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Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties
• TENSILE TEST
• FATIGUE TEST
• CREEP TEST
• HARDNESS TEST
Tensile Test
INTRODUCTION
• Testing procedure
• Elastic limit
• Yield stress
• UTS
Tensile Test
• Resilience
• Toughness
• Stiffness
• Ductility
Engineering Stress( ) =
E
Applied load(P)
Orignal area of crosssection(A o )
Engineering Strain ( ) =
Change in length(dl)
Orignal length(lo )
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Tensile Test
Ao
lo
Gauge length
Specimen Jaws
Hydraulic
machine
Ductile
Engg. Stress
Engg. Strain
σY
Fracture
Engg. Stress
Engg. Strain
Offset
The Different regions of a stress-strain curve
Tensile Test
DESCRIPTION OF THE CURVE
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Tensile Test
ELASTIC LIMIT (EL)
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Tensile Test
YIELD STRESS (OR) PROOF STRESS (y)
• Yield stress (YS) is the stress value
where plastic deformation starts.
Lower Y.S
Offset
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Tensile Test
UTS AND FRACTURE STRESS
Engg. Strain
Modulus of Resilence(u r ) =
2E
y - Yield strength
E - Elastic modulus NEXT
Tensile Test
TOUGHNESS
• It is defined as the total energy
absorbed by the material upto fracture.
Toughness
Modulus of Toughness (u t ) =
Volume
• It is equal to the total area under the
stress-strain curve.
Tensile Test
y
Modulus of Toughness (ut)
Engg. Stress
Engg. Strain
STIFFNESS
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Tensile Test
DUCTILITY
• It is the ability of the material to exhibit
large plastic deformation prior to
fracture under loading conditions.
Final length(lf ) − Oringnallength(lo )
%Elongation = Oringnallength(lo ) X 100
True Stress( T ) =
Instantaneous load(Pi )
Instantaneous area of crosssection(A i )
l1 - lo l 2 - l1 l3 - l 2
True Strain(e) = + + + .....
lo l1 l2
li
= ln
lo
Tensile Test
Relationship between True and Engg.
Stress-Strain
PS UTS
PS
FS
Engineering
Stress
Stress-Strain
Strain
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Fatigue Test
• INTRODUCTION
• TESTING PROCEDURE
Slow Growth
Origin of Crack
a) Tension – Compression
b) Tension – Tension
c) Irregular or random
Fatigue Test
max
+
Stress
- S (Range)
min
Cycles
a) Tension - Compression
Fatigue Test
max
+
S
Stress
min
- Cycles
b) Tension - Tension
Fatigue Test
+
Stress
Cycles
S max − min
a = =
2 2
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Fatigue Test
Testing procedure
Bearing Specimen Lever
Motor
Load
alloys
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Creep Test
• Introduction
• Creep curves
• Creep mechanisms
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Creep Test
Creep Curves
To
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Hardness Test
• INTRODUCTION
• MOH’S HARDNESS
• BRINELL HARDNESS
• ROCKWELL HARDNESS
Hardness Test
DEFINITION
In general Hardness can be defined as
the ability of a material to resist plastic
deformation, abrasion, etc .
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Moh’s hardness
❑ Moh’s hardness test measures the
hardness of the material as resistance
to scratching.
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Brinell hardness
• PRINCIPLE
• HARDNESS CALCULATION
• INDENDER SELECTION
• LOAD SELECTION
Brinell hardness
• GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
• ADVANTAGES
• DRAWBACKS
Brinell hardness
PRINCIPLE
10mm ball
Specimen
Schematic of Brinell hardness testing
Brinell hardness
• Afterfull application of load for the
above times, load is slowly removed
and the indenter is taken out.
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Brinell hardness
The Brinell hardness number(HB) is
calculated as below:
Load applied in kg
BHN =
Area of indentatio n in sq.mm
2P
=
D( D - D 2 − d 2 )
Where,
P - load applied in Kg.
D - Diameter of the ball in mm.
d - Diameter of the indentatio n in mm. NEXT
Brinell hardness
Indenter selection and geometry
• Hardened steel balls can be used for
testing materials up to 444HB ( 2.9mm
dia), since testing at higher hardness
may cause appreciable error due to
possible flattering and permanent
deformation of the steel ball.
• Tungstencarbide ball indenter is used
for hardness of 444 to 627HB (2.9-
2.45mm) NEXT
Brinell hardness
Load Selection
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Brinell hardness
General Precaution for BH testing
• The thickness of the specimen should
be at least ten times the depth of the
indentation.
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Brinell hardness
ADVANTAGES
• For materials with varying hardness
from point to point, the Brinell
hardness is better (because, the larger
sized indenter measures the average
hardness).
Measured
d Measured
d
d d
Actual Actual
a) Ridging b) Sinking
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Rockwell hardness
• Test procedure
• Precautions
• Advantage
• Disadvantage
Rockwell hardness
TEST PROCEDURE
• In this method the hardness of a
material is correlated with the depth of
indentation and not with the area of
indentation as in Brinell and Vickers
tests.
Anvil
Indenter
Elevating Screw
Hand wheel Weights
Loading Lever
The difference
Surface
between depth due to
of
major and minor load
specimen
Depth to which
indenter is forced by
major load