GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKS OF BERNARD SHLAIS ‘ By 4. ¢ Ward Gooron Bowvano Siaw, the greatest of the many Tristonen| who have written fine plays in the English language, was born in Dublin on 26 July 1850. Hs father, George Carr ‘Shave, the Youngest son an a family of thirteen eluldren, be ‘tone a minor official in the Dublin law courts, but after fey years he fetired on a small pension and went into business unsuccessfully as a cora merchant, He married the angler of an Irish landowner. who son found that ber finsband was a drunkard and incapable of earning encugh rmoicy to provide for her and the three children who were horn to them, George Bernard Shaw and his «wo sisters Mrs, Shaw had a remarkably good singing voice, and. trom her and her friends young Bernard learned much youd ‘operatic music, and this was to be very useful to irm after- wards, When he was sicteen his mother and sisters Teft Dubin and went to ive permanently in London, where Mis. ‘Shusy supporied herself and her daughters by giving music lessons and singing at concerts In the meamime Bernard Shaw Nad been to school in Dublin until he was Giteen. He then became a clerk and cishier in a land agent's office there until April 1876, when hie followed his mother to London. When he understood, that his father was undualified to he the controlling head ofthe family. and that his mother was mlore devoted to music than to her children, he developed that extraordinary in- dependence of mind and spirit which was to enable him, ‘4s ma, to Took upon mankind and its alfairs without being “swayel either By custom or by other people's conventional ideas of right and wrong, 2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ‘Though he roe the love of music that he gained from her soon proved welt tseful in Landon, where one of his frst regular positions ‘wher he took up journalism was as muse ertic on The Sir, fa London evening newspaper Both as a critic of music fan, a few years later, asa eric of plays for The Saturday Review, a weekly periodieal, he wrote essays of a very High ‘quality which are still tead and praised, tore than years after they were fist printed When Shaw himself turned to the sriting of plays, he hheatd with the inner ear of a musician the words that he set down to be spoken by the actors, and his sentences consequently rua with a rhythmical ease that makes them easy and pleasant to speak and hear Te is for this reason. that the many very lone speeches in Shaw 9 plays are abie 10 hold our attention, whereas speeches of a similar length by other modern playwrights are iten tediou-, even though the subjects they deal with ray be as important as Shaws ‘The finest example of the influence of opera on His dramatic ‘work is Act IIL of Maw ard Superman, of which more will De said belov. After setting in London, Betnard Shaw found it very dificult to live by writing. and for the first ten years he had to fely mainly upon tis mother far food and lodging, Yet ducing those years he was laying the foundations of bie career, joining politi societies and addressing. pul meetings, sometimes at stret corners, One day n Septem 1884 he went to a hall in the Cicy of London to hear 2 Tecture by the American economist Henry George (author of a wellknown book Frogreseand Poverty) who advocates that national revenue should be raised by a single tax op fand values, instead of by numerous taxes on a variety of things Henry George's lecture converted Shaw to, Soca 8GENERAL, INTRODUCTION lism, and almost at once he joined the newly-founded Fabian Society. The Fabians wanted to bring about a. gradual evolutionary change, not a stdden and violent revolutionary ‘one, from capitalism to socialism, and they had powerful influence on British political life during the next forty or Silty years, Round about the time Shaw joined the Fabian Society he also met Mrs, Annie Besant, whose ardent support of independence for India did mich #0 make the British public Aware that zhe indian peoples! desire for political freedom could not he ignored. Mrs. Besant was a great admirer of Shaye, and she soon joined him as a member of the Fabian Society, until her enthusiasm and energies were diverted to the support of Theosophy. She made herself the English leader of the theosophists and strengthened her tes with Tndis through the theosophists there, In his early yeats as a socialist Bernard Shaw believed that Wf the condition of civilized societies was to be improved, it must be done by legislation airing at equality, reducing in various ways the fortunes of the rich in ordér to help sand uplift the poor. ‘Though he continued to preach equa lity for the remainder of his long lie, as he grew older he trusted less jn the power of Acts of Parliament to increase human welfare and happiness. He came round to the opinion thatthe first things required in the making af a Good Society 1 not so much good laws as good men and women—men snd women, that is, swho are righteous in spirit and not merely well intentioned and kindhearted. Good people will ‘make good laws, but good laws passed by a few do not necessarily make’ good society ‘While he was still a boy, Shaw had abandoned the Chris- than religion as it was practised by the churches, whieh be believed had strayed far from the teachings of Christ, But Es GENERAL INTRODUCTION though he would not eal imself a Christian, many of his “strongest convictions snd most of his personal conduct were those of a religious man. His sense of the sacredness of life, animal as well as human; his purty of living—he ate. to flesh, drank no alcohol, smoked no tobacco; his kindness in generosity to his fellows (though he opposed charity on the ground that it was usually only a cheap substitute for social justice) ; his insistence that i i8 the duty of all men to strive to feave the world a better place than they founa it, to hand on to future generations the torch of life burning ‘more brightly—all these belies, though Shaw would have claimed that they were based on reason not on faith, were: 0 powerful in bim as a guide to conduct that they had the force of a religion Hee became a vegetarian when he was twenty-five. His reading of the works of the English poet Shelley bad some influence in leading him to reftain érom cating meat, but the stronger motive was his deep feeling that ‘animals are fair fellow ereatures’, not to be slain for human food. Palities and journatism occupied Bernard Shaw anti 1898 when he reached the age of forty-two, His first attempts at