THE CARTOON GUIDE TO

Al-~ SY 1-ARRY GON llK

THE CARTOON HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE, VOl.UMES1- 7
THE CARTOON HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE, VOl.UMES 9-1'3
THE CARTOON HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE, VOl.UMES 14-19
nu; CARTOON MISTORY OF ™' M017(;RN WORl.17, PART 1
TM(; CARTOON MISTORY OF TM(; M017(;RN WORl.17, PART 2.
THE CARTOON HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
TM(; CARTOOON 6U117(; TO CAI.CUI.US
THE CARTOON GUIDE TO CHEMISTRY (WITH CRAIG CRIDDl.E)
THE CARTOON GUIDE TO THE COMPUTER
THE CARTOON GUIDE TO THE ENVIRONMENT (WITH Al.ICE OUTWATER)
THE CARTOON GUIDE TO GENETICS (WITH MARK WHEEi.iS)
THE CARTOON GUIDE TO (NON)lOMMUNICATION
THE CARTOON GUIDE TO PHYSICS (WITH ART HUFFMAN)
THE CARTOON GUIDE TO sex (WITH CHRISTINE DEVAUl.T)
THE CARTOON GUIDE TO STATISTICS (WITH WOOl.l.lOTT SMITH)
TM(; ATTACK OF TM(; SMART Pl(;S

"#.Y 61.ANl(; TMROU6M GONllK'S CA/rTOON 6VI~ TO STATl~Tlt~ 8'6AN WITM PROF(;SSIONAL. SK(;PTlllSM, At.117
(;N17(;17 UP WITM ITS Al70PTION AS TM(; ONL.Y R(;F(;R(;Nl(; T(;XT FOR MY G(;N(;RAI. El7UlATION lOURS(; 'R(;AL.·
I.IF(; STATISTICS: YOUR lMANl(; FOR HAPPIN(;SS (OR #.IS(;RY) .'"
-XIAO-I.I M(;N6', lMAIRMAN, STATISTICS 17(;PARTM(;NT, HARVARl7 UNIV(;RSITY

"SO lONSIST(;NTl.Y WITTY AN17 ll.(;V(;R TMAT TM(; R(;Al7(;R IS 8AR(;L.Y AWAR(; OF 8(;1N6 6-IV(;N A TMOROU6M
6'ROUN171N6 IN TM(; SU8J(;lf." -OMNI MA6AZIN(;

"6-0NllK IS IN A ti.ASS SY MIMS(;L.F."

"[TUG tAl<TOON Ul~TO/lY OF TUG VNIVG~ BOOK 1, I~] A MAST(;RPl(;l(;!" -ST(;V(; MARTIN

"L.ARRY GONllK SMOUL.17 6'1 AN OSCAR FOR MUMOR ANl7 A PUL.ITZ(;R FOR MISTORY."
-RllMAR17 SAUL. WURMAt.1, lR(;ATOR OF TM(; TED lONF(;R(;Nl(;S

60NICK'S CAR'TOON MISTORlliS ANli' CAR'TOON bUlli'liS MAVli "'N RGQlJIRlili' RGAli'IN6' IN lOURSliS AT BISMARCK HlbM S<:MOOI.,
BISMARCK, NORTM t>AKOTA1 BL.OOMSBURb UNIVliRSITY1 BOSTON Wl.l.li61i1 BUCKINbMAM BROWN & NICMOl.S S<:MOOI., lAMBRlli'bli.
MASSACMUSITTS; t:Al.lFORNIA INSTITIJ'fli OF TMli ARTS1 CALIFORNIA STATli UNIVliRSITY AT CMIW1 t:ARNliblli-Mlil.l.ON UNIVliRSITY1
Wl.UMBIA UNIVliRSITY1 WRNlil.I. UNIVliRSITY; t>ARTMOU1ll Wt.l.li61i1 t>UKli UNIVliRSITY; GIRVAN At:Ali'liMY. SCOTl.ANli'1 HARV/JW
UNIVliRSITY1 HUM80L.17f STATli UNIVliRSITY1 HUNTIN6170N Wl.l.li61i1 11.1.lNOlS STATli UNIVliRSITY1 J"OMN J"AY Wl.l.li61i1 TMli J"OMNS
HOPKINS UNIVliRSITY: KliNT S<:MOOI. t>ISTRllf, KliNT. WASMIN6TON: KliNYON Wt.1.'61i: l.ANlASTliR UNIVliRSITY. liN61.ANli'; l.ICK·
Wll.MliRli'INb HlbM S<:MOOI., SAN FRANCISCO, £Al.IFORNIA; l.IVliRPOOI. UN1Vi;RS1TY. ENbl.ANli'; L06AN HlbM S<:MOOI.. L06AN. UTAM1
l.ONl70N S<:MOOI. OF ECONOMICS1 l.OUISIANA STATli UNIVliRSITY1 l.OWlil.1. HlbM S<:MOOI.. SAN FRANCISCO, £Al.IFORNIA1 TMli MARIN
A£Ali'liMY1 MARQUITTli HlbM S<:MOOI.. CMliSTliRFllil.li', MISSOURh "'111 M~ YORK UNIVliRSITY1 MORTM t:AROl.INA STATli
UNIVliRSITY; NORTMWliSTliRN UNIVliRSITY; MUliVA S<:MOOI., Hll.l.SBOROUbM, £Al.IFORNIA1 OMIO STATli UNIVliRSITY1 PliNNSnVANIA STATli
UNIVliRSITY; PMll.lPPINli H16M S<:MOOI.. !>II.MAN, PMll.IPPINliS; Rlili'BUli' At:Ali'liMY. AMARll.1.0, TliXAS; ROC:MliSTliR INSTITllTli OF
TlilMNOl.ObY: RllTbliRS UNIVliRSITY; SAINT IbNATIUS HlbM S<:MOOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA; SAN t>lli60 STATli UNIVliRSITY; SAN
t>lli60 SUPliRCOMPUfliR CliNTliR1 SOUTMliAST MISSOURI STATli UNIVliRSITY1 SOUTMWOOli' H16M S<:MOOI.. SMRliVliPORT. l.OUISIANA1
STANFORli' UNIVliRSITY1 SWAR'TllMORli WLL.'61i1 TliMPl.li UNIVliRSITY1 UNIVliRSITlirT UTR"lfT. NliTMliRl.ANli'S1 UNIVliRSITY OF Al.AllAMA1
TMli UNIVliRSITY OF lAl.IFORNIA AT 8'RKlil.liY. I.OS AN61iL.liS. SANTA BNlVNlA. SANTA CRUZ. ANli' SAN C>llib01 TMli UNIVliRSITY OF
'Ill~; TMli UNIVliRSITY OF Eli'INBURbll. S<:OTl.ANli'; TMli UNIVliRSITY OF Ft.0Rlli'A1 TMli UNIVliRSITY OF Ili'AM01 TMli UNIVliRSITY OF
ll.L.INOIS1 TMli UNIVliRSITY OF 1.lil"STliR, liNbl.ANli'1 TMli UNIVliRSITY OF MARYl.ANli'1 TMli UNIVliRSITY OF MIAMI, Ft.0Rlli'A1 TMli
UNIVliRSITlliS OF #llllllbAN, Ml~RI, Nli9RASKA. NEW llRl.INSW"K· S<:RANTON, SOUfM Ft.ORlli'A, T'1(AS, TORONTO, WASMINbTON, ANli'
WIS<:ONSIN1 YAL.(; UNIVliRSITY1 ANli' MANY MOR(; INSTITllTIONS OF MlbllliR ANli' l.OW(;R (;li'UlATION!
THE CARTOON GUIDE TO

LARRY GONICK
~
\\"ILL!:\\! \10RRO\\"
An !mprmt of HarpcrCollinsP11b/1shcn
THE CARTOON GUIDE TO ALGEBRA. Copyright <O 2015 by Lany Gonic:k. All rights reserved under International and
Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive,
nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced,
transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage
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invented, without the express written pennission of HarperCollins e-books.

FIRST EDITION

ISBN 978-0-06-220269-7

EPub Edition January 2015 ISBN 9780062403223

15 16 17 18 19 OV/RRD 10 9 B 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER 0 ................................................................................... ....... 1
WMAT IS Al.b,SRA ASOlJT?

CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................... c;
™' NUMS'R I.IN'
tMAPT'R 2 .....................................................................................................1'3
ADDITION AND SUSTRAtTION

tMAPT'R '3 ................................................................................................... 2'3

MUl.TIPl.ltATION AND DIVISION

tMAPT'R 4 .................................................................................................... 3c;

'XPR,~IONS AND VARIASl.'S

tMAPT'R c; .................................................................................................... c;9

SAl.ANtlNb AtT

tMAPT'R 6 ..................................................................................................... 71
R~l. WOR(l.)D PROSl.~S

tMAPT'R 7 ....................................................................................................93
MOR' TMAN ON' UNKNOWN

tMAPT'R 9 .................................................................................................... 9c;

DRAWINb '®ATIONS

tMAPT'R 9 ................................................................................................... 11-;

POW'R Pl.AY

tMAPT'R 10................................................................................................. 12'3

RATIONAi. 'XPR,SSIONS

tMAPT'R 11 .................................................................................................. 1'3c;

RAT'S

tMAPT'R 12 ................................................................................................. 1c;c;

ASOlJT AV,RAb'

tMAPT'R 1'3 ..................................................................................................169

~UAR'S

tMAPT'R 14 ..................................................................................................191
~UAR' ROOTS

tMAPT'R 1c; ................................................................................................. 19'3

SOl.VINb QUADRATlt '®ATIONS

tMAPT'R 16 ................................................................................................. 217

WMAT'S N'XT?

SOl.UTIONS TO S~l.m'D PROS!.~$ ..................................................... 224

IND'X ...........................................................................................................2-~0

v
TMb CMAl.l.bN6"b IN Al.6"b8RA I~ TO KbbP IT FUN WMll.b KbbPIN6" IT RbAl.-
THE CHAI.I.ENGE 8b1N6" TMAT RbAl.ITY l~N'T Al.WAY~ FUN. TMb AUTMOR I~
INDb8TbD TO ANDRbW 6-RIM~TAD, DAVID MUMFORD, MbATMbR DAI.I.A~. AND
MARC OWbN ROTM FOR TMblR Mbl.PFUI. COMMbNT~ AND CONVbR~ATION~
IN TMI~ Rb6"ARD. ~PbCIAI. TMANK~ TO MARC FOR ~U6"6-b~TIN6" TMb
"SASYl.ONIAN 6-RAPMIC TRbATMbNT OF COMPl.bTIN6" TMb ~UARb.

The Multiplication Table

2 ? 4 r; 6 7 9 9 10 11 12

2 4 6 9 10 12 14 16 19 20 22 24
? 6 9 12 1? 19 21 24 27 ?O ?? ?6
4 9 12 16 20 24 29 ?2 ?6 40 44 49
r; 10 1? 20 2? ?O ?? 40 4? ?O r;r; 60
6 12 19 24 ?O ?6 42 49 r;4 60 66 72
7 14 21 29 ?? 42 49 ?6 6? 10 77 94
9 16 24 ?2 40 49 ?6 64 72 90 99 96
9 19 27 ?6 4r; ?4 6? 72 91 90 99 109
10 20 ?O 40 r;o 60 10 90 90 100 110 120
11 22 ?? 44 r;r; 66 77 99 99 110 121 1?2
12 24 ?6 49 60 72 94 96 109 120 1?2 144

vi
 Chapter 0
What Is Algebra About?

S(;FOR(; AL.6'(;8RA, W(; L.(;ARN MOW

TO t:OM81N(; NUM8(;R$ 8Y ADDINb,
$U8TRAt:TIN6', MUL.TIPL.YINb, AND
DIVIDINb AUORDINb TO fl.I(; RUI.(;$
OF ARITMM(;Tft. TO bO ON IN TM1$
SOOK, YOU MU$T KNOW ARITMM(;Tlt:!

Pl(;t:(; OF
t:AK(; ...
IF ARITMM~ll 1$ ABOUT
l0M81NIN6' NUM8,R$,
TM'N WMAT 1$ Al.6',8RA
ABOUT? TO AN$W'R
TM1$ QU,$TION, 8~1N
WITM $OM' ORDINARY
ARITMM~ll PR08l.,M$ ...

AND R~RIT' TMO$' PR08L.~$ MORIZONTAL.l.Y, AL.ON(;. A l.IN':

~IB ~ ~~ c{? <W g ~~¥~

~IB?l ~ lI~ ~ ~1f ~
®® ~ 7l g ~~9r~
IN TM1$ FORM, AN ARITMM~ll PR08l.'M 1$ AN bQUATION, A $TAT~'NT TMAT ON'
QUANTITY bQUA~S ANOTM,R, 8UT WITM A TWl$T: ON' $ID' OF™' 'QUATION, ™'
ANSWbR, 1$ UNKNOWN, AT l.~$T UNTIL. W' WORK OUT TM' lAL.lUL.ATION.

'QUATION, BOTM
$ID,$ KNOWN

ARITMM~ll PR08L.~:
AN 'QUATION WITM
ON' $ID' UNKNOWN

2
Al.bG8RA AL~ INVOLVG$ GQUATION$, 8UT WITM TM1$ ONG LITTLG DIFFGRGNCG: TMG UNKNOWN
AN$WGR-TMG "WMAT?"-CAN 8G ANYW~UiR,. RATMGR TMAN $1TTING ALONG ON ONG $1DG, TMG
UNKNOWN CAN 8G $TUCK IN TMG MID$T OF TMG GQUATION, OFTGN IN MORG TMAN ONG PLACG.
MGRG 1$ AN ALGG8RA PR08LGM:

TMG PR08LGM IN WORD$:

IF YOU DOU8LG A NUM8GR
AND $U8TRACT ~. TMG
RG$ULT 1$ 11. WMAT 1$
TMG NUM8GR?

YOU'RG
IN ALGG8RA, WG TRGAT JUGGLING ...
TMAT TMING CALLGD WMAT?
"WMAT?" M JU$T
ANOTMGR NUM8GR, TO
8G MANDLGD IN TMG
$AMG WAY A$ YOU
WOULD TRGAT 1 OR 2
OR 6. (8UT IN$TGAD OF
"WMAT?," WG'LL U$UALLY
WRITG x OR y OR
~MG OTMGR LITTGR.)

WG'LL $Gb MOW TO MAKG AND U$G MANY COM81NATION$ OF LITTGR$ AND NIJM8GR$,
COM81NATION$ KNOWN A$ AL."SRAll 'XPR,$$10N$. LIKG MIJMAN GXPRG$$10N$, ALGG8RAIC
GXPRG$$10N$ CAN 8G $1MPLG OR GXCGGDINGLY COMPLGX.

A $1MPLG A MORG
GXPRG$$10N COMPLICATGD
GXPRG$$10N
IN Al.bGSRA, nlG GQUATION tOMG$ FIRST. AN GQUATION $AY$ Tl-IAT ONG GXPRG$$10N
GQUAL.$ ANOTl-IGR. Tl-IGN WG PUSl-I ITS GXPRG$$10N$ AROUND...

UNTIL. Tl-IG ORIGINAL. GXPRG$$10N$ ARG

tOMPL.bTGL.Y 6-0NG, AND Tl-IG UNKNOWN
"Wl-IAT?" OR x APPbAR$ AL.ONG ON ONG
$1DG OF Tl-IG GQUATION, AND WG'RG
L.OOKING AT AN OL.D-FMl-llONGD
ARITl-IMbrlt PROSL.GM. Tl-IAT'$ AL.GGSRA!

TO DO AL.GGSRA, Tl-IGN, WG NGGD TO L.bARN l-IOW TO "MANIPUL.ATG" OR l-IANDL.G GXPRG$$10N$.

Tl-IGRG ARG RUL.GS FOR DOING T!-11$, JUST AS Tl-IGRG ARG RUL.GS FOR ARITl-IMbrlt. NOT bVGRY
MANIPUL.ATION 1$ AL.L.OWGD!

Tl-IGRG ARG L.AW$

ASOUT T!-11$!

WG START WITl-I Tl-IG $1MPL.G$T GXPRG$$10N$ OF AL.l.:

NUMSGR$ Tl-IGMSHVG$. SOMG OF T!-11$ MATGRIAL. MAY
SG FAMIL.IAR, SUT $0MG MAY SG NGW ...

4
 Chapter 1
The ~umber Line
NuMsGRs MAVG MANY usGs. M~T
GSPGtlAL.L.Y COUNTING ANl7 "'"'~UR,1",NT.
GRAINS OF I $A117
COUNTING 1$ TMG M~T NATURAL. TMING IN
$ANl7? "NATURAL.,"
TMG WORL.17: TMG NUM8GR$ 1, 2., 3, 4... tAN
COUNT ANYTMING, L.IKG APPL.GS, ORANGG$, NOT "~SY."
GRAINS OF SAN17 ON TMG 8~M ...

UM ... 2,014,?32,?19,
2,014,?32, 1H9 ...

TMAT'$ WMY MATM~Tlt1AN$ RGFGR TO TMG NUM8GR$ 1, 2, 3, AN17 $0 FORTM AS NATURAL.

NU1'\8,~, AS IF ANYTMING GL.SG WAS, WGL.I.., YOU KNOW, NOT.
81JT NATURAL.. NUM8GR$ ARG L..G$$ U$GFUL..
WMGN YOU WANT TO JA(;A$UR(; IN$T~P OF
COUNT... M~$URG TMG L..GNGTM OF $0MG-
ONG'$ FOOT, FOR GXAMPL..G.

WMOA! PO
OAR$ COMG
WITM TMO$G?

IF YOU $~ YOUR FOOT ON A M~$URING $TICK MARKGP

OFF IN ~MG UNIT$ (INCMG$, CGNTIM~GR$, PICA$, Gl.L..$,
IT POG$N'T MATTGR), TMG GNP OF YOUR TOG MAY NOT
L..ING UP GXACrL..Y AT ONG OF TMG TICK-MARK$.

_,.

YOU MAVG A CMOICG: GITMGR $1..ICG A L..ITTL..G OFF, OR AUGPT TMG IP~ TMAT TMGRG ARG
NUM8GR$ 8(;TW(;(;N TMG WMOL..G NUM8GR$. FRACrlONi L..IKG 1/2 OR 3?/B, FOR IN$TANCG,
WOUL..P BG NUM8GR$ l..IKG TM1$. OUR IP~ OF NUM8GR$ MAP 8ITTGR INCL..IJPG FRACTION$!

I'M PR~ $URG

AMPUTATION 1$
MORG PAINFUL..
TMAN FRACTION$!
WG FIRST l.~RN TMIS l.~VGS OPGN TMG QUGSTION
ABOUT FRACTIONS OF WMAT A FRACTION "IS." IS IT A
AS "PARTS" OF ti'IVISION PROSL.GM? A NUMSGR-
TMINbS. 11? OF A SLltG?
PIZZA IS WMAT YOU
brr WMGN YOU
ti'IVlti'G IT INTO AND MOW
TMRGG GQUAL. MANY Plblb$
OF PbPPbR-
PIGtGS; 2./'3 IS
ONl ARb ON
TWO OF TMOSG A $l.llb???
PIGtGS, rrt.

FOR TMG PURPOSG OF M~SURGMGNT, A FRACTION IS JUST ANOTMGR POINT ON OUR RUL.GR.
1/?, FOR INSTANtG, SITS 11'3 OF TMG WAY FROM 0 TO 1. TMG FRACTIONS 2./'3, ?/'3, 4/'3, i;13,
ANti' SO ON, Al.SO MAVG ti'GFINITG POSITIONS ON TMG RUL.GR. ANti' YGS, ?/'3 .. 1, 61'3 .. 2., rrt.!

1 2 '3 4 6 7 9 9 11
'3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 '3 "i

1 2

IN OTMGR WORti'S, A FRACTION IS JUST ANOTM&:R KIND OF NU1"8&:R. A L.GNbTM, SOMG-

TMINb TO M~SURG WITM. GVGRY FRACTION, GVGRY POSSISL.G tOMSINATION OF NUMGRATOR
ANti' ti'GNOMINATOR, MAS ITS PL.AtG SOMGWMGRG ON TMG M~SURINb STltK. IF YOU tAN'T
M~SURG YOUR FOOT WITM FRACTIONS, YOU tAN AT l.~ST brr AWFUL.L.Y tl.OSG!

WMbRE D0b$ IT D0b$N'T•..

IT ALL. bND?
l'M A PbRFblT $1Zb
?,6?1,049
4?1,91? •
blVb OR TAKb ...

1
wi.1i;N wi; 6''1 8"10N17
Mi;A$UR1Nb 80t7Y PART$, 0
wi; AL~ Ni;i;l7 TO U$i; 0

i;vi;RY Ti;MPi;RATURi; COL17i;R

TMAN zi;Ro 1$ lON$117'R'l7 TO
si; Ni;bAT1vi;.

I KNj;W I L1Ki;l7
P0$1T1vi; srni;R1
OM, 17i;AR...
I ALWAY$
TRY TO $TAY
P0$1T1Vi;!

FOR i;.XAMPLi; ...

c:;;:t,Nl~ o IF YOU UNWIN17

U LIM1S ~ A lLOlK 171AL,
YOU lAN TMINK OF TIMi; A$
Mi;A$URi;l7 ALONb A LINi;. FUTURi; (+)

Ti.Ii; PRi;$i;NT MOMi;NT

(OR ANY OTMi;R T1Mi;, I WA$ SORN IN
LIKi; Ti.Ii; 8~1NN1Nb -?2.0, ANl7 I'M
OF A Yi;AR OR A $TILL lONFU$i;17
lALi;N17AR i;RA) lAN si; TO Ti.11$ 17AY.
TMOUbMT OF A$ zi;Ro.
i;ARLli;R T1Mi;$ ARi;
Ni;bATIVi;, AN17 LATi;R
TIM,$ AR' PO$IT1vi;.

Wi;LL, AT
Li;A$T I MAVi;
~M'1M1Nb .••
TMGRG MU~T 8G A Pl.ACG ON OUR MGNTAl. M(;A~URINb ~TltK FOR NGbATIVG NUM8GR~. TMGIR Pl.ACG
I~ ON TMG OTMGR ~117G OF ZGRO, tOUNTINb OFF TO TMG l.GFT. TMG NUM8GR 0 SGPARATGS
NGbATIVGS FROM P~ITIVGS. IMAGING AN GN17l.G$$ NUIA8JiR L.INJ; STR(;TtMINb OFF IN 80TM
171RGtTIONS (GN17l.GSS 8GtAUSG TMGRG 1$ NO l.ARbGST NUM8GR).

NOT~'NA
l!AJILLION? Y':-' ~.A,,r·

TM'N tOM,$ A
8A.JILLION AN17 ON, •..

™' LIN,'$ N'bATIV' ™' N"ATIVc;

™'™'OF A NU1'\8,R
IMAb' ON
1$ IT$ MIRROR

LIK' ™'
PART LOOK$ 'XACTLY
PO$ITIV'
PART, !WT 6-0INb ™' YOU FLIPP,17
OPP0$1T' $117, OF Z'RO. IF
WMOL' LIN' AROUN17 0,
~M NUM8,R WOUL17 LANl7 ON IT$ N'6-ATIV,.
OTM'R WAY. N'6-ATIV,$
AR' ™'
1'\IRROR
l,\\AGc;S OF P0$1TIV,$.

