bridge provide applications for Thevenin’s theorem.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
4.1 The current through a branch in a linear network is (a) 25 ! (b) 20 !
2 A when the input source voltage is 10 V. If the (c) 5 ! (d) 4 !
voltage is reduced to 1 V and the polarity is
reversed, the current through the branch is:
5"
(a) −2 (b) −0.2 (c) 0.2
(d) 2 (e) 20
a
4.2 For superposition, it is not required that only one 50 V +
! 20 "
independent source be considered at a time; any b
number of independent sources may be considered
simultaneously.
(a) True (b) False Figure 4.67 For Review Questions 4.4 to 4.6.
4.3 The superposition principle applies to power 4.5 The Thevenin voltage across terminals a and b of
calculation. the circuit in Fig. 4.67 is:
(a) True (b) False (a) 50 V (b) 40 V
4.4 Refer to Fig. 4.67. The Thevenin resistance at (c) 20 V (d) 10 V
terminals a and b is:

e-Text Main Menu| Textbook Table of Contents |Problem Solving Workbook Contents
▲
▲

|
154 PART 1 DC Circuits

4.6 The Norton current at terminals a and b of the

circuit in Fig. 4.67 is: +
4A 5" 20 V ! 5"
(a) 10 A (b) 2.5 A
(c) 2 A (d) 0 A
(c) (d)

4.7 The Norton resistance RN is exactly equal to the

Thevenin resistance RTh .
Figure 4.68 For Review Question 4.8.

(a) True (b) False

4.9 A load is connected to a network. At the terminals
to which the load is connected, RTh = 10 ! and
VTh = 40 V. The maximum power supplied to the
4.8 Which pair of circuits in Fig. 4.68 are equivalent?
load is:
(a) a and b (b) b and d
(a) 160 W (b) 80 W
(c) a and c (d) c and d
(c) 40 W (d) 1 W
5" 5"
4.10 The source is supplying the maximum power to the
load when the load resistance equals the source
20 V + 4A resistance.
!
(a) True (b) False

(a) (b) Answers: 4.1b, 4.2a, 4.3b, 4.4d, 4.5b, 4.6a, 4.7a, 4.8c, 4.9c, 4.10b.

PROBLEMS
Section 4.2 Linearity Property (b) Find vo and io when vs = 10 V.
4.1 Calculate the current io in the current of Fig. 4.69. (c) What are vo and io when each of the 1-!
What does this current become when the input resistors is replaced by a 10-! resistor and
voltage is raised to 10 V? vs = 10 V?
 + 4" 5A
20 V !
PROBLEMS CHAPTER 4
Section 4.2 Linearity Property (b) Find vo and io when vs = 10 V.
4.1 Calculate the current io in the current of Fig. 4.69. 4.5 Figure 4.74
For(c)theWhat For
areProb.
circuit 4.6.4.73,
and
voFig.
in io when each of
assume the
= 11-!
voCHAPTER 4
V, and C
What does this current become when the input use linearity to find the actual value of vo . and
resistors is replaced by a 10-! resistor
voltage is raised to 10 V? v = 10 V? 4.1
4.7 Given thes circuit in Fig. 4.75, calculate ix and the
4.5 For thedissipated
power circuit inbyFig.
the4.73,
10-!assume o = 1 V, and
resistorvusing
2 " 3 " v 2 "
use linearity to find the actual ovalue of vo .
1" 5" superposition. 1"
io
+ 2" "1"
63 " vo 26"" 4"
+
15 V ! 12 1""
1V ! 8" 3"
ix io
+
15 V + 6" 6" 4"
+!+
15 Vvs ! 10 "1" vo " 1 " 4 A
Figure 4.73
! For Prob. 4.5.
40
!
Figure 4.69 For Prob. 4.1.
SectionFigure
4.3 4.73 Superposition
For Prob. 4.5.
4.2 Find vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.70. If the source
4.6 Figure
Apply4.75superposition
Figure 4.71For Prob. 4.7. 4.3.
For Prob.
to find i in the circuit of Fig.
current is reduced to 1 µA, what is vo ? Section 4.74.
4.3 Superposition
4.64.4 For
4.8 Apply
the superposition
Use circuit in Fig.
linearity to find
4.76, i in
find
to determine ithethethe
circuit
o interminal
of Fig.
voltage
circuit of Fig.
5" 4"
V4.74.
using
ab 4.72. superposition.
6"
+ 4.1
1A 8" 6" 2" vo i
! 3 " 6 " 3V "
2 ab
10 "
20 V !+ 4 "i+ ! i 5aA
o +
+ 4"
Figure 4.70 For Prob. 4.2. VV+
420 ! ! 6" 2 4A" 5VA
ab 9A
!
4.3 (a) In the circuit in Fig. 4.71, calculate vo and io Figure 4.74 For Prob. 4.6. b