ereative literary work produced five uisuccessfl novels between 1879 and 1883, and in 1885 he made his fist attempt to write a play, but left it unfinished. Seven years later he completed it and on 9 December 1892 i¢ was performed fn London. Called IVidowers’ Houses, this play dealt with the evils of London slums, in which at that time many thy and decaying houses were owned by landlords who lived at ase elsewhere on the rents squeezed from poor and wretched tenants A play on auch a subject—on, that is, a genuine cocal evil—was something entirely new in the English theatres. Te had no success, and when in the following years Shaw 85GENERAL INTRODUCTION, sent on 10 write other plays about reat human problems, ich as prostitution (Mrs. Warren's Profession), war (Ars: and the Hn), religious intolerance (The Devil's Disciple), revenge (Captain Brassbound's Conversion), and 30 0n, he was extremely unpopalar with many people, and years were to pass before his plays brought him enough money to live ‘on, For a gradually increasing number of people, however, hae became a leader in new ways of thought and a champion of intellectual freedom. Until Bernard Shaw began to write for the theatre, there had Deen no modern British dramatist wha took current soci, politicel, and religious problems as subjects for plays. He started outwith the conviction that the emotional tangles ‘of men and women had received far too much attention on the stage, and he made up his mind to do in English what Henrik Ibsen had bees doing in Norwegian since about 1875; namely, to write plays diseussing public afairs which toucled the lives of very large mumbers of people Not until a sesson of intelectval drama was started at the Coutt ‘Theatre i London in 1904 were Bernard Shaw's plays brought to the notice of a large audience, The ex- periment was so successful that it continued entil 1907, by which time there had een 711 performances of eleven ‘of Shaw's plays there. Joh Bull's Other Islond (4 comedy bout Trish politics) was the first play by Shave that became popular. Te was at the same theatre that Mam and Superman as produced on 23 May 1905, In the character of Hemry Straker, the chauffeur, it introduced a new type of working. man who understood” and defighted jp modern machinery and was destined to be more important in the technological fage then approachng than the landed aristocracy who tad for centuries been the ruling lass. Mon and Superman, % GENERAL INTRODUCTION called by Shay ‘A Comedy and a Philosophy’, is full of ideas which were then new and startling, but we can only lance here at Act II], which is « kind of dream happening fo some of the characters seho appear in the first two acts ‘Act III inteoduses three persons fram the old Spanish legend fof Don Juan-—Juian himself ; Donna Anna, one of the many women Ie loved and betrayed ; and the ghost of Anna's father, whom Don Juan fad killed in a duel. They: meet and converse with the Devil in Hell. Mozart, the great cighteenth-century Austrian composer, wrote an opera [Don Giovanni] based on the Don Juan legend, and the sounds of Mozart's music were in Bernard Shaw's ears while he was writing the many extremely long speeches for this seene in Fell, which begins where Mozart's opera ends, The opinions expressed by the four characters during their argument, Which lasts for sbost ninety minutes in performance on the stage, were invented wholly by Shaw, It is often said that the characters in his plays are merely mouthpieces for Shaw's personal opinions, hut this eannot be true, hecause in each of his plays the different characters put forward opinions ‘which conflict with each other, and Shaw leaves the reader (or the spectator in the theatfe) to decide which is tight In the Don Juan in Hill scene the Devil tries to convince the others that human beings are so stupid and Dad that nothing can save them from destruction. Don Juan claims that, on the contrary, there isin Man a spieit which inspires to struggle upward towards the evolution of the Super- rman, who will be far wiser and better than Man is now. ‘That spirit is named ‘the Life Force’ in Bernard Shaw's plays. ‘The discussion between the Devil and Don Juan and the others is a serious philosophical argument such as no other Ararmatist would have dared to write for the stage, since no @GENERAL INTRODUCTION fone but Shaw would have thought it possible to make an audience listen to pure argument for so long. He succeeded, partly because he could be witty and amusing and make people laugh even while he was dealing with the most serious topies, and partly because he built up his great scenes just aga composer builds up the music in an opera ora symphony, Shave introduces a subject for discussion, then another sub- ject a litte Inter on—as a composer brings in one melody after anotlier—and soon the various subjects are woven (ogether into a discussion which interests us intellectually and pleases ug artistically. ‘Shae was always deeply interested in the sound of words as well us in thelr sense and meaning. As a young man he Jeamed shorthand and always wrote his plays in it for his secretary to type out in longhand. This choice of shorthand as a working language was due both t0 its time-saving ad- vantages and to its being based om phonetics, which always uses the same symbol for the same spoken sotnd. Ordinary ‘written English is extremely illogical in spelling, a confusing variety of different sounds being represented by the same leiters, eg, cough=kof, but plough=piow, and dough ‘dob, etc. This makes’ English harder to learn and use tham it might be if separate leter or symbol were wed for every sound, Shaw spent a good deal of time trying to per- sade English people t adope an enlarged alphabet. He also wrote ou of his most popular plays, Pygmalion, on the subject of correct pronunciation, and he directed that after he died a considerable part of the large fortune he leit should be used to finance aay genuine scheme for bringing into com- ‘mon use his enlarged alphabet and reformed speling. But the British have 30 far shown no inclination to adopt Bemard Shaw's system, From 1905, when Mon and Superman, his first great play, cy GENERAL INTRODUCTION vas performed, Shaw was the word's most famous living Dlaywreht, though he long remained popular with those trio sed his advanced views and his wish to reform Society, Nevertheless twas at length widely recognized that he stood second only to Shakespeare among al the British playwrights, and his writings were koown and valued in all