O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs.

(b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

Class 9 th
Chapter 3

These notes belong to ………………………………….

O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

1. Apparatus, Measurement and states :

• List of Apparatus for working in the Laboratory at this Level
• Details of volume measuring apparatus
• Accuracy of Measurement – Meniscus & accuracy for measuring volume
• Order of readings in different pieces of apparatus
• Processes of change in states

2. Different Experimental Techniques :

• Filtration
• Sublimation (Sublimable solids and detail of sublimation of NH4Cl)
• Evaporation to dryness
• Distillation (with details about water’s path in condenser and about distillate collector)
• Fractional Distillation
(a) Separation of Fermented Liquor
(b) Fractional Distillation of Liquid Air
(c) Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
(d) Variation of Temperature against totol volume of distillate collected
• Separation of immiscible liquids
• Concept of water of crystallisation and Tests for the presence and purity of water
• Crystallisation (Its benefits and its three basic steps)
• Chromatography
(a) Definition and Types (with more focus on Paper Chromatography)
(b) Rf value
(c) General Uses of Chromatography
(d) Different Questions about paper chromatography
O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

3. Topics related to the Change in States and some General Topics:

• Melting and Boiling Points
(a) Definitions
(b) Effect of impurities on melting and boiling points of substances
(c) Variations in m.p. and b.p. – related to the amounts of substances
(d) Determination of boiling points of pure liquids and solutions
(e) General uses of melting and boiling points
• Latent Heat of Fusion and Latent Heat of Vaporisation
(shown by graphs of temperature against time – with constant heating)
• Comparison of harmful effects of Natural & Artificial edible dyes
• Importance of purity in daily life (Foodstuffs and drugs)

4. Section of Gases :
• Preparation of Gases (Two Methods)
• Solubility of Gases
(Insoluble, Very slightly soluble, Slightly soluble, Moderately soluble and Highly soluble gases)
• Collection of gases
(a) on the basis of solubility & soluble gases on the basis of density
(b) General method of collection of a gas (by gas syringe)
• Absorption of gases
(a) Correct Arrangement
(b) Absorption of gases other than water vapours
(c) Absorption of water vapours

5. Titration :
• Types of Titration (to be covered in O Levels)
• Diagram (with solutions A & B)
• Direct Result obtained by titration
• Purpose of Titration
• Washing and Rinsing (allowed and disallowed)

…………………………………..………………………………………
O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

Important Apparatus at this Level :

Category Name of Apparatus Information

Shelf for keeping solutions in the
Reagent Bottle
Reagents shelves

Single Pan Balance

Mass (or Electronic Balance For measuring mass
(or Digital Balance)

For very rough volumes and for

Beaker providing solutions in the
(250 cm3)
Rough laboratory
Volumes
Conical Flask Used in a certain technique called
3
(range 150 cm to 250 cm ) 3 Titration.
O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

Category Name of Apparatus Information

for making solutions showing
Graduated Flask fixed volumes

Measuring Cylinder for measuring out a bit accurate

3
(50 cm or 25 cm ) 3
volumes of solutions

for measuring out more accurate

Burette
Accurate (50 cm3)
volume of solution, also used in
Volumes the titration technique

for measuring and transferring

small volumes of solution
Pipette Often used with a particular
(25 cm3)
piece of apparatus called suction
bulb

Gas Syringe for collecting gases

measuring time to an accuracy of

about 1 s
Time (a stop watch can also be used
Stop Clock
but we only need to measure
time to the nearest second at
this level)

Bunsen Burner
Heating Tripod Stand used for heating
Apparatus
Wire Gauze

Thermometer
Temperature For measuring temperature
(–10oC to +110oC at 1oC)

⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧⬧
O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

Other important Pieces of Apparatus :

