GENERAL CHEMISTRY

PRINCIPLES AND MODERN APPLICATIONS

ELEVENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Chemical Compounds

1 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Chemical Compounds CONTENTS

3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds and

Their Formulas

3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical

Compounds

3-3 Composition of Chemical

Compounds

3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in

Describing Chemical Compounds

3-5 Naming Compounds: Organic and

Inorganic Compounds

3-6 Names and Formulas of Inorganic

Compounds

2 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds
and Their Formulas

Molecular Compounds

3 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 FIGURE 3-1
Several representations of the compound acetic acid

4 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 FIGURE 3-2
Visualizations of (a) butane, (b) methylpropane, and (c) testosterone

5 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 FIGURE 3-3
Color scheme for use in molecular models

6 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Ionic Compounds
• Atoms of almost all elements can gain or lose electrons to
form charged species called ions.
• Compounds composed of ions are known as ionic
compounds.

+ Metals tend to lose electrons to form positively charged

ions called cations.
− Non-metals tend to gain electrons to form negatively
charged ions called anions.

7 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 FIGURE 3-4
Portion of an ionic crystal and a formula unit of NaCl

8 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds

Formula mass
the mass of a formula unit in atomic mass units (u)
Molecular mass
a formula mass of a molecular compound
Weighted average mass
add up the weighted average atomic masses
Exact Mass
add up the isotopic masses (see mass spectrometry)

9 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Mole of a Compound
Mole
an amount of compound containing Avogadro’s
number (6.022×1023) of formula units or molecules
Molar mass
the mass of one mole of formula units or molecules

10 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Mole of an Element – A Second Look

FIGURE 3-5
Molecular forms of elemental sulfur and phosphorus

11 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 3-3 Composition of Chemical Compounds

Halothane C2HBrClF3

Mole ratio nC/nhalothane

Mass ratio mC/mhalothane

M(C2HBrClF3) = 2MC + MH + MBr + MCl + 3MF

= (2 x 12.01) + 1.01 + 79.90 + 35.45 + (3 x 19.00)
= 197.38 g/mol
12 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Calculating Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula

1. Determine the molar mass of the compound

2. Determine the contribution of the given element to the
molar mass
3. Formulate the ratio of the mass of the given element to the
mass of the compound as a whole
4. Multiply this ratio by 100% to obtain the mass percent of
the element

13 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Establishing Formulas from Experimentally Determined Percent Composition of Compounds

1. Choose an arbitrary sample size (100g).

2. Convert masses to amounts in moles.
3. Write a formula.
4. Convert formula to small whole numbers.
5. Multiply all subscripts by a small whole number to make
the subscripts integral.

14 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Combustion Analysis

15 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 FIGURE 3-6
Apparatus for combustion analysis

16 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful tool in
Describing chemical Compounds
Metals Non-metals
tend to lose electrons tend to gain electrons

Na Na+ + e– Cl + e– Cl–

reducing agents oxidizing agents

We use the oxidation state to keep track of the number of electrons that
have been gained or lost by an element.

17 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

18 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.
 3-5 Naming Compounds:
Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Lead (IV) oxide Lead (II) oxide

FIGURE 3-7
Two oxides of lead

19 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 3-6 Names and Formulas
of Inorganic Compounds

Binary Compounds of Metals and Nonmetals

20 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

21 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Binary Compounds of Two Non-Metals
Molecular compounds
usually write the positive OS element first.
HCl hydrogen chloride

Some pairs form more than one compound

mono 1 hexa 6
di 2 hepta 7
tri 3 octa 8
tetra 4 nona 9
penta 5 deca 10

22 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

23 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Binary Acids
Acids produce H+ when dissolved in water.
They are compounds that ionize in water.
The symbol (aq) signifies aqueous solution.

HF(aq) = hydrofluoric acid

HBr(aq) = hydrobromic acid
HCl(aq) = hydrochloric acid
HI(aq) = hydroiodic acid
H2S(aq) = hydrosulfuric acid

24 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Polyatomic Ions
Increasing oxidation state of nonmetal

hypo___ite ___ite ___ate per___ate

Increasing number of oxygen atoms :

25 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

26 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Oxoacids

27 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Some Compounds of Greater Complexity

Effect of Moisture
Blue anhydrous
CoCl2
Pink hexahydrate
CoCl2• 6 H2O

18.02 g H2O
6 mol H2O x
1 mol H2O
%H2O = x 100%
237.9 g CoCl2• 6 H2O
= 45.45% H2O

FIGURE 3-8
Effect of moisture on CoCl2

28 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 3-7 Names and Formulas of
Organic Compounds

Organic compounds abound in nature

Fats, carbohydrates and proteins are foods.
Propane, gasoline, kerosene, oil are fuels.
Drugs and plastics are produced by chemical industries.

Carbon atoms form chains and rings and act as the framework
of molecules.

29 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Hydrocarbons

FIGURE 3-9
Visualizations of some hydrocarbons

30 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Isomers
Isomers have the same molecular formula but have different
arrangements of atoms in space.

Butane and methylpropane are isomers.

31 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Functional Groups

FIGURE 3-10
Visualizations of some alcohols

32 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 FIGURE 3-11
The carboxyl group and visualizations of two carboxylic acids

33 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 End of Chapter

34 General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.