when vs = 1 V. Figure
Figure
Figure 4.744.72For
4.76 For
ForProb.Prob.
Prob. 4.6.4.4.
4.8.
4.7 Given the circuit in Fig. 4.75, calculate ix and the
4.7
4.9 power
Given
Use dissipated
the inby the4.75,
circuit principle
superposition Fig. 10-! resistor
calculate
to find i using
i in Fig. and the
4.77.
▲
▲

x
 20 V ! 40 "
DC Circuits 2 k"
3vo
CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.96
Circuit Theorems For Prob. 4.34. 157
! + (b) 2
o 4.23 4.4
Section Given the Source
circuit inTransformation
Fig. 4.81, use source
+
transformation to find io12. "
10 " Transformation 20 " vo
4.35
SectionsFor
4.5the
andcircuit
4.6 in Fig.(a) 4.97, obtain
Thevenin’s theNorton’s
and Thevenin
to Section
4.17 4.4 Source
3 mA
Find i in Prob. 4.9 using a sourceb transformation.
1 k"
!
Figure 4.92 asForseen
equivalent Probs.
from4.27terminals:
and 4.37.
4.24 Find
Use Theorems
4.17 i insource transformation
Prob. 4.9 using source ! find vo in the circuit of
to
+ vxtransformation. (a) a-b "
60 b-c
(b)
4.18 Apply source transformation to determine vo and io
Fig. 4.89. 4.27
4.28 Determine RTh andequivalent
Find the Thevenin VTh at terminals 1-2 of a-b
at terminals eachofofthe
4.18 in 50
Apply + transformation
theVsource
circuit 40 "to determine 8voAand io+
in Fig. 4.85. the circuits in Fig. 4.92.
! ! 40 V circuit in Fig. 4.93.
in the circuitFigure 4.894.85.For Prob. 4.24.
in Fig. 1
3" 1" + 30 V
4 k" 2A 10 " 30 " 3 A ! a
1
4
4.25 2
iDetermine
oFigure64.88
"
vx in the circuit of Fig. 4.90 using source
For Probs. 4.22 and 4.32.
transformation. 3vo
! 10 " 4 " 2040
io 6" 2024VV +!+ "
2 k" "
22AA + ! +
+ in Fig. 4.81, use source (b) 2
a
4.23 + Given the circuit
3 " vo 6" b
3 " 3 "voto find
+
1212VV +!! transformation io . 2 A 2 A + (a) 40 "
+ v!x ! !
40 V !
vo Figure
3 mA 1 k" 2 "4.92 "
For5Probs. 4.27 and 24.37.
A
4.24 Use source transformation to find!vo in the circuit of 60 "
+ + 2v b
Fig.
12 V 4.89.
! 8" ! x
4.28 c
Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the
Figure
Figure4.854.85 ForFor
Prob. 4.18.4.18.
Prob. Figure 4.93
circuit in Fig. 4.93.
For Probs. 4.281and 4.39.
Figure 4.89 For Prob. 4.24.
4 k" Figure 4.97
2A "
30 Prob.
For 4.35. + 30 V
!
Fig.
g. 4.29 Use Thevenin’s theorem to2 find vo in Prob. 4.10.
158
4.19
Figure 4.90 For Prob. 4.25.
For the circuit in Fig. 4.86, use source 3vo PART 1 DC Circuits 3A
4.19 For the circuit in Fig. 4.86, use source 4.30 Solve for the current i in the circuit of Fig. 4.94
4.25 transformation
Determine to i. 2circuit
in the
vxfind k" of Fig. 4.90 using source 4.36 Find the Norton equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 4.98.
transformation to find i. ! + using Thevenin’s theorem.
(b) (Hint: Find the Thevenin
transformation.
4.26 Use source transformation to find i in the circuit of equivalent across the 12-! resistor.)
+
4.32 Given theFig.circuit
4.91. in Fig. 4.88, obtain thev Thevenin
x
10 " 6"
20 "
3 mA
equivalent at 5terminals
"
1 k" o
" and use the !result to
10a-b
Figureindicates
*An asterisk 4.92 For Probs. 4.27 problem.
a challenging and 4.37. aa
0V get vx . 3 "5 " 610"" i
i 10 " 4.28 Find
40 V4the +Thevenin equivalent
40 " at terminals a-b of the
0V
+ vx ! A ! Fig. 4.93. 6 " 4 "
∗ Figure 4.89in Fig. i 4.24. 10 "
circuit in 12 "
4.33 For the circuit 4.95, find
+ 20the Thevenin
e-Text +Main Menu|40 "Textbook Table of
For Prob.

