UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
Media Imperialism – accepted media
Globalization – interconnection of different
countries
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Solid – barriers that may prevent free
movement; can be natural or man-made
2. Liquidity – increasing ease of movement of
people, things, information, and places in the
global age.
3. Flows – movement of people, things, ideas,
and culture across the globe due to the
advances in technology, economic and
political integration, and establishment of
global policies that lessens and eliminates the
existing borders.
PERSPECTIVES ON THE ORIGIN OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. Hardwired – motivation of human beings to
seek a better life.
2. Cycles – no single point of origin in
globalization but it is a long-term cyclical
process wherein the current global age today
is only modification of the global age in the
past.
3. Epochs – waves of globalization that took
place in the past and each of them has its own
origin.
4. Events – it specifies the event that is
somehow responsible for the origin of
globalization
5. Broader – the origin of globalization has
taken place during the recent changes that
happened in the 2nd half of the 20th century.
THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. World System Theory – believes that
capitalism spread around the world for the
last five centuries. The key structure is the
three division of labor:
a. Core – countries that are not as rich as
the core countries usually depend on
these core countries.
b. Peripheral – countries that are
dependent on core countries for capital
and have an underdeveloped industry.
c. Semi-Peripheral – countries that share
characteristics of both core and periphery
countries.
2. World Polity Theory – it was developed as
an analytical frame for interpreting global
relations, structures, and practices.
3. World Culture Theory – particular
interpretation of globalization that focuses on
the process become conscious of and give
meaning to living in the world as a single
place.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Homogeneity – increasing sameness as
information and ideas flow across
boundaries.
a. Cultural Imperialism – influence of
particular culture
b.
investor
c. Mcdonaldization
d. Globalization
2. Heterogeneity – associated with the creation
of local inputs leading to a variety of cultural
hybrids.
PERSPECTIVE IN GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOW
1. Cultural Differentialism – can’t ignore
differences; immutable; different from one
culture may clash if they get to interact
2. Cultural Hybridization – politics of
integration without the need to give up
cultural identity
3. Cultural Convergence – supports the idea of
global cultural homogeneity; adopt the
culture ideas and practices.
UNIT 2: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Economic Globalization – refers to the increasing
interdependence of world economics as a result of
the growing scale of cross-border trade of
commodities and services, flow of international
capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
INTERCONNECTED DIMENSIONS OF ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
1. Capital – total assets a company needs to stay
solvent
2. Communication and Technology – allows
the integration of economies worldwide
through increases in trade, investment flows,
and technology transfer
3. Market Exchange – which goods and
services are produced, distributed, and
exchanged by the price, supply and demand
4. Goods and Services – goods are tangible
objects that satisfy people’s wants
ECONOMIES ASSOCIATED WITH ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
Protectionism – refers to government policies that
restrict international trade by imposing tariffs,
quotas, product standards, and subsidies.
Primary Policy Tools:
a. Tariffs – form of money of goods; serves as a
payment for allowing its international
product to be sold in the local market.
b. Import Quotas – lessen the number of
products that can be imported for certain
period of time.
c. Product standards – kind of barrier that
imposes strict standards in imported
products; quality of product
d. Government Subsidies – financial assistance
Trade Liberalization – process of removing or
reducing the barriers or restrictions in the exchange
for goods between and among nations.
MAIN ACTORS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
- Multinational Companies
- State
- Regulatory Institutions
 - Laborers
- Consumer
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION – discriminatory removal
of all trade impediments between at least 2
participating countries. Arrangement among nations
that typically includes the reduction or elimination of
trade barriers.
LEVELS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
1. Preferential trading area – discounted
tariffs; allow member countries to have
access to some of their products
2. Free trade – aimed to reduced the tariff
significantly between or among partnered
countries
3. Custom union – implying that the same
tariffs are applied to third countries
4. Common market – member countries are
able to move their capital and services within
their organization
5. Economic union – usually called as a single
market for several reasons; tariffs are
eliminated within the member countries by
which they are able to exercise free trade
between and among countries
6. Political union – member countries abide by
the rules presented by a common government
in which the member country’s sovereignty is
reduced significantly.