-4 -~ -2 -1 -2 1
0 1
-1
11 1 1 1 1
~ 1 1

TWO MINUS

N'6-ATIV' NUM8,R TO ™'

TM1$ FLIPPINb MOV~'NT AL$0 $'NP$ ~M
P0$1TIV' $117,.
™' N'6-ATIV' OF -2,
FOR IN$TANt,, 1$ 2.
$16-NS "tAN"L

TMAT'$ WMY w' $AY: n1c; Nc;GATIV' OF A

Nc;GATIVc; IS POSITIVc;.
W' CAN WRIT' TM1$
FACT A$ AN 'QUATION:
OUT. "

-2 -1 1 0 1
1 1

9
nu; NUMB'R I.IN'
MOl.D'$ Al.I. POSl-
TM'R' AR' ONl.Y TWO POS$1Bll.ITI,$.
'ITM'R
™'
WM'N 171V1171Nb ON' WMOI.' NUMB'R BY ANOTM,R,
17,tlMAI.

TIV' AN17 N'bATIV'

WMOI.' NUMB'~ T'R,\\INAT,$ ('ND'$, $TOP$) A$ WITM
AN17 FRACTION$.
170 W' N"l7 ANY ?19 = 0.62?
OTM'R NUMB,R$
B,$117'$ TM,$, FOR OR R,P,AT$ A PATT,RN 'Nl71.,$$1.Y, 1.IK'
M~$UR~'NT? IN
FAlT, W' !70 ... 21? = 0.666666666 .....
1/7 = 0.1429?7 1429?7 1429?7....

A$ YOU MAY KNOW, YOU CAN TURN ANY

WMY? 1.00K AT
R~IN17,R 1$ ~'R 0,
™' ™'
171V1$10N$ ON ™' 1.,FT. IF A
17,tlMAI. T'RMINAT,$.
FRAlTION INTO A 17,tlMAI. BY l.ONb IF NOT, W'l.l. ... ~M R~IN17'R MU$T B' I.'$$
171V1$10N. M'R' AR' 21~. t;/9, ANl7 1/7: TMAN ™'
171V1$0R, $0 TM'R' CAN B' ONl.Y $0
MANY POS$1Bl.' R~IN17,R$. A$ YOU K"P 171V1171Nb,
.6666 .. .
? ) 2.0000 .. .
.62?
9 )?.000
WMltM POINT ™'
YOU MU$T MIT ON' OF TM~ A $~0Nl7 TIM,, AT
'NTIR' PATT,RN MU$T R'P~T.

19 49
20
19
20
16
A$ FAR A$
~'CAN$",
™'
ANl7 FARTM,RI
20 40
19 40
20 0
AN17 $0 FORTM ...

.1429?71429 ... IT $0 MAPP,N$ TMAT $OM' NUMB,R$ MAV' AN 'X-

PAN$10N TMAT 170'$ NOT 'N171.,$$1.Y R'P~T A
7 ) 1.0000000000 ™'
7
?O
OF 2.. (TM1$ 1$ ™'
PATT,RN. ON' 'XAMPI.' 1$ {i, $QUAR' ROOT
NUMB'R WMOS' PR017UtT WITM
IT$,l.F 1$ 2. MOR' ON TM1$ 1.AT,RI)
29
20 Vi= 1.41421 ??62? 7?09? 04990 ....
14
60
?6 ANOTM'R
NON-R'P~T'R
40 1$ TT, Pl, TM'
?? 171$TANt'
?O AROUN17 A
49 tlRtl.' WITM
10 171AM~'R = 1.
7
?0 ANl7 $0
FORTM ... 1T = ?.141?9 26??? 9979? 2?946 ...

10
nu;$G NON-RGP~TGR$ ARG lAl..l..Gt7 WMAT IRRATIONAL t70G$ M~N 1$ TMAT TMG$G
IRRATIONAL. NUMBGR$, ANt7 TM!;Y NUMBGR$ lAN NGVGR BG WRITTGN A$ A RATIO
MAVG TMGIR Pl..AtG ON TMG NUMBGR OF TWO WMOl..G NUMBGR$-IN OTMGR WORP$,
LING, TOO. A$ A FRACTION. (A FRACTION'$ t7GCIMAl..
GXPAN$10N MU$T TGRMINATG OR RGPGAT.)
GITTING lROWt7Gt7
t70WN TMGRG ...

GVGRY M~$URING NUMBGR, TMGN, 1$ ONG

OF TMG$G:

Integer
A WMOL(; NUM8(;R,
P0$1TIV(; OR N'6oATIV(;

BY TMG WAY, "IRRATIONAL." t70G$N'T M~N

WACKY OR UNPRGt71lTABl..G, Al..TMOUGM
Rational
A NUM8(;R TMAT CAN 8(;
~MGTIMG$ IT MU$T MAVG $GGMGt7 TMAT WRITT(;N A$ A FRACTION
WAY. AT ONG TIMG, ~ARG ROOT$ U$Gt7
TO BG lAl..l..Gt7 "$URP$," M IN A9~URD.
Irrational
YOU'l..l.. GGT
U$Gt7 TO MG ...

Al..TOGGTMGR, TM~ blV(; M(; A

TM1$ I.ING FUL.l.. M(;Al7AtM(;, $0 TM~

MU$T 8(; R(;AL!
OF NUMBGR$
1$ lAl..LGt7 TMG
"R~l.." NUMBGR$,
BUT WMGTMGR
TMGY'RG A$ R~l..
A$, $AY, A ROCK
OR A PIGlG OF
lMGG$G I l..~VG
FOR YOU TO
t7Gllt7G ...

11
Problems
1. IU;RE; ARE; ~ME; WARM-UP ARITMM'11l PROSL(;M$. 2.. USE; LONb DIVISION TO FIND Ti.IE;
E;.XPR(;$$ Ti.IE; RE;$ULT$ OF DIVISION AS D(;CIMAL$. D(;CIMAL E;.XPAN$10N OF WM FRACTION.
DON'T US' A CALCULATOR!! WE; WANT TO STR'1CM
OUR MMATM MUSCLE;$" M(;R(;!
a. 1 e. i; i. 47
i; 9 100
a. 24 d. 19 g. 1.4142
+ 7 x ? x 1.4142 6 4 j. -22
b. i;
f. 11 2?
b. ?9 e. ?.7 h. 2)i;o i;
+ ?? x 2 c. 47 g. ? k.
12 17 16
c. i. 0.2)?0
1.?6? f. ?.7 ? 4
+ 0.0002 x .06
j. 21 )110
d. ? h. 100
I.
2?
9

~. ~M'11ME;$ WE; INDICATE; A RE;P(;ATINb D(;CIMAL SY WRITINb A SAR OVE;R Ti.IE; RE;P(;ATINb PART.
FOR E;XAMPLE;, IN$T(;AD OF WRITINb

0.0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010 .....•

WE; WRITE; 0. 01. MUCM $MORT,R! us' TM1$ SAR NOTATION TO WRIT' WM R'P(;ATINb D(;CIMAL
FROM PROSL~ 2.

4. CONVE;RT WM llAPROP'R FRACTION TO A 6 c. 19 S. E;.XPR,$$ ?.?14

1"1X(;I) NUMSE;R. (AN IMPROPE;R FRACTION 1$ A a. 1$ 4 AS A FRACTION.
FRACTION WMO$(; NUME;RATOR 1$ Slbb(;R TMAN
IT$ D(;NOMINATOR; A Ml.XE;D NUMSE;R 1$ AN 47 d. 22
2f. b. 1iff
INT'6-E;R PLUS A FRACTION, LIKE; FOR 17
E;XAMPLE;, ?/4 ~ 1i.)

11
2) -?.6

-11 -10 -9 -e -1 -6 -? -4 -3 -2 -1 o 2 3 4 ? 6

9. WMAT 1$ -(-(-2))?
GR~T'R 1$ ™'
blVE;N TWO NUMSE;R$, Ti.IE;
NUMSE;R WMAT 1$ -(-(-(-2)))?

™'
LYINb TO TM(; RlbMT ON
NUMS'R LIN,.
a. 2 OR ? e. - ??O OR 2 WMAT IF TM'R' ARE; 20
MINUS $1bN$ IN FRONT
b. 2 OR -? f. t OR i OF 2? WMAT IF TME;R'
ARE; ?? MINUS $16'N$?
C. -2 OR -? g. ?.909 OR ?.91

J d. -2 OR ? h. - 2; OR -?.2?

• •
12
 Chapter 2
Addition and Subtraction
{With a Parenthetical Aside)

IN OIJR ~RL.lb~T
MATM
l'.L.A$~b$, Wb L.~RN TMAT
Al7171Nb TWO NIJM8bR$ M~N$
l'.OM81NINb AL.L. TMblR "0Nb$"
AN17 l'.OIJNTINb, WMIL.b $1J8-
TRAl'.TINb M~N$ TAKINb
~Mb AWAY...

WMll'.M 1$ Flt.lb FOR NATIJRAL.

NIJM8bR$, 81JT MAYBb NOT I MAVb -3 ARb YOIJ
~ Flt.lb OTMbRW1$b. TO 170
FbWbR APPL.b~ BRAbblNb OR
AL.bb8RA, YOIJ'L.L. MAVb TO TMAN YOIJ! l'.OMPL.AININb?
bbl l'.OMPL.blbl.Y l'.OMFOR-
TABL.b WITM Al7171Nb ANl7
$IJ8TRAl'.TINb NbGATIVb
NU,¥.9bRS.

~""''"'- ~~,,t!J·~~
~ .. ~.

13
SGFORG WG bbl INTO IT, Tl-IOlJG-14, WG NGGC7 TO $AY A FGW WOR~ ASOlJT PARl:NTM(;$(;$
(lAN'T C70 WITl-IOlJT 'GM!).

IN WRITTGN
PR~G. PARGN-
Tl-IG$G$ INC71lATG
AN A$1C7G, $0MG-
Tl41Nb GX.TRA ...
SlJT NOT IN
MATl-IGMAT1l$!

IN MATl-I, Tl-IGY'RG lJ$GC7 A$ GROUPING $Y/\\80L.$ Tl-IAT TGU. lJ$ TO Tl-llNK OF GVGRYTl-llNG>
IN$1C7G Tl-IG PARGNTl-IG$G$ A$ A $1Nbl.G lJNIT OR QUANTITY OR Tl-llNG>.

DON'T l.OOK
AT MG l.IKG
Tl-IAT... I C71C7N'T
PlJT 'GM 1-!GRG!

$0 2. x (3 + 4)
MGAN$ "2. TIMG$ Tl-IG
QUANTITY 3 + 4," OR
2. x 7 :: 14

PARGNTl-IG$G$ $AVG lJ$ FROM WRITING> IN$TGAC7, WG G>ROlJP Tl-llNG-$ TO ll.ARIFY

ANYTl-llNG> A$ $TRANG>G, lONFlJ$1Nb, ANC7 MGANING> AND IMPROVG C716'G$TION!
$TOMAll4-TlJRNING> M

Pl.lJ$-MINlJ$?

MY NAlJ$GA-
IT'$ GONG!

14
GROUPING MGANS nus: WMGN YOU SGG FIR~T ADD '3 + 4,
PARGNTMGSGS, DO TMG ARITMM~IC IN~ID(; TM(;N MULTIPLY 8Y 2.
TMG PARGNTMGSGS 8(;FOR(; DOING ANY WORK
OlJTSIDG. AS WG'LL SGG, TMIS MATTGRS!

0
AND ONG OTMGR TMING: FROM MGRG ON, WG WILL RARGLY USG TMG SYM80L X TO MGAN
"TIMGS," AS IN MULTIPLICATION. X LOOKS TOO MUCM LIKG x, ALGG8RA'S FAVORITG LITTGR.

~AYNow.)

-. ..

INSTGAD, WG'LL USUALLY

INDltATG MULTIPLltATION IS x GONG? ARG YOU ALMOST.. .
WITM A LITTLG DOT, . I RGADY FOR MG NOW? 8lJT FIRST.. .
OR, WMGN WG'RG IN A
RGALLY MINIMAL MOOD,
JUST 8Y PlJTTING TWO
NUM8GRS SIDG 8Y SIDG
AND USING PARGNTMGSGS
IF TMGRG'S ANY CMANCG
OF CONFUSION, LIKG
TMIS:

FIRST L~'S
TALK A80lJT
ADDITION ••.
$TART Wini A FR,$1-1 L.OOK AT $0M~M1Nb
FAMILIAR: AWINb AND $U8TRACTINb P~ITIVG
TO ADD nl'NUM8,R$, L.~V' ON' L.'NbTM

NU"'8,~. W' CAN TMINK OF TWO NUM8,R$ AND MOV' nl'

WM'R' IT 1$ (DO,$N'T MATT'R WMltM ON')
OTM,R ...

OV'R nl'
A$ L.'NbTM$ (2. AND ~. IN T!-11$ CA$') $1TTINb
NUM8,R L.IN,.

WARD. nl' ~UJA 1$ nl'

AND ATTAtM IT, 'ND TO 'ND, 'XT,NDINb OUT -
TOTAL. L.'NbTM.

0 4 0

nl'
TO $U8TRACT nl' nl'
$MAL.L.'R NUM8,R FROM nl' DIFFc;Rc;Nt;c;1$ TMAT PART OF nl' L.ARb'R

nl' nl' nl'

L.ARb,R, I AbAIN L.AY L.'NbT!-1$ NUM8,R Tl-lAT DO,$N'T OV'RL.AP. IT'$ WMAT'$ L.'FT
'ND TO 'ND-BUT NOW WITM $MAL.L.'R
L.'NbTM IN~ID' L.ARb'R ON,. nl'
WM'N YOU TAK' AWAY
L.ONb'R.
$1-!0RT'R L.'NbTM FROM

0 4 0
TO MAK(; TM1$ PICTUR(; lOV(;R ALL R(;AL NUMS(;R$, P0$1TIV(; ANV N'6-ATIV(;, W(; N(;(;V TO TMINK OF
(;UM NUMS(;R NOT A$ A L(;NbTM, SVT A$ AN ARROW WITM A L.GNGTM AND DIRGCTION. ON TM(;
NUMS(;R LIN(;, TM1$ ARROW POINT$ FROM 0 TO TM(; NUMS(;R, $0 N(;bATIV(; NUMS(;R$ MAV(; L(;FT-
POINTINb ARROW$, WMIL(; PO$ITIV(; ARROW$ POINT RlbMT.

-t;
c ~.1416
-2..6~
c
-6 -4 -2 -1 0 4 6

AW TWO P0$1TIV(; NUMS(;R$ A$ S(;FOR(;: FIX
ON(; ARROW'$ TAIL AT 0 ANV MOV(; TM(;
0TM(;R'$ TAIL TO TM(; FIX(;V ON(;'$ M(;AV. TM(;
$UM 1$ TM(; PO$ITION OF TM(; MO\l(;V M(;AV.
ADD NGGATIVG NUIASG~ TMG SAIAG WAY:
MOLVINb ON(; ARROW FIX(;V, MOV(; TM(; 0TM(;R'$
TAIL TO TM(; FIX(;V M(;AV ANV R(;AV TM(; P0$1-
TION OF TM(; MO\l(;V M(;AV. TWO N'6-ATIV(;
NUMS(;R$, FOR (;XAMPL(;, AVV LIK(; TM1$:

c c
-1 0 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

WM(;N AVVINb OR N'6-ATIV(;,

PO$ITIV(; TO V(;P(;NVINb
N'6-ATIV(;, ON TM(;
AbAIN PVT
TAIL TO M(;AV.
3+(-1)::1 (-3)+1:: -1 NUMS(;R$
S(;INb AVV(;V.
TM(; $UM MAY
S(; P0$1TIV(; ... c
--------~•~
•
~c-----------

-3 -2 -1 0 -3 -2 -1 0

17
TAKG A CL~GR LOOK AT TMG PICTlJRG ON P. 17
OF TMG $lJM 3 + (-2). IT'$ VIRTUALLY TMG $AMG
OKAYYY... nu;N 'R... 3 - 4? MOW CAN
WMAT WOUL.D YOU TAK' 4 FROM 3?
A$ TMG PICTlJRG OPP~ITG ON P. 16, OF TMG 3 +(-4) 8'?
DIFFGRGNCG 3 - 2. 80TM TAKG AWAY 2.

0 0 2

ADDING A N(;GATIV(;
NU/\\8(;R IS TM(; SA/\\(;
AS SUBTRACTING ITS
"POSITIV(; V(;R$ION."

Ti-11$ "P~ITIVG VGR$10W OF A NlJMSGR 1$ CALL.GD IT$ A8SOL.UT(; VAL.U(;, INDICATGD SY

$lJRROlJNDING TMG NlJMSGR WITM VGRTICAL SAR$, I I, A$ IN I - 21 = 2. TMG AS$0LlJTG VALlJG
1$ A NlJMSGR'$ (P~ITIVG) $1ZG, TMG LGNGTM OF IT$ ARROW, IT$ D1$TANCG FROM O. A
P~ITIVG NlJMSGR'$ AS$0LlJTG VALlJG 1$ IT$GLF, AND IOI 0. =

IOI= O

c
1-41 =4
. •

E
131 = 3
.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 2 4

NOW LGT'$ L.OOK AT (-3) + 2 AGAIN. IT$ TO FIND Ti-11$ $lJM, TMGN, WG FIR$T $lJSTRACT
PICTlJRG 1$ TMG NGGATIVG, OR MIRROR 3 - 2 AND TMGN N(;GAT(; TMG RG$lJLT.
IMAGG, OF 3 + (-2) OR 3 - 2.

(-3) + 2. ;: -(3 -2.)

;: -1
(-3) + 2. 3-2.
FIR$T $lJSTRACT,
~! c
•
TMGN NGGATG!
le ;

I I

-3 -2 -1 0 3

19
 IN TbRM$ OF A8~LUTb VALUb,
MbRb ARb $TbP-8Y-$TbP RULb$
P0$1TM; + P0$1TM; N'6-ATIV' + N'6-ATIV'
FOR ADDING> ANY TWO NUM8bR$, ADD A8~1..UT' VAL.U,S,
ADD M USUAL
WMbTMbR P0$1TIYb OR NbbATIYb: TM'N N(;GAT(;

P0$1TIV' + N'bATIV'
SU8TRAlT A8~L.UT,L.Y SMAL.L.'R FROM A8~L.UT,L.Y
L.ARG(;R. TM(;N MAK(; TM(; ANSW(;R'S SIGN TM(; SAM(;
AS TMAT OF TM(; A8SOl..UT(;L.Y L.ARG(;R NUM8(;R.

Example 1. FIND 4 + c-6). Example 2. FIND c-2) + 9.

4 1$ P0$1TIYb AND -6 1$ NbbATIYb, $0 AbAIN Wb Sbb ONb P0$1T1Vb AND ONb

Wb $U8TRAtT A8~LUTb VALUb$.
6-4 ='2
Wb Sbb TMAT TMb NGGATIVG NlJM8bR,
-6, MM TMb LARbbR A8~LUTb VALUb,
~ Wb MAKb TMb ANSWbR NbbATIYb.
4 + (-6) = -Z
NbbATIYb NUM8bR, $0 Wb DO TMb
$U8TRAtTION.
9 - 2 '::' 7
TM1$ TIMb, TMOUG>M, TMb LARbbR A8~LUTb
VALUb 8bLONb$ TO 9, TMb P~ITIVG NUM-
8bR. ~ Wb LbAYb TMb ANSWbR P0$1TIYb.
(-2)+9=1

TMb LONbbR ARROW

WIN$ TMb 8ATTLb TO
lONTROL TMb $1bN
OF TMb ANSWbR!

19
ANOTMGR WAY TO TMINK
OF ADDING NGGATIVG$ 1$
IN TGRM$ OF IAO~UiY ...
TMI$ 1$ MOW TMG
INDIAN MATM~TltlAN
8MA~KARA TMOUGMT
ASOUT IT, WMGN MG
MORG OR 1.G$$
INVGNTGD NGGATIVG YOU tAN
NUM8GR$ ASOUT 81.AMG MGf
1,?00 YbAR$ AGO.

A~bf~, OR MONGY ON MAND Pl.U$ MONGY OWGD TO YOU, tOUNT A$ P0$1TIVG. DEST~,
MONGY YOU OWG TO OTMGR$, tOUNT A$ NGGATIVG.

$0 ... ADD TWO A$$GT$, GGT A 816-GGR IF YOU OWG $2. TO FRGD AND $3 TO FRIGDA,
A$$GT. YOU OWG A TOTAL. OF $?.

IF YOU MAVG ~ IN A$$GT$ AND YOU OWG IF YOUR A$$GT$ TOTAL. $2 AND YOU OWG ~.
$2, YOU'RG $Tit.I. P0$1TIVG: YOU tAN PAY YOU ARG $1 $MORT OF 8GING A81.G TO PAY.
OFF YOUR DG8T AND $Tll.I. MAVG $1 1.GFT. YOU "MAVGft NGGATIVG ONG DOI.I.AR.

MOW tOUL.D
TMI$ 1.bAD$ TO TMG $AMG IT l.bAD
ANYWMGRG
ADDITION RUl.G$ A$ 8GFORG. GL.$G?

20
Subtraction
~ FAR, WG'VG $GGN $U8TRAtTION$ ONL.Y OF
P~ITIVG NUM8GR$, AND Tl-IGN ONL.Y Wl-IGN
TAKIN6> A $MAI.I.GR NUMSGR FROM A L.AR6>GR
ONG. SUT IF WG CAN ADD ANY TWO NUM8GR$,
$U8TRAtTI Nt;
WG $1-!0UL.D AL.~ SG ASL.G TO $U8TRAtT ANY
1$ ADDIN6>?
NUMSGR FROM ANY OTl-IGR. l-IGRG'$ l-IOW:

Subtracting a
number is the
same as adding
its negative.

T!-11$ WA$ TRUG Wl-IGN $U8TRAtTIN6> A P~ITIVG NUMSGR FROM A L.AR6>GR P~ITIVG NUMSGR:
i; - "3 .,. i; + (-?). NOW WG $1MPL.Y [)'FIN' $U8TRAtTION FOR OTl-IGR NUM8GR$ TO WORK
IN Tl-IG $AMG WAY. FOR GXAMPL.G:

<g Cl~ ~ 2 c[2 ~ 0 ~~ g C1TI

o{i) c fl o{b t{? ~~~~ g ~~~
§

$U8TRAtTIN6> A DGST
NOTG G$PGCIAL.L.Y: $U8TRAtTIN6> A NG6>ATIVG NUMSGR MAKG$ YOU Rlll-IGR!
MG.AN$ ADDIN6> IT~ NG6>ATIVG, Wl-llll-I 1$ POSITIV,.

RGMGMSGR, -(-?).,. ?!

AND WITl-I Tl-IAT, YOU

$1-!0UL.D SG RGADY TO
$01.VG $0MG PRAtTllG
PR081.GM$ YOUR$GL.F !

21
Problems
1. f70 TMG $UM$. 2.. $USTRAlT.
a. (-4)+9 a. 10 - (-9) e. 4 -9
b. (-?) + (-?) b. 9 - (-10) f.l-41-6
c. 9 + (-?) c. (-9)-10 9 7
d. 1-14.?I + C-17.6) Non; TMAT IN PROSL~ g. 16 - 12.
w'
2.c, lOULD' L"'V'
h.6-121
e. ! + (-2.) OUT TM' PAR,NTM'$'$
AND' $IMPLY WRIT'
2.
-9-10. i. 12. -100 I
f. (- .!_) + .!. d. -4-9
2. ?