Countries lng before he received the Nobel Prize fr Liter ture in 1925, ‘Glimpses ofthe religious side of Shaw's nature appear the majority of ik plays, and very clearly in Sait Joon, tere he took Joan of Are both a heroine of story and as 2 heroine of faith. ‘She beped to feee the land of France from the English armies in the fifteenth century, and abe sronld obey only the voice of God whic, she desared, spoke to her prately. She therefore reised to submit 20 the authority of priests and princes when they wanted her Behave contrary to what she believed God had told her, and she was burned a a heretic, ae Shaw himself probaly would have been if he had lived in Joan of Are's century, for he nd the ste stubborn belief in the right of individual jndgement Based op the voice of conscience. Though he did not enjoy foreign travel and went abroad ery litle he frends, especially his wife, persuaded tim to vise Soviet Rusia in 1981 and to go in 193233 on a voyage round the word, dsriog which he visited Bombay, “Shaw was inthe widest sense an nteraatonlist, Tn exile from His own lan€ and living in England, for whose people fee fad curiously mixed feelings of affection, respect, and derision, he wes without racial prejudices and locked on all ations with a cool and impartial eye. He dig not care particlery for any one ation a3 a politcal nit But he was Beaewoent to all humanity as a matter of principle In his eyes most politica leaders were biunderers, isuificienty >GENERAL INTRODUCTION, educated in the att of ruling, which he regarded as the highest art of al, In spite of his intense interest in political affairs, however, ‘Shave will almost certainly he remembered in the futare much ‘more by his plays than by his ideas om government and pub- lic affairs, He wrote filty plays, tong and short, but his ‘other writings (which include The Intelligent Women's Guide t0 Sociatiom and Copitaliom and Everybody’ Political What's What) are of much grester total length, ‘The Prefaces Which he added to most of the plays when they came to be printed are among the best prove essays that ean be found ‘anywhere in English literature, but their connection with the plays to which they are attached is often slight, Shaw. died in 1950 in his ninety-ffth year, having pro- ‘duced his last important play, The Apple Cart. some twenty ‘years before, in 1929. ‘The height of his fame was reached with Saint Joan in 1923, and it is most probable that this and several other of his plays will always be more highly thought of than Back to Methuselah (1922), which he hime self regarded as his masterpiece, Back to Mcthusclak, an enormously long work in five parts, fils as a play for more reasons than can be discussed, Within the limits of this Introduction, Tts importance among. Shaw's works comes from the clear statement of bis ‘gospel’ in the Preface, and its working-out (miich less clearly) in the dialogue of the five parts of the play. His gospel of Creative Evolution and his belief in the Life Force were ‘opposed t Charles Darwin's theoty of evolution by Natural Selection. In Darwin's theory the Survival of the Fittest comes about through the Killing off of the weak by the strong, but the idea of Shaw's Creative Evolution i that the ftest are those who survive by superior intelligence and by the exercise of will power, Shaw held that if we desire with 0 | GENERAL INTRODUCTION passionate strength of will to be better and. fer people and 10 five longer, in fact to be changed into. Superme, and if that strength of will is pasged on to our descendants, what we desice wall ultimately be brought about, ‘The nations ‘vould then be red Sn wisdom and virtwe, and war and all ther evils would vanish from the earth 91| muterial, and Euripides, INTRODUCTION TO CANDIDA By A.C. Word In several of his early plays Bernard Shaw deliberately chose a plot or stoty which was already well known t0 theatre audiences, Instead of trying to be oiginal by invents ing some new story, he as content to take an old one it forder that he might deal with it in a new way and lead people to think afresh about human situations aiid problems He hoped by that means to encourage men atid women to ‘break away from worn-out conventions and form opinions and ideas which they had not thought out for themselves, put bad taken over unthinkingly from their elders, or ad Simply accepted withont question as a matter of social cexstom. Every great playwright has done something of that Kind: ‘he tragie dramatic Poets of ancient, Greece—Aeschylis Sophocles, and Furipides—always dealt with familiar ‘stories ; Shakespeare borrovied his plots from many sources. Bit all of them had some new way of presenting the old specially, often shoeked the fandiences by his lack of everence for traditional belies Bernard Shaw’ attitude towards the customary beliefs of ‘he British in his generation was not unlike that of Buripides ti the beliefs of the Athenian people nearly two thousand ad five hundred years ago. Shaw did not attempt to upset the belies and ideas of others merely for the sake of psetting them. Nor did he want his own views to he accepted wih ‘out close exausination, Throughout his long career a3. a toriter be had one unchanging message: Think for sowrsel Te seemed to him that while the human race had made rapid progress in science and mechanics it had made very litle fnoral or sprites! progeess, He therefore sought so throw m2 INTRODUCTION TO CANDIDA ew light upon old opinions and customs ; not, it must be repeated, Lecause he wanted to destroy those ideas and practices, but because he wanted them to be examined fnew, 50 that what was found obsolete might be rejected, Wwhat needed change might he modified, and what was found still valid might be retsined. (Canaida has always been one of Shaw's most popular plays) though it is not one of the best or most important When he started to write it in 1894 (completed in 1895) hie had written four other plays (Widowers’ Houses, The Philenderer, Mrs, Warren's Profession, and Arms and The Man), but another six oF seven years were to pass before Man ‘and Superman made it clear beyond doubt that he vyas a truly great playwright with much to say that was ot lasting importance. Ta the earlier plays he had been looking into matters which affectod the society of the country in Which he was himself living; but in Maw and Superman and many of his later plays he dealt with subjects of world-wide interest affecting mankind everywhere (The title of Condida, however, gives a clue to the main purpose of Shaw's