UNIT 3: MARKET INTEGRATION
ROMAN PERIOD AND EARLY VOYAGES
Notable Explorers; The different voyages
1. Vasco Da Gama
2. Christopher Columbus
3. Ferdinand Magellan
Different global powers during that time:
- Spain
- Portugal
- Britain
- Italy
NEPOLEONIC WARS IN 1815
- The international trade expanded
significantly as did cross-border flows of
financial capital and labor
- Technological advancement in this year can
be seen from the replacement of the sail and
railroads by the steam power.
- The opening of Suez Canal has helped to
reduced travel times between Europe and
Asia
TWO WORLD WARS AND THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
Major powers of those times:
- The United States
- Western Europe
- Japan
THE BRETTON WOOD SYSTEM
- Agreement was enacted during the post-
world wars
- It is the USA who was at that time owned the
2/3 of world’s gold had led this conference in
July 1944 with 44 countries
Representatives of PH in Bretton Wood System
1. Hon. Andres Soriano
2. Hon. Jaime Hernandez
3. Mr. Joseph Foley
4. Mr. Ismael Mathay
2 INSTITUTIONS WERE ESTABLISHED AS PART OF
BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENT IN 1945
1. International Monetary Fund (IMF) – goal
of fostering global monetary cooperation,
establishing financial stability, maintaining
international trade, and promoting growth
economy.
2. The World Bank – two main goal of the
world bank are to end extreme poverty and
increase overall prosperity.
THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND
TRADE (GATT)
- Signed into law on January 1, 1948 with 23
countries
- Its main objective was to eliminate barriers in
international trade by either reducing or
removing tariffs and quotas.
WORLD TRADE ORGNIZATION
- Resolve trade disputes between and among
its member countries.
- Its goal is to ensure trade flows as smoothly
and predictably as possible.
Market Integration – used to identify phenomenon
in which markets of goods and services that are
related to one another is experiencing similar
patterns of increase or decrease in terms of the prices
of those products.
Types of Market Integration
1. Negative Integration – elimination of
barriers
2. Positive Integration – government policy
adjustment
DEGREE OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
1. Preferential agreement
2. Free trade
3. Custom union
4. Common market
5. Economic union
INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL ORGANIZATION AND
ALLIENACES
1. Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD)
- Works to build better policies for better lives.
- Their goal is to shape policies that foster
prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-
being for all
2. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
 - Intergovernmental organization, created at
the Baghdad Conference on September 10-14,
1960
- It was established to monitor and stabilized
the price of OIL that is both beneficial and fair
with the stakeholders such as producer and
consumer
3. Association of South East Nations (ASEAN)
- Was formed in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
- to promote political and economic
cooperation and regional stability
- the Economic, Political-Security, and Socio-
Cultural Community are the three pillars of
ASEAN Community
4. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
- Its goal is to ensure the sustainability of
growth and development of the region for the
goods of its people.
5. European Union
- is the largest trade block in the world.
- One of the largest exporters of goods and
services and considered to be the biggest
import market for over hundred countries
6. North America Free trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
- Formed in 1995 by the Canada, Mexico and
America for the reason of elimination of
barriers when it comes to trade and
investment
- This organization has also given importance
to the protection of intellectual property
rights, environments and rights of workers or
laborers.
GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
- Also known as Global Company, which means
all around the world
Types of Global Corporations
1. International Companies – single country
but has some exposure to foreign markets;
these are basically importers and exporters
2. Multinational Companies – more than one
country; controlled by management based in
a single country, cater to markets in
individual countries
3. Transnational Companies – very largest
multinational businesses with separate
divisions that operate with a significant
independence in their assigned markets;
decision-making capabilities
4. Global Companies – operate on a worldwide
scale, but it would not be tied legally to any
nation
UNIT 4: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GOVERNMENT
Traditional Challenges
- External Intervention by other countries:
powerful nations intervene with the issues
and affairs of other nations
- Internal Political Challenges: state’s own
internal nonconformists
- Regional Organization challenging state
autonomy: coming from different
international organizations
Challenges from National/Identity Movements
- Different people with different identities and
beliefs who live in different states may
challenge the government to recognize their
unique ideologies and identity all over that
state.
Global Economics
- It demands the states to conform to the rules
of free-market capitalism
- Example: government have to comply with
global or regional agreements (e.g., WTFO,
NAFTA, EU, ASEAN)
Global Social Movements
- Movement of people that are spontaneous or
that emerge through large grassroots
organization; how organization moves
together.
- They usually operate across the world and
can be seen in different nations
- Example: human rights movement,
environmental movement, women rights
movement
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
- Can be defined as political activities and other
kinds and aspects of interactions among
states, inter-governmental organizations,
non-government organizations and
multinational corporations.
Peace Treaties and Military alliances
- UN: was founded in 1995 and has 193
members states. The UN has four functions,
which include military, economic,
environmental issues, and human protection.
- North Atlantic Treaty Organizations
(NATO): is a defensive treaty or a military
alliance among the United States, Canada, and
other European Countries. The member
countries have agreed to combine their
military power against the other nation who
would be raising their arms against anyone of
its members.
1. Social and Economic Growth
- Red Cross: they are organized in 1863 to
help those wounded by wars. They are an
independent and neutral organization that
 would be sent to areas affected by war, integration to have a just system for conflict
conflict, and disasters. resolution.
- Doctors without Borders: they are an
1. Permeability of nation-state to vast flow of
independent, global movement providing
things – fake news, cyberbullying, invasion of
medical aid where it’s needed most and was
privacy and other digital fraudulent activities
founded 1971
are the result of easy, fast and difficult to
- Oxford Committee for famine relief
control flow of digital information through
(OxFam): fighting inequality to beat poverty;
social media
they are also concerned with social
2. Mass migration of people and the flow
inequalities that make and keep people.
criminal elements – unlawful activities such
- Save the Children: helps children across the
as transport of drugs, sex trafficking
world; it gives children a healthy start of life,
3. Internal events or problems which nation-
the opportunity to learn, and protection from
state either instigate or are unable to
harm.
control on their own – extrajudicial killings
- Amnesty International: it is a global
in the Philippines; war on drugs
movement was to appeal in Britain with aim
4. Global problems that a single nation-state
of acquiring amnesty for prisoners of
is unable to tackle on their own – covid19
conscience all over the world
pandemic
GLOBAL ECONOMY

- World Trade Organization (WTO)

- North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
INTERNATIONALISM AND GLOBALISM
Internationalism – principle of cooperation among
nations, for the promotion of their common good; can
be define as the idea that cooperation among
countries is beneficial for everyone.
> Hegemonic Internationalism – belief that
the world is being integrated is based on
unequal terms with the dominance of one
nation or nation-state over others
> Revolutionary Internationalism – belief
that conflicts within societies ascend due to
international factors and alliances
> Liberal Internationalism – belief that
certain goals such as peace and prosperity
can be attained through cooperation and
collaboration between and among countries.
GLOBALISM – national policy of treating the whole
world as a proper sphere for political influence.
> Economic Globalism – flows of goods,
services and capital and the information and
perceptions that accompany market exchange
> Environmental Globalism – transport
materials in the atmosphere or oceans or of
biological substances such as pathogens or
genetic materials that affect human health
and well-being
> Military Globalism – long-distance networks
in which force, and the threat or promise of
force, are deployed
> Social and Cultural Globalism – movements
of ideas, information, images and people, who
of course carry ideas and information with
them
UNIT 5: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Global Governance – is a continuous process of
balancing different interests and initiating
cooperative action between different countries.
Government in countries need cooperation and
MAIN BODIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
General Assembly – it is where all member-state
come together to discuss and resolve various global
issues.
Security Council – primary responsibility for the
maintenance of international peace and security
Economic and Social Council – principal body for
coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and
recommendations on economic, social
environmental, and other related concerns
Trusteeship Council – provides international
supervision for eleven trust territories to ensure that
adequate steps were taken to prepare to territories
for self-government and interdependence.
International Court of Justice – is the principal
judicial body of the United Nation
Secretariat – assists the other bodies and
committees while performing varied tasks.
CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE
21ST CENTURY
- Indistinct and diffused authority
- Vast disparities in power and influence
among state and non-state actors
- Lack of resources of the UN and other actors
- Incoherent policies of global governance
actors
- Decentralized and informal self-regulatory
groups
SOME KEY CHALLENGES
1. Nationalistic Interests
2. Lack of Consensus or General Agreement
3. Indistinct and diffused authority
4. Incoherent policies on emerging trends