?. WMAT 1$ - ? + ? - 6 + 4 + ( - 2.) ?

4. ARG TMG SUMS OF TMGSG PAIRS OF ARROWS POSITIVG OR NGbATIVG?

a. b. c. d.
------------~:.· c ~c5'-----

?. $UPPO$G YOU'RG TAKINb A WALK ON TMG NUMSGR I.ING. IF YOU $TART AT 3, TMGN WALK
6 UNIT$ IN A NGbATIVG DIRGCflON, TMGN RGVGR$G tOUR$G AND WALK 2. UNIT$ IN A PO$ITIVG
DIRGtTION, WMGRG WOUt.D YOU GND UP? WMGRG WOUt.D TMG $AMG WAt.K GND IF YOU MAD
$TARTGD AT -2.00 IN$TGAD OF 3?

-4 -3 -2. -1 0 4

6. 80YtG MM $? IN Ml$ POtKGT. MG 7. JG$$1tA OWG$ $? TO AN6'Gt.A AND $2 TO

SORROW$ ~0 FROM Ml$ FRIGND 8AR8ARA. JG$$1tA MA$ $20 ON MAND.
FRANtlNG. TMGN MG 1.0$G$ $9 ON
A $TUPID SGT ASOUT TMG a.WMAT 1$ JG$$1tA'$ NGT WORTM
OUTtOMG OF A (TMG $UM OF GVGRYTMING, tOUNTINb
$lMOOt. Gt.GeflON. DG8T$ A$ NGbATIVG).
WMAT 1$ 80YtG'$
NGT FINANtlAt. b. NOW AN6'Gt.A "FORblVG$~ $3 OF
P0$1TION AT JG$$1tA'$ DGST, l.G., tANtGI.$ IT $0
TMG GND? TMAT JG$$1tA NO t.ONGGR MA$ TO
PAY TMG $3. WRITG TM1$ A$ A $U8-
TRACTION OF A NGbATIVG NUMSGR.

c. WMAT 1$ JG$$1tA'$ NGT FINANtlAt.

P0$1TION AT TMG GND?

22
 Chapter 3
Multiplication and Division

• • 0 •

.
.
'ti .

IN AR1TMM~1t, w~
L.~ARN TMAT MUL.TIPL.1-
lATION I~ R~P~T~D
ADDITION. C::::J
L8

IF TMAT'~ TRU~.
TM~N WMAT DO~~ IT
M~N TO /\\UL.TIPL.Y
8Y A N'GATIV'
NU/\\8,R? R~P~T~D
$U8TRACTION?

~USTRAlTION
FROM WMAT?
TO $GG MOW TM1$ WORK$, WG
$TAY WITM 8MA$KARA A SIT
LONbGR ANP TMINK IN TGRM$
OF MONGY. P0$1TIVG MONGY
$IT$ A80VG A MORIZONTAL. L.ING,
NGbATIVG MONGY 8GL.OW IT.

MY
FAVORITG
PART!

L.IA81 L.ITI G$

IN RGAL. L.IFG, YOUR MONGY MAY lMANbG PAY 8Y PAY... ANP Tiit\(; t::AN AL.$0 8G P0$1TIVG OR
NGbATIVG. TOPAY 1$ TMG ZGRO POINT; YG$TGRPAY 1$ -1; TOMORROW +1; ANP $0 ON, $0
TMAT TMG MORIZONTAL. L.ING 8GlOMG$ A TIJAE L.IN(;. ON ANY PAY, YOUR A$$GT$ ANP PG8T$
APPGAR A$ A $TAtK OF l01N$ $TRAPPL.1Nb TMG L.ING, A$$GT$ A80VG ANP PG8T$ 8GL.OW. TMG
$TAtK AT GAtM PAY $MOW$ YOUR FINANllAL. P0$1TION TMAT PAY. FOR IN$TANtG, ON PAY 4
YOU OWG "3 COIN$ ANP MAVG 14 COIN$ IN A$$GT$.

-4 -i -1 0 4
DAY NUMBER

24
NOW l.~'S MUl.TIPl.Y MON~ SY TIMG. SUPP~G CGl.IA MAS SGGN SITTING $2. GVGRY rJAY
FOR A l.ONG TIMG (SITTING 80RROWGrJ MONGY IF SMG'S "IN TMG MOl.G," l.G., SGL.OW
ZGRO). ANrJ SUPP~G TMAT TOrJAY, AT TIMG 0, SMG MAS $0.

Pl.US x Pl.US MINUS x Pl.US

IF Cl:l.IA WINS $2. GVGRY rJAY FROM NOW IF SMG MAS SGGN WINNING $2. rJAll.Y, TMGN
ON, TMGN ON rJAY 3 SMG Wll.l. MAVG $6. TMRGG rJAYS Ab(), ON rJAY -3, SMG MUST
MAVG MArJ $( -6) TO RGACM $0 TOrJAY.

(-3)X2.: -6
-3 -2. -1 0
. .

.
0 2. 3
WINNINb MAK,$
17'8T $MAl.l.,R.

Pl.US x MINUS MINUS x MINUS

IF SMG ~GS $2 rJAll.Y, ON rJAY 3 SMG IF SMG MAS SGGN l.~ING $2 rJAll.Y, ON
Wll.l. MAVG S(-6) rJAY - 3 SI-II: MArJ $6.

3 x (-2.) = -6 (-3) x (-2.) =6

0 1 2. 3

l.0$1Nb MAK,$ -3 -2. -1 0

17'8T 81bb'R.

LOAN COMG SACK l.AST

$MARK~ WGGK. I CAN PAY
YOU TMGN!
TO $UMMARIZG, MGRG 1$ A OR, IF YOU PRGFGR IT
L.ITTL.G TA8L.G $MOWING TMG WRITTGN IN WORD$ ...
$1GN RULc; FOR MULTI-
PLYING P~ITIVc; AND
Nc;GATIVc; NUM8c;~:

+ P0$1TIVG · P0$1TIVG ~ P0$1TIVG

NGGATIVG · P0$1TIVG ~ NGGATIVG
+ + P0$1TIVG · NGGATIVG ~ NGGATIVG
NGGATIVG · NGGATIVG ~ P0$1TIVG
+

Examples: i; x c-2) =- -10, c-?)(-7) =- 21, c-4) x 4 =- -16

ANOTMGR WAY TO
PUT IT: MUL.TIPL.YING
8Y A P0$1TIVG
NUM8GR L.GAVG$ TMG
OTMGR NUM8GR'$
$1GN UNtMANGGt7.
MUL.TIPL.YING 8Y A
MULTIPLYIN6 BY 6 61VG$ AN ANSWGR WITM TMG SAJAE $16-N
NGGATIVG NUM8GR AS -2; MULTIPLYIN6 BY -2 61VG$ AN ANSWGR WITM ~IGN
RGVGR$G$ TMG $1GN. OPPOSITE FROM TMAT OF 6.

WMGN ONG OF TMG

NGGATIVG NUM8GR$ 1$

~CJ~~~~~ g CJ~
-1, TMG RUL.G $AY$:
MUL.TIPL.Y 8Y 1 ANt7
tMANGG TMG $1GN OF
TMG OTMGR FAtTOR.
MULTIPLYING 8Y -1

~0TI~~&»2 <JJ
1$ n~c; $A,\\c; A$ 1$N'T TM1$
TAKING A NUM8c;R'$ ONG tUTG?
Nc;GATIVc;.

~o~~~o~» g TI~
26
Multiplication Without Money
MbRb ARb TMRbb ROWS
OF TWO $QIJARbS
bAtM. TMAT'S TMRbb
™' OF UNIT
bAtM SMALL $QIJARb IS 1 UNIT ON bAtM Slti'b,
ANti'
NU~SGR
bRAY RbcrANbLb'S ARbA IS TMG
~UARGS IT CONTAINS.
TWOS, OR ~ X 2. TMb TMb UNIT $QIJARb, WMltM CONTAINS bXACrLY
PRODUCT OF TWO ON(; OF ITS(;LF. MAS ARbA ,. 1.
NUMBbRS (TMb RbSULT
OF MULTIPLYINb TM~
TObbTMbR) LOOKS
LIKb A RGCTANGl-G:
bAtM Slti'b IS ONb OF
TMb NUM8bRS.
D
TMIS WORKS bVbN IF TMb Slti'bS ARbN'T YOU lAN Sb(; TMAT SIX OF TMb bRAY R(;CfANbLbS
WMOLb NUMB(;RS. M(;R(; TM(; bRAY R(;CfANbL(; FIT TObbTM(;R (;XACfLY TO MAK(; A UNIT $QIJAR(;,
MAS Slti'(;S OF L(;NbTM iANti' ~. (W(;'V(; $0 ONb bRAY RbcrANbLb'S ARbA 1$ -61 , TMb
(;NLARb(;ti' TM(; UNIT $QIJAR(; M(;R(;.) 1
PROti'UCf OF 'i ANti'
1
z·

1
3

1 1 1 1 1
3 3 ·- ::.-
1 3 2. 6
0 .....__6 _.........___ _____.
0
1 1
0 z 0 z
M(;R(; IS TM(; PROti'UCf OF MOR(; tOMPLllAT(;ti' TM(; PICfUR(; IS bOOti' NO MATT(;R WHAT TM(;
FRACTIONS, (?13)·(?/2.). TM(; UNIT $QIJAR(; IS Slti'bS: A RbcrANbLb'S ARbA IS TM(; PROti'UCf
OUTLIN(;ti' IN BLAtK. OF TM(; L(;NbTHS OF TM(; TWO Slti'(;$.

i; ....--------.-----....-----.---.
~

~ +- 1
2.
11.62.

? ? 2? bAtM SMALL RbcrANbLb

-·-::. IS 1/6, ANti' TM(;R(; ARb
3 2. 6 i;xi; ,. 2.S OF TM~.

21
WG tOUl.17 bO ON l-IGRG AN17 17RAW
RGcrANGl.GS WITl-I N~ATIVG Sll7GS, l.~ IT SG
SUT IT'S R~l.l.Y NOT WORTl-I IT. OUR l.ITTl.G
- INST~l7 1'17 l.IKG TO SGCR~!
~ i ' Sl-IOW YOU ANOTl-IGR
PlcrURG OF MUl.Tl-
Pl.ltATION Tl-IAT YOU
WON'T SGG IN
RGGUl.AR Al.GGSRA
TGXTSOOKS ...

Tl-llS PlcrURG Sl-IOWS MUl.TIPl.ltATION IN TGRMS OF "StAl.ING," Wl-lltl-I IS l.IKG GNl.ARGING OR

RG17Ut1NG A Pl-IOTOGRAPl-I. ONl.Y INST~l7 OF A Pl-IOTO, WG'l.l. tl-IANGG Tl-IG StAl.G OF Tl-IG
l:NTIRI: NUIA81:R L.INI:.

IMAblN(; TWO NUM8(;R LIN(;$, ONE; OF WMICM TO FIND TM(; PRODUCT OF 2. TIME;$ ANY NUM8(;R,
1$ $TR'1"CM(;D OUTWARD FROM 0 UNTIL ALL JUST LOOK Dll?,CTL.Y N:L.OW TMAT NUl#.9,1?.
L(;NbT!-1$ AR(; DOUBL(;D. M(;R(; IT'$ TM(; UPP(;R.

-3 -2 -1 0 2 -3 -2 -1 0 2 3

-6 -? -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 ? 6
: I i
-6 -? -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
i
2
I

3
:
4 ?
J
6

2X(-2)::-4 2X1::2 2X3::6

T!-11$ 1$ COOL, 8(;CAU$(; IN$TE;AD OF $1-!0WINb A WE; CAN ALSO SCALE; TM(; LINE; DOWN TO
$1NbL(; PRODUCT, LIKE; 2 x 3, TM(; PICTURE; $MOW$
SQU,rus ™'
MULTIPLY SY A NUM8(;R 8(;TW(;(;N 0 AND 1.
YOU TM(; PRODUCT OF 2 TIME;$ "''RYTMING! MULTIPLICATION 8Y 1/2 LIN(;
UNTIL ALL L(;NbT!-1$ ARE; MALV(;D:

-663 -300 0 1,000 -6 -? -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 ? 6

lll~llllllllllllllll -3 -2 -l -1 0 i 1 2
-1,326 -600 0 2,000

WE;LL,
I TMINK
IT'$ COOL, YOU'LL MAVE; AN OPPORTUNITY TO PLAY WITM
ANYWAY! T!-11$ PICTURE; IN TM(; PR08L(;M $'1" AT TM(;
(;ND OF TM(; CMAPTE;R.

2.9
Division
DIVIDINb SOMGTMINb SY A P~ITIVG WMOL.G NUMSGR MGANS SRGAKINb TMG TMINb INTO
~MANY GQUAL. PARTS AND MGASURINb TMG SIZG OF ONG PART. MGRG, FOR INSTANtG,
IS A PltTURG OF 6 + 2.

TMG SIX UNITS ARG SPLIT

OR, YGS, DIVIDGD, INTO TWO
GQUAL. 6-ROUPS, AND WG
SGG TMAT GACM 6-ROUP rs
TMRGG UNITS. 6 + 2 ~ '3

MGRG'S ANOTMGR WAY OF SGGINb Tl-IG SAMG Tl-llNb. NO MATTGR Wl-lltl-I WAY YOU CUT IT IN
TWO GQUAL. PARTS, Tl-IG STUFF IN ANY ONG PART AMOUNTS TO ~.

Tl-IG PltTURG AL.~ Sl-IOWS Tl-IAT DIVIDINb SY 2 IS FOR Tl-llS RGA~N. WG RARGL.Y
TMG SAMG AS MUL.TIPL.YINb SY 'i· WRITG TMG DIVISION SYMBOL. +
IN AL.bGSRA. INSTGAD, WG USG
A FRACTION SAR, GITl-IGR
l-IORIZONTAL. ( - ) OR TIL.TGD
( I ). IT'S AL.L. TMG SAMG!

~ ~
c:::J c:::J

29
TMG NUMBGR$ 2 AND 4 ARG $AID TO BG Rl;llPROlAL. TO GAtM OTMGR. TM1$ MGAN$ TMAT
TMGIR PRODUCT GQUAL.$ 1. ANY PAIR OF NUMBGR$ WM~G PRODUCT 1$ 1 ARG CAL.l.GD GAtM
OTMGR'$ RGCIPROCAL.. 6 AND 1/6, 1,000 AND 1/1,000, '32..642. AND 1!('32..642.).

YOU'RG AND YOU'RG MING! KIND OF $WGGT,

MING!
1$N'T IT?

GIVGN ANY NUMBGR OTMGR 1/{'32.642) =

TMAN ZGRO, YOU CAN FIND IT$ 0.0'306 '3?'3 777'34207...
(0.0'306'3?'3771'34207 ... )
RGCIPROCAL. BY L.ONG DIV1$10N
OR ON A CAL.CUL.ATOR. ONL.Y
x ('32.642) =1
ZGRO MM NO RGCIPROCAL.,
=
BGCAU$G 0 x ANYTMING 0.
TMGRG'$ NO NU/\\lU;R TMAT
MAKG$ TMI$ GQUATION WORK:

0 x WMAT?:: 1
GVGRY NUMBGR OTMGR TMAN
0 MM A RGCIPROCAL..

A$ FAR A$ WG'RG CONCGRNGD, DIVISION 8Y ANY NU/\\81;R IS TMI; SA/\\I; AS /\\UL.Tl-

PL.llATION 8Y ITS Rl;llPROlAL.. DIV1$10N BY ZGRO 1$ NGVGR AL.L.OWGD.

$AD... l'V~ $UNK 8~1..0W

HI~ FRAlTION SAR ... OM,
W~L.L.... tOUL.D MAPP~N
TO ANYON~, I 17U~$$ ...

-.

'30
WG $AW TMAT 4
MM TMG
RGllPROlAL. 2, OR 2/1,
WMllM 1$ 4 TURNGD WHL.,
UP$1DG DOWN. IN TMG AL.MDr,T...
$AMG WAY, YOU lAN FIND
TMG RGllPROlAL. OF ANY
FRACTION $1MPL.Y SY
TURNINb IT OVGR.

TURNINb OVGR, OR INVERTING, A FRACTION MGAN$ GXlMANblNb IT$ TOP-TMG NUIAERATOR-

WITM IT$ 80TTOM-TMG DENOMINATOR-TO MAKG A NGW FRACTION lAL.L.GD IT$ INVER$E.
~ SGlOMG$ f. TURNINb IT OVGR TWICE, OF lOUR$G, RG$TORG$ TMG ORlblNAL. FRAlTION, $0
RGAL.L.Y TMG PAIR ARG INVGR$G TO GAlM OTMGR.

A PAIR OF
INVGR$G
FRAlTION$.

NOW ANY PAIR OF INVGR$G$ ARG, IN FACT, GACM OTMGR'$ RGllPROlAL.$. YOU lAN $" TM1$
SY MUL.TIPL.YINb TMGM TObGTMGR. TMG PRODUlT'$ NUMGRATOR AND DGNOMINATOR ARG
GQUAL., $0 TMG PRODUlT ~ 1.

31
NOW WG CAN MAKG ~MG $GN$G OF
TMAT $TRANGG RUL.G FOR DIVIDING SY A
FRACTION: "INVGRT AND MUL.TIPL.Y." FOR
U$, DIV1$10N IAGANS MUL.TIPL.YING SY
TMG R~IPROCAL., AND A FRACTION'$
RGtlPROtAL. 1$ IT$ INVGR$G. AN$WGR: DONi WORRY ABOUT IT!
$1MPL.Y MUL.TIPL.Y SY TMG RGCIPROCAL..

~~ i ~OR ~~~MEAN~ SY TMG WAY, WMY DID

YOU INVITG ?4/17
PGOPL.G TO TM1$ PARTY ~MG OF TMG
IN TMG FIR$T PL.AtG? PL.ATG$ WGRG
SROKGN .••

~~ ~ RWPROlAL OF ~ ~ OR

TM1$ MANDY RUL.G $AVG$ U$ FROM

TRYING TO UNDGR$TAND DIV1$10N IN
TGRM$ OF $PL.ITTING ~MGTMING UP.
TMAT'$ FING FOR DIVIDING SY P0$1TIVG
WMOL.G NUMSGR$, SUT MOW WOUL.D YOU
"DIVIDG" ~MGTMING INTO, $AY, ?4/17
GQUAL. PART$?

IN TMG PROSL.GM$
AT TMG GND OF
TM1$ tMAPTGR,
l'L.L. $MOW YOU
ANOTMGR WAY TO
TMINK OF DIVIDING
SY A FRACTION.
Negative Fractions and Reciprocals
ON P. 26, WG $AW TMAT MULTIPLltATION
SY -1 NGGATG$ ANY NUMSGR, AND TMAT
INCLlJDG$ -1 IT$GLF: (-1)(-1) ; 1. IN
OTMGR WORD$, -1 1$ IT$ OWN RGCIPROtAL!
TM1$ $MOW$ TMAT NGGATIVG DIVIDGD SY
P0$1TIVG, OR VICG VGR$A, 1$ NGGATIVG.
IT'$ AL$0 TRUG TMAT NGGATIVG + NGGATIVG
1$ P0$1TIVG, SGCAU$G

-2.
-;
(-1)X2.; (.:..!_)(2.); 2.
-1 (-1)X7 -1 1 1

I I
ANYTMIN6o OV~R A P0$1TIV~
IT~~L.F I~ 1. NlJMB~R
NOW L~'$ TRY DIVIDING ANY OLD
P0$1TIVG NUMSGR SY A NGGATIVG
NUMSGR, $AY 3/(-4). IN OTMGR WORD$, TMG $1GN RULG$ FOR
DIV1$10N ARG TMG $AMG A$ FOR
MULTIPLICATION.

~ t::::J 11~~ P~ITIVG N(;bATIVG

t:=J
c:l cfJ, i=2'fl ~ ~
--- :
N(;bATIVG P~ITIVG
: NG6>ATIVG

NG6>ATIVG P~ITIVG
: : P~ITIV(;

!~~
N(;bATIVG P~ITIVG
c:s
Cl
ol] ~ IN PARTICULAR, Tl-IG RGCIP-
ROCAL OF A NGGATIVG

~~11»i
NUMSGR MU$T SG NGGA-
t:::J TIVG, AND A NGGATIVG
c FRACTION'$ RGCIPROCAL 1$
~ IT$ INVGR$G, $TILL WITM
TMG MINU$ $1GN ATTACMGD.

~
c:J c:i ~~
c{},
LOtATING -j
ON TMG NUMSGR LING, WG
$GG IT'$ AN ORDINARY NGGATIVG NUMSGR.
~
-4

1
-1 0 1

IT'$ AL$0 GA$Y TO $MOW TMAT (-3)/4 ; -i· ~NOW L~'$ $0LVG
....._......... $0MG PROSLGM$!
Problems
1. MUL.TIPL.Y. 1. DIYID(;. 3. WMAT IS TM(; R(;l'.IPR0-
1
a. 9 x C-'3) 1 1 tAL. OF - 2? OF - 3 ?
f. (- 2 )(- 2) a. 1?/C-'3)
DO(;S 0 MAY(; A R(;l'.IP-
b. (-2)(-2) b. -20
g. (-1)(6 + '3) ROl'.AL.?
c. (-2)(-'3)(-4) (REMEMBER: DO THE -4
i '3 ~UM IN$1D' TM' 4. WMAT IS (; )(;)C?O)?
d. (~)(-4) PAR,NTM'$'$ FIR$T.) c. .E._
-?
1 h. (-1)(2 - 4) s. (.!)(9)(-'31) ::. ?
rz. (- 2 )C?O) d -'3,?07.99 9 7
i. 0 x (-0.'3?69) • 1

6. M'R' AR' TWO NUMB'R I.IN,$ 7.

t'NT'R'D AT 0, n"
UPP'R I.IN'
B'INb $tAl.'D UP BY A FACTOR OF ?.
DRAW A Pll'.TUR' OF AN UPP'R I.IN' $tAl.'D
BY i/3 AND AN UN$l'.Al.'D I.IN' B'l.OW WITM TM'
Z'RO,$ l.IN'D UP. WM'R' ON TM' UPP'R I.IN' 1$
?Ii?
-2. -1 0 2.

™'
9. IF YOU $£'.Al.'
™'
UPP'R I.IN' BY ANY

-6 -i; -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2. 3 4 i; 6
™' ™'
NUMB,R, WM'R' 1$ TMAT NUMB'R ON
I.IN,, R'L.ATIY' TO
NUMB,R'$ R'l'.IPROtAI. ON ™'
l.OW'R
UPP'R I.IN'? WM'R' 1$
UPP'R I.IN'?
a. WMAT NUMB'R ON TM' 1.0W'R I.IN' 1$ 9. WMAT DO YOU $UPPO$' TM1$ Pll'.TUR' MlbMT
B'l.OW TM' UPP'R I.IN,'$ 1? 1.00K 1.IK' WM'N MUI.Tl Pl. YI Nb BY -1?
b.
ON ™'™'
ON UPP'R I.IN,,
l.OW'R I.IN'?
~ 1$ ABOV' WMAT

W'l.I., i i ::.
1.0WINb ™' ?Ii, $0, Bl.INDl.Y FOl.-
RUI.,$, W' INV'RT TM1$ TO
ii? AND MUl.TIPl.Y BY OUR ON' l'.AK,.
W' l'.AN TM'N PUT 2. FIFTM$ ON ~M WMOI.' PL.AT,,
AND ™' R~ININb 1 ON ™' MAl.F Pl.AT,.