life. “Candida’, unlike Jane, or Mary, oF ‘Ana, is not a common English name. Te is made ap from the adjective ‘candid’, meaning ‘frank’ or ‘truthful » and to be frank and truthful concerning everything he wrate about vas Shaw's constant aim, just as it was Candida’s aim in ber dealings with her husband, the Reverend James Mavor ‘Morell, and their young friend the poet, Eugene Marchbanks ‘The main story oF situation in Candida is one that has heen treated in stores of plays by Puropean writers before find after Shaw. Tt ie often called the eternal triangle’—a three-sided affair in which two men are in love with the same woman, ssually, a woman already married to one of them. In the customary treatment of this theme the woman 3INTRODUCTION TO CANDIDA vecomes Secretly involved with the second man and for & tohie the hesband fs unsuspecting, When, in that seal treatment, the husband at fength discovers che intrigue, there ior Bighly dramatic and emetional scene jn which the erring write either repets and parts ftom fer lover, oF is cast of ty her husband and leit to continue the iii relationship ‘The moral, or innoral, key to that type of play isin the senaal intrigue, the deception ofthe honest husband by the tnfithfl wit ‘While he was working as a dramatic crite for a London periodical, the Saturday Reviow, Bernard Shaw saw many plays of that kind which eonvineed bim that far teo mech tention was being given it the theatres to sordid love fais. Tm Cendiga be treats this stale station in an entirely die. cent way. (Candia not only a Sihiul wile, she i algo the strongest character in the Play, ad is guided by common sense, not by emotion or passion. Instead of aecepting the ld theatrical gole of & woman who allows herself to be fquarrlled over by two men and passively disposed of to either the one or the other, Candida tates the situation tinder her wn contro, brings their dispute co ay inwnedate tad, and imposes er own wll upon both men Throughout the main part of the sinetenth century in Britain the great majority of women were content with a subordinate place in the Home and in society) though a few Writers had protested agaist that state of inequality, To- trards helen of the century mnerous women were expres ing in various ways their dicontent with an inferior status and were agitating for equality with men, This unrest teeame known a8 "the Woman Questor’ and anyone ‘ho declared her right tn be given an fndependene place in the community was called a ‘New Woman) Shaw was among the limited number of men who supported the prineple of 8 ' Po ee ee | $ INTRODUCTION TO CANDIDA the etal of the sexe, and oe of his bering: have the characteristics of the New Woman : they are independent in sins, slices, cearpade, moval coargeous, fd erotionly ell ented, ‘The New Woman at that time was oten reloctantt6 avrg; ae prefered to tke Mp a busines or profesional carer) as Vivie Warten does in Berard Shaw's Mrs. Warts Profession, But nom. of Saws semen believe marriage and rotheriood to be thie proper city and Kicvorh, Shaw was convinced 33 Mon end Superman shows, tat human beings were crested to eatry out the vine purpose of rising mankind 8 progressively higher evel nt Man becomes pfs the Superman, For the ahieereat ofthis paspose, Woman (in Shaw’s philosophy) is of primary importance as—ideally the bearer of tes and ter children tle Man the De occ ica Worst's tes hacia Tiled, Wheress the common comvestonal ile i tht the foka ees and purses and mies the woman he desies tomarry| jn Sha’ pays it isthe woman who seks ost and Masters the nmaashe has selected to be te lather of her Gilden) Worren are, ie bleved,vnconsowly cenrled Iy the Lite Force (the divine spr working in) and De ing guided by the Lite Foree in its pwaedtrvingl they dave the superior ra and sci contcl) Rowan ove, toctrding to Shay, only a pleeant tein which entice Se to umictake the seins dates of parenthood We hear of Candia’ cikren bat they do not come on tothe sage, and there i no means of telling whether of ot they ate gna fe eildren who are ey to afvance ee ee nen of hs ay, ideal, fe ot eget uso ite Senseo ages ie tan that experienced by His few charac ters Thongh they speak of tings Epping one the 95INTRODUCTION TO CANDIDA house, the group as we see it actally before us is almost wtolly Sole fois we small dovestie enclosure. When the cod of the play the young poet speaks of going out into the night, we may understand is meaning, but we have Title notion of what is going t0 be his life heneeforward. [Nor can we get ay clear idea of what the fetuce of Candia and her husband is ely to be now thet she has made him eeogaize that he isnot se strony ant impressve a penton a§ toe tad always supposed) Shaor had noc then developed the faculty of iving in hs characters 50 thoroughly that he knew everything about thema when they wete off the tage at well fs when they were on it. Tn all the grentest plays the Shamacters have an extra dimension + such plays, as we Faten to them, impress us a8 fragments of the whe of life, ot as elbcontaned pieces which begin asthe curtain goes tip and end as it fal : "At the tne he wrote Condido Bernard Shaw was sti tearing his trade as a dramatist, and though the play is cntrenely interesting and entertaining within its own limit, its shortcomings can be a5 usefully considered ag its merits fan Be, since we may thus appreciate the author's develop- rent and progress in his later works “Although Shaw turned ‘the etereal tiangle’ upside down Hy REI ERS icensotilty arang”tnough to ain tie two men instead of being upheld by them) the popularity of Condida has almost crtinly been due (0 the failaity ‘ofthe base station —the old story of two mn in Tove with tne woran—and particularly tothe fat that ‘one ofthe fo is a ‘temantie” young poet, shy and helpless in practical Mics, Marchbanks is the Kind of person to whom an duvdiene's emotional and protective sympathies go out easily and quicly, though in ral fife he would be found intensely inating. ‘Shaw widerstood Marchbanks's temperament 96 INTRODUCTION 10 CANDIDA Hee while te vias not hinwelt at al incapable of dealing seanly and conpeteny with everyay matters, he was for Re caer ia by gate a gation oc pone Bidets, He coed the shycess by compelling hiset to le wpecches frequently at polit meetings util he teqsnedsbsolteconfdence in bis and he spores Is titra aristic tenperamen- (which he regeded a5 atonal rekness of te Tih) ty compeling ina to wre in en ogee won secs ef Sis pbc Interest, Wen tis lay was Se writen its a tide was Condit A Msotry; arin his falspech Marcas speaks of the secretin is henrty What i the ‘mystery and wat is fect? fore than one mystery might be found lere’ but the het is thar he apparently weak an depentert foot fe Fall far stronger in pit than Candies gsi Tusk and seltassired husband, whose preaching orifee the Ip of courts otheree_ Along the auton cee’ fhe lst act ofthe play the husband fers his strength fs Gondis's stone, she Is aware (as she Soon poms Gat) that is strngin is Tote i herd would be nom. telnet without wonanly care and devotion. "The post, nthe contrary, ha spent al hi ite in spiral mens Bl se-depeence and can lite quite well witht the missions of Candida or snone key Hora brie tne Depa exotonalycazed by bis limp f be tapinees that Candide spreads shout her, and a sullen wave of Beyishsfeion ant ratte ceed i tim the sion and the hope that romantic love fora woman Cold saiy His deepest ned. But Candas lang speech atthe en of the auction sene revels to Martians Wie of domes fie dependence and. comentnent which his lonely ast ”than work a INTRODUCTION TO CANDIDA ‘would find imprisoning and disgusting, “He discovers at Teak omen that dhe secret of fife fr bin ies fm the WHINE aaa onmenn uf hope : oaly by abandoning ope in pe aaacemtaionships ean be secure freeden) frov the polns sear jealostes and desolation shat they would breed in aye ast ie in his etry every artis ie nis art are tate of domestic bliss whch includes the peeing one the rimming of lamps, and the tonding of cits SEeRK, Shaws makes John Tanner say in Man and Superman: tere arts. will let his wife stars, bis ehildren go b toon Wig mother drudge Jor is living at seventy, So0ReF iything bat bis art. Tense Stave Knew in his own person this inhumariy of nears, he was determined to suppress the artist. nature series conscious of in hirtlf, He loved music and pei Mee and be art of rting, tu he eared more—or TOE de aie tare more—for humanity and social jution, He aan ibe Epistle Dedicatory: 10 Man and Superman, Sree sere sake alone would not face the toil of writing sc cinute semence jan several years Inter im The Doctor's a trea, he based one of bis best plays on the problem of aetaer fe is better to keep alive a great artist who is at che aa rine a scoundrel, or to et him di in order to keep alive ‘io rian vo fas v0 gens. Tn onder 10 stve Candie 2 ceri pe be only «Dias ca, a rwettic Tea rere ye brought im the character named Mr. Bungess (6 eee Morell to preach againdt im on the subject of social sorality craves so often produce children strangety unlike then: selves in every way that it would be pointless to suggest st the cngar and ignorant and wnserupulous Brees i an 3 Prbabte father for Candida, Nevertheless, it may fay be prodidered as(a fare of technical sil on Shaw's park that 8 INTRODUCTION TO CANDIDA there is no sign of a tnuman bond between Sungess aud (Gandia, ey are uterly separate, whereas in real ie these feould be, some evident ink either ehrough affection or ong isike and natal intolerance; for fouily elton hips may be shown through antagonism a» wel <= trou fympathy and understanding] (Burgess stands fo, ‘the con. crkecless bribery and corruption in public affairs and for the heartless exploitation of overworked and underpaid fenployees that Shaw was at that tine Fighting aan Morals plain speaking to Buirgess gives the plny a serious frre in defence of social justice and deeen:y; thoveh Pavalways ix Shaws plays, the vilain Gt Burgess my be $6 descrited} is given a fair opportunity to express his ow! point of view. : Mt Candide 8, by Bernard Shaw's geveral standard, 4 rigor work its merits are certainly aboxe the average lays by olhers writen about the same time! After m6Ve hs balsa century tspuystery’ and its’secrer” stil Hold well as amit) dad at my competition for the naming of the favouriie Fhersine in Shaw's plays Candida would probably come second only to Saint Joan. Bernard Shaw gave an even more etal ehist to the Candide theme in.a commie oneact flay, Howe He, Lied 10 Hey Husbaxd, writen in 1904.GENERAL NOTES By A.C. Ward Bensaso Saw gate caefal persona) tention to she pining of his play snd foe anon the whole of seater the pial, pee: Iker, Finders and publishers acted ss Bis agente a cari oot 1s stewie, ‘The ace thie he made no emange in his printers after 1898 or his publbers afer 195, up tthe tive of hit death 1950, 48.9 clr sign of his fir dealing and loyalty 19 tase who ‘erved isn wall. He made 2 number of fanporant improvements im the peiatngstle of plays, which bad before been badly printed on heap paper ant with Ie care fr the convenience of renders, Shaw ‘hanged al th a mon oe aoe, printer, and. pliers of pln blow ih ele, : He was te fist inedace deed descriptions of sconry, fur iti tage inept, and (rot engartant ofall) of he aro inthe play Wey ofien tote devcrptions give iofoematen Whi i heen o help te render to get mental pete of the character, falor tian to fini the fede of the peformer er of the a5 Broce mply fick epoca pats ‘Sine sh descrptons and the ahorter stage destios are pried in ae tp, Shaw avoided 9 far gs posable the wwe of bes for thy other purpose, Ordinarily, Hules are wed for printing words tha: ie to te emphadzed, but Shaw ed, instead, spaced eters, Thus if the word ‘loiau? wat wo be eiphadied in speaking the ‘ate the world pally a plerous work he would have ic pened Hlorious aoe glonont, This method not cniyavoded posse can- fn wih sepedirntions i Sale pe, bv alin represents what uty hens whep we emphasize » word in peaking: we Sow dlosraour te uf speaking und the emphasized word oecues = Toner timerperied, jut othe spaced word cues more Ses on the paper ‘he punt Bc wen the personal peoncn "Tas tobe empha ‘Heed, Shu had to se the ile J “Another palit of Shaw syle of pining is the omision of aparrophes fom contractions, suck as Wve, (tally printel as Te Fave, thell (beyll—tbey wil), ane sban'=shall oe), em Cem en), wall (wbol=who wil), eta This i somenes Bie Config to the reader at fire, but Shaw way thinking oat of the texy in which hese contractions are spoken, He ws compelled Sectionally to wae spostonhes in Condi n-orde to peent co fon Hetwcen Ne, Burgs?s Cockney misponunciton and sete regular English words exis Chi) 100 NOTES ON THE PREFACE PLAYS PLEASANT. Mth the New Damn. 19 the closings of the nineteenth etary andthe iy yeas of the Ewen, opions boat funy things were Caoging epidy in Het, ard. Oe ord eas oft spr to dene change of ate GNI idesy "The ‘Newt Woman’ mesnt the women, bo Snead to vous a puddamentry elesons (which Dib teomen did not do at at Gre) ad to ex dig ow itty ia Bulla op af aco vets or university ‘Sirs instead of Saying st bomen sees oe as fil Servants “The New Matt isthe dexipion given by Show te de independent) moe mesbte and Heney soaker in Mem sud sperma, ‘The ‘New Morality Soe forthe fer 608 eal eaocip whic Wee sdopted by those who beled at Viewraa purist wo pealery ad bean batnflly repeeive. The ‘New sna ar the ara le given the pas which dealt bth the changing spimions bom the “new woman, i rans tenes mara, all the other ne oe sod poktal ise. "The New Deana was therefore he inelleroal sams, of wien Shave as. ae pioneer i Tht ar len tl been in Norway, whee the NEW Dra began lente Fark An actress wha was one of the lending pet etees in the Nev Drains movenent,”-Amoog the F# the played. was Lota in deme end the Man, Login Rosnowitn, een ise fron 1828 to 1505, Though fe war a Bie post (as Bt MS Brand std eer Gynt), fe teeame mre’ fanoos ax the thor of plpe About ci demesne und pesonal problems, Romesh is fe. fee Mir ELF Horniman, seal Englishwoman (196 Ii) nie supa ates hess ck Tele the Not, Diam, She Was responsible for paling drm and he War’ at the Avenue Theatre, Londen, hd she algo ult the frog Abey ‘Theatre i Dublin Wei ebe hish These Movant. Anaher of het rabble eyes ee, tne Gon 7 w WAL of te Grins Thue, Manchester, were many new ple Were feturmed, Aner of the, desma and actors who Era ban ther, stewards became famous in London adloewhee “the independent Theatre, Foanded in London by 1. T. Grin 101NOTES ON THE PREFACE (18621935) in 191, 1 promote the New Drama, Tk wat ots the nil stb a thea frie fad no balding of toms, bur heed other theater fr the performances i ‘rpmized. ‘Pays by Ibsen ad Shaw, among others, were Deeduce and (hough fed noe foe continue foe more than a few pus) the Independent Theatre ted others 0 take ap Snr work, WB, Yor Tesh poet an playwright who lived fom 1865 ‘o 1959 He wa one of the founess ofthe Ish Theatre Movement and The kak Payers in. Dublin, and brome ne of he lati poe of ht in, forking the ronan fe pocry of his early grid for 2 mare emboli nd Inve asle De Tadhuntr id not become. vel town oui elond Doglor's Virgl‘The waodason by John Deyden (1631. 00) of the Latin pot Virgie sic The dened beeing “Arm andthe man Tsing be, Tighe th sler and the weapons of ac, Shaw's tse of the phrase a8 the {He Tor he an Rese ly ts foe dm the seni {nt ger to 000 athe mont fap Tie io ere pest. rmuseci: An Angleized French word wae to desribe afer tn peeonanc thong ie eitaly mane one Thing place fa the moceing Wess End theres. monagement. The pinipal London ‘Theses ae cow topes faa wal ac of the Wesend Gai The suppres of the New Drama wee neined to tink of the managers, or inane controll, of thor theses ar else men who Dough af nahi i making ig eects be Rinse, moge usully sek Renauence + te ceil Se new th of Levsing which ated sy 1a the Boaretokceniry sth Dante and others and hal spend thronrboot westln Europe by the sect ener. rsh reRipbelie poten A. mideimecentnccatury Troup of rts who Sought obese away tom ara Epicod pining and tun wo the fathfel tyroxntaion of ‘Nhung ch hoy bolevel was the race Ueore Raphael the eta Testun “pater, who lived from, 188 1, 1520 ‘The PreRaphsclner devebped ard munneias of the ‘own and GH nor lsat an independene group. Thott iter Joho Ever Milli became Predeat of the Roja ‘fey. 102 NOTES ON THE PREFACE ‘S. Witiom Mori ond BurseJoes, Wiliam Moris (18296), ‘Engi post, rfaman, apd srs He sand hiner "eng sod, manaure Ani, walle, furitar and ter arlrfor se nou, 00 they fl uadetok Tock wook ip the staking” of Sain gat Windows for chores Moti bad an portant fence {atthe improvement of signs ia Bei, and alo on Pat Sy. teedgh the Resort Pret wh he egg 1090 IEF cn potucton of ey printed ost” The Kelso Gases oor athe Boer volume prined in sme fina, Mori was 4 gan of pen pysal cmay ond ounces acti and be ook ¢ romney par Tne apistion, Sj Edward Berefoner (83898), pants and Ceignr labored ith Morin Sand ise work RE other pods At one tine he Wak chon of ily ep but his pears have now oat much of ae iste Tian pier who Bed fromm 126 ro 136, He teste plane fa ney end of pain whi Wak come 1G be gency oped Fle, where 9g mambo ff gee ates ted tiny fem fhe note oa Soi Sod aimed ma aden ce for sural ropes ‘ea, "Pregouned ors. il of Se Matte. Avocet founded i 197 a sore ‘Grint Seca ee ate” om bw), fonder wr Stat Heal (2 17190), « Chr of England Tey wham Bersrd Slaw i toponed to have fad fn tnd when be ened the charter aed James Mavor Morel a" Cenida High Church lyme The Church of England ‘oeste sour groupe wt ierne views aman. eer, the idl of ee being the Low Choch gtoup Come: {Ghee Gltcl Bengt) ad te igh Church gr. ‘The former inher the agen the Ronan Ctbole Gorse wich ied ty the agli Rees iy the feemih cary while the later sure preReformaion ‘eal Satie reaorion sa Fog of the abo Wee Tom Clrgymen i te Engh Proesant werd fox pit. an enitert Nonconfoia tiie. De, John Clio (126. 103) was © leno the Engh egos by eed apie fom sic bee in the eecemony oF ate ape en by Saupe inmrsn 98 Sccmy for sania 108NOTES ON THE PREFACE to the company’ of Christiane, ‘The Boptss are one of the several nomspnformist groups who separated om the abla! Chnech of Fagling sn the Avene entry Garcon of the cisent from. 3 auboriy and fom Sa af is ceremonin, A aitte e+ man lexned $0 ie fi on ler ord for theless, ca ifde une wo des nae bere ia a parila ron “hhc opaon of = Chris llnobChriins are fides tbe to (or caample) 2 Moanunedan » Chetan is 3 infidet .usbeeer “saton, “Sie Arbor Sallivan (15421900), English compose. He wrote vane mise for hye and ether religiws pies, fue mock etter now foe is collaboration with, the Slsrwrighe Sr Wiliam Ciere (I8861911) in the sedod. ow and coc Oller and Sulivan operas, The. words of Gowan, Chviaan, Sold ere writen by S. Banas: ‘Gould, guthor of other wel-kaciog Christian yrs Hain Bran, joys Haydn (7321809), worlrenowned Koran cimposer Gon Preerve the’ Emperor (Catt Galsle rang dey Kalice), the Austiaa atonal anthem fen 1707 40 1918 wv ew eplian) word were st to Hay’ musi, Prnowocel Hyer ena nce picent pean Boe may Years it HE She ah a Shaw's pays tensed thie base pine of rome be ied omy be sid by thee wb fed, 1 see thc here i al splays confer Between opposing fee anc ade, Chiniss Sorlign. A aineweatvccaury movement. tired ‘oot 15) wth the ata of woiting the soit desi for folitcal eter ad solstice ith the Cheatin faith EPAS tedaonalyconsreatve hare of England, One oe the are nay Charles Ringley (18195), 2 