NUCLEAR REACTION

A nuclear reaction is a change in the identity or characteristics of an atomic nucleus, induced by bombarding it
with an energetic particle. The bombarding particle may be an alpha particle, a gamma-ray photon, a neutron, a proton,
or a heavy ion. In any case, the bombarding particle must have enough energy to approach the positively charged
nucleus to within range of the strong nuclear force.

A typical nuclear reaction involves two reacting particles—a heavy target nucleus and a light bombarding
particle—and produces two new particles—a heavier product nucleus and a lighter ejected particle. In the first
observed nuclear reaction (1919), Ernest Rutherford bombarded nitrogen with alpha particles and identified the
ejected lighter particles as hydrogen nuclei or protons ( 11H or p) and the product nuclei as a rare oxygen isotope. In the
first nuclear reaction produced by artificially accelerated particles (1932), the English physicists J.D. Cockcroft and E.T.S.
Walton bombarded lithium with accelerated protons and thereby produced two helium nuclei, or alpha particles. As it
has become possible to accelerate charged particles to increasingly greater energy, many high-energy nuclear reactions
have been observed that produce a variety of subatomic particles called mesons, baryons, and resonance particles.

4 TYPES:

Fission

Fusion

Nuclear Decay

Transmutation