1 x 2 ::. 2
? ?
W' l7'1 AN AN$W'R OF ii? TO tAK,.
$,RV, ™'
l'.AK,, W' l'.UT IT INTO FIFTM$.

™'
VOii.A! l'.AK' 1$ IN FACT DIVID'D INTO
A "PART," OR 1 + i i ::. ii?, 1$ ™' ii PART$!
AMOUNT TMAT

ON ™'
'ND$ UP ON ~M WMOI.' Pl.AT,. MAl.F A PART l70'$
MAl.F-Pl.AT,.

NOW $UPPO$' W' MAD i~ Pl.AT,$. DO,$ A $!Mil.AR

TRll'.K WORK? (NOW W' AR' DIVIDIN6> BY 713.) MOW
ABOUT i i ? 10~ ?
 Chapter 4
Expressions and Variables
IN MATM, TMG ACr OF t701Nb At7t7 TWO ANt7 RGMOVG
AN At7t71TION, $U8TRACrlON, TMG $Pl.GGN ...
MUl.TIPl.ICATION, OR TMG 1.IKG
1$ KNOWN M "PGRFORMINb
AN OPGRATION, • A$ IF TMG
POOR NUM8GR$ WGRG MAYING
$URbGRY.

IN TM1$ tMAPTGR, WG PUT MUl.TIPl.G OPGRATION$ TOGGTMGR TO FORM {;.XPR{;$ilON$ ... ANt7
TMGSG GX.PRG$$10N$ Will. 1Ntl.Ut7G NOT ONl.Y NUM8GR$ 8UT Al.$0 1.ITTGR$ OR "VARIA81.G$,"
WMATGVGR TMAT MGAN$. SY tMAPTGR'$ GNt7, YOU'l.1. SG OPGRATINb ON TMIN6>$ TMAT l.OOK
1.IKG TM1$:

tOUl.t7 8G
$GRIOU$!

WG'l.1. TRY TO KGGP fl.tG

81.GGt71N6> TO A MINIMUM.
IN$T~P OF CUTTINb UP SOPIG$, L~'$
~TART 8Y 8UILP1Nb A SOOKCA$G. IT WILL

fu ,,~
MAVG ? $MGLVG$, At.JP ~M $MGLF WILL
8G 3 FG~ LONb. TMG $MGLVG$' TOTAL

~6"=·-~~~-;;;;;;;>,~"'"/I
LGNbTM 1$ 08VIOU$LY

t<C-----.-.>:--7~

(I KNOW, I KNOW, TMAT'$ 1? FG~. ~?:----?3'

8UT WG PON'T CARG ASOUT TMAT AT
TMG MOMGNT... ) m:::~~-,=======::::l?
IF WG APP TWO 4-FOOT $1PG$, TMG AMOUNT OF LUM8GR INCR~$G$ ... At.JP WG MAVG TO
APP TM1$ MUCM:

---- ~ ----+

•I •I
1
$0 TM1$ NU~(;RICAL. (;XPR(;S$10N, TMG $UM OF TMG TWO PROPUCT$, blVG$ TMG TOTAL
LGNbTM OF ALL TMG SOARP$:
w~o KN~ YOU
N,,17,17 A $URG,ON
TO 8UILl7 A BOOK-
CM'?

FOUR NUM8,R$,
$1:V,RAL
OP,RATION$!
YOU KNOW Wl-IAT Tl-IG
PARGNTl-IG$G$ M~N: DO
Tl-IG OPGRATION IN~ll)(;
Tl-IG PARGNTl-IG$G$-Tl-IG
MUl..TIPl..llATION$ IN Tl-11$
lMG-8(;FOR(; DOING Tl-IG
ADDITION OlJT$1DG. DOING
Tl-IG ARITl-IMGTll GIVG$ Tl-IG
Tl-IG VAl..lJG
GXPRG$$10N'$ VAL.U(;.

Tl-IG Pl..AlGMGNT OF PARGNTl-IG$G$ MATTGR$. WG GGT A DIFFGRGNT VAL.UG IF OPGRATION$ GO

IN A DIFFGRGNT ORDGR:

$AM~

(? x ~) + (2 x 4) = 1? + 9 =2~ NUMS~R$,
$AM~ OP-
~RATION$,
\. ( '--'-'~-··
? x (~ + 2) x 4 = ? x ? x 4 =100
DIFF~R~NT
ORD~R!

IN Tl-11$ WAY, MATl-I 1$ 1..IKG Tl-IG RG$T OF Tl-IG WORL.D: OlJTlOMG$ OFTGN DGPGND ON Wl-IAT
GOG$ FIR$T.

MOW MANY TIM~$

170 I MAV~ TO $AY

--- IT: FIR$T tUT,

TM~N $TITtM!!

1. POUR MIL.K.
2.. $GT DOWN
1. $GT DOWN
bl.A$$.
bl.A$$.
2.. POUR MIL.K.

-L-- -

'37
Al.TMOIJGM ORDbR lbRTAINl.Y
MATTbR$, IT'$ Al.$0 TRIJb (10+ ((((1+1) + (~ x 4))-6) + (7 x 9)))/9
TMAT TOO MANY $~$ OF
PARbNTMb$b$ CAN R~l.l.Y
JIJNK IJP AN bXPRb$$10N.
NOW TMAT lRIJbl. AND
IJNIJ$1JAl. ...
$M01Jl.D 8b
IJNlON$Tl-
TIJTIONAl.I

TMb ID~ 1$ TO 8b ll.~R WITM A$ F~ PARbNTMb$b$ A$ P0$$18l.b ... $0 TMb MATM WORl.D
MA$ AGRbbD ON A WAY TO $MbD TM~. lAl.l. IT TMb ORDER OF OPERATION~ RUl-E:

If no parentheses are FOl.l.OWING TM1$ RIJl.b, TMb

800K$Mbl.F bXPRb$$10N 1$
present, multiply and
divide before adding
and subtracting. AND Wb'Rb IN NO DANGbR
OF GITTING IT WRONG.
MIJl.TIPl.ltATION l0Mb$ FIR$T.

Examples:
1. ~Al.IJATb (FIND TMb VAl.IJb OF) 1 - Z ·3

$0l.IJTION: NO PARbNTMb$b$ ARb PRb$bNT, $0 DO TMb MIJl.TIPl.llATION FIR$T: 2.·3 = 6.

TMbN $1J8TRAlT. 1 - 6 =
-?

2. ~Al.IJATb 1 - _i_ .
-Z
$0l.IJTION: DIV1$10N l0Mb$ FIR$T. 4/(-2.) = -2.. TMbN $IJ8TRAlT. 1 - (-2.) = 3.
3. ~Al.IJATb 3(4/6 + 2·7).
$0l.IJTION: WMbN PARbNTMb$b$ ARb PRb$bNT. Wb MIJ$T ~Al.IJATb TMb IN$1Db bXPRb$$10N
FIR$TI TMAT bXPRb$$10N MA$ 80TM ADDITION AND MIJl.TIPl.llATION/DIV1$10N. Wb DO TMb
MIJl.TIPl.llATION AND DIV1$10N FIR$T. 416 : 2.13 AND 2.·7 : 14. NbXT ADD: 14 + ~ =
4413. NOW TMAT TMb IN$1Db QUANTITY MM 8bbN FOIJND, MIJl.TIPl.Y IT 8Y ?.

3(44/3) ; 44
TM1$ PAbG, R~DGR, MARKS TMG Pl..AlG
WMGRG WG CRO$$ FROM TMG 01..t7,
FAMll..IAR bROUND OF ARITMMGTlt TO
TMG PROMISGD l..AND OF Al..bGSRA.

TMG tMANbG 8GblN$ WITM A QUGSTION ASOUT OUR 800KtA$G: CAN WG WRITG AN
GXPRG$$10N FOR TMG TOTAL. 1..GNbTM OF AL.I.. SOARD$ OF A 4-FOOT-TAl..I.. 800KtA$G
WITM ? SMGl..VGS OF ANY U;NGTM?

OF tOURSG WG CAN! IF WG WRITG "l..GNbTW FOR

TMG 1..GNbTM OF A $1Nbl..G SMGl..F-WMATGVGR IT
1$-TMGN TMG 7-SMGl..F UNIT, INtl..VDINb ITS $1DG$,
MAS A TOTAL. SOARD l..GNbTM OF

IT'S NOT A NUMSGR, SUT

RATMGR A FORMUl..A FOR FINDINb
A NUMSGR, blVGN ANY SMHF 1..GNbTM.

39
nlG WORD "LGN6"TW LIK(; ? OR 3.1 OR
IN TMG GXPRG$$10N ?.12.6?7 OR ?.12.6?9
OR 9.10104 OR ...
~ x LGN6"TM + 2 x 4 1$
tALLGD A VARIASL.E,
B~USG IT STANDS IN
FOR ALL TMG VARIO~
LGN6"TM$ TMAT A
SMGLF MlbMT MAVG.

WG tOULD
ALSO VARY TMG
MEIGMT OF TMG NUIASER OF ~MEL.VE~ tOULD
TMG 800KtA$G, ALSO VARY. WRITIN6" "NUMBER" FOR
RATMGR TMAN TMG NUMBGR OF SMHVGS 6-IVGS
KGGPIN6" IT TMIS GXPRG$$10N
4 FG~. TMGN
TMG TOTAL NUM~I? x ~NGTU
SOARD LGN6"TM
MAS TMIS + 1xU~IGUT
GXPRGSSION:
FOR TMG TOTAL LGN6"TM OF ALL
? x JSNG TU + 1 x J.l~IGJ.IT TMG BOARDS.

TMG WORDS "NUMBGR," "LGN6"TM," AND "MG16"MT" ARG ALL VARIABLGS. AN GXPRGSSION IS
tALLED Al.6ESRAll IF IT tONTAINS ONG OR MORG VARIABLGS.

DUDG,
WMGRG
ARG TMG
BOOKS?

IT'S AN ALbGBRAlt
tASG-IT tONTAINS
VARIABLGS!

40
TMG VARIA8LG NAMG$ PROCEDURE ReadSchedClr Args(
WG'VG JU$T $GGN, LIKG
"LGNbTM, ~ ARG GNTIRG VAR StartDay, EndDay: DayType;
WOR~. AND IN $0MG VAR StartHour, EndHour: HourType;
FIGL~ PGOPLG WRITG VAR Error: boolean);
VARIA8LG$ OUT IN FULL VAR lnputHour: integer;
TMAT WAY. COMPUTGR
PRObRAMMGR$, FOR FUNCTION MapTo24(Hour: integer): HourType;
IN$TANCG, ADORG LONb
CONST
VARIA8LG NAMG$ FOR
RGA$0N$ OF TMGIR OWN. {AM/PM time cut-off.}
MGRG'$ A $AMPLG. LastPM =5;
BEGIN
.JEHour <= LastPM THEN
/'"__,o'MapTo24 := Hour + 12
ELSE
MapTo24 := Hour
END;

IN ALbG8RA, TMOUGM, WG NGARLY ALWAY$ A88RGVIATG VARIA8LG$ TO $1N61.1$ 1.ITTl$R$.

TMAT'$ 8GCAU$G WG'LL MAVG TO WRITG OUR VARIA8LG$ OVGR AND OVGR A$ WG PU$M
GX.PRG$$10N$ AROUND. WG WANT $0MGTMING $MORT. ALGG8RA 1$ LIKG TGX.TING!

ARG YOU
$URG YOU'RG
NOT JU$T
8GING LAZY?

LOL! IT'$
OK 2 8
LAZY!

MGRG'$ WMAT MAPPGN$ TO

OUR 800KCMG GX.PRG$$10N$.
NOTG AL$0 TMAT ALL MULTI-
PLICATION $1GN$ MAVG COM-
8 *$MORT
PLGTGLY VAN1$MGD ALONG BUT $TIL.L.
WITM TMG GX.TRA LITTGR$. IN M~t-llt-lbFUL.
ALbG8RA, IAUl.TIPl.ICATION
1$ $MOWN $1/APl.Y 8Y
PUTTING TWO FACTOR$
$1[)1$ 8Y $1[)1$.

41
More Examples
IF YOIJ MOV'i. AT A $T'i.ADY $P'i.'i.D OF 60 MIL'i.$ A R'i.tTAN6"L'i.'$ AR(;A r$ TM'i. PRODIJCT OF TM'i.
P'i.R MOIJR, TM'i.N IN t MOIJR$ YOIJ TRAV'i.L A M'i.r6"MT h AND IT$ Wlt7TM w. AR'i.A ::. hw.
D1$TANt'i. OF
IT$ P(;Rl/\'.r;T(;R w
60t MIL'i.$ IS TM'i. TOTAL
Dr$TANt'i. AROIJND
TM'i. R'i.CTAN6"L'i., h
TM'i. $1JM OF ALL [h
IT$ SID'i.S. YOIJ
tOIJLD WRrT'i. w
TM1$ A$ 'i.ITM'i.R

2.h + 2.w (!701JSL'i. 'i.AtM Srl7'i., TM'i.N Al717) OR

2.(h + w) (Al717 M'i.rG>MT TO W117TM, TM'i.N 170lJSL'i.)

WM'i.R'i. I LIV'i., TM(; SAL(;S TAX RAT(; 1$ 9% IF YOIJ PLAN TO WALK 100 MrL'i.$, AND YOIJ'V'i.
(TMAT'$ 91100 ::. .09). IF AN IT~ rs MARK'i.D ALR'i.ADY tOV'i.R'i.D X OF TM'i.M, TM'i.N TM'i.
WITM A PRrt'i. p, TM'i.N TM'i. SAL'i.$ TAX 1$ .09p. D1$TANt'i. $TILL TO 6-0 IS
TM'i. PRrt'i. I AtTUALLY PAY rs TM'i. MARK'i.D PRrt'i.
PLIJS TM'i. TAX, OR 100- x AL6"'i.8RA: YOIJ
p + .00p tAN'T WALK
AWAY FROM IT!

~.....-===========:jf7
)(
~x-~---

' 100-x )

YOIJ R'i.AD AL6"'i.8RAlt 'i.XPR'i.$$rON$ MIJtM A$ YOIJ R'i.AD T'i.XT M'i.$$A6"'i.$: ON'i. LITT'i.R, NIJM8'i.R,
OR $YM80L AT A TIM'i.-'i.Xt'i.PT TMAT PAR'i.NTM'i.S'i.$ INDllAT'i. 6"ROIJPIN6". WMAT'i.V'i.R IS INSID'i.
PAR'i.NTM'i.$'i.$ 1$ lALL'i.D A "QUANTITY."

'i.XPR'i.$SION MOW TO SAY IT M'i.ANIN6"

a+ x "AY PLIJ$ 'i.X" TM'i. $1JM OF TWO NIJM8'i.R$
7y "FIV'i. WY'i." FIV'i. TIM'i.$ A NIJM8'i.R
x
- "'i.X OV'i.R TWO" MALF A NIJM8'i.R
2
-a "N'i.6-ATIV'i. AY" TM'i. N'i.6-ATIV'i. OF A NIJMS'i.R
i;r + 1 "FIV'i. T'i.'i. PLIJ$ ON'i." ON'i. MOR'i. TMAN FIV'i. TIM'i.S A NIJM8'i.R
7(x + 1) "FIV'i. TIM'i.$ TM'i.
QIJANTITY 'i.X PLIJ$ ON'i." FIV'i. TIM'i.$ TM'i. $1JM OF A NIJM8'i.R AND ON'i.

42
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS
UNL.IK(; A NUM{;Rll (;XPR(;$$10N, AN AL.c7(;8RA1l (;XPR(;$$10N MA$ NO 17(;FINIT(; VAL.I)(;: ?/.. + 9
1$N'T A NUMS(;R. IN$T(;Al7, IT'$ A $ORT OF R(;llP(; 17(;$lR181Nc7 (;XAlTL.Y MOW TO lAL.lUL.AT(; A
NUMS{;R FOR (;AtM VAW(; OF /...

-..,

"" J
--
I
-..,
~ I
-
~

I
~
-

•;en+ 9 : 13
.......
?(3)+9 : 23
"
,, .........

v:
,,I
I J
I -
,,l I--
,, I "
""I
/
"
TO FINl7 TM(; VAW(; OF ?J..+9 FOR $OM{; VAL.I)(; OF /.., YOU $U8$TITUT(; (OR "PW(;. IN") TMAT
NUMS{;R FOR L. AN17 TM(;N 170 TM(; ARITMMblll A$ $MOWN M(;R(;. TM1$ 1$ lAL.L.(;17 l:VAL.UATIN6
TMI: l:XPRl:~ION FOR A PARTllUL.AR VALUE OF TMI: VARIA8L.I:.

Evaluation Example 1. Evaluation Example 2. bVAWAT(;

bVAWAT(; p + .00 p WM(;N p : ?0. 2.(h + w) WM(;N h : 3 AN17 w : 7.

$T(;P 1. PWc7 IN ?0 WM(;RbV(;R YOU $(;(; $T(;P 1. PW(;. IN TM(; VAL.()(;$ TO (;.bl
p TO (;.bl TM(; NUM(;RllAL. (;XPR(;$$10N
2C3 + 7)
?O + (.09)(?0)
$T(;P 2.. 170 TM(; ARITMMblll.
$T(;P 2.. 170 TM(; ARITMMblll.
2('3 + 7) : 2 x 10 : 2.0
?O + (.09) (?0) : ?O + 4

NO
M!;t71lAl.
t7!;6R!;!;
W(; CAN AL.$0 bVAWAT(; (;XPR(;$$10N$ R!;QlJIR!;t7!
OF MOR{; TMAN ON(; VARIASL.(;, c71V(;N
VAL.()(;$ FOR TMO$(; VARIASI..(;$.

43
SPEAKING "VARIABLESE"
l.~RNING TO U$b VARIA8l.b$ 1$ l.IKb
PltKING UP A N~ L.ANGUAGb. AT
FIR$T, ~bRYTMING L.OOK$ $TRANGb,
8lJT IN TIMb TMING$ 8bGIN TO MAKb
$bN$b.

WMY L.~RN TM1$ L.ANGUAGb? IN TMb FIR$T Pl.Alb, VARIA81..b$ ARb A MUGb MHP IN WRITING
tl..~R MATMbMATltAL. $TATbMbNT$. IN TMb PRb-VARIA8l.b bRA (ROUGML.Y TMb Y~R$ 8bFORb
1?00), PbOPl..b U$bt7 TO tAL.l. AN UNKNOWN OR UN$Pbt1Flbt7 QUANTITY TMb "TMING" ANt7
$AY $TUFF l.IKb TM1$:

At7t7 $IX TO T/.llNG, t70U81..b TMb Rb$UL.T, ANt7

$U8TRAtT IT FROM FIVb TIMb$ T/.llNG, FOR$00TM,
ANt7 $1TTb$T TMOU UP $TRAIGMT.

TOt7AY Wb WOUL.t7 WRITb A l.ITTbR, $AY x, FOR "TMING"

ANt7 bXPRb$$ TMb WMOl..b OPbRATION l.IKb $0: WMltM I tAN
Gbr ~bN

?x - 2(x + 6) KltKIN' 8AtK

MbRb IN TMb
L.OUNGbR ...

44
IN TM~b ~Rl.Y DAY$, NOT ~bRYONb
1.IKbD MOW TMb 1.ITTL.b l.ITTbRS L.OOKbD.
"A scab of symbols as if a hen had
been scratching there ... they ought
no more to appear in public, than
the most deformed necessar:_v
business \vhich you do in your
chambers."

SUT TO M~T MATMbMATltlAN$, l.ITTbR VARIA81.b$ WbRb A GIFT, A Nb\V TOY TOO PRbtlOU$
TO Rb$1$T, AND MIGML.Y USbFUL., TOO. "$YNtOPATbD" (OR "$MORTbNbD") Al.Gb8RA OPbNbD
UP Al.1. TMb S~UTIFUL. MATM AND $£'.lbNtb TMAT FOL.1.0WbD...

ANAL.YTlt GbOMbTRY! tAL.tUL.U$!

YbtTOR $PAtb$! NUMSbR TMbORY!
MbASURb TMbORY! tOMPL.bX ANAL.Y$1$!
Al.GbSRAlt TOPOLOGY! NbTWORK
TMbORY! $YM801.lt 1.0Glt! t:'.bl.b$TIAL.
MbtMANlt$! bl.btTROMAGNbflt
TMbORY! SIGNAL. ANAL.Y$1$!

TM1$ MODbRN MATM MADb TMb MODbRN WORL.D.

A POX ON
TRUL.Y, WITMOUT Al.Gb8RA, Wb WOUL.D MAVb NO
TMb 1.0T
bl.btTRltlTY, RADIO, TV, PM0Nb$, MU$1t Pl.AYbR$,
OF IT!
tOMPUTbR$, AIRPL.ANb$, MbDltAL. IMAGING
MACHINb$, RbFRIGbRATOR$, R080T$, ROtKbl$ ...
Lf;T'$ 170 A LITTLI: WARM-UP !:Xl:RCISI: Wlm mis Nl:W mi: $YM80L$ ARI: Rl:LATIVI:$ OF mi:
LANGUAbl: SY 171:$CRISING SOM!: N~ $Y1"801..$ IN FAMILIAR l:QUAL$ SIGN ~ . < Ml:AN$
Tl:RMS OF VARIASLI:$. Ml:RI: TMl:Y ARI: NOW... "1$ LI:$$ TMAN," ANl7 > MEANS "1$
GRl:ATl:R TMAN."

IN Tl:RM$ OF VARIASLI:$, Wl:'l7 PUT IT TM1$ WAY:

SUPPOSI: a ANl7 b ARI: ANY TWO NU1"8,R$.

a < b Ml:AN$
TMAT a 1$ TO TM!:
Ll:FT OF b ON TM!:
NUMSl:R LIN!:.

a > b Ml:AN$
TMAT a 1$ TO mi:
RIGMT OF b ON
mi; NUMSl:R LIN!:.

a > 0 SAYS TMAT a 1$

• •
P0$1TIVI:, WMILI: a < 0
SAYS TMAT a 1$ Nl:GATIVI:.

WI: ALSO S0Mf;TIMI:$ US!:

mi; SYMBOLS S , "1$ LI:$$
TMAN OR l:QUAL TO," ANl7
~ , "1$ GRl:ATl:R TMAN OR NON-Nl:GATIVI: NUMSl:R$: ALL
l:QUAL TO." SO 0 P0$1TIVI: NUMSl:R$ ANl7 Zl:RO
a~ 0
Ml:AN$ TMAT a COUL17 81:
ANY POSITIVI: NUMSl:R, OR
P0$$18LY Zl:RO. a, WI: NON-POSITIVI: NUMSl:R$: ALL 0
WOUL17 SAY. 1$ NON- Nl:GATIVI: NUMSl:RS ANl7 Zl:RO
N,GATIV,. mi: NON-
POSITIVI: NUMSl:RS WOUL17
81: TMOSI: NUMSl:RS b
WITM b S 0.