▲
▲
2A
equivalent
12 V +!
5"
between
4"
terminals
8"
! V
+ b.
a and x 2vx
+!0.5i20
| | b
b
2A 5i" x 15 " 4 " ! V 50 V +
! !
3A
30 V
4.25 Determine vx in the circuit of Fig. 4.90 using source
transformation.
Figure 4.93 4.98For Probs.
Figure 4.28 and 4.39.
For Prob. 4.36.
Figure 4.86 60For +
! 4.19.
V Prob. ""
5020 40 " 10 " 20 "
Figure 4.90 For Prob."4.25.
4.29 Figure
4.37 Use 4.94 RFor Prob.
Thevenin’s
Obtain theorem
and I attoterminals
4.30. find voain1Prob.
and 24.10.
of each of
Figure 4.86
N N
For Prob.3 4.19. 6"
! 4.30 circuits
Solve for theincurrent
Fig. 4.92.
thei"in the circuit of Fig.at 4.94
20 V +
+ 4.31 40 ! 4.8, obtain 40
ForVProb. Thevenin equivalent
vx ! "
4.20 Obtain vo inFigure 4.9110 +"ofFor
the circuit Fig. 4.87
Prob. 20 source
using
4.26. using Thevenin’s
4.38 terminals a-b. the
Determine
theorem. (Hint: Find the Thevenin
Norton equivalent at terminals a-b
4.26 aUse source transformation
your resulttousing
8 find ix in+the2circuit of
transformation.
12 VCheck
+ " PSpice. vx b equivalent across the 12-! resistor.) b
! ! for the circuit in Fig. 4.99.
4.20 Fig. 4.91.
Obtain vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.87 using source
10 "
transformation. Check your result using PSpice. Figure 4.93 For Probs. 4.28 and 4.39.
▲
▲

