EMT 2434 241023

COMPLEX IMPEDANCE Z(S), COMPLEX ADMITTANCE Y(S).

Electrical impedance refers to the resistance a circuit exhibits when subjected to a voltage.
For a two-terminal circuit element, impedance is the relationship between the complex
representation of the sinusoidal voltage across its terminals and the complex representation
of the current passing through it. Typically, impedance varies with the frequency of the
sinusoidal voltage. Impedance expands upon the notion of resistance in alternating current
(AC) circuits, introducing both magnitude and phase. This is in contrast to resistance,
which is characterized solely by its magnitude.
Impedance is a complex number, sharing the same units as resistance, which are
measured in ohms (Ω) in the International System of Units (SI). It is commonly denoted
by the symbol Z and can be represented in polar form as |Z|∠θ, indicating its magnitude
and phase. The reciprocal of impedance is known as admittance, and its SI unit is the
siemens, which was formerly referred to as the mho.
In AC circuits, impedance goes beyond resistance found in DC circuits and takes into
account the influence of two additional factors:
i. Inductance: This effect considers the induction of voltages in conductors due to
magnetic fields. It contributes to the impedance of the circuit.
ii. Capacitance: This effect arises from the electrostatic storage of charge, which is
induced by voltages between conductors. It also plays a role in circuit impedance.
Collectively, the impedance resulting from inductance and capacitance is known as
reactance. Reactance constitutes the imaginary part of complex impedance, while
resistance makes up the real part of impedance. Together, they define the total impedance
of an AC circuit.
The impedance (Z) of an electrical component is defined as the ratio between the Laplace
transforms of the voltage across it and the current flowing through it. In mathematical
terms:

Where:
Z is the impedance of the component.
V(s) is the Laplace transform of the voltage across the component.
I(s) is the Laplace transform of the current passing through the component.

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RL Reactance

𝑍2 = 𝑋2 + 𝑅2

𝑅=𝑅
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑙

𝑍 2 = 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 2

𝒁 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 2

The phase angle (φ) defines the angle in degrees between the two vectors

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RC Reactance

𝑅=𝑅
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𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶

𝑍 2 = 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2

𝒁 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2

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Examples

1. A 53mH inductor and a 15Ω resistor are connected in series. Calculate the total
impedance and phase angle at 60Hz.
1. Total Circuit Impedance, Z:

2. Phase Angle, Φ:

2. A solenoid coil was found to have a static resistance of 12Ω when measured with a
multimeter. If the solenoid coil draws a current of 5 Amperes when connected to a 100
Volt, 1000 Hz supply. Calculate the inductance of the coil and the power factor.
1. The Coil’s Inductance, XL:

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2. Power Factor: