ESCUELA : ELECTRONICA

CARRERA : REFRIGERACION Y CLIMATIZACIÓN INDUSTRIAL

SEMESTRE: 2023-4

INSTRUCTOR:

INTEGRANTES:

 CRISTIAN GALLARDO ESPINOZA

 LUIS CRUZ SERVAN

 FELIPE ALEXANDER DÍAZ LLOSA

 Plan de Trabajo Final del Curso
TEMA: The benefits of Electrical Installation and Maintenance.

OBJETIVO DEL TRABAJO

Recognize and comment the benefits of Electrical Installation and Maintenance.

Use the Simple Present, Modals, Technical Vocabulary and Should.

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL TRABAJO

El participante, utilizando ayuda audiovisual (PPT, video, etc.) será capaz de

identificar y describir el impacto de como los residuos textiles producen una crisis
ambiental en la actualidad, utilizando un vocabulario apropiado al nivel de aprendizaje
requerido en su carrera (The Simple Present Tense, Modals, Technical Vocabulary,
Should).

Estructuras 1. Present Simple

2. Modals

3. Technical Vocabulary

4. Should

MATERIALES / INSUMOS

1 HERRAMIENTAS / INSTRUMENTOS:

2 MÁQUINAS / EQUIPOS:

3. MATERIALES Y MEDIOS DIDÁCTICOS:

What is the magnitude of the textile waste problem globally and how much is generated each
year?

It is estimated that polyester garments take up to 400 years to degrade; while, according to the Fios da
Moda (Fashion Threads) study, cotton garments take between 10 and 20 years, which demonstrates
one of the environmental advantages of this natural fiber. If we consider the magnitude of clothing
waste worldwide, we find that 92 million tons are thrown away every year, second report of the Global
Fashion Agenda 2017. These data highlight the serious environmental threat of an industry without
waste planning.

The growing environmental impact of the fashion industry can be attributed to the increase in textile
consumption and production. Between 1975 and 2018, global textile production per capita increased
from 5.9 kg to 13 kg per year. As a result, fashion brands now produce almost double the amount of
clothing today compared to before the year 2000. The fast fashion model fashion is the prevailing one
in the fashion industry. This model is based on having a constant supply of trendy and low-priced
products. As a result of these practices, brands now produce almost twice as many clothing collections
as in 2000, when the fast fashion phenomena began.

Textile production uses a lot of water, as well as land to grow cotton and other fibers. The global textile
and clothing industry used an estimated 79 billion cubic meters of water in 2015, while the needs of the
entire EU economy amounted to 266 billion cubic meters in 2017.
The way people get rid of unwanted clothing has also changed, as they often throw away items instead
of donating them. However, less than half of used clothing is collected for reuse or recycling, and only
1% is recycled into new clothing, as technologies that would allow clothing to be recycled into virgin
fibers are now beginning to appear.
How does the mass production of textiles affect the depletion of natural resources and the
emission of greenhouse gases?

The lack of biodegradability of some textile materials means that these wastes can persist for centuries
in the environment. The incineration of clothing also contributes to the emission of toxic substances
into the atmosphere. Manufacturing processes in the textile industry require large amounts of energy,
mostly from non-renewable sources.
From the energy used in factories to the air conditioning of stores, energy consumption is a critical
issue contributing to the climate crisis.

The textile sector was the third source of water and land use degradation in 2020. That year, too, an
average of nine cubic meters of water was needed, the use of 400 square meters of land and 391
kilograms (kg) of materials. premiums to provide clothing and footwear to every EU citizen. Washing
synthetic clothing accounts for 35% of primary microplastics released into the environment. A single
load of polyester clothing can shed 700,000 microplastic fibers that can end up in the food chain.

The production of a single jean can consume up to 3,000 liters of water and the production of cotton up
to 10,000 liters per kilo. Many times, we are not aware of the process of making garments or the
environmental impact that this generates. According to the United Nations conference on Trade and
Development, the textile industry is the second most polluting in the world, due to the multiple
environmental and health impacts it generates. We are facing an industry that consumes large
quantities of water, chemical reagents, energy and other resources. It is an industry that produces up
to 10% of total carbon emissions.
What impact does textile waste have on water pollution and the release of toxic chemicals?

The big problems of the textile industry is the contamination of the water used in production processes
due to the use of dyes and treatments such as the “worn effect” of jeans. According to UN data, the
textile industry is responsible for 20% of the world's contaminated water. Although in our country this
pollution is not so reflected, in Southeast Asian countries, where the vast majority of textile production
factories are concentrated due to obtaining cheap labor, as well as softer legislation, there are rivers
that have changed color due to contamination from dyeing and finishing clothing.

It is estimated that the textile sector used 79 billion cubic meters of water in 2015, while the needs of
the entire EU economy amounted to 266 million cubic meters in 2017. According to (often varying)
estimates, making a single cotton T-shirt requires about 2.5 liters of fresh water, enough to meet the
needs of a single person for many years. It is estimated that washing our clothes releases around 0.5
million tonnes of microfibers into the ocean each year, including many of these synthetic ones (the
famous microplastics - a single load of polyester clothing can discharge 700,000 microplastic fibers
that end up in the food chain).

In most countries where clothing is produced, untreated toxic wastewater from textile factories is
dumped directly into rivers.
Wastewater contains toxic substances such as lead, mercury and arsenic, among others. These are
extremely harmful to aquatic life and the health of millions of people who live on the banks of these
rivers. Pollution also reaches the sea and ends up spreading throughout the world.
What are the environmental consequences of improper disposal of textiles, such as landfilling
or incineration?

Between 2000 and 2015 alone, clothing production doubled. While the average use made of a piece of
clothing has decreased today. Europeans consume almost 26 kg and throw away about 11 kg of
textiles each year. Used clothing can be exported outside the EU, but the majority (87%) is incinerated
or landfilled. The rise of fast fashion has been crucial in the increase in consumption, also driven in part
by social media and the industry, which drives fashion trends to reach more consumers and at a faster
pace than in the past.

Quantis , for example, estimated that the fashion industry emitted approximately 4.0 gigatonnes ( Gt )
of CO2 equivalent in 2016 or 8.1% of global CO2 equivalent emissions. About a fifth (0.7 Gt CO2
equivalent, or 1.4% of global emissions) of these CO2 emissions were from footwear alone, with the
remainder from clothing (3.3 Gt CO2 equivalent, or 6 .7% of global emissions).

The alteration of soil quality first occurs due to the generation of ash and microplastics caused by the
burning of garbage. This impact has a rating of -42, making it a moderate negative impact since this
burning activity is carried out with frequently, but in specific places and with low amounts of waste. The
alteration of soil quality is also caused by leachate, this impact has a rating of -71, I feel a severe
negative impact since when large amounts of waste accumulate, high amounts of leachate are
generated, which can be toxic and highly polluting.
What measures are being taken internationally and locally to address the environmental crisis
caused by textile waste and promote sustainability in the fashion industry?

Don't throw your clothes in normal containers. Most of them are made of non-biodegradable synthetic
fibers and accumulate in landfills. There are other options:
- Try to repair them. Sometimes, with a little imagination, you can repair or even redesign a torn
garment.
- Donate your clothes to your friends, your family, your neighbors or charity.

Reusable and/or recyclable design of garments. The first step has to do with the conception and
design of the garments. The choice of materials and suppliers must be considered taking into account
the possibility of giving it a new use at the end of its useful life.
Local production and renewable energy sources. Ideally, the production of raw materials, spinning or
dyeing should be close to the final consumer.

Currently in Peru there is no legislation regarding textile waste, for now we only have to adapt this
industry to the circular economy model. Current production is based on a linear model, that is; Raw
materials are transformed into products, marketed and then discarded. Which leads us to a decrease
and subsequent extinction of them. The circular economy arises with the purpose of mitigating this
problem and finding smarter solutions where products are manufactured to be reused in cyclical flows,
extending their useful life to the maximum.
CONCLUSIONS

As we have seen, the fashion value chain is extremely complex but it is undoubtedly one of the least
sustainable sectors due to the magnitude of its negative impacts on people and the environment in
relation to other industries, or to its own positive externalities.

Efforts must be made to try to reduce negative impacts as much as possible, since in addition to being
a threat to the planet, they are also a threat to the industry itself. To achieve the long-term viability of
the fast fashion system, this model must be built on solid and sustainable foundations that prioritize
workers, communities and the environment.

The industry must ensure production in decent social and environmental conditions, taking into account
its most delicate and material aspect: the supplier chain. The large textile companies, with their
enormous purchasing power ( leverage ), seem the best suited to achieve these changes and make
them last over time.

There are those who consider sustainable fashion to be a passing trend. However, and according to
the analysis carried out in this work, large companies in the sector are reacting to public opinion and
reports from non-governmental and private organizations, developing long-term sustainability plans
and trying to improve their model. At the same time, entrepreneurs emerge who seek to differentiate
themselves and reinvent the way of doing things. This is a step without turning back, which will serve
as an example for many other companies, which will undoubtedly also follow its path.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA

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