46
WG CAN Al.$0 PG$CRISG A NlJMSGR'$ A8$0LUT(;
VALUI; MORG GA$1l.Y SY lJ$1NG A VARIASl.G. TMG
PGFINITION 1$ MlJCM $MORTGR TMAN TMG l.ONG- ClJTGNG$$ 1$ IN
WINPGP ONG GIVGN ON PAGG 19. IT'$ TMG $ORT TMG GYG OF TMG
OF Cl.GVGR PGFINITION A MATMGMATICIAN WOlJl.P SGMOl.PGR ...
CAI.I. "ClJTG." IF a 1$ ANY NlJMSGR, IT$ AS$0l.lJTG
lal,
VAl.lJG, 1$ PGFINGP l.IKG TM1$:

faf :: Q IF a ~ 0
faf :: -a IF a S 0

MOW CAN lal SG "NGGATIVG a" WMGN lal MlJ$T SG P~ITIVG? SGCAlJ$G TMG N(;6ATIV(; OF A
N(;6ATIV(; NU1'\8(;R 1$ P~ITIV(;! ($GG PAGG 9.) IT MAY l.OOK WGIRP, SlJT IF a 1$ NGGATIVG
(a< 0), TMGN -a 1$ P~ITIVI;, ANP lal::: -a. FOR IN$TANCG, 1-?I: -(-?): ?.

1-?I : -(-?)

-? 0

TMG$G $YMS0l.$ MAKG P~$1Sl.G A TOTAi.LY "Al.GGSRAIC PGFINITION OF TMG APPITION OF

NGGATIVG NlJMSGR$ IN TGRM$ OF TMG FAMILIAR APPITION ANP $lJSTRACTION OF P~ITIVG
NlJMSGR$ TMAT WG GRGW lJP WITM.
a b
IF a >0 ANP b >0, TMGN a +b: lal + lbl _ _ ___.) ~

IF a< 0 ANP b < 0, TMGN a+ b : -(lal + lbl) ~·<--b__

IF a > 0 ANP b < 0, TMGN

IF lal > lbl, a

)
TMGN a+ b : lal - lbl
~
IF lal < lbl, a

TMGN a+ b : -Clbl - la!) <' b

47
LAWS OF COMBINATION
WHGN COM81NIN6" NUM8GR$
OR VARIA81..G$, WG MU$T I M,R,8Y $,NT,Nl' YOU
Al.WAY$ FOL.l.OW Tl-IG l.AW. TO 20 MINUT,$ OF
OTl-IGRW1$G, WG M16"1-1T SG lONFU$10N AN17 ANXrm.
6-Ull..TY OF 6"ITTIN6" Tl-IG
WRON6" AN$WGR, AND Tl-IGN
Wl-IO KNOW$ Wl-IAT?

COMMUTATIVE Wl-IGN ADDIN6" OR

I A.UI§• IF a AND b ARG ANY MUL.TIPL.YIN6" ONLY,
~Y'T • TWO NUM8GR$, Tl-IGN GITl-IGR NUMSGR
CAN 6"0 FIR$T.
a+b =b+a
ab=ba
(TM1$ 1$ R~L.L.Y TWO I.AW$, ON' FOR
$UM$ ANl7 ON' FOR PR017UlT$.)

l-IGRG'$ Tl-IG PICTURG FOR ADDITION Tl-IG PRODUCT ab 1$ Tl-IG ARGA OF A

(DRAWN FOR P0$1TIVG NUM8GR$ ONL.Y). RGCTAN6"l.G OF l.GN6"Tl-I a AND l-IG16"1-1T b.
a+ b 1$ Tl-IG l.GN6"Tl-I OF Tl-!1$ $TICK ...

a b

TM'N I TURN
IT AROUN17...
G;MA>H +a!) b

r
. a
b a b

Tl-IG TIPPGD-OVGR RGCTAN6"l.G I-IA$ ARGA ba.

TURNIN6" $0MGTl-llN6" AROUND DOG$N'T TURNIN6" $0MGTl-llN6" DOG$N'T Cl-IAN6"G IT$
Cl-IAN6"G IT$ l.GN6"Tl-I, $0 a+ b ::: b +a. ARGA, $0 ba ::: ab.

49
$0Mr;TIMG$ TMG ORDGR OF
0PbRATION$ DOG$N'T MATTGR. YOU DON'T
N(;CG$$ARIL.Y
ASSOCIATIVE NGGD FOUR

I A UIS IF a, b, AND c ARG ANY

MAND$ FOR
TM1$, SUT IT
~y~ : TMRGG NUM8GR$, TMGN MHP$!

(a+b)+c =a+(b+c)
(ab)c =a(bc)
WMGN ADDING OR MULTIPLYING
ONL.Y, 6ROUPIN6 ("M$0CIATION")
DOG$N'T MATTGR.

Associative Examples:
1. (2+'3)+4 = ?+4 = 9 2. (t;X'3)X6: 1?x6: 90
2 + ('3 + 4) = 2 + 7 = 9 ? x ('3 x 6) = ? x 1B = 90

TMG PICTURG FOR ADDITION (OF P0$1TIVG AND FOR MUL.TIPL.ICATION ...
NUM8GR$) 1$ $UPGR-$1MPL.G. All TMG$G
a c
L.ING$ 08VIOU$L.Y MAVG TMG $AMG TOTAL.
L.GNGTM. IT DOG$N'T MATTGR WMGRG YOU
SRGAK TMGM.

a
a b c

a+b c
ONG SL.OCK MA$ VOL.UM(; (ab)c. TMG OTMGR
a b+c MA$ VOL.UMG a(bc). TMG$G MU$T SG GQUAL.,
8(;CAU$G TURNING DOG$N'T AFFGCT VOL.UMG.

49
WMO NGG~ TMGSG
$1MPL.G-~UND1Nb
L.AW$? AL.I.. YOUR
1. @~«~¢~} ?. ~~«@¢~} 9. (S¢~@c:;&J)
L.IFG YOU'VG DONG
$UM$ WITMOUT 1. ~@c:;&J) tfP(S 6. ~I'E;c:;@) ¢~ 10. «~¢@»¢ ~
TMINKINb ASOUT TMG
ORDGR, WMGN TMGRG
ARG AlTUAL.L.Y 3. @~ «~¢~} 7. ~~ «~¢@» 11. ~¢ ~~c:J@~
TWGL.VG DIFFGRGNT
WAY$ TO ADD TMRGG
NUM8GR$ TOb~MGR.
4. ~@c:>~)tfP /}; 9. ~/}Jc:;~)tfP@ 11.«~t{;i~~t{P@'
OUR TWO L.AW$ SAY
TMAT, blVGN ANY
CMOICG OF a, b, AND
c, AL.I.. TMG$G GX-
PRG$$10N$ MAVG
TMG SAMG VAL.VG.
FOR IN$TANCG, TO
$MOW TMAT SUM #1
"'$UM #7, WG
RGA~N TM1$ WAY:

@cO~~~~} g ~~~~~t{?@ BY TM~ tOMMUTATIV~

TM~ NUMB~R$ a AND b+c
l.AW, $WITCM1Nb

g [ID t!\? ~~¢ Cfil~ BY TM~ A$$0CIATIV~ l.AW

WITM NO RISK OF CON-

FUSION. TMG $AMG 1$ TRUG
OF TMG PRODUCT$ (ab)c,
(ac)b, ~t. JUST WRITG

WITM NO PARGNTMG$G$.
AND YOU KNOW MOW I
l.OVI; TO 8URN PARGN-
TMG$G$ ...
WE CAN Al.$0 $HUFFl.E THE ORDER AND OMIT PARGNTl-IG$G$ IN $UM$ OR PRODUCf$ OF FOUR
OR MORG NUM8GR$. IT'$ OKAY TO WRITG, FOR GXAMPl.G,

MM ..• MOW MANY WAY~

TO Al717 ~IX TMIN6.$ ... ?

WITl-IOUT tARING
Wl-l~l-IGR IT M~N$
(2a)(bc), 2(a(bc)),
((2a)b)c, (ab)(2c),
OR ANY OF Tl-IG
OTl-IGR 116 (YG$!)
P0$$181l.ITIG$. AND
Tl-IG $AMG WITl-I
$UM$, OF tOUR$G.

Tl-IG PAYOFF 1$ Tl-IAT $UM$ AND PRODUCf$ OF NUM8GR$ AND VARIA8l.G$ 8Gl-IAVG GXACTl.Y A$
YOU WOUl.D l-IOPG AND GXPm. FOR IN$TANtG, IF WG DOU8l.G ?x WG l-IAD 8ITTGR G~ 6x,
AND Tl-IAT 1$ GXAtTl.Y Wl-IAT Tl-IG A$$0l'.IATIVG I.AW GUARANTGG$.

~~~~) § (~~~)~
§~~
FOR ADDITION, Tl-IG TWO I.AW$ GIVG Tl-IG $AMG tOMFORTING t0Ntl.U$10N: IF I ADD '3, $AY.
TO a+ 2., Tl-IGN I G~ a+?, JU$T A$ YOU'D Tl-llNK.

IN OTMr;R
WOR~.
TMr;R~ WILL
8~ NO AWFIJL
~URPRl~r;~!
Minus Signs and the Laws
Wb PICTURbD rn' lOMMUTATIVb LAW a+b ~ b+a wrrn
6+(-4)
TWO POSITIVb NUM8bR$, SUT rnb LAW 1$ JU$T A$ TRUb E
WMbN a, b, OR SOTM ARb NbbATIVb. TMAT'$ 8bCAU$b
ADDITION 1$ D'FIN'D TO Sb TMb $AMb IN blTMbR ORDbR.
($bb P. 19 OR P. 47.) FOR IN$TANlb, -4 0 2
E

~~~Cl~~ $U8TRAlT 4 FROM 6, (-4)+6

TMbN 6'1Vb TMb AN$WbR
TMb $AMb $16.N A$ 6
«0~~¢ ~ 8blAU$b 161 > 1-41.
$bbN WITM ARROW$, 6+ (-4)
TAKb$ 4 FROM TMb M~D bND
OF TMb 6-ARROW, WMILb -4 + 6
TAKb$ 4 FROM TMb TAil. bND OF
TMb 6-ARROW. TMb Rb$ULT 1$
TMb A$$0llATIVb LAW AL$0 APPL1b$ TO NbbATIVb NUM8bR$. TMb $AMb: 2..

nu$ MAK~$ IT OKAY TO L.~AV~ OUT PAR~NTM~$~$ IN "$UM$" TMAT INll.UD~ BOTM Pl.U$ AND
MINU$ $1GN$, L.IK~ TM1$ ON~:

720~0~~~
S~lAU$~ W~ KNOW
IT M~N$ TM1$!

g ~<{?~~~~0{QIB~~~ ~I
AND W~ lAN WRIT~ TM~ ~XPR~$$10N IN ANY ORD~R. A$ L.ONG A$ TM~ MINU$ $16'N$ $TllK TO
TM~IR NUMS~R$. TM~$~ AR~ AL.L. TM~ $AM~:

-4-5+3+2
-4+3-5+2
3+2-5-4
-5+2-4+3
2-4+3-5
 MGRG ARG TWO CONVGNIGNT WAY$ TO ~ALUATG OR $1MPLIFY A LONG $UM TMAT INCLUPG$
$0MG NGGATIVG NUM8GR$.

1. 6-0 1. GROUP
u;FT TO ~c~ck5~~ N!;GATIV!;$ ~c~c~cUi~
RIGMT. .. .. AND P~ITIV!;$
$!;PARAT!;t.Y
C~ g 8¢~c<f}ic~
.. <}l~
D\;)
~ AND AW TM!;
~
.. GROUP$. (ONl.Y .. .. .
ON!; $U8TRAC-
C:l
c::i c'fl cC1 ID TION Tl-!1$
WAY!)
c::i
t:J
w c:::J
~
C:l
c::i ~cB CJ
c:::J ~~
WG CAN AL$0 MOVG VARIASL.1~$ AROUNP IN TMG $AMG WAY.

~GJ%o~
IN A PRODUCT OF $~GRAL NUM8GR$ At.IP/OR
VARIA8LG$, WG CAN $MUFFLG At.IP RGARRANGG
TO 8RING ALL MINU$ $1GN$ TO TMG FRONT.
§ %O~o~
g %0~
8GCAU$G (-1)(-1) =' 1, WG GGT TM1$ RULG:
TMG PROPUCT OF AN i;Vi;N tJUM8ER OF
MINUS $1GN$ 1$ +; TMG PROPUCT OF AN
ODD NUMSGR OF MINU$ $1GN$ 1$ - .

a(-2)(-3)(-b)
=a(-1)2(-1)3(-1)b
=(-1 )(-1 )(-1 )(2){3)ab FOUR MINU$
$1GNS, !;V!;N

=(-1)6ab
: -6ab 8GCAU$G
TMR!;!; MINUS
(-1)(-1) =' 1
SIGNS, ODD
~ FAR, OUR l.AWS MAVG Al.l.OWGD SMUFFL.ING AND RGGROUPING WITMIN SUMS AND PRODUCTS.
OUR NGXT (AND FINAL.) l.AW OF tOMSINATION 1$ DIFFGRGNT. IT DGStRISGS WMAT MAPPGNS
WMGN TllAE$ MG~$ PL.U$.

DISTRIBUTIVE
I AUi+ a, b
IF cAND ARG
b+c

~Y'T • ANY NUM8GR$, TMGN

a(b+c) =ab+ac ab ac
a
TMG PRODUCT OF A NUMSGR TIMGS
A SUM 1$ TMG SUM OF TMG TWO
"PARTIAL. PRODUCTS." MUL.TIPl..1-
tATION "DISTR18lJTG$" OVGR b c
ADDITION (AGAIN, IT DOGSN'T
MATTGR WM~MGR TMG NUMSGRS TM(; L.ARb(; R(;lTANbl.(;, WITM AR(;A a(b+c),
a, b, AND c ARG POSITIVG, 1$ MAD(; UP OF TWO SMAL.L.(;R R(;CTANbl.(;$
NGGATIVG, OR ZGRO). WITM ARr:AS ab AND ac.

WG USG TMG AS~tlATIVG AND tOMMlJTATIVG l.AWS Al.MOST MINDl..GSSL.Y. OF COUR$E

2 +? = ? + 2!! TMG DISTR18lJTIVG l.AW, ON Tl-IG OTMGR MAND, CAL.I..$ FOR SOMG tARG,
8GCAUSG WG'RG PUSMING A FACTOR ONTO MORG TMAN ONG ITGM INSIDG TMG PARGNTMGSGS.

I N(;(;D Mf;L.P AND l'L.L. TAK(;

Dl$TR18lJTINb TM(; PAR(;NTM(;$(;$
TM1$ TMINb ... TO TM(; DUMP...

Numerical Example: Examples with Variables:

2(5+7) =2(12) =24 1. ?Cx + 1) =?x + (?)(1) =?x + ?
2. 2a(x + ?) = 2ax + 6a
and also =2x5+2x7
=10+14 NOTG TMAT ORDGR DOGSN'T MATTGR:

=24 - - -- MlillllITTnTll
3. P+ !P = (1 + ! )P = ~p
4. ax + 2x = Ca + 2)x
 + A F~ Tl·Ut.16'$ TO
NOTll(; ASOUT TM(;
171$TR18lJTIV(; I.AW:

Multiplication distributes over long sums.

a(b+c+d+e+ ... ) = ab+ac+ad+ae+ ...

b c d e

Multiplication distributes l'legation distributes!

over subtraction: -(a+b) = -a-b
a(b-c)= ab-ac TM1$ 1$ TRlJ(; 8(;lAlJ$(; N(;bATION 1$
TM(; $AM(; A$ MlJI.TIPl.llATION SY -1.
TM1$ 1$ TRlJ(; 8(;CAlJ$(; $lJ8TRAlTION
1$ "N(;bATIV(; Al7171TION. ~ -(a+ b)::. (-1)(a + b)
a(b - c) ::. a(b + (-c)) DrnNITION OF ::. (-l)a + (-l)b
SUSTRAtTION

::. ab+ a(-c) a tnSTRl8UT,$ ::. -a -b

OV'R ADDITION

::. ab + a ( ( - l)c) -c., (-1)c 171$TRl8UTINb A MINlJ$ $1bN OV(;R A

$lJ8TRAlTION LOOK$ l.IK(; TM1$:
$~UFFL.1Nb AND
::. ab+ (-l)(ac) R'bROOPINb!
-(a-b) = -a+b
::. ab+ (-ac)

::. ab - QC
(-1)ac., -ac

D'FINITION OF
b-a =
$U8TRAtTION

b
NbbATING
Rb\'bRSbS
a a(b-c) QC AL.I.. SIGNS!
, MAbll
, 4-- MINUS
SlbN
b-c c
~M~IMG$ WG WANT TO "UNDl$TRl8UTG," 3 APPL.~$ PL.US 2 APPL.~$
FOR GXAMPL.G WMGN ADDING MUL.TIPL.G$ OF MAK~ ? APPL.~$. ANV TM~
$AM~ FOR x!
A $1NGL.G YARIA8L.G $UCM A$ 3x + 2.x.

3x+2x = (3+2)x
=5X
~~,._..... MUI..TIPL.G$ OF A
YARIA8L.G ADD A$
GXPGCTGD. DIDN'T
WG PROM1$G NO
AWFUL. $URPR1$G$?

Reminder: TM1$ WORK$ WITM ANY MUL.TIPL.G$, NOT JUST P0$1TIYG WMOL.G NUM8GR$.
FOR IN$TANCG,

2.y - -
y also:
2.
P + .3P::: C1 + .3)P ::: C1.3)P
(8,tAlJS' P ::: 1· P
WITM AN UNWRITT~N 1.)

y y 6z - 2.z ::: 4z
x x 1 1 ? ?x
- + - ::: (- + -) x ::: - x OR
2 3 2. 3 6 6
2y TAK' AWAY L.~V'S
y/2 (l~)y OR
~y/2

REAL-WORLD EXAMPLE: Discount Store

MY L.OCAL. 8ARGAIN $TORG
1$ MAYING A 2.0%-0FF
$AL.G. GYGRYTMING IN TMG
$TORG 1$ RGDUCGD 8Y AN
AMOUNT GQUAL. TO 2.0%
OF TMG MARKED PRICG.

I L.OYG SAL.GS, 8UT

WMAT DOG$ TM1$ MAYG
TO DO WITM TMG
Dl$TRl8UTIYG L.AW?
FINDING nu; D1$lOUNT!;D (SAL!;) PRlt!; OF $T!;P 2: SUSTRAtT TM!; DIStoUNT FROM TM!;
AN IT!;h\ WOULD $!;!;M TO TAK!; TWO $T!;P$. MARK!;D PRlt!;. IN T!;RMS OF A VARIASL!;, AN
ST!;P 1: FIND TM!; DIStOUNT SY MULTIPLYING IT!;h\ WITM A MARK!;D PRlt!; P MAS A DIStoUNT
TM!; PRlt!; SY .2. (TMAT'S 2.0%, OR 2.01100). OF . 2.P AND A SAL!; PRlt!; OF

IN R!;ALITY, TM!;N, WI; tAN FIND TM!;

DIStOUNT!;D PRlt!; IN JUST ONI;; ST!;P:
,Y.UL.TIPL.Y TMI;; /MRKl;;D PRlli;; SY .9!

$0
EA$Y!I!

!;V!;N SITT!;R: MAYS!; WI; WANT TM!; TOTAL tOST IN OTM!;R WORDS, TO FIND TM!; TOTAL tOST OF
OF $!;V!;RAL IT!;h\$, SAY FOUR OF TM!;M WITM $!;V!;RAL IT!;M$, ADD ALL TM!;IR MARK!;D PRlt!;S
MARK!;D PR1l!;$ P, Q, R, AND ~. TM!;IR $ALI;$ AND MULTIPLY SY .0. YOU N!;V!;R MAY!; TO
PR1l!;$ ADD UP TO .0P + .0Q + .0R + .0$, SlJT- KNOW TM!; DIStOUNT OF A SINGL!; IT!;h\!!

.SP+ .SQ+ .SR+ .SS WMAT'LL YOU DO WITM ALL TM!;

TIMI; YOU SAVI; lALlULATING?

=
.S{P+Q+ R+ S)

I MAY NOT
AGR!;!; WITM !;V!;RY
LAW, SlJT TM1$ 1$
A GOOD ON!;!
Problems
1. "'AL.UAn; nu;s' (/. ? - (3 + 2 - 4) i. (-/>)(-?) - (-?)(/>)
NlJM,RltAL. 'XPR,$$10N$:

a. 2 x3 +1 f. (1 - 2)/2
j. (0~9)(40)
b. 2(3 + 1) g. (2 -100)/(40 + 9) - (-2)
3.9 - 2(1 - 0.67)
4 1 9-4 k.
c. 1 - - + 3 (1 - - ) h. ? O.?
2 3
3
d. ? - 3 + 2 - 4

2.. "'AL.lJAT' fl.I' AL.b,BRAlt ~a. "'AL.lJAT' 2a(x + 1) - 3x + 4(a -1} WM'N
'XPR,SSION$ AT n4' blV'N x ::. 1 AND a::. 2.
VAL.U~S) OF TM' VARIABL.~$):

a. ?x - 4 wMi;N x ::. 1
b. "'AL.VAT'
AND a::. 3.
™' SAM' 'XPR,$$10N WM'N x::. 2

b. 2P + 11 WMi;N P ::. -6 c. WMAT 'XPR,$$10N IN a ro YOlJ b~ IF YOlJ

PL.lJb IN X::. 2? tAN YOlJ $1MPL.IFY IT BY lJ$1Nb
3
C. 4 (3y-1)(2y + 4) WM'N y::. 3 ™' Dl$TRIBlJTIV' L.AW?

d. x + 2x + 3x - !x WM'N x ::. 1.

4. $1MPL.IFY TM,$, 'XPR,SSION$ lJ$1Nb

tOMBIN' T'RM$.)
™' DISTRIBlJTIV' L.AW. (TMAT 1$, DISTRIBlJT' AND TM'N

a. 2Cx + ?) - 1 c. 3(y + 2) + 4(y + 2) fl. 1 - 2(1 - x)

b. 3(x - 1) + 2(x + 1) d. 3(2(2x - 1)) + ?) + x f. a (1 - t) + 2a(2 - t)

~. ™' tM~PO D'POT tMANb'D IT$ DIStOlJNT

TO 1?%. IF A PRlt' TAb $AY$ P POL.L.AR$, MOW
7. A tR~TIV' MATM T~M'R INV,NT$ A N~
OP,RATION tAL.L.'D RADDITION, WRITT'N a#b
MlJtM 1$ ™' SAL.' PRlt'? YOlJ WANT A MAJR- (a RAD b) AND D'FIN'D BY a#b ::. a+ b +ab.
BRlJ$M ORlblNAL.L.Y PRlt'D AT $0.99 AND SOM'
™' a. WMAT 1$ 4#1? 1 #4?
PRlt' B' AFT'R ™'
b'L. MARK'D AT $4.9?. WMAT WOlJL.D
DIStOlJNT?
TOTAL.

b. 1$ RADDITION tOMMlJTATIV'? ASsotlATIV'?

6. lJ$' ™'ASSOtl- 2X2::1X4 c. IF a 1$ ANY NlJMB,R, WMAT 1$ a#O?