(used as a reference material at this level – just read and don’t cram)
Test tube (for carrying out small tests called micro tests)
Wash Bottle (for a source of water during laboratory work)
Boiling Tube (For heating solids and liquids)
Test tube stand (for placing test tubes)
Test tube holder (for holding test tubes during heating)
Spatula (for transferring small amounts of solid)
Stirring rod (a rod made of glass – not hollow from within)
Glass tube (hollow from within used to transfer gases)
Delivery Tube (a special piece of apparatus made from glass and rubber
stopper or cork used to transfer gases from preparation to collection
apparatus)
China Dish (for heating solids or liquids but with wide exposed area)
Filter Funnel (used in filtration or for pouring liquids)
Filter paper (for filtration)
Flat bottom flask (for carrying out reactions – can be kept on table)
Round bottom flask (again for reactions – but can be fixed on a stand with
a clamp, as it cannot stand on a table)
Liebig Condensor (for converting the vapours of a liquid by cooling i.e. by
condensing)
Fractionating Column (for separating different fractions on the basis of
melting points in a technique called fractional distillation)
Separating Funnel (for separating liquids which do not dissolve into each
other i.e. immiscible liquids)
Thistle Funnel (for pouring one liquid or solution into another in a flask)
Tap Thistle Funnel (a thistle funnel with a tap for convenience)
Gas Jar (used for collecting gas usually in the inverted form)
Water Trough (a trough filled with water for collecting gases over water)
Beehive Shelf (for directing gas into a gas jar under water in water trough)
Water Bath (for heating any substance or solution indirectly through water)
teat / dropping pipettes (commonly known as droppers)

Fume Cupboard :
O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

A particular shelf usually covered with a sliding glass panel in the laboratory
called (or fuming hood) is used to carry out experiments
involving toxic and poisonous gases.

Volume Measuring Apparatus - Diagrams and some details :

1. Graduated Flask
(a) usually used for … : ►►► for making and storing solutions
(b) can measure… : ►►► fixed volumes
(c) graduations… : ►►► single graduated
(d) common graduated flasks… (optional) : ►►► 100 cm3, 250 cm3, 500 cm3

2. Measuring Cylinder
(a) usually used for … : ►►► for making solutions
(b) can measure… : ►►► different volumes
(c) graduations… : ►►► multi-graduated
(d) common measuring cylinders… (optional) : ►►► 50 cm3, 100 cm3, 500 cm3
O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

3. Burette
(a) usually used for … : ►►► for measuring accurate volumes
(OR… for a laboratory technique called titration)
(b) can measure… : ►►► different volumes
(c) graduations… : ►►► multi-graduated
(d) common burettes… : ►►► 50 cm3

Burette A burette used in a technique called titration

4. Pipette
(a) usually used for … : ►►► for transferring small accurate volumes from one
O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

container to the other

(b) can measure… : ►►►
(i) different volumes,
(ii) fixed volumes
(c) graduations… : ►►►
(i) multi-graduated
(ii) single graduated

(d) common pipettes… : ►►► 25 cm3

Two kinds of Pipettes shown on the next page

5. Gas Syringe
(a) usually used for … : ►►► for measuring volume of any incoming gas
(b) can measure… : ►►► different gaseous volumes
(c) graduations… : ►►► multi-graduated
(d) common gas syringes… (optional) : ►►► 50 cm3, 100 cm3, 500 cm3
O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

Definition
The level of a liquid on it surface is called meniscus

General Rule for upper and lower meniscus

● For colourless liquids or solutions, lower meniscus is recorded
● For coloured liquids or solutions, upper meniscus is noted down.

Normal view of a burette A bit Zoomed in

Question
Which of the following shows exactly 20 cm3 of the solution = …………….. ?

On the next page

O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

What is the volume of the liquid in measuring cylinder shown on page 7

= ………………... cm3

Accuracy in pieces of apparatus:

Eo

Question
Out of burette, pipette, measuring cylinder and conical flask, which piece of
apparatus is most suitable for measuring any small volume accurately in the
laboratory e.g. 8.8 cm3.

Answer

►►►
O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

Reason :

►►►

Order of Readings :
Eo

Question
In the following pieces of apparatus which have readings in the ascending order
(increase from bottom to top) and which have those in the descending order.
Pipette, Burette, Measuring cylinder, Beaker.

For the pieces of apparatus in which we measure any liquid (or solution)
directly by adding from the top, the reading is in ascending order e.g. in
measuring cylinder
(in which zero is at the bottom but opening is at the upper side
only)

But for the pieces of apparatus in which we measure any liquid (or solution)
removed from the lower side, the reading is in descending order e.g. in
burette and pipette

(in which zero is at the top and there is opening at the bottom for
the removal of the liquid)
O Level Class 9th Chapter 3 – Exp. Techs. (b-3) Saad Hameed MSc Chemistry  : 0300-4291902

Answer

Shown by Diagram :
Eo