prominent Gleyman and rus novel Wher Tones Denard Shaw's Ge play (1892), sich TER Cid he vis of shan dwelings as they exited at fat ine 8 George Grote, character ia Mrs, Waren’ Broferion "ooitch TOA), tne tard of Shaw's Uaplnant las, ‘Shit vay Donne fom the Eoghsh sage 10s 1925. ganesetad : fioe feom all lation, or imporie, or Pon. ‘ceenley the ear, or ire of goat of a ale, ton ind one with ia iopate phrase idling, that “Ciociing i nor only fintabed, but is put out of mind 104 NOTES ON THE PREFACE sd forgoten, he seca, oo work of ee pecan ia mito ox Son eer Sing oblate, Shaw apis ‘word hese to that aapct of a work of a wich ost Bip ahewe sa pre ‘uri like angel ond ‘tke lke poor Fell, Tit was fc sd by the aest lahat Dl Gack T= {Bin reference he pot, pay, nd novela Olver Gadde (173078), whowe ak sid wo have ben ol though his bat eridnge are works of genun Gamisks tual weds were "Hee fer Noir Goldsmith for shornes call Nol ‘Wins wot HRC ange be IES tke ooe Pall Nand Noly are ott for Giver; Boll (or Polly i the ‘ning pt ame fo peo ole Rac Eagan eanyc snd art rie who Hved 600 ia Paes, srry | Wie Catgcco (¢, 450~c. 1505), Ilan. pain Tel he Vendian School Prone. Kar puchee Delis Givannt els (M2151), Tabane, of the Venstnn Sebo Pronoueed Bellen. Tinoretay lon astr (81098), of the Vensian Sol ‘embronds, ‘he gest othe Deh pts; Led fo, a6 te 16" Veooancad Ren bab Moser” Wellgaog, Saiser Morar (175631), Ausito fempoer, Els tial cer began then bea oly Soils ld ad alhoogh be wes only ir fe when SE HEE Get roe any hundreds of works, nein Shel operas tn beauty and pur of se Meares Fee isToming the arouse ever wren, Pronounced Moat cart uchoven, Ludwig von Beethoven (170827), Gesu com: pose, ‘The wofundty and mejety ois Spins and ony oe Campositns hare le to is bing ciled "Be Shaktpeare of mae’ Pronounced Baton. Wanner Rihard Wagner (8158s), German’ composer who ‘Spin aboot a tv, nthe wring of Ot. By MORE Ge wsty tnd don egal io gerne to the use” Detour Shaw adoiced im exemely aa oro « Teal of be works Zhe Peet Wapneite (158). Pro oonced Vahgncr alae Wiis Bake. (17571827), Engh ints and nai Vs orks have been more highly vaed io the 108NOTES ON THE PREFACE presenecontury than before, and Shaw is among, the many fodees writers and thinker who hive been ialvenced by Blke's evolutionary ideas on many topien Shaler. Percy Bye. Steley (U9LIN2), one of the reates_of the Eogibh poets with an snéqualled eka Bie. Hie unorthooe opinions on religion, morals and Policy have given him a rong hold on many Jer writers, {nclading Shaw, who Ws attracted to vegetarian through Shelley. ncoherent: confused ; incapable of making clear sateen, Gnodide. ‘The scond of Shaw's Pleosine Plays; woten $8 180, Aberdcen, & city on the east cont of, Scotlind, the inhabit tants of which are jokingly suid tbe tocommoaly fond of whisky, ad to be unwilling to spend dheie money. Richerd Mansfeld. An American actor who Med ftom 1857 1o 197, He was the fire to peeonm in Shaw’ plays ia the United Sint, and fhe made Shawr popular there before the Beis had ceased to neglece hit, A Dolls Huge. famous play by Thien, writen in, 19789, ‘Asa powesful plea forthe velene of wonen fom dooneris ‘and emotional fonkinemen i hid remarkable iauence in The Maw o} Deny, "The third of Shows Pleat Plays, ‘writen jn 1891. Ie i short and minor pice on a0 pion in the te of Napasan frernge. Halas word used here in the seas of ou ond ‘withow niuch substance. Prononnced brahsoor. You Neter Con Tall. The fourth of Shaw's Pleasont Flys, ‘wciten in 1895 Gyr Mande, English stoctanager ho lived from 1861 ‘15, Haymarket heave, One of the prinipal London dhentes 8nd the second oldest, fr bait im 1720 lacjarmanagers.-Aesors whe alsy contol the busines side of a heatve or theatre They have atten been rebuked by Authors and erics who sllege that actormanogrs_ sek ‘only sleporation and not the good of the dams: Bond! Sirest. A thoroughtaretn the wescend of Landon where ‘many deals in works of art have their showrooms and sales ackeri A perm bo provides the money forthe staging fg psy i eiled the Urcer, but only i he bas ho eeu 106 NOTES ON THE PREFACE Pe ee coe ea ee ee ene ee ae ee ees font eet ee Be eer Parana a ees ee hee a ee eS See aoe ee foeane of slempey mah a the anual the = Soe or pga et pe ee iis ere Briss Magen. ‘The ational colton of, Nts and =o a eee ee ete Pe eer ed these ayer om» aio pay ath eke ee ee cee ae Leas ah eee tae tele 107NOTES ON THE PREFACE a a te, hes, es apr Te commits a tad w by Shaw, a ‘nents a Cretan Ths Lan ah ete Sf intra ep nbn rata eee Sede of ming, Though te word iret enh sgn Whar he Agnes pe folio: of saat snp Ano! fh wd Ia iy, eax, cr, ez Slew cad te ser elicg "whe hae osc in aid her ae he at lel Webetees “net i wed 4 mosey tm the Englsb, though there ix no linger 4 cuin 30 named, Heke ws teltiont lis ad gun, ue mot lg td spe, ih wee ol fice td tee tay Letina ee ae a Sey cee ae cin Jose Jhansi ‘rie by tet Hine bn grant Hath wr eer aowa” He aS wee Deesel reste F emf A Tt anal meriaig pw the eum same ace hdc, ey ik jie oc yar ty oe SE He tem de Wes he take oe a ap, 0 drain them : to beat out thee brats by vole blows, but tly iw fe oe Rg Song ‘rides to apne the segs oo eek jute epee cite 3 May Thoma "Nove, demas, joan et, who Bel fo 04 He a a ee ean ts tapers gr we: itis dao lism Beart Game (8008, Sih nee tit, adh ofthe Ube. Tarys saltene aa ya lade oe ibe ano ne hp eatin Tis nd 2d ny by Sho i nde % sae the inset oma vent heehee Roti iam ng her. pds an re hoa 108 vue . 1 ores on canpipa (See also Glossary at end of Notes) act en eee eee a eee ee ee Looe eco Sie tree the Radicals (sextreme reformers). ‘They were chiefly ed ae ee eee eee Seneca s ae 109: NOTES ON CANDIDA a omen et ct Rr eat Ne basis ih praca plrselony iit belle ihrer Sire slesransi Hackocy Road ¢ toad about » ile long, lading foam the feisein ede ofthe city of Latdan a¢ Shoreditch to Catt fridge Hes Station gq the rlvay strting trom the Cty terminus st Livrpol Suede, The pak gst are athe Larter end of Bishop's Read, Which Is 2 continuation of Hackney Rood, paling fence consisting of aazrow upeight wooden board, ‘or Sometimes of poiicd sakes ‘uber gardening? ow Bowering. plants in various bright felodrsseranged to frm pales as ia a arpet undp "he sas Becaite infeed by fey 20d ater yeaa oe ind) an er pre ele fede he chien 40 ply in ie Kisguord, Hacky, end Hoston: aBining ridental och. lngclasy sri containing any sr hovse at dha ns. infershed Joram an open spree Where speakers ava ‘opinions of all kinds, poplar or uppepust,watbove Ine ference