WMY ™'
ATIV' L.AW TO 'XPL.AJN
PRODlJtT$ IN
~M ROW AR' 'QUAL..
(MINT: PO YOlJ $"
ANY "''N NlJMB,R$?)
4X3:: 2Xb
6X4::3X9
d. DO,$ MlJL.TIPL.ltATION DISTRIBlJT' OV'R
RADDITION? TMAT 1$, 1$ IT AL.WAYS TRlJ' TMAT
9 x? :: 4 x 10 a(b#c) ::. ab#ac?
10 x b :: ? x 12
12 x 7 :: bx 14
9. IF R AND ~ AR' ROTATION$ OF A SPM'R'
(L.IK' A BASKITTAL.L.) AROlJND IT$ t'NT,R, MlJST
14 x 9 :: 7 x 16 IT B' TRlJ' TMAT R~ ::. ~R?
 Chapter 5
Balancing Act

AN AL.G,BRAlt 'XPR,$$10N 1$ t70U8L.' A NUM8,R,

M,R,L.Y A R'tlP': IT GIV,$ TM'N At7t7 1, TM'N
$T,P-8Y-$T'P IN$TRUtTION$ TRIPL.' TM' R'$UL.T.
FOR OP,RATING ON AL.G,BRAlt
INGR,t71,NT$, IN OTM'R WORt7$
VARIABL.'$ ANt7 NUM8,R$.

AN c;QUATION, ON TM' OTM'R MANt7, 1$ A STATc;,\\c;NT. IT$ $AY$ TMAT TWO t71FF'R'NT
'XPR,$$10N$ ARc; TMc; SA,\\c; NU/\\8c;R. ~'N TMOUGM TWO 'XPR,$$10N$ MAY NOT L.OOK
™'
AL.IK,, 'QUATION $AY$ TM~ R'$UL.T IN ™' ™'
$AM' VAL.U,, ONt' YOU t70 ARITMM~lt.

-- $0 W'
W'
AR, ...
$NIFF... $0
AR, ...
FOR lt.1$TAt.lt(;, It.I TM(; 171$t0Ut.IT $TOR(;,
TM1$ (;XPR(;$$10t.I 17(;$CRl8(;$ MOW TO
tALtUL.AT(; TM(; $AL(; PRlt(; OF At.I IT(;M
MARK(;l7 170Wt.I 2.0~ FROM IH ORIGlt.IAL
PRlt(; P.
WM(;t.I TM(; tMMl(;R T(;LL$ YOU WMAT YOU MU$T
ACTUALLY PAY, TMAT'$ At.I (;QlJATIOt.I, A $TAT(;M(;t.IT. IT
$AY$ ™' $AL(; PRlt(; IS 'QUAL TO $OM(; t.IUMS(;R.·
"NOT TAKIN6" TAX INTO AUOUNT.
L~'$ PR~(;Nt7 T~AT W(; LIV(; IN
A MAblCAL TAX-FR(;(; WORLt7.

OR MAYS(; IT'L.L 8(; $6!

LIK(; ANY ~TAT(;M(;NT OF FACT, AN (;QlJATION
CAN 8(; TRUE OR FAL.$1;.

2+2=3+1 TRU(;

2+2 =3 NOT $0 TRU(;!

W(; lJ~(; TM(; ~YMSOL. ~ TO M(;AN "I~ NOT

(;QUAL TO," A~ IN

2+2 ¢ 3 TRU(;

AN (;QlJATION tONTAININ6' A VARIA91..E MAY 8(; TRlJ(; FOR ~M(; VALlJ(; OR VALlJ(;~ OF TM(;
VARIA8L(; AND NOT FOR OTM(;R~. TM(; (;QlJATION 2.x + 1 : 7 I~ TRlJ(; WM(;N x : ? 8(;CAlJ~(;
2(?) + 1 : 7, SUT FAL~(; WM(;N x: 4 8(;CAlJ~(; 2(4) + 1 : 9 :t: 7.

A VALlJ(; OF TM(; VARIASL.(;

TMAT MAK(;~ fM(; (;QUATION WMAT'~ fM(; ~LUTION DUNNO. I JlJ~T
TRlJ(; I~ CALL(;D A OF .BP:?? T~~(;D TM(; TA6'.

~@m
OF fM(; (;QlJATION. A
~LUTION I~ ~AID TO

-~
OR
x:?
$01..VE fM(; (;QUATION.
~ATl~FI(;~ fM(;
(;QUATION 2x +1 : 7. TRY
~M(; OTM(;R VALlJ(;~ OF x.
DO YOlJ FIND ANY OTM(;R
~LUTION~?

60
SUPP~G YOU SOUblff ~MG'Tl-llNb MARKGD DOWN 20% TO $?. WMAT WAS TM(; IT(;"'S
~RKDOWN? UNFORTUNATGl.Y, Tl-IG CA$1-11GR Tl-IRGW AWAY
ORl61NAL. PRIC(; 8(;FOR(; TM(;
Tl-IG PRICG TAb AND l.GFT YOU WITl-I NOTl-llNb 8UT AN GQIJATION TO PONDGR:

Tl-IG GQUATION TGl.l.$ YOU Tl-IG VAl.UG OF 90% OF P, A FRACTION OF P. l-IOW WOUl.D YOU FIND
Tl-IG VAl.UG OF P IT$Gl.F, Al.l. OF P, Tl-IAT 1$ 1·P? l-IOW CAN YOU TURN .9P INTO 1·P? ANSWGR:
"Ul.TIPL.Y 8Y TM(; R(;CIPROCAL. OF .9 (OR DIVIDG SY .9, SAMG Tl-llNb). 11

Tl-IAT Wll.l. Cl.GAR AWAY Tl-IG

FACTOR .9, 8GCAU$G

-1 C.9P)
.9
= (:!)p
.9
=P
8UT Tl-IGN Wl-IAT ASOUT Tl-IG ? ON
Tl-IG OTl-IGR $1DG OF GQIJATION?

WGl.l., IF 8G1Nb A TRUG GQIJATION MGAN$ ANYTl-llNb, IT MGAN$ T!-11$: .9P AND ? ARG RGAl.l.Y
Tl-IG SM(; NU"8(;R. NATURAl.l.Y, Tl-IGN, ANY "Ul.TIPL.(; OF .9P AND ? Wll.l. Al.~ 8G GQUAl.
TO GACl-I OTl-IGR. l-IOW COUl.D Tl-IGY NOT 8G? ~ ...

MUST 8G
TRUG!

NOW FOR Tl-IG ARITl-IMGTIC: 8~AU$G YOU'RG tONtGRNGt1

TMAT YOUR RGA$0NIN6 MAY MAVG
_1 C.9P) = (-1 ) ? 8"N $MAKY, YOU CMGCK TO MAKG
.9 .9 $URG TMAT P= 6.2? RGAL.L.Y t10G$
$ATl$FY TMG GQUATION:
p = ?/.9 =6.1? =
(.9)(6.2?) ? ?
Tl-IG ORIGINAL. PRICG WA$
? =?
$6.25.

61
WG MAVG JU$T M~
AL.GG8RA'$ FIR$T 816> YOU'RG
IP~: blVGN ANY TRUG
VGRY
WGl.COMG!
GQUATION, YOU CAN "PO
TMG $AMG TMIN6>$ TO
80TM $1PG$" ANP TMG
RG$Ul.TIN6> GQUATION
Wit.I. $Tit.I. 8G TRUG. TM1$
IP~ COMG$ FROM TMG
INVGNTOR OF At.6>G8RA
MIM$Gl.F, MUMAMMAP OF
KMWARIZM, OR Al.-
KMWARIU\I (790-9?0).

At.-KMWARIZMI TMOUbMT OF AN GQUATION IF WG ADD TMG $AMG TMINb (NUM8GR, GX.-

A$ "8Al.ANCGP." TMG GX.PRG$$10N$ ON TMG PRG$$10N, WMATGVGR) TO 80TM $1PG$, TMG
TWO $1PG$, TMOUbM TMGY t.OOK PIF- $1PG$ $Tit.I. 8At.ANCG-TMGY'RG $Tit.I. GQUAI.
FGRGNT, GX.PRG$$ TMG $AMG NUM8GR. TO ONG ANOTMGR.

WG CAN Al.$0 IAUl.TIPl.Y 80TM $1PG$ SY WG CAN $01.VG MANY GQUATION$ U$1Nb
TMG $AMG TMINb ANP $TAY IN 8Al.ANCG. ONl.Y TMG$G TWO $TGP$, WMICM At.-
KMWARIZMI CAI.I.GP "RG8At.ANCIN6>."

IT'$
~$1GR
TMAN IT
t.OOK$!

62
8EFORE 6-0ING ON, I..~ MG
$AY A Fr;w WORDS A80UT TMG l'M A MA$TGR
L.ITTGR MO$T OFTGN U$Gt7 M OF t71$GU1$G!
A VARIA81..G: X. TMG POINT OF
l'.M00$1NG TM1$ MY$TGRIOU$
L.ITTGR 1$ TMAT IT $TANDS
FOR NOTMING IN PARTll'.UL.AR,
WM~MGR t71$TANl'.G OR TIMG
OR PRll'.G. AL.GGSRA, $AY$ x,
WORK$ ON ANY VARIASL.G, NO
MATTGR WMAT IT "MGAN$." x
OKAY, TIMG TO
l'.AN 8G ANYTMING!
RGSAL.ANl'.G!

Example 1. $01..VG $U8TRACTIN6> ? WIL.L. l'.L.GAR TMG l'.ON$TANT

FROM TMG L.GFT, ANt7 $U8TRACTIN6> 2.x
4x+5 = 2x+11 WIL.L. l'.L.GAR TMG VARIASL.G TGRM FROM TMG
RIGMT. I..~'$ t70 IT-TO 80TM $1t7G$!
4x ANt7 2.x ARG l'.AL.L.Gt7 TMG VARIA8LE
TERIAS, WMIL.G TMG "NAKGt7 NUM8GR$"
? ANt7 11 ARG TMG CONSTANT TERIAS.
4x+5 =2x+11
-5 -5
OM, t7GAR! WMGRG t70 -2x -2x
VARIA81..G$ YOU $TART?
ON 80TM
$1t7G$!
4x-2x =11-5
2x = 6
WG'RG AL.MO$T TMGRG! MUL.TIPL.YING
TO RGSAL.ANl'.G, WG l'.L.GVGRL.Y l'.MOO$G JU$T GVGRYTMING SY 1/2, TMG RGl'.IPROl'.AL. OF
TMG RIGMT TMING$ TO At7t7 OR $U8TRACT 2, WIL.L. L.GAVG x AL.ONG ON TMG L.GFT
TO REIAOVE ALL VARIA8LE TERIAS FROM $1t7G ANt7 $01..VG TMG GQUATION.
TMG RIGMT ANt7 AL.I.. CONSTANT TERIAS
FROM TMG LEFT.
2x/2 6/2 =
TM1$ MA$
8 x=3
TO 6-0!
? FINAL.L.Y, WG PL.UG x::? INTO TMG ORIGINAL.
GQUATION TO l'.MGl'.K TMAT IT RGAL.L.Y 1$ A
$01..UTION.

4C?) + i; I 2.C?) + 11
?
12.+? ~ 6+11
17 :: 17
HOW TO SOLVE ~..
AN EQUATION,
STEP BY STEP
($OM!; !;QUATION$, ANYWAY)
''
.....
~~-"
"'
··-a.- ...... _49•

,'
'\
~·
~
. - .....
'•
1 • "Prep " TM' 'QUATION IF N~,$SARY 2. Isolate, sY Al717moN ANl710R
SY bITTINb Rll7 OF PAR,NTM'$'$ ANl7 C.OM- $USTRAt.TION, THE C.ON~TANT~ ON ONE ~IDE
SININb LIK' T'RM$. ("LIK~" M~N$ TMAT (USUALLY TM~ RlbMT) ANl7 ™'
C.ONSTANTS Al717 WITM C.ON$TANT$, VARIASL~
T'RM$ Wlfl.1 VARIASL' T'RM$.)
T'RM$ ON ™'OTM'R (USUALLY
VARIASL'
™'
L'FT).

PUT '!;MIN
TM!;IR PL.At!;!

PAR!;NTM !;$!;$
AR!; NOT OUR
FRl!;Nl7$ M!;R!;!

3. Combine 1..1Ki; T!;RM$. 4. Multiply sor1-1 s117'$ sY ™' Rt;-

c1PRocAL OF TM~ NUMS~R IN FRONT OF TM~
VARIASL~.TM1$ NUMS~R IS t.ALL~17 TM~ VARIASL~'$
CO{;FFICl{;NT. FOR IN$TANC.,, 6-IV~N

ISN'T TM1$
$1MPL.IFY! ™'$AM' A$
171V1171Nb SY
AL.WAY$
$1MPL.IFY!
4 1$ ™'C.O,FFIC.l,NT OF
MULTIPLYINb SY t 6-IV'S
x. ™' C.0,F-
FIC.l~NT?

TM!; !;QUATION Wll..L NOW LOOK l..IK!; TM1$:

($OM!; NUMS!;R)X -=- $OM!; OTM!;R NUM8!;R.
ANl7
~LV~l7.
™' 'QUATION IS

tf
5. Check ™' AN$W,R. TM1$
1$ IMPORTANT, scrrn TO C.M~K YOUR
IF IT tMbCK$,
WORK ANl7 FOR ANOTM'R R~~N
TO S~ "<.PLAIN,17 SMORTLY. TM!;N W!; R!;Al..l..Y
AR!; DON!;!
MGRG'S A COMPLICATGD GQUATION TMAT OM, YGAM!
NGG~ ~MG PRGP WORK TO ~LVG. l'M RGALLY
Example 2. DISGUISGD IN
TMAT ONG!
2(x-1)+3(x-2)+x = 2x+4
WG 60 STGP SY STGP.

1. TM~G PARGNTMGSGS MAKG IT MARD TO 2. NOW RGSALANCING IS GASY:

SGG WMAT TO CLGAR FROM GACM SIDG, ~ SUSTRACTING 1x CLGARS TMG VARIASLG
LGT'S GGT RID OF TMGM. SY TMG DISTRISUTIVG TGRM FROM TMG RIGMT, AND ADDING 9
LAW. 2.(x-1):: 2.x- 2. AND ?(x-2.):: ?x-6. CLGARS TMG CONSTANT FROM TMG LGFT.
MAKING TMG GQUATION

2x-2 + 3x-6 + x = 2x+4 6x- 8 = 2x + 4

-2x+8 -2x+ 8
SIG DGAL! MY 6x-2x = 4+8
VALUG IS STILL
~ OSSCURG ...
3. COMSING TGRMS: 6x - 2.x :: 4x
AND 4 +9 :: 12. NOW TMG GQUATION IS

4x=12
COMSINING LIKG TGRMS, VARIASLG WITM 4. DIVIDING SOTM SIDGS SY 4, TMG
VARIASLG, CONSTANT WITM CONSTANT, GIVGS: COGFFICIGNT OF x, ~LVGS IT.

6x-8 =2x+4 x=3

PRGP WORK DONG!
I ADMIT
NOT MING
UM-OM ... TMGY'RG
UNTIL
CL~ING IN ... CMGCKGD.••

5. FINALLY. CMGCK TMG ANSWGR

SY PLLJ(;.(;.ING IN ? FOR x TMG 1<3 - n + 3(3 -1) + 3i 1·3 + 4
ORIGINAL GQUATION: 1·1 + 3·1 + 3 l 6 + 4
4+3+3 l 6+4
OM. ALL RIGMT...
I AJA ? ... AND 10: 10
WAS ALL ALONG ...
~EGATIVE COEFFICIE~TS
AFTGR RG8AL.ANtlNG, YOU
MAY FIN17 A N~ATIVG
tOGFFltlGNT $TUtK TO

T:~;L;:~cp ~c;;.~-...-' JlJ$T WAVG

TMG MAblt
AT TM1$ POINT, YOU ~ MINlJ$ WAN17
ANl7 tMANGG
tOlJL.17 171Vll7G 8Y - 3 -..~,,-, TMG $1GN$!
(OKAY 8lJT MG$$Y), 8lJT
IT'$ JlJ$T A L.ITTL.G r;A$1GR
TO MlJL.TIPL.Y WTM $117G$
8Y -1 AN17 MAKG TMG
tOGFFltlGNT P0$1TIVG.

IN A $1MIL.AR WAY. Al7171Nb FRACTIO~L TERMS tAN 8G $1..0W AN17 ANNOYING.

L.lJtKIL.Y, YOlJ tAN tL.r;AR AL.I.. FRAtTION$ FROM AN GQlJATION 8Y MlJL.TIPL.YING TMROlJGM 8Y A
tOMMON 17GNOMINATOR. GIVGN AN GQlJATION L.IKG TM1$ ONG:

3 1 ~
-x + - :: -x + 2
2 3 6
MUL.TIPL.Y WTM $117G$ 8Y 6 (TMG
L.r;A$T tOMMON 17GNOMINATOR OF
2, 3, ANl7 6).

3x6
-x+---X+o~
1x 6 - ? x 6 (f)(")
$1MPL.IFY! 2. 3 6
AL.WAY$
$1MPL.IFY! AFTGR tANtGL.ING tOMMON FAtTOR$,
AL.I.. FRAtTION$ ARG GONG!

9x + 2. =' ?x + 12.
TM1$ RG8AL.ANtG$ TO

4x =' 10 ANl7 $0
?
x =' - TRY tMGtKING
2. TMG $01..lJTION.

66
A WORD ASOUT lMGlKINb:
IT'S IMPORTANT FOR AN I DO NOT MAKG
08VIOUS R~SON: PGOPL.G MISTAKGS. I MAKG
MAKG MISTAKGS! GXCUSGS.

TMGRG'S ANOTMGR RGASON AS WGL.L.. IT MAS TO DO WITM AL.bG8RA'S 8AS1l TMINKINb, WMICM
MSUMGS, WMGN RG8AL.ANl1Nb, TMAT TMG GQUATION WM TRUI:.

TMG R~SONINb
bOGS L.IKG TMIS TMG GQUATION IS

~ TRUG FOR SOMG

VAL.UG OF TMG
VARIA8L.G, TMGN I
CAN PUSM TMINbS
AROUND AND FIND
OUT WMAT TMAT
99
VAL.UG MUST 8G.

TMAT'S A
816> "IF!"

MOW ASOUT TMIS GQUATION? TMIS MAPPGNGD 8GCAUSG TMG ORlblNAL. GQUATION lOOL.D
NGVGR MAVG 8GGN TRUG IN TMG FIRST PL.AtG. MOW CAN ANY
x =x+1 NUM8GR 8G ONG MORG TMAN ITSGL.F? TMG GQUATION MM
NO $01..UTION.
8L.INDL.Y RG8AL.ANl1Nb, WG
ll.~R x FROM TMG RlbMT lMGlKINb SOL.U-
TIONS ASSURGS US
TMAT TMG ORlblNAL.
x::. x+1
ASSUMPTION WAS
-x -x OKAY: TMG SOL.VGD
GQUATION R~L.L.Y
0 ::. 1 WM TRUG FOR
SOMG VAL.UG OF
AND lONll.UDG TMAT 0 ::. 1. TMG VARIA8L.G.
OOPS!

67
QUICK REBALANCING, or CALL THE MOVERS!
NOW l'M GOING $MOW YOU A QUICKGR WAY TO RGSAl.ANCG GQlJATION$. I.~'$ IMAGING ANY
GQlJATION WMGRG ONG SIDG 1$ TMG SUM OF TWO GXPRG$$10N$.

AND SUPPOSG WG
WANT TO Gl.IMINATG

D+
FROM TMG 1.GFT.

SY NOW, YOU KNOW TMAT WG DO TMIS SY SUSTRACTING TMG GXPRGSSION FROM SOTM SIDGS.
I.~'$ WRITG IT ON A I.ING, RATMGR TMAN STACKGD UP.

-~
DO YOU SGG WMAT

-
MAPPGNS? TMG GX-
PRG$$10N SGGA\$ TO
JUMP FROM ONG SIDG
TO TMG OTMGR, AND
ITS SIGN CMANGGS
FROM Pl.US TO MINUS!

V YOUCAN
Al-WAY$
Rf;8Al-ANC(;
TM1$ WAY. Ql+ ~ ~. ~
y
INSTGAD OF WRITING OUT
TMG ADDITION OR SUS-

Ql ~ ~.
TRACTION OF TGRMS, YOU
CAN SIMPl.Y J#.OV(; A TGRM
FROM ONG SIDG OF TMG
GQlJATION TO TMG OTMGR
AND Fl.IP ITS SIGN.

Ql ~.- ~§
69
 Example 3. ~L.v' x-5 = 4x-17
Ar, Al.WAYr,, Wb WANT TO bl.IMINATb Tl-lb tONr,TANT ~
FROM Tl-lb l.bFT AND Tl-lb VARIASL.b TbRM FROM
Tl-lb Rl6'MT. Wb tOUL.D WRITb bVbRYTMIN6' OUT IN
x-5=4x-17
A r,TAtK l.IKb T1-11r, ...
ALMO$T LOOK$ LIKf;
A 6'RAl7f;-$CMOOL
x-4x =-17 +5
x - ? : 4x - 17
+? +?
ARITMMf;TIC PR08Lf;M!
-3x = -12
-4x -4x
3x = 12
x=4
SUT WMY SOTMbR? Wb CAN r,1MPL.Y
MCNb - ? FROM l.bFT TO Rl6'MT, 4 - ? :? 4(4) - 17
WMbRb IT RbAPPbARr, Ar, +?, AND
-1 :? 16 - 17
4x tOMbr, TO Tl-lb l.bFT M -4x.
Tl-lb Rbr,UL.T MUr,T Sb Tl-lb r,AMb. -1 : -1

'' .
NOW, YOUR MATM $INC(; I Wf;NT
Tf;ACMf;R MAY Tf;LL TO $CMOOL, $0Mf;
YOU TMAT MOVIN6' "f;XPf;RT" 17f;Cll7f;l7
Tf;RM$ AROUNl7 TO MAK(; $TUDf;NT$
LIKf; TM1$ 1$ OU>- WRIT(; f;Vf;RYTMINb
FA$MION,D! OUT IN FULL, f;Vf;N
TMOUbM MOVINb
Tf;RM$ 1$ QUICKf;R
ANl7 $MORTf;R ...

r
FRANKLY, I TMINK n1r; Nf;W WAY 1$ A 816' $0 ... WRIT(; IT OUT AND PLf;A$f;
WA$Tf; OF TIM(;! $INC(; WMf;N DO Wf; WANT YOUR Tf;ACMf;R, OR $AV(; A TRf;f;
TO 6iO $1..0W'R AND WA$T' PAP,R?!! ANl7 170 IT MY WAY!

AND NOW, ON TO $0Mf; PRACTICf; PR08Lf;M$... • •••••

69
Problems
1. $01..V' TM'$' 'QtJATION$ (ANl7 lM~K YOUR $0LVTION$!):

a. 2.x =- x + 1 f. 4x + 1 ::. 7 I. .! =- .!_ + .!