10i
 Figure 4.98 For Prob. 4.36.
Figure 4.111 For Prob. 4.52.
4.37 Obtain RN and IN at terminals 1 and 2 of each of the Figure 4.115 For Prob. 4.56.
4.53circuits in Fig.
Obtain 4.92. equivalent seen at terminals
the Thevenin
4.38 a-b of the
Determine thecircuit
Norton in equivalent CHAPTER
Fig. 4.112. at terminals a-b4 Circuit
4.57 Theorems
Find the maximum power transferred to resistor R 159
b in the circuit of Fig. 4.116.
for the circuit in Fig. 4.99.
4" 1"
4.42 For the transistor model
10io in Fig. 4.102,
a obtain the 4.47 The
10 k"network 22
in k"
Fig. 4.106 models a bipolar
ix 2 " a-b.
Thevenin equivalent at terminals transistor common-emitter amplifier connected to a
+! a load. +Find the Thevenin resistance seen by the load.
+ 2"
10ix io
3!k" 100 V +
!
vo 40 k" 3vo 30 k" R
a !
2A 4 "io
b bib
ib R1
+ 20io 2 k"
6V ! 4.112
Figure For Prob. 4.53.
b
Figure 4.116 For Prob. 4.57.

nals b vs + R2 RL
!
Figure 4.99 For Prob. 4.38.
| Figure| 4.102 e-Text Main | Textbook Table of Contents |Problem Solving Workbook Contents
4.42.Menu
▲
▲

For Prob.
4.39 Find the Norton equivalent looking into terminals
4.43
a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.93.
Find the Norton equivalent at terminals a-b of the
Figure 4.106 For Prob. 4.47.
4.40 Obtain theFig.
circuit in Norton equivalent of the circuit in Fig.
4.103.
4.100 to the left of terminals a-b. Use the result to
2A find current i.
0.25vo
12 V 4.48 Determine the Thevenin and Norton equivalents at
6" a terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.107.
+!
6" 2" i
a
2A 4" 5" 4A
+
+ 3" vo 10 " 20 "
18 V !
! a b
8A
b b
50 " 40 "
Figure
Figure 4.100
4.103 For
For Prob.
Prob. 4.40.
4.43.
4.41
∗
Given the circuit in Fig. 4.101, obtain the Norton Figure 4.107 For Probs. 4.48 and 4.66.
 Figure 4.73

Chapter 4, Solution 1.
Chapter 4, Solution 5.

Chapter 4, Problem 2.
+
Find vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.70. If the source current is reduced to 1 A, what is vo? +

1 1
8 (5 3) 4 , i
1 4 5
1 1 If vo = 1V, V1
1
1 2V
io i 0.1A
2 10 3
2 10
Figure 4.70 Vs 2 v1
3 3
Since the resistance remains the same we get i = 10/5 = 2A which leads to
io = (1/2)i = (1/2)2 = 1A. 10
If vs = vo = 1
3
3
Chapter 4, Solution 2. Then vs = 15 vo = x15 4.5V
10

1
6 (4 2) 3 , i1 i2 A
2
1 1
io i1
PROPRIETARY , vMATERIAL.
o 2i o 0.5V© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part
2 4
of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserv
PROPRIETARY
written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers ofandthiseducators
Manual may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, witho
written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers an
permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual,
you are using it without permission. permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using t
you are using it without permission.

If is = 1 A, then vo = 0.5 V
 8
Chapter 4, Problem 10.

For the circuit in Fig. 4.78, find the terminal voltage Vab using superposition.

Figure 4.78

Chapter 4, Solution 10.

Let vab = vab1 + vab2 where vab1 and vab2 are due to the 4-V and the 2-A sources
respectively.

+ +

+ + +

vab1 vab2

For vab1, consider Fig. (a). Applying KVL gives,

- vab1 _ 3 vab1 + 10x0 + 4 = 0, which leads to vab1 = 1 V

For vab2, consider Fig. (b). Applying KVL gives,

- vab2 _ 3vab2 + 10x2 = 0, which leads to vab2 = 5

vab = 1 + 5 = 6 V
Chapter 4, Solution 21.
18

To get io, transform the current sources as shown in Fig. (a).

