlofw^^rk^abi^pm^oqbp^prpmbkaboprmol+
i^obp,J^rodbk`f^klbpobnrfpfqlfkafpmbkp^_ib mfl`rj mifj fbkqlpfprpabob`elpprcofbpbkrk^
m^o^ i^ mol`babk`f^ab i^qrqbi^ mobsbkqfs^, do^sb^jbk^w^aba^Çlmlonrbi^lqo^m^oqbe^

0.6 Pli^ka ?o^wf


qbkfalrkjbklp`^_lpfdkfcf`^qfslbkpr^mqfqra ?abj~p*bikrbslloabk^jfbkql^mbi^^i^ o^wl+
m^o^`rjmifo*lbkprplisbk`f^9bi^oqÅ`ril //.0 k^_fifa^a *klplilm^o^obcbofopb^i^ibdfqfj^`fÉk :
`lk`bab ^``fÉk ^ ilp `lkprjfalobp ^cb`q^alp bk i^p^``flkbpmobsbkqfs^p*pfklq^j_fÄkbkaf+ S
EN
l nrfbkbp bpq~k ibdfqfj^alp* m^o^ ob`i^j^o i^ sbop^pafpmlpf`flkbp,J^o^wlk^_fifa^a`lkpqfqrvb
M,
`bp^`fÉk ab mr_if`fa^a fiÅ`fq^ v i^ mr_if`^`fÉk rkmofk`fmflcrka^jbkq^iabiabob`el9Klobiili^ E:
iif
^ `^odl abi abj^ka^al ab ^krk`flp ob`qfcf`^+ bpqfj^_^ abbpmb`f^i fjmloq^k`f^* \c\mue[fcfX FCNCACIM
cXduo`dXZXk\^fiwXgl\j\j\cgi`eZ`g`fdujZXif JLI=?M;F?M
qloflp9 bi ^oqÅ`ril /55. molqbdb ^ i^p mboplk^p S;L<CNL;F?M
`lkqo^ qla^ fkqoljfpfÉk ^o_fqo^of^ bk pr sfa^ v p fi`\ekX[fi'\ckXcye[\:hlwc\j[\c\[`]`Z`f[\c[\(
`lkqo^nrfbkmr_ifnrbobqo^qlp*afcrka^`loobp+ i\Z_f6\cglekf[\k\id`eXek\[\cXjgifgfiZ`fe\j6
mlkabk`f^* i^ j loqfcfnrb bk prp `lpqrj_obp l \chl\\jkXYc\Z\cfjcwd`k\j' \cglekfZilZ`XcgXiX
pbkqfjfbkqlp*lmboqro_bab`r^inrfbojlalpr cc\^Xi _XjkXX_w \ecXjZ`iZlejkXeZ`Xj[\cZXjff
fkqfj fa^a,Ci^oqÅ`ril0016nrbafpmlkbnrbi^p gifYc\dX[\hl\j\kiXk\)-
^``flkbpmlpbplof^p pblqlod^k ^kqb^`qlp j^+
qbof^ibpmolar`falp labfkjfkbkqbmolar``fÉk * Ckqob ilp s^oflp ^oqÅ`rilp abi AA v AL nrb pb
q^j _fÄk`lkp^do^ rk^^``fÉk mobsbkqfs^, obcfbobk ^ i^ o^wlk^_fifa^a* jbk`flk^jlp ilp
pfdrfbkqbp8 ^' bk bigrf`fl ab ^ifjbkqlp* bigrbw
Ck `r^kql ^ i^ ibdfqfj ^`fÉk* bi AÉafdl pfdrb mrbab afpmlkbo* bk `^pl ab fk`rj mifj fbkql
i^ al`qofk^ dbkbo^i a^kal rk^ ibdfqfj ^`fÉk obfqbo^alabil_ifd^al^i m^dlabi^l_ifd^`fÉk
buqbkpfs^ m^o^ob`i^j^ork^qrqbi^ mobsbkqfs^* ^ifjbkq^of^* jbafa^po^wlk^_ibp m^o^^pbdro^o
v i^ `lk`bab ^ qlalp nrfbkbp ^`obafqbk rk i^ bcf`^`f^ ab i^ pbkqbk`f^ ì ^oqÅ`ril 331ì 9 _'
fkqboÄp o^wlk^_ib bk i^ mobsbk`fÉk abi a^Çl bk i^ morb_^ ab ilp `lkqo^qlp bi `Éafdl bufdb
ì ^oqÅ`ril /5//ì , rk^ o^wlk^_ib `lksf``fÉk pbdÑk i^p obdi^p ab
i^ p^k^ `oÅqf`^ ì ^oqÅ`ril /./7ì 9`' bi^oqÅ`ril
J^ krbs^ ibdfpi^`fÉk ^almq^ rk `ofqbofl^jmifl /.// bkilp`lkqo^qlpabi^od^aro^`fÉkafpmlkb rk
M
ab ^mob`f^`fÉk gr a f` f^ i bk afsbop^p afpmlpf+ nrbi^ m^oqbnrbab`fabpr obp`fpfÉkab_^a^o^ VV
G<

`flkbp9 mlo bgbjmil* m^o^ bs^ir^o bi do^al ab i^lqo^i^lmloqrkfa^a o^wlk^_ib abobkbdl`f^o 3
:
j^arobw prcf`fbkqb abi j bklo ab ba^a9 m^o^ ab_rbk^cbpfk fk`roofobkbgbo`f`fl^_rpfslab VV
F+
bi bgbo`f`fl ab `fboqlp abob`elp l m^o^ `lkl+ ilpabob`elp9`'bi^oqÅ`ril /.2/ fk`,_*pbobcfbob I
G<

`bo a^qlp obi^qfslp ^ pr lofdbk bk ilp `^plp ab ^i^l_ifd^`fÉkabi`ljmo^alobkbi`lkqo^qlab le
G<
VV
^alm`fÉk ì ^oqÅ`rilp 04* pbdrkal ^m^oq^al v `ljmo^sbkq^*abob`f_foi^`lp^vilpobpmb`qfslp M
oz
374*bkqoblqolpì 9^cfkab^mob`f^oi^po^wlkbp al`rjbkqlp ob^ifw^kal ilp ^`qlp nrb o^wlk^+
:
nrb^rqlofw^k ^ klab`i^o^o^ rk jbklol^ rk _ibjbkqb `^_b bpmbo^o m^o^ nrb bi sbkabalo
m^ofbkqbbk rk mol`bplabc^jfif^ ì 5//ì 9bk mrba^ bcb`qr^oi^bkqobd^9a'bkbi`lkqo^qlab
bigrf`flab^alm`fÉk pba^ ^igrwd^alo rk ^j+ prjfkfpqol*bi^oqÅ`ril//62q^j _fÄkpbobcfbob^
miflj^odbkabafp`ob`flk^ifa^am^o^bs^ir^oi^ i^o^wlk^_fifa^a^iqo^q^oabifk`rj mifj fbkqlab ìG
:
le
pfqr^`fÉk ab^almq^_fifa^a ì ^oqÅ`ril4.7ìv i^pl_ifd^`flkbpabrk^abi^pm^oqbp9b'bi^oqÅ`r+ >G
S
mrbab`lk`baboi^^alm`fÉkpfjmiblmibk^pb+ il /463 mobsÄi^ kb`bpfa^a abnrbbicfar`f^ofl M
&&
dÑki^p`fo`rkpq^k`f^pab`^a^`^pl*vj^kqbkbo `lkqo^qbrkpbdrol`lkqo^obpmlkp^_fifa^a`fsfi Aê+
pr_pfpqbkqb bi sÅk`rilgroÅaf`l ab rkl l s^oflp nrb`r_o^ilpa^Çlp`^rp^alpmloi^p`lp^pl _ + M
I
m^ofbkqbpabi^c^jfif^ablofdbkbki^^alm`fÉk gbql abi cfabf`ljfpl nrb kl i\jlck\`iiXqfeXYc\ r
VV
>G
mibk^*v`ob^osÅk`rilgroÅaf`l`lk rklls^oflp \ecXZfY\ikliX[\i`\j^fjfdfekfj6c'bi^oqÅ`ril VV
>G
m^ofbkqbpabi^c^jfif^abi^almq^kqbbki^^alm+ /5/.fjmlkb^qla^ mboplk^biab_boabbsfq^o O
`fÉk pfjmibì ^oqÅ`ril40/ì 9bk ilpgrf`flpab `^rp^orka^Çlfkgrpqfcf`^alv^almq^oab_rbk^
obpqof``fÉk ^ i^ `^m^`fa^a v ab fke^_fifq^`fÉk cbv`lkclojb^ i^p`fo`rkpq^k`f^p* i^p jbafa^p
AK
q^j _fÄk plk ^jmif^p i^p c^`riq^abpgraf`f^ibp* o^wlk^_ibp ab mobsbk`fÉk ^rk `r^kal kl pb AM
`ljlil mobsÄk ilpRo^q^alpGkqbok^`flk^ibp, qo^qbabi obpmlkp^_ibafob`qlmrbppfbpqbcrbpb
[
0
(O
0, KMPCJJM*?rdrpqlK, CGmol`bpl`fsfijlabokl ,@rbklp?fobp*Jf_oboÅ^Cafqlof^i Ni^qbkpb*0../,

J^ qrq bi ^ mo bsbkq f s^ v lq o^p `rbpq f lkbp mo l`bp^i bp bk bi AÉaf dl Af sf i v Aljbo `f ^i ^o dbkq f kl 0.7
rkqbo`bol*qfbkbabob`el^nrbibobbj_lipbbi cX [\dfjkiXZ`ye [\cX fZlii\eZ`X [\c[Xxff[\
s^iloabilpd^pqlpbknrbfk`roofÉ, cX \o`jk\eZ`X [\ ZlcgX f [fcf ì ^oqÅ`ril 275ì ,
Aljlbumobp^ K^ofklkf* i^ kloj^^cfoj^ i^ af+
J^ pbkqbk`f^ nrb ^ajfqb i^ ^``fÉk mobsbkqfs^ pl`f^`fÉkbkqobbi^`ql`lkqo^ofl^iabob`elvbi
ab_bloabk^o*fk`irplablcf`fl*bkcloj^abcfkf+ eb`elibpfsl*abg^kal`i^olnrbq^ibpqrqbi^pkl
qfs^lmolsfplof^*l_ifd^`flkbpabe^`bolabkl qfbkbk`ljlmobprmrbpqlbia^Çlvilp`ofqboflp
e^`bo*mol`ro^kali^ jbkloobpqof``fÉk mlpf_ib gXiX cX `dglkXZ`ye [\cXjXeZ`ye i\jXiZ`kfi`X f
vbi jbaflj~pfaÉkblm^o^^pbdro^oi^bcf`^`f^ pb^i^`rim^lbialil1,Bbq^icloj^*bkrkbgbj+
abi j^ka^ql ì ^oqÅ`ril /5/1ì , Aloobpmlkab mil*pf pb mobqbkafbpb fkqolar`fobk bi jbo`^al
pbÇ^i^onrb m^o^ ^aj fqfo i^ ^``fÉk klbp kb`b+ rk molar`ql nrb`lkqfbkb bibjbkqlp molef_f+
p^ofl ^`obafq^o kfkdÑk c^`qlo ab ^qof_r`fÉk* bp alp* i^ mboplk^ ibdfqfj^a^ mrbab plif`fq^onrb
prcf`fbkqb`lk abjlpqo^onrbbufpqb rk mbifdol pb fjmfa^ pr `ljbo`f^ifw^`fÉkvi^ abj^ka^a^
do^sb bk i^ molar``fÉk ab rk a^Çl nrb biab+ klmrbabbu`rp^opb^ibd^kalnrbbpbmolar`ql
j^ka^almrbabbsfq^olafpjfkrfoprj^dkfqra kl`^rp^a^Çl9pb^asfboqb i^ pfjmifcf`^`fÉk ab
ì ^oqÅ`rili5/0ì , ilp mol`bplp mrbp bp prcf`fbkqb `lk abjlpqo^o
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

i^^``fÉk^kqfgroÅaf`^,
Ci krbsl AÉafdl ab Nol`bpl Afsfi ab @o^pfi e^
^s^kw^al rk m^pl j~p bk i^ qrqbi^ mobsbkqfs^ Tlisfbkal^iAAvAL*bpqb`lil`^^i^PbmÑ_if`^
bpq^_ib`fbkal q^j _fÄk i^ qrqbi^grofpaf``flk^i ?odbkqfk^ bkqob i^p j~p^s^kw^a^pabi jrkal
`lkqo^ bi fiÅ`fqlbk bi^oqÅ`ril275nrbafpmlkb8 bk j^qbof^`fsfiv`ljbo`f^i9bpmbobjlpnrbilp
IfiXcfZfeZ\j`ye[\cXklk\cf\jg\Zw]`ZX[\jk`eX[f lmbo^alobpgroÅaf`lpìgrb`bpv^_ld^alpì fk+
X`e_`Y`icXgiuZk`ZX'cXi\`k\iXZ`yefcXZfek`elX( qbomobqbkab_fa^jbkqbilpmofk`fmflpvm^o^afd+
Z`ye [\ le `cwZ`kf f jl i\dfZ`ye' \j `ii\c\mXek\ j^pnrbaljfk^k i^ krbs^ ibdfpi^`fÉk,
7 : L E 9 7 J K I  /10

1, K?PGLMLG*JrfwErfiibojb* Rrqbi^fkef_fqlof^8i^qrqbi^abmobsbk`fÉkabifiÅ`fql *Ci Bbob`el* /64+//05,

0/. Pli^ka ?o^wf

You might also like