2. ? 4
b. ?x + 10 ::. 2.? 9· 4x + 1 ::. 0
m. .E.. + E. =- ?
c. i;oox + 1,000 =- i,i;oo h. 1 - 2.x ::. 3x - 19 2. 3
($Ubb,$TION: 171V117' SOTM
$117'$ 8Y 1700 S'FOR' l70!Nb i. 2. (1 - ") ::. 1 + " n. 3(y - 1) + 2.Cy - 2.) =- y
ANYTMINb 'L$,.)
j. 2.(60 - m) ::. 2.(64 - 3m) o. 6t ::. 4(t + 10)
d. 7y - 1 ::. t;y + 9
k. 2.? - 3x ::. 30 - ?x " - 2. 1+ "
tZ. 3x + 4 ::. x - ? p. " 2.- 1 +--::.
3 6

1. $UPPO$' A PAIR OF $MO,$ 1$ MARK,17 ~. $UPPO$' ™' $AL,$ TAX RAT' 1$ 9%

170WN SY 2.t;'J>. (TMAT'$ .09). TM1$ M~N$ TMAT ™' TAX ON
AN IT~ OF MARK,17 PRll' p 1$ ( .OfJ)p. ™'
a. IF IT$ ORlblNAL PRll' TAX, OF lOUR$,, 1$ AW,17 TO™' PRll,.
1$ P, WRIT' AN 'XPR,$-
$10N FOR IT$ $AL' PRll,. a. WMAT 1$ ™' AFT,R-TAX PRll' OF A lANPY
SAR WITM A MARK,17 PRll' OF $1? $2.? $p?
b. WRIT' ™' $AM'
'XPR,$$10N WITM A b. IF™' AFT,R-TAX PRll' 1$ $?.79, WMAT
FRAlTIONAL lO'FFlll,NT WA$ ™' MARK,17 PRll'?
IN$T~l7 OF A 17~1MAL.
C. IF ™' $AL,$ TAX RAT' 1$ r, WRIT' AN
C. IF ™' $AL' PRll' 1$ $66, WMAT 'XPR,$$10N FOR ™' AFT,R-TAX PRll' OF AN
WM TM' ORlblNAL PRll'? IT~ PRll,17 AT p l70LLAR$.

d. IF™' $AL' PRll' WA$ Q, WRIT'

AN 'XPR,$$10N FOR ™' ORlblNAL
PRll' IN T'RM$ OF™' VARIASL' Q.

4. $UPPO$' a 1$ ANY NUMS'R OTM'R TMAN ?. FOLLOW™' i;-$T'P PR06>RAM TO

0. R'SALANl' TM1$ 'QtJATION: $0LV' TM1$ 'QtJATION:
2.ax + 3 ::. ax + 4 x+1=-1+x
lAN YOU $0LV' FOR x? IN OTM'R WOR~.
lAN YOU WRIT' AN 'QtJATION WMAT 17117 YOU "PROV'?• WMY 170 YOU
$UPPO$' TMAT MAPP'N'P? 170'$ TM1$
'QtJATION MAV' ANY $0LVTION$? IF $0,
x ::. $OM' 'XPR,$$10N
WMAT AR' TM~?
INVOLVINb a

70
 Chapter 6
Real Wor(l)d Problems

To U$r; Al6"{;8RA 1N 17AllY L1Fr;, wr; MAvr; To

TRAN$lAT{; Rr;Al $1TUATION$ INTO {;XPR{;$$10N$
ANl7 {;QUATION$. IN T{;XT800K$, TM{;${; $1TUATION$
AR{; CAll{;l7 WORl7 PR08l{;M$, 8{;CAU${; TM{;Y'R{;
17{;$CRl8{;17 IN WORl7$... BUT I PR{;F{;R WORL.D
PR08l{;M$, 8{;CAU${; TMAT'$ WM{;R{; TM{;Y COM{;
FROM.

71
 Example 1. Kr;v1N JusT F1N1sMi;D sun.D1Nt7 A
800KCAS!;. (1u;·s STILL llAMMi;RmG- JUST 8i;tAUsi; IT Fi;i;Ls so
6-0017.) IT'S 4 F!;i;T TAL.L.; IT MAS i; SM!;l.V!;S; AND IT
US!;D A TOTAL. OF 2~ F!;i;T OF 80ARDS. MOW L.ON6>
l' IS i;AlM SM!;l.F?

1~ l 0 . r A~uM' TMAT Tl·" TOP sM,LF 1s

.~ i ' :l '!. "' S'1W"N ™' UPRlbMTS, AS IN ™'
- '" ' ILLUSTRATION, SO IT'S ™' SAM'
L'NGTM AS™' LOW'R SM,LV,S.

S~IN SY ORGANIZING ™' INFORMATION INTO SM,LF L'NGTM IS™' ONLY VARIASL'
WMAT'S KNOWN AND WMAT'S UNKNOWN. - - - - QUANTITY... SO tMOOS' AN ASSR~IATION
TMAT R~INDS YOU OF "L,NGTM" ...

~g L'NGTM .. .
SID!; M!;16>MT: 4 FT. AM~ .. .
LLL,NbbTM ...
NUM8!;R OF SID!;$: 2 MOW ASOUT
NUM8!;R OF SM!;l.V!;S: i; MNGTM"?
TOTAL. L.!;N6>TM: 2~ FT.

@~~
SM!;l.F l.!;Nt7TM
L'1's us' L.,
SMALL W'?

N'XT WRIT' AN ALG,8RAlt 'XPR,SSION FOR
™' TOTAL L'NGTM OF WARDS IN T'RMS
OF L.. W' DID TMIS ON P. '39.
TOTAL. L.!;Nt7TM
5L+8 F!;i;T
FINAL ST'P OF ™' S'1UP: MAK' AN 'QIJATION.
FOR TMIS W' LOOK IN ™' PROSL~ FOR A STAT'-
M,NT, AND FIND TMIS ON': ™' TOTAL L'NbTM I~
(;QUAl. TO 2.~ F,'1.
5L+8 - 23
T
4 TMAT. RlbMT

? SM,LF
L'NGTMS
\2. SID,S.
4 F,'1 ~M
l
TM,R,, SAYS
IT ALL!

12.
WG $GGK TMG VAWG (OR VAl.UG$) OF I.. TMAT MAKG$ TMG GQUATION TRUG. IN OTMGR WOR~.
WG $GGK $0l.UTION$!

08VIOU$LY, $0MG I b~ IT! IT'$ TIMG

VAWG$ OF l WILL TO $0LVG TMG
MAKG ?l+9 DIF- 8LGGPIN' GQUATION!!
F'R'NT FROM 2.?,
8UT...

R-RRIGMT...
NOW WMAT
SL+S =23 WA$ I.. AGAIN?

$USTRAtTIN6 9
SL= 23-8 FROM sorn
$117!;$

SL= 1S ARITMMi;Tlt::

L = 1S 171V1171N6 80TM

s $117!;$ BY i;

L=3 ARITMMi;Tlt::

RlbMT OVGR TMGRG IT $AY$ TMAT I.. 1$ TMG LGNbTM OF ONG $MHF.
$0 WG'VG $MOWN TMAT GAL:M $MGL.F 1$ ? FG~ LONG.

'l0UR$,, I KN~
TMAT
At.le? WG tMGtK:
ALL ALONG, BUT TM'N
I BUILT ™'TMING>. ?(?) + 9 l 2.?
1? + 9 l 2.?
TMANK$ FOR
NOT $POILING 2.? ~ 2.?
MY FUN SY
T'LLINGM, ...
Example 2. MoMo ~RN$ $2 MORt WMAT ARt TMt KNOWN$
PtR MOUR TMAN Ctl..IA. AFTtR AN 0-MOUR AND UNKNOWN$?
$MIFT, TMtlR lOM81NtD PAY 1$ $104. MOW
MUlM D0t$ tAlM OF TM~ MAKt PtR MOUR?

NO, TMt
QUt$TION 1$- DO Wt NttD TWO
DIFFtRtNT VARIABL.t$?
TOTAL. PAY, $194
TOTAL. MOUR$ WORKtD, 9
DIFFtRtNlt 8tTWttN
MOMO'$ MOURL.Y AND
ltl..IA'$ MOURL.Y, $2

lHIA'$ MOURL.Y WAbt

MOMO'$ MOURL.Y WAbt

AL.TMOU6>M Wt $tt TWO UNKNOWN$, Wt DON'T MAVt TO A$$16>N L.ffitR$ TO SOTM OF TMtM,
BtlAU$t TMtY'Rt $0 ll..0$tl..Y Rtl..ATtD. I.tr'$ $TART WITM Ctl..IA'$ MOURL.Y WAbt. lAL.L. IT w.
Wt KNOW TMAT MOMO'$ MOURL.Y WAbt 1$ $2 MORt TMAN lHIA'$, OR w + 2.

NO, TMt
W : ltl..IA'$ MOURL.Y QUt$TION 1$-
WMAT tXPRt$$10N$
WAbt IN DOI.I.AR$ DO Wt WRITt?

W+2: MOMO'$
MOURL.Y WAbt IN
DOI.I.AR$

74
nu; PROSL~ TGLL$ 1)$ n1G TOTAL PAY
FOR 9 MOUR$' WORK. L~'$ WRITG NO, TM(; MOW TO $01...V(; TM(;
GXPRG$$10N$ IN w FOR ~M GIRL'$ QU!;STION (;QUATION?
1$-
~RNING$ IN 9 MOUR$.

8w c:::GL1A'$ ~RNrNG$
8{W+2) MOM0'$ ~RNING$
8w+ 8{w+2) TOTAL ~RN1NG$
TMG GQUATION 1$ TMG $TAT~GNT TMAT
TM1$ lOMSINGD AMOUNT GQUAL$ ~194.

8w+ 8{w+2)= 184

WMAT 170(;$ w
$TANl7 FOR?
NO, TM(;
8w+8w+16=184 Dl$TR18lJTIV'
LAW QU(;$TION
1$-
16w+16=184 lOM81NIN6'
T'RM$

16w=168 $U8TRAtTIN6' 16
FROM SOTM $ID,$

w = 168 DIVIDING. SOTM

$ID,$ SY 16
16
w =10.5
A$ SGFORG, WG MAYG TO R~~SGR WMAT w 1$! TMAT'$ WMY WG WROT' IT DOWN.
w ~ lGLIA'$ MOURLY WAGG. $0 CGLIA MAKG$ $10.70 PGR MOUR, AND MOMO MAKG$
w+ 2. ~ $12.70 PGR MOUR.

17117 TMAT NO, TM(; QU(;$TION 1$-

ANSW(;R YOUR WOUl..17 YOU l..!;Nl7 M(;
QU!;STION? TW!;NTY UNTIL. PAYl7AY?

AND WG lMGlK ...

900.?) + 902.?) I 194

94 + 100 I 194
v 1 9 4 : 194
Example 3, Competing Claims. ci;L.1A ANl7 J!;$$!; 17!;$1GN A FR1!;Nl7'$ wi;s $1Ti;
FOR A TOTAL PAY OF ~190. C!;l.IA n11NK$ $1-1!; 17117 ~120 WORTM OF WORK, ANl7 J!;$$!; TMINK$ M!;
17!;$!;RV!;$ ~90. UNFORTUNAT!;l.Y, TM!;IR 17i;MANl7$ Al717 UP TO ~2.00 ...

MOW 170 TM!;Y ON!; WAY WOUl.17 8!; FOR i;ACM TO $AlRIFIC!; TM!;
171V117!; UP TM!; $AM!; M'OUNT.
MON!;Y?
l'l.l. GIV~ UP
x 170l.l.AR$ IF
YOU Wll.l.!
$0UN17 FAIR?

l.i;T'$ $!;!; MOW TMAT WOUl.17 LOOK. AGAIN W!; $TART WITM A $1NGl.!; VARIA8l.!;, TM!;
AMOUNT TO 8!; GIV!;N UP. LALL IT x.

X: AMOUNT TO 8!;
CUT FROM ~All-I
C!;l.IA WANT$120
J!;$$!; WANT$ 90
TOTAL AVAIL.ASL.!; 1$ 190 $1GM ... I
!;All-I GIV!;$ UP TM!; $AM!; AMOUNT MAT!; CUT$,
!;$P!;C1Al.l.Y
MAIRCUT$ ...

AMOUNT GIV!;N UP
AMOUNT i;ACM Gi;T$ IN TM!; !;Nl7

76
nu;$i; i;XPRi;$$10N$ Di;$CR11~i; MOW MUCM
MONi;Y ~M Pi;R$0N WILL. MAVi; AFTi;R
TMi; CUT.

ci;L.IA WILL MAvi;120-x

Ji;$$i; WILL MAVi; 80- X

TMi; i;QUATION 1$ TMi; $TATi;Mi;NT TMAT

TMi;$i; AMOUNT$ MU$T ADD TO $190.
110 120
(120-x}+(80-x} =180

200 - 2x =180
=
2x 200-180
2x =20
x = 10
70
r00

i;AtM $1Di; WOULD Grvi; UP S10. IN OTMi;R

WORD$, TMi;Y WOULD "$Pl.IT TMi; DIFFi;R-
i;Nci;." (TMi; DIFFi;Ri;Nci; 1$ 2.0 AND TMi;r
i;AtM Grvi; UP MALF: 2012 ::. 10.)
10 m 1
KNOWING x, TMi; CUT, wi; FIND ~M Pi;R$0N'$ FINAL AMOUNT SY $U8TRAtTING TMi; CUT FROM
TMi; ORIGINAL CLAIM. ci;LIA WOULD Gi;T $(12.0- x) ::. $12.0 - S10 ::. $110, AND Ji;$$i; WOULD Gi;T
$(90- x) ::. S90 - S10 ::. $70. FAIR? Ji;$$i; DOi;$N'T TMINK $0!

MOW tAN I bXPLAIN TM1$?

wi;LL, WMY
NOT??!! 90112.0 ::. 2.13 ... $0 MY
AFTbR ALL ORll71NAL. CLAIM WA$ 213 OF
TMAT WORK! YOUR$ ... BUT 70/110 1$ A
$MALLi;R FRACTION, OKAY???

AND IT'$ TRUb.

70 < 90
110 120
AFTbR $PLITTING TMb DIFFbR-
bNCb, Jb$$b WOULD Gi;T
Li;$$ RELATIVE TO CELIA.

77
ON!; WAY TO srn1..i; n1i; PROBl..!;M OF
lOMPi;TING> ll..AIM$ 1$ TO $Pl.IT n1i;
DIFF!;R!;Nl!;, WMllM wi; PllTUR!;D M A
PR0l!;$$ OF lUTTING>. i;AlM ll..AIM WM
lUT BY TM!; $AM!; AMOUNT. NOW J!;$$!;
$Ul?l?!;$T$ ANOTM!;R P0$$1Bll..ITY.

--
?,
GQUAL
SMRINKAGG!

M!;R!;'$ TM!; IDi;A: TM!; TWO ll..AIM$ ADD UP r ~

TO $200, l..IK!; TM1$. PL.i;A$!; R!;lAl..I..: ON PAI'?!; 29, W!;
120 90 SAID TMAT $lAl..ING> UP AND DOWN
1$ DON!; BY MULTIPLICATION.
[

NOW IN$Ti;AD OF lUTTING> OFF BIT$, J

IMAG>IN!; SQUGGZING TMAT PllTUR!; ...

UNTIL. ITS l..!;NG>TM $MRINK$ TO 190, mi;

AMOUNT OF MON!;Y AlTUAl..l..Y AVAIL.ASL.!;.

[ ~I
? ?

NOW TM!; $Pl.IT 1..00K$ TM!; $AM!; A$ B!;FOR!;,

ONl..Y $MAl..l..!;R, 1..IK!; A R!;DUl!;D PMOTO.

79
IN OTl-IGR WOR~. WG WANT TO MULTIPLY
80Tl-I CLAIM$ SY Tl-IG $AMG ~MRINKAGc;
FACTOR, A NUMSGR Tl-IAT 1$ $TILL
UNKNOWN. CALL IT r, FOR RATG.

f : $1-!RINKAbG FACTOR ANli' NOW W!;'R!;

i.u;y, AR!; YOU 6-0NNA
AT TM!; M!;RlY
OF TM!; MATM ... 170 Al..6!;8RA, OR Li;T
WG MULTIPLY T!-11$ FACTOR TIMG$ GACl-I Al..6!;8RA li'O YOU?
CLAIM TO GGT Tl-IG FINAL $ITTLGMGNT
AMOUNT.

CGLIA'$ AMOUNT: 120f

JG$$G'$ AMOUNT: 80r

A$ SGFORG, Tl-IG GQUATION $AY$ Tl-IAT

Tl-IG $UM OF Tl-IG$G 1$ GQUAL TO $100.

120r + 80r =180

T!-11$ 1$ AN GMY GQUATION TO $0LVG.

W~LL, W~

120r + 80r = 180 li'lli'N'T $MRINK

TOO MUlM ...
NOW CGLIA GGT$

200r 180 = 12.0r =!!....

10
(120) = $108

180 AND JG$$G GGT$

r=
200 90r = .!!_ (00) = $72
10
9
r= Wl-llCl-I ADD TO $100, Wl-llCl-I Cl-IGCK$
10 Tl-IG $0LUTION.

NOTG Tl-IAT JG$$G DID SITTGR T!-11$ WAY, AND CGLIA DID WOR$G, Tl-IAN SY $PLITTING Tl-IG
DIFFGRGNCG.

WGLL, OKAY! 8UT li'O!;~N'T TMAT Mi;AN

$2. MORG FOR I GAV!; UP MOR!; OF MY
Tl-IG SIG GUY! ll...AIM TMAN M!; li'ICP.

CGLIA 1$ RIGl-IT. T!-11$ WAY, $1-!G $GG$

$12. CUT FROM l-IGR ORIGINAL CLAIM,
AND ONLY $0 CUT FROM JG$$G'$.

79
COMP~ING CLAIM$ CAN AL~ AR1$G Wl-IGN ~MGSOt7Y PIG$ IN PGST. SIG SOS l-IGRG WA$ l-IAVING
1-11$ l-IOU$G R~OPHGP Wl-IGN l-IG l-IAP Tl-IG SAP LUCK TO GXPIRG, OWING FRGP Tl-IG SUILPGR
$2.? MILLION ($2,?00,000). MbANWl-llLG, SIG SOS'$ l-IOU$GKGGPGR RITA $AY$ $1-!G WA$ PROM-
1$GP l-IALF A MILLION ($?00,000) ON AUOUNT OF Tl-IGIR "VGRY $PGCIAL RGLATION$1-11P."
UNFORTUNATGLY, Tl-IGRG'$ ONLY $1 MILLION IN SOS'$ SANK AUOUNT. l-IOW PO Tl-IGY $ITTLG?

At.JP Wl-IY ARG

YOU GOING
Tl-IROUGl-I SOS'$
POCK~$?

Tl-IG TWO CLAIM$ TOTAL t3 MILLION. IF FRGP At.JP RITA $PLIT Tl-IG PIFFGRGNCG, Tl-IGN GACl-I
OF Tl-IGM WOULP GIVG UP l-IALF Tl-IG PIFFGRGNCG SGTWGGN Tl-IG TOTAL CLAIM At.JP Tl-IG
AMOUNT AVAILASLG. CALL T!-11$ NUMSGR x.

x :::. iC$~.ooo,ooo - $1,000,000) ANl7 RITA nu; MOIJ$(;K(;(;P(;R "6(;1"$"

:::. $1,000,000 $700, 000 - " :::.

$700,000- $1,000,000 :::.
81.INl71.Y FOl.l..OWIN6 TM(; FORMUl.A,
FR(;l7 TM(; 8Ull..17(;R tAl.tlJl.AT(;$ Ml$ -~'$00,000
$MAR(; A$

$2.7 MILLION - x :::. Y(;P, TMAT'$

$2..7 MILLION - $1 MILLION :::. A N'GATIV'
MAl.F Mil.I.ION!
$1.'$ MILLION

$PLITTING Tl-IG PIFFGRGNCG LITGRALLY WOULP

FORCG RITA TO PAY $?00, 000, Wl-llCl-I FRGP
WOULP POCK~ IN APPITION TO Tl-IG MILLION
POLLAR$ FROM PbAP SOS! FAIR?

PGATl-I 1$
MORG CRUGL
Tl-IAN I KNGW.

90
IN Rfu\l. I.IF,, OF
lOUR$,, Tl-II$ WOULD
N~'R l-IAPP,N. AT
WOR$T, RITA WOULD
G~ NOTl-llNG, AND #%$"& #%$"&%
FR'D ™' 8Ull.D'R %$(#!"&% %$(#!"&% ...
WOULD TAK' ™' $#$& ...
WI-IOI.' Mil.I.ION,
W'l.l. $MORT OF
Wl-IAT "'''$ OW,D.

ON ™' OTl-l'R MAND, Tl-l'Y lOUl.D DIVID' ™'

'$TAT' SY APPi.YiNG A $l-IRINK FAlTOR r TO
Tl-l'IR ll.AIM$. Tl-II$ WAY FR'D WOULD G~ $2.,?00,000r, RITA WOULD G~ $?00,000r,
AND TM,$, NUM8,R$ MU$T TOTAi. $1 Mil.I.ION.

2,?00,000r + ?00,000r ~ 1,000,000 TO ™' Nfu\R,$T DOI.I.AR, Tl-l,N,

FR,D'$ TAK' WOULD 8'
?r+ r ~ 2 D1V1D1N6 son1
$117~$ BY '}00,000
tc$2,?oo,ooo) : : $033,333
6r ~ 2
AND RITA'$:
1
r~-
? tc$?oo,ooo) : : $166,667

~'N MOR' MON~.

$2.,?00,000 - $0??,???
™'
RITA DO,$ G~ $0M~l-llNG, BUT FR'D l.0$'$
SUll.D'R 1$ NOW OUT
~ $1,666,667.
Tl-II$ PROSl.~ Al.$0 lOM,$ UP IN
SANKRUPTlY, Wl-l'N A P'R$0N OR
lOMPANY GO,$ BROK' OWING MON~...
AND I MOP' YOU $'' Tl-IAT MATl-I
Al.ON' lAN'T D'llD' Wl-IAT'$ "FAIR"
AND $1-1~
~'RY TIM,. Tl-IAT'$ Wl-IY SANKRUPTlY
L.0$~$
NOTMIN6
AND INl-l,RITANl' AR' l-IANDl.'D SY I.AW
BUT A lOURT$, NOT SY MATl-I PROF,$$0R$.
PROM1$~!
~~RYON~ ~QUAL.L.Y UNMAPPY?
TM~N JU$TIC~ 1$ VON~!

01
Problems 6. IF A Dl$COUNT'D IT~ ORlblNALLY PRlt'D
AT SA MA$ A $AL' PRlt' OF $8, WMAT 1$ TM'
1. MOMO OW,$ S? TO J'~' AND S10 P'Rt,NT Dl$COUNT, IN T'RM$ OF A AND 8?
TO K~IN, BUT $M' MA$ ONLY S9 IN M'R
POtK'1. MOW MUtM $MOULD $M' PAY $0
TMAT ~M R~'IV,$ TM' $AM' FRACTION CAN YOU
BR~K A
OF WMAT M''$ ow'rn C?
1. t'LIA ~RN$ S2./MR MOR' TMAN MOMO.
MOMO MAK,$ A$ MUtM IN 10 MOUR$ A$
t'LIA MAK,$ IN 9 MOUR$. MOW MUtM DO
TM~ ~M MAK' P'R MOUR?

~. J,$$' WN$ ~/MR MOR' TMAN K~IN.