+ + +

vo

From Fig. (a), -12 + 9io + 6 = 0, therefore io = 666.7 mA

To get vo, transform the voltage sources as shown in Fig. (b).

i = [6/(3 + 6)](2 + 2) = 8/3

vo = 3i = 8 V
 Figure 4.99

Chapter 4, Solution 31.25

Transform the dependent source so that we have the circuit in
Fig. (a). 6||8 = (24/7) ohms. Transform the dependent source again to get the circuit in
Fig. (b).

+
+

+
+
+

From Fig. (b),

vx = 3i, or i = vx/3.

Applying KVL,

-12 + (3 + 24/7)i + (24/21)vx = 0

12 = [(21 + 24)/7]vx/3 + (8/7)vx, leads to vx = 84/23 = 3.652 V

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part
of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior
 Figure 4.102

Chapter 4, Solution 34.

28

To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

+
+

RTh = 20 + 10||40 = 20 + 400/50 = 28 ohms

To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

At node 1, (40 _ v1)/10 = 3 + [(v1 _ v2)/20] + v1/40, 40 = 7v1 _ 2v2 (1)

At node 2, 3 + (v1- v2)/20 = 0, or v1 = v2 _ 60 (2)

Solving (1) and (2), v1 = 32 V, v2 = 92 V, and VTh = v2 = 92 V

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part
 Figure 4.112

Chapter 4, Solution 45.

36

For RN, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

RN = (6 + 6)||4 = 3 ohms

For IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). The 4-ohm resistor is shorted so that 4-A current
is equally divided between the two 6-ohm resistors. Hence,

IN = 4/2 = 2 A

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part
 Figure 4.115

Chapter 4, Solution 48.

38

To get RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

+
+
+
+
VTh
V

From Fig. (a), Io = 1, 6 _ 10 _ V = 0, or V = -4

RN = RTh = V/1 = -4 ohms

To get VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b),

Io = 2, VTh = -10Io + 4Io = -12 V

IN = VTh/RTh = 3A

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part
of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior
Chapter 4, Solution 53.
43
To get RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

+ + +

vo vo vab

From Fig. (b),

vo = 2x1 = 2V, -vab + 2x(1/2) +vo = 0

vab = 3V

RN = vab/1 = 3 ohms

To get IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

+ +

vo

[(18 _ vo)/6] + 0.25vo = (vo/2) + (vo/3) or vo = 4V

But, (vo/2) = 0.25vo + IN, which leads to IN = 1 A

 57
Chapter 4, Solution 69. Chapter 4, Solution 69.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Assume that all resistances are in k ohms and all currents arePROPRIETARY
of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form orof
inany
mA.
bythis means,
MATERIAL.
without the prior reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without
written permission of the publisher,10||40
or used=beyond
8, and the 8limited = 30writtentoManual
+ 22 distribution may be displayed,
teachers and educators
permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and e
permitted by McGraw-Hill+for their individual course preparation. If you permitted
are a student using this Manual,
you are using it without permission.
by McGraw-Hill +for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this
1 + 3vo = (v1/30) + (v1/30) = (v1you /15)are using it without permission.
vo vo
15 + 45vo = v1
But vo = (8/30)v1, hence,
15 + 45x(8v1/30) v1, which leads to v1 = 1.3636

RTh = v1/1 = _1.3636 k ohms

RTh being negative indicates an active circuit and if you now make R equal to 1.3636 k
ohms, then the active circuit will actually try to supply infinite power to the resistor. The
correct answer is therefore:
2 2
VTh VTh
pR = 1363.6 1363.6 =
1363.6 1363.6 0

It may still be instructive to find VTh. Consider the circuit below.

+ + +

vo VTh

(100 _ vo)/10 = (vo/40) + (vo _ v1)/22 (1)

[(vo _ v1)/22] + 3vo = (v1/30) (2)

Solving (1) and (2),

v1 = VTh = -243.6 volts
Chapter 4, Problem 70.
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