io lng 3s no distance gf te pen i cali stone Rosh 4 shaker on retingplce | rmnetties ell Thlking fr the sale of feeement, ete. A suier of Pagan, isi de park wee el ae om old it Bridge when he present oie wae iv Viera Pork named tier Queen Vicwiy When i Was Bist pened to the public in the i640, Si, Bominics Paronage = the bose provided fr the person (he olde same for ‘eat oe “rector, ie the titer aig, of the church deicited tp S, Domini eniideathed: ith apother house adoning on ote side ony. porch: covered entree. projcting before the front door Ddereople: we in the present sess, the Word tls thote ‘who deliver goods such ae bread, mi ani other Todi ee ‘reson room : in vpper and middle clas Vicoian houses The root part for the Gest med) of the dy. Later, all meals were usually taken in ope roum—the dining oem) though sometimes the nome ‘Breakor eoom coved 4 be ad frm ston, and bit Risen: the lace whete ou ae toes, ty small booses neds ae afen als ean ia the Kitchen, alls cially large apartment near hc main enteance 0 NOTES ON CANDIDA so now applied generally wo dhe lobby or passe inside the frat door of Small hooss, dang room eoteaton of "withéring Tom) the apart ‘net fo which the family and vistors wire or Con Yenaton nd leisure, Abo at one tine ell the ee Ione, now ulully known asthe sing foam or loge ‘lote sos tick glass of Sve qualy (Unlly With betel fidget when ved fr meron) posse sclera sll balance or pir of sles for weighing etsy a ore to serine the postal sarge before stamps tos la ane wt taecy Tac: «om gene wihpae etgaronens for lever paper, envelope, adept shied | capers Crary; complex and Soble sgumene dsigued to support TIE: cot hallo wen may see obeiortc fr even les am bobest to simpey sind, A cau, Ss ‘he who sstoneles fo hi own stlacdon Wes and pin ‘Spey which others regard as coofsting. disinty > sted hese the word mene the Udy of theology ‘Motree’: healogicl Peeyre a widely read vom pub Tited in. 1858 by John Prederick. Denson Maurice (1005 72), a cleaned advocate of the unis of all eeigions ia 4 common tet in Gad infinite love for all Ri ete {ures This led int to embeace the prciles of Christan ‘Secs (ee nate below). Maurice opposed the orthodox (Ghriatan Sele! tena} pusshneny fora and Was on Sequelly dismissed from his post 88 Protein at King’s allege, Lada bat he wae later (1860) sppdined ro. ‘sor of Moral Philosphy in Use University of Cambri ‘Browning's pooms! the wotks of Rober Beowriag (1812 '), any of hove. poems isteeduce opposing ews on rebipiour quesions presented in the form of camital Srgumene between spekers holding =tagonisic opisions ‘Goi, eg, shop Blougren’s Apology). Progress end Poverty 2 wellknown book publibed in 1879 iy an Attericn, poe) economist and. so Henry, Gearge (183997), who advocated the thon of lad Sed the sling of national revene by 9 Single {5x on land valor Rerail Shaw was sonvered wp socal tam by heating Hensy George lecture ip Landon in 180 ebay Exsyt* sree of pamphlets and. tacts polished ‘by the Fabian Soir, which Beracd Shaw fied in 185 unNOTES ON CANDIDA THe wrote sme of the mow important of the Essie Bi 6h Fan Ste wae 2 fit 3 revolinary cae zr orginieton, box doring Shaw membership and down te ihe greene day leading principle hss bexn the spread ok en dl and sta meses Boek ok ‘A Drean of Job Ball: a sory in prose and cere, plied 21888 by Will Morse (183490), Ealsh author, cafe han; abd soci Hie wrote several prot romances Fig back to the Middle Age in Fogland a an idea prod We tt was a pie who pesched on Tenis and 2. til efor in the 14s century and wa raed a 2 Be fy ese who took part in the Pesan Revels (154). Mort's Capital the tere (Dar Kapil) mb Tied fa IN67 by the German Jewish pola, philosoper Kl Macy (181883), who had ete io Londo, celle Ncsposrd ce sideboard a which wine Dowie me hee janes wih ard aris orginally ws in aan wrrpeapensve method of henering meat; now spread iy pater ce reproduction is one colewe by photgapie lag pecs: now speredel by iprore,meliods. idee Eesopton of dhe Virgin =a pling f te ech an che Vaio Many (She mtr of Jen) ato heen, feat OS scl ne ae Tanne Vcr), one of Co pene Tein, pins, Bred fern 14770 1576, Pon Fier no immings: ele abons sch os are, ade BF er tt praca to be on ¢ higher soda rel that cre ie» men Ae sry frisbee "bo" nia the orpre of slag We vwclit Se Tena ef” aed soa) jot wih the fh of the eal Ginn Churches Amon i edere were ERS nine (181975).,The citlan Seca Union an founded te spend thet pines a Sedehew : aneker creation, eaten 187, A ofS Metsu, Soci" foe ws the Rev Se ican. fe 171920), 2 Church of Fagland Serhan whom Besar Say sopoied fave al 38 meme ae ceed the Cara of the Re, Fes Maver Morell ia te pose py nz ee ~ ee NOTES ON CANDIDA ecllspring : titeclls, the spring which supplies water wo a voy sed oles to mages the hidden sours of phy TSl’mentl,or spit shies and powers in & mah oe sre baby - cllogia phrase applied to anyone, no Tongee rab, who bebures with elke dependence upon other ir with inderence to ada conventions, mobic spreaing. notte of the dramatic orator : a. public pcikr who breathes deeply tends to expands aostls Wide at enc intake of a during his speeches tower mide car: ies smpossble to:dsingush where the Tidak made cats divide we the top fom the aioesey eeeee he otto fom he working ess Kut it may be ‘egal ap contaiing all those who lve snore bythe work Whee beans tan of ther Bands, The upger mde hes include layer, doctors clergymen, selon ev Sevan andthe Higher rake of the profesions gesealy the Lower middle canes const mpainy of the sliced (oup herween thse and the wageenaing arin cls, Holton Preedom Group the cfgaszation menioned ete and ‘howe inthe fllowlgspecches ae ether maginny or ace tlseibed in ther ee (e, Independent Labor Pasty; StcuLDetoerate Federation) ‘Tower Hanlass a workingclas dswict om the caster out ‘kins of Leadon Greeich a tac othe sautemern skins of London, Slongsde the iver Tes. Mie End +» dir of est Landon. Covermougor: sellers of vegaables and similar commodities ‘a openair ret markets orally spelt eoxacdonse’ Pusher of apres, a cosard being 2 Kind of trge apie the sme father Heaven * Go Tie Church Rejormer: s Chesian Socialist newspaper, no Tonge published curse 2 ergymans stant nize selement «young ren fom Oxford and Cambridge Taneestes fennel insangoons (or etdemens) nthe poorer quarters of Landon for religions and socal work, Rich as boyy elbe where sports and pastimes a5 well 3 {ale educiton were encouraged Lexy: diminetve of Alene, Prony ® dusinstive of Proserpine, ale: Yo une Hovey spd ate tine 3