AFT'R WORKINb 9 MOUR$, J,$$' blV,$
K~IN 10% OF Ml$ PAY, AFT'R WMltM TM~ 7a. WRIT' AN 'XPR,$$10N FOR TM' AMOUNT
MAV' 'QlJAL AMOUNT$. WMAT AR' TM'IR OF MON~ n NltK,1.$ AR' WORTM.
MOURLY WAb,$?
7b. WRIT' AN 'XPR,~ION FOR TM' AMOUNT
4. A PltTUR' FRAM' 1$ TWlt' A$ TALL A$ IT OF MON~ m DIM,$ AR' WORTM.
1$ WID,. TM' TOTAL L'NbTM OF TM' WOOD
TMAT W'NT INTO IT WA$ 66 INtM,$. MOW 7C. IF I MAV' TWlt' A$ MANY DIM,$ A$
LONb AR' TM' $ID'$ OF TM' FRAM'? NltK,1.$, AND TM' AMOUNT OF MON~ 1$
S1. 7?, MOW MANY NltK,1.$ DO I MAV'? MOW
MANY DIM,$?
~. A PltTUR'
FRAM' 1$ 413 A$
WID' A$ IT 1$
LONb. TM' TOTAL
L'NbTM OF LUMB'R
WA$ ?0? INtM,$,
BUT TM'R' WA$ A
9" Pl~' L'FT G 9. J'~' $TART$ WITM $4.00. M' blV,$
OV'R. WMAT AR' =6=====-==- t'LIA $OM' QlJART,R$ AND MALF A$ MANY
TM' DIM,N$10N$ ~- DIM,$, 'NDINb UP WITM S1 .60. MOW MANY
OF TM' FRAM'? QlJART,R$ AND DIM,$ DID M' blV'?

9. A ROW OF TR"$ 'XT,ND$ AWAY FROM A MOU$,. TM' Dl$TANt' FROM TR" #1 TO TR" #2 1$
TWlt' TM' Dl$TANt' FROM TM' MOU$' TO TR" #1; TM' Dl$TANt' FROM TR" #'2. TO TR" #'3 1$
TWlt' TM' Dl$TANt' FROM TR" #1 TO TR" #2; AND $0 IT '70,$, TM' Dl$TANt' B~"N ~M
ADJAt,NT PAIR OF TR"$ B'INb TWlt' TM' Dl$TANt' B~"N TM' PR~IOU$ PAIR. IF TM' Dl$TANt'
FROM TM' MOU$' TO TM' FIFTM TR" 1$ 9'30 F,'1, MOW FAR FROM TM' MOU$' 1$ TM' FIR$T TR"?

I
$
' c
,f,
10. Bib AL AND LITTL' B'NNY ROB A BANK. AL blV,$ B'NNY
S1 ,000 AND K"P$ S2., 7?9 FOR MIM$,LF. WM'N B'NNY
COMPLAIN$, AL MAK,$ MIM AN OFF,R: TM' N'XT MON~ TM~
$T~L WILL B' $Pl.IT 114 TO AL AND ?/4 TO B'NNY, UNTIL
B'NNY MA$ MALF A$ MUtM A$ AL. MOW MUtM DO TM~ N"D
TO $T~L B'FOR' B'NNY'$ TOTAL R~M,$ MALF Al.'$?

92.
 Chapter 7
More Than One Unknown
R~Al.ITY 1$ FUL.l. OF
VARIA8l.~$. M~1Glff$AND
W~IGMT$ RI$~ AND FAL.l. ...
PR1l~$ GO UP AND
($0M~IM~$) DOWN ...
TM~ WORL.D 1$ Al.WAY$
tMANGING IN tOUNTl.~$$
WAY$ ... $0 $MOUL.DN'T
W~ l.~ AT l.~$T ON~
MOR~ VARIA8l.~ INTO OUR
~QUATION$ AND G~ A
l.ITTL.~ MOR~ RGAL.?

l.~'$ $TART WITM A CARPGNTRY PROJGCT. t~l.IA GO~$ TO TM~ MARDWAR~ $TOR~ FOR
$OM~ NAil.$. $M~ N~~D$ TWO DIFF~R~NT KIND$, 8RA$$ AND IRON.

~Brass
3( EA.
...
Iron f
2( EA.
FOR $OM{; R{;A$0N OR OTM{;R, $M{;
TO$${;$ TME;M ALL. INTO TM{; $AM{; SAb .•.

K{;VIN 1$ NOT MAPPY! ME; WANT$ TO KNOW MOW MANY NAIL.$ OF ~M KIND t{;L.IA SOlJbMT!

ANl7 170N'T
MAK{; ME;
tOlJNT '{;M
ALL., Pl.{;A${;!

K{;VIN'$ FIR$T 117{;A 1$ TO WblGM TM{; NAIL.$. TM{;

$tAL.{; T{;L.L.$ MIM TME;Y W{;lbM 900 bRAM$. M{;
AL.$0 FINl7$ TMAT ON{; SRA$$ NAIL. W{;lbM$ '3 8 ~ TM{; NlJMS{;R OF SRA$$ NAIL.$
bRAM$, WMIL.{; ONE; IRON NAIL. W{;16M$ 4 bRAM$.
I ~ TM{; NlJMS{;R OF IRON NAIL.$

TME;N "38 1$ TM{; WE;IG>MT OF ALL. TM{;

SRA$$ NAIL.$, IN 6RAM$, AN17 4! 1$
TM{; W{;lbMT OF ALL. TM{; IRON NAIL.$,
AL.$0 IN 6RAM$. TM{; $UM OF TM{;${;
{;.X.PR{;$$10N$ 1$ TM{; TOTAL. W{;lbMT,
900 bRAM$, AN17 TM1$ $TATE;ME;NT
S{;t0M{;$ AN E;QUATION.

<n ~B + 4I = 900

94
KENIN TRI{;$ $0LV1Nb FOR 8.
38 + 4I::. 900 (EQUATION 1) • c.>

(SIJ8TRAtTlt.lb 4I
38::. 900 - 4I FROM SOTl-I $IV,$)

(2.) B:: ~00

4
- -I (VIVIVINb SOTl-I
.....
...
$IV,$ 8Y ~) -~1111-\ ',
~ , "
. Q

IN$T{;At1 OF FINt11Nb A NUMB{;R, M{;

6-'1$ AN {;.X.PR{;$$10N INVOLVINb I.
IN {;QUATION (2.), KENIN MA$
$0LV{;t1 FOR 8 "IN T{;RM$ OF I."
$0 WMAT'$ 8? KENIN ANt1 l{;LIA
AR{; L{;FT $lRATlMINb TM{;IR
M{;At1$.

IN FAlT. /I.ANY P0$$1BL{; VALU{;$

OF 8 ANt1 I $0LV{; {;QUATION 2.
FOR IN$TANl{;, IF W{; $IMPLY GUG~ M{;R{; AR{; A F{;W
TMAT I ::. 30 I W{; lAN PLUb TMAT $0LUTION$-BUT
INTO (2.) ANt1 F1Nt1 BY NO M{;AN$
ALL OF TM{;M!
8 ::. 300 - : (30)

::. 300- 40
I 8 38+4I
::. 260
3 2.96 900
ANt1 TM1$ PAIR OF VALU{;$, I::. 30,
8 ::. 2.60, $0LV{;$ {;QUATION 1, A$ 6 2.92. 900
W{; ${;{; BY PLUbblNb TM{;M IN. 9 2.99 900
12. 2.94 900
3(260) + 4(30)
93 176 900
::. 190 + 120 99 169 900
::. 900
2.00 331.
~
900
IF W{; MAt1 PllK{;t1 $OM{; OTM{;R
VALU{; OF I, $AY I::. 93, TM{;N

8 ::. 300 - 4 (93)

3 YOU lAN
8 ::. 300 - 124 ::. 176 BUY t OF
A NAIL?
ANt1 YOU lAN lM{;lK TMAT TM1$ PAIR OF
VALU{;$ AL$0 $0LV{;$ {;QUATION (1). W{;LL. YOU lAN
1/#.AGING IT...
FOR ANY VALU{; OF I, TM{;R{; 1$ A
lORR{;$PONt11Nb VALU{; OF 8. TM{;
{;QUATION MA$ /#.ANY ~1.UTIONS.
lAN K~IN ~GR FIND 8 AND I U$1NG ALGGSRA? JU$T MAYSG ... 8GlAU$G lHIA I-IA$ ~MG
#.OR' INFOR/AATION: $1-!G R~~8GR$ Tl-IG ~T OF Tl-IG NAIL$!

8RA$$ IRON TOTAL. l0$T

3~ ~M 2.~ ~M 8~FOR~ TAX

K~IN $~$ UP A N~ GQUATION.

ALL NUM8GR$ ARG IN lGNT$. $TILL U$1NG A
PGNllL IN$TbAD
'38 ~ l0$T OF SRA$$ NAIL$
OF A l-IAMMGR!
2.I ~ l0$T OF IRON NAIL$

Tl-IG TOTAL l0$T ::. 600 lGNT$ OR

$6.00, 1$ Tl-IG $UM OF Tl-IG$G.

(3) 3B + 'ZI : 600

Tl-IG FIR$T GQUATION WITl-I TWO VARIA8LG$ I-IA$ MANY ~WTION$. lAN IT SG Tl-IAT A $btOND
GQUATION WILL NARROW Tl-IG P0$$181LITIG$ TO A $1NGLG PAIR OF NUM8GR$, Tl-IG AlTUAL AN$WGR?
lAN WG FIND VAWG$ OF 8 AND I Tl-IAT $AT1$FY SOTM GQUATION$ AT ™' $~ Tl#.'?

IF Tl-IG AN$WGR
1$ "NO, n YOU ARG
RbALLY WA$TING
MY TIMG ... I WOULD
N~GR!
TWO EQUATIO~S I~ TWO VARIABLES
START WITM TWO
GQUATIONS 1.IKG TM1$:
IF I RUN OUT OF
I.ITT!;~.
ax+by::.. e 1'1.1. U$!;
Pl!;t!;$ OF FRUIT!

ex +dy::.. f
MGRG a, b, c, d, e, AND f CAN 8G ANY NUM8GR$, AND "AND y ARG TMG VARIA81.G$. NOTG
TMAT TMGRG ARG NO TGRMS INVOl.VING PRODUCTS OF VARIA81.G$ l.IKG xy OR ""OR xly,
JUST x AND y At.ONG, WITM CONSTANT COGFFICIGNTS. WG'VG JUST SGGN AN GXAMPl.G: CGl.IA
AND KGVIN'S CARPGNTRY GQUATIONS (NOW USING x AND y INSTGAD OF 8 AND I).

3x + 4y ::.. 900 WG Wit.I. NOW $MOW TMRGG

DIFFGRGNT WAYS TO SOI.VG TMIS
PAIR OF GQUATIONS-TMRGG! AND
3x + 2y ::.. 600 TMGSG TMRGG WAYS ARG CAI.I.GD...

AND, UM, WGl.t., TMG TMIRD WAY

DOGSN'T GXAtTl.Y MAVG A NAMG ...

97
 $TART BY U$1N6" E;QUATION i; TO
Substitution $01.V(; FOR y IN TE;RM$ OF x.
AbAIN, $TART WITM
TM(;$(; (;QUATION$: (t;) ?x + 2.y = 600

(4) ?x + 4y -:: 900 2.y = 600 - ?x

(6) y = '300 - ~"
(';) ?x + 2.y-:: 600 2.
$INC(; y 1$ TM(; $AM(; A$ TMAT
(;X.PR(;$$10N IN X, WE; CAN
WE; $(;(;K VALUE;$ OF X AND y TMAT
$01.V(; BOTM E;QUATION$ $1MU!.TANE;OU$l.Y.
SUSSTITUT(; IT FOR y IN
E;QUATION 4.

,tA ~rnyr]
~~<[}~~~Cl~~} g <®@@
NOW WE; MAV(; AN E;QUATION IN $0 TM(; AN$W(;R 1$ AND WE; CM(;CK TMAT TM1$
ONE; VARIABl.(;, X Al.ON(;. $01.UTION $01.V(;$ IJOTM
X = 100 (BRA$$NAil.$) E;QUATION$.
'3x+4('300-ix) =900 y = 1?0 (IRON NAil.$)
(4) 3000) +40i;O) l 900
?x + 1200- 6x =900 300 + 600 ::. 900
6x - ?x =1200 - 900
6"R(;AT! ci;) 3000)+2.<1i;o) l 600
?x = '300 TIM(; TO 300 + 300 ::. 600
POUND!
x = 100
AND y? TM(; V(;RY FIR$T $T(;P
WA$ TO FIND y IN TE;RM$ OF X.

(6) y = '300 - ix MIH TM'

t.IA.ll. ON
y ='300 - i (100) TM' M"'D!

y ='300 - 1?0
y =1?0
Elimination
nu; $U8$TITUTION
M~MOt7 G~S Rlt7
OF (''GL..IMINATG$n)
~ r{Jl ~~ g <JJ@@
(r=~---... ,-~~,?.-~~ g ~
ONG VARIASL..G IN A
RATMGR ROUNt7A80UT
WAY. TMIS M~MOt7
6-0GS STRAIGMT TO
IT!

IF WG SUSTRACr TMG L..GFT $1t7G OF ONG GQUATION FROM TMG L..GFT $1t7G OF TMG OTMGR,
TMOSG 3x TGRMS WIL..L.. lANt::GL.. OUT. L..~'$ TRY TMAT SUSTRACrlON.

~~ r{ll ~~ g@zf§)@
~~~%~~wg~~
~ ~~ g ~@ ~oo-boo l
$U8TRACrlNG L..GFT FROM L..GFT ANt7 RIGMT FROM RIGMT, WG'RG $TIL..L.. TAKING AWAY GQUAL..
TMING$ FROM GQUAL.. TMINGS-$0 TMG RGSUL..TS MUST SG GQUAL.. TOO!

NOW x 1$ HIMINATGt7, ANt7

WG MAVG FOUNt7
2.y :: 300 WMY AM
I NOT
y :: 1?0 $URPR1$Gt7?

F1Nt7 x SY PL..UGGING IN
1?0 FOR y IN GITMGR OF
TMG ORIGINAL.. GQUATION$.
(4) 3x + 4y :: 900
3x + 4(1?0) :: 900
3x + 600 :: 900
3x :: 300

":: 100
 TWO DIFFGRGNT
FROM (4):
Method 3 WAYS TO
GXPRGSS y!
nus ONG MlbMT SG tAL.L.GD ?x + 4y: 900
"FIND y TWltG. ~ TMG GQUATIONS
4y: 900 - ?x
(4) 3x + 4y : 900 (7) y : t<900 - ?x) -=-----....,......
(?) 3x + 2.y : 600
AND FROM (?), WG AL.RGADY
AL.L.OW US TO ~L.VG FOR FOUND
1J IN TGRMS OF x IN TWO
DIFFGRGNT WAYS. (6) y : i<600 - 3x)

TMG GXPRGSSIONS t<900-3x) AND i<600-3x) ARG SOTM GQUAL. TO y, ~ TMGY MUST SG
GQUAL. TO GACM OTMGR.

AN
GQUATION
IN x
ONL.Y!

WG ~L.VG IT WITMOUT MUtM FUSS:

tOUL.DN'T WG
t<900 - 3x) : i<600 - 3x) bGT A DIFFGRGNT
ANSWGR ONtG IN
900 - 3x : 2.(600 - 3x) (MUL.TIPL.YIN6 SY 4 A WMIL.G?
TO CL.W FRACflONS)

900 - 3x : 1200 - 6x
6x - 3x : 12.00 - 900
3x: 300
x: 100

FIND y FROM GITMGR (6) OR (1)

SY PL.UbblNb IN 100 FOR x.

y : i<600- 3x)
1J : i<600- (3)(100))
y : i<300)

1J : 170

90
More About Elimination
IN TMG 8RA$$-TAtK$ PR08l.f;M, 80TM GQUATION$ MAD A TGRM, ?x, TMAT WA$ r;A$Y TO
(;l.IMINATG 8GCAU$G IT MAD TMG $AMG COGFFICIGNT, 3, IN 80TM GQUATION$. IT'$ Al.$0 r;A$Y
TO Gl.IMINATG A VARIA8l.G WMGN IT$ COGFFICIGNT$ ARG DIFFl:Rl:NT, l.IKG, $AY, TMG$G:

~U8TRACTIN6'
WON'T 'l.IMINAT'
x OR y!
-----1 Y'1!

TMG ID(;A 1$ TO MUL.TIPL.Y TMG GQUATION$ 8Y NUM8GR$ TMAT PRODUCG TMG $AMG COGFFICIGNT
FOR ONG OF TMG VARIA8l.G$. MGRG, FOR IN$TANCG, WG CAN MUL.TIPL.Y TMG TOP GQUATION 8Y
3 AND TMG 80TTOM 8Y 2., PRODUCIN6" TMG TGRM 6y IN 80TM.

3 x (5x+2y=13) c:::=t:> 15x+6y=39

2 x (2x+3y=14) 4x+6y=28

NOW $U8TRAtT A$
8GFORG, AND TMG 6y I PGR$0NAL.l.Y PRGFGR
TGRM$ Wll.l. CANC(;l.. Gl.IMINATION TO TMG
TMG NGXT 8G$T OTMGR TWO TGCMNIQUG$.
17x + 6y::. ?9 $01.UTION TO A IT'$ NGATGR AND l.G$$
$OAP $01.lJTION ! GRROR-PRONG ... AND A$
- ( 4x + 6y ::. 29 ) YOU CAN $GG ON P. 09,
DG$CRl81N6" IT IN CAR-
11x ::. 11 TOON$ MAKG$ FOR A

" =1 MUCM CL.r;ANGR PAGG

l.AYOUT, TOO, Al.WAY$ A
TMGN FIND 1J 8Y $U8$Tl- 6-00D $16-N ••.
TUTIN6" x ::. 1 IN GITMGR
GQUATION 9 OR 9:

(9) 2x + ?y ::. 14 tL.'AN PM-,,

tL.~ MIN17,
2(1) + ?y ::. 14 tL.~ MATM!

?y::. 12

y=4
YOU CAN CMGCK TMG $01.UTION!

91
Gl..IMINATION WORKS JUST AS WGL.l.. WITM NGGATIVG tOGFFltlGNTS. FOR GXAMPL.G,

TMGN ADD (NOT

SUBTRACr) TO
Gl..IMINATG y !

IT'S l..GFT TO YOU TO FINt7 y ANt7

tMGtK TMG ANSWGR.

CAUTION: SOMbTIMGS TWO IN TMG NGXT

tMAPTGR, TMIS
GQUATIONS lAN l..EAD TO FRUSTRATION.
Wll..l.. 8GtOMG
FOR INSTANtG, USING Gl..IMINATION ON
tl..GARGR, AS WG
t7RAW PltTURGS
x+y=-2.
OF GQUATIONS ...
2.x + 2.y = 4
GIVGS

NOT TOO MGL.PFUL.! TMAT'S 8GtAUSG

TMG SGtONt7 GQUATION IS SIMPL.Y
TWltG TMG FIRST ONG. bVGRY SOl..lJ-
TION OF TMG FIRST (ANt7 TMGRG ARG
MANY) Al.SO SOL.VGS TMG SGCONt7.

ON TMG OTMGR MANt7, TMG PAIR

x+y=?
x+y=-2.
l..GA'7S SY SUBTRACrlON TO
0::. 1

A SURG SIGN SOMbTMING IS WRONG! MGRG

TMG GQUATIONS MAVG NO SOl..lJTION IN
COMMON. MOW tAN TWO NUM8GRS x ANt7 y
At7t7 TO 2 ANt7 Al.SO At7t7 TO 3? NO WAY...

92
MORE?
TMG $AMG Tr;tMNIQUG$ CAN
BG U$GD TO ~LVG TMRGG c10) x + y + 2z 4 =
GQUATION$ IN TMRGG
UNKNOWN$. on 2x + y + z 3 =
c12) 3x + 4y + 2z 10 =
WG CAN HIMINATG y. FOR IN$TANCG, AND AL$0 HIMINATG y FROM
FROM TMG PAIR (10) AND (11) ... TMG PAIR (10) AND (12).

(10) x + y + 2.z ::: 4 (4 x 'Q'N 10) 4x + 4y + 9z ::: 16

(11) - ( 2.x + y + z ::: 3 ) (12.) - ( 3x + 4y + 2.z ::: 10 )

(13) -x + z ::: 1 (14) + 6z ::: 6

(13) AND (14) ARG A PAIR OF GQUA-

TION$ IN TWO VARIABLG$ (x AND z), AND~ ON FOR
WMICM WG tAN ~LVG A$ BGFORG. WMGRG
4 GQUATION$ IN
DOG$ IT
4 VARIABLG$, ?
(13) -x + z ::: 1 ALL GND'?
GQUATION$ IN
(14) x + 6z ::: 6 ? VARIABLG$, 6
TM1$ CMAPTGR?
GQUATION$ IN ...
7z::: 7 RIGMT MGRG!

z ::: 1
PWG z::: 1 INTO (13) TO FIND x.
(13) -x + 1 ::: 1
')t ::: 0

~LVG FOR y, TMG ONLY VARIABLG

LGFT, BY PLUGGING TMG$G VAWG$ OF
x AND z INTO ANY ONG OF TMG
ORIGINAL GQUATION$.

(10) 0 + y + (2.)(1) ::: 4

y:::4-2.
y::: 1
TMG$G VAWG$ ~LVG ALL TMRGG
GQUATION$. (YOU $MOULD CMr;tK!)

93
Problems
$01..V!; TM!;$!; $i;T$ OF !;QUATION$.

1 1
1. " + y =
71 7. -" + 4y
2.
= -72. 0. -x--y=7
'3 2
x-y=? 1 1
" + 7y = 1 -y--x=7
2 4
2.. r + s = 104
r - s =7 6. 6.9r - 4.2.s = 14.7 9. 2.t + ?u +2.v = -1
2.r + 2..4s = 10.7 -6t - 7u - v = -11
?. 6x + 9y = 42.
10t + u - v = ?1
17x - 2.y = 7 7. 2.p + 4q = -10
?p - 4q = 3 10. 2.x + ?y + 10z = 16
4. 2.p + 4q = -10
?x + 2.z = 10
?p - 4q = ?
?x - ?y = 2.

11a. FIND TWO NUMSbR$ WMO$b $UM 1$ 2.3 AND WMO$b DIFFbRbNCb 1$ ?.
b. FIND TWO NUMSbR$ WMO$b $UM 1$ 1,02.6 AND WMO$b DIFFbRbNCb 1$ 10.

12.. A F1$MING SOAT 13. FIND TWO NUMSbR$ WMO$b $UM 1$

SRING$ IN TWO KIND$ OF 12.476 AND WMO$b DIFFbRbNCb 1$ 17.?11.
F1$M, SM$ AND COD. TMb
PRICb AT TMb DOCK 1$ 14. IF I DOUSLb Jb$$b'$ Abb AND ADD IT
$2.. 2.? PbR POUND FOR TO CHIA'$, IT C0Mb$ TO 44. IF I DOUSLb
SA$$ AND $1. 0? PbR CHIA'$ Abb AND ADD IT TO Jb$$b'$, TMb
POUND FOR COD. TODAY'$ $UM 1$ 43. MOW OLD ARb CHIA AND Jb$$b?
tATCM TOTALbD ?,000
POUND$ AND $OLD FOR 17. MOMO MA$ $7.00 WORTM OF NICKbL$
$10,4?0. HOW MANY AND QUARTbR$. TMbRb ARb 64 COIN$
POUND$ OF ~M KIND ALTOGbTMbR. MOW MANY OF ~M COIN
OