LTE & LTE-Advanced Overview

Nov 2017
Agenda

• LTE Overview
• LTE Architecture
• LTE Air Interface
• LTE-Advanced
LTE Overview
• Why LTE ?
– Further demand for higher data rates (peak and average) and a
significant decrease of latency
– Re-use of features like CQI, adaptive modulation and coding,
HARQ
– Using higher bandwidths, but flexible and scalable, only possible
by using another transmission scheme
– Further latency reduction with simpler and flatter network
architecture
– Cost efficiency – Affordable roll-out costs (CAPEX)
– Low maintenance cost (OPEX)
– Worldwide network operator commitments for LTE
LTE Overview
• LTE Targets
– Significantly increased peak data rate 100 Mbps (downlink) and
50 Mbps (uplink)
– Significantly improved spectrum efficiency, e.g. 2-4 times
compared to 3GPP Release 6
– Improved latency
• Radio access network latency (user plane Network <-->UE) below 30
ms
• Significantly reduced control plane latency, e.g. idle to active less than
100ms to 50ms
– Support for inter-working with existing networks
– Reduced CAPEX and OPEX including backhaul
– Efficient support of the various types of services, especially from
the PS domain
LTE Architecture

• LTE Network Elements - Nodes

MME Mobility Management Entity is responsible for :
• NAS Messaging
SAE=LTE (eRAN)+EPC
• UE idle mode tracking
Uu • Paging
Control Plane
• Bearer activation, modification and deactivation User Plane
• Authentication
eNB is responsible for: • GW Selection (SGW and PGW)
• Radio resource management: radio bearer control, • radio
Control plane function for LTE to 2G and 3G mobility
admission
• Roaming
control, connection mobility control, uplink/downlink scheduling
• IP header compression and ciphering of user data stream S6A
• Mobility management entity (MME) selection
SGW Serving Gateway
• Forwarding uplink data to serving gateway
• Paging
eNB  Local Mobility Anchor point for inter eNodeB handover.
 Sending of one or more "end marker" to the source eNodeB.
• Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information,
 Mobility originated
anchoring from the mobility
for inter-3GPP PDN GW  Packet Data Network Gateway
MME  ECM-IDLE mode downlink packet buffering Per-user based packet filtering (by e.g. deep packet inspection)
and initiation
• Measurement and measurement reporting of configuration for mobility
service requestprocedure.
Lawful Interception
and scheduling
network triggered S10
 UE IP address allocation
 Lawful Interception;
• Scheduling and transmission of Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System  Transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink
X2
(ETWS) messages, originated from the MME
 Packet routing and forwarding;
e.g. setting
 Transport level packet marking in the uplink thedownlink,
and the Gx
DiffServ Code Point, based on the QCI of the associated EPS bearer
S11 Code Point, based
e.g. setting the DiffServ Accounting forofinter-operator
on the QCI the associatedcharging
EPS bearer;

S5/S8 SGi
S1-U Internet

eNB
eRAN EPC
LTE Multiple Access Techniques
Radio Frame Structure & Subcarriers

FREQUENCY
DOMAIN

TIME
DOMAIN
Radio Frame Structure

FDD_Frame
Structure

TDD Frame
Structure
Resource Block & Scheduling Block
FREQUENCY
DOMAIN

A Resource Block (RB) corresponds to twelve OFDM sub-

carriers during one 0.5 ms slot. The smallest unit that can be
TIME
allocated by the scheduler is two consecutive Resource DOMAIN
Blocks (12 sub-carriers during 1ms). This is sometimes
referred to as a Scheduling Block (SB) and is equal to the TTI
(Transmission Time Interval) of 1 ms.

9
Bandwidth Concepts
LTE Advanced
• Introduction
• LTE Advanced Targets
• LTE Advanced Features
Introduction

• LTE meets & stands for 3.9G Network

• LTE-A is enhanced version of LTE by 3GPP
• Will meet the ITU requirements of 4G
• Specified initially as part of 3GPP R-10
• LTE-A evolves beyond R-10 to R-15 (LTE-A Pro)
• LTE-A Pro would be a bridge towards 5G
LTE Advanced Targets

• Achieving high data rates

– Downlink : 3 GBPS
– Uplink : 1.5 GBPS
• Decreased Latency
• Higher spectral efficiency
– LTE (Release ): 16 bps/Hz
– LTE Advanced (Release 10) : 30 bps/Hz
• Increased capacity i.e. more users
• Improved performance at cell edges
LTE-Advanced Features (R-10)

• Carrier Aggregation
– Aggregation of multiple carriers
• UL-COMP
– Coordination between eNBs for the same user
• eICIC
– Coordination between eNBs for the same user
• Enhanced MIMO
– Extending MIMO capability up to 8 x 8
• Relay-Nodes
– Efficient heterogeneous network planning
Carrier Aggregation (CA)

• More bandwidth leads to more capacity

• Each aggregated carrier is referred as Component
Carrier (CC)
• Maximum of 5 CC can be aggregated(100MHz)
• Number of CCs in DL & UL may be different
• UE capability plays a crucial role
• CA is often compared with multi-carrier term of
WCDMA
Carrier Aggregation

The above picture has been taken from 3GPP

COMP (Co-ordinated Multi Point)

• Stands for Coordinated Multi Point

– Transmission
– Reception
• This feature targets cell edge areas
– Lower signal strength
– Interference from other cells
• Neighboring cells coordinate with each other
– To increase power received by UE
– To reduce interference
– Increase in coverage with high data rate
• Well suited for Het-Net scenarios
COMP - Techniques

• UL-COMP
– Coordinated Scheduling / Beam-forming
– Joint Reception
• DL-COMP
– Coordinated Scheduling / Beam-Forming
– Joint Processing
• Joint Transmission
• Joint Reception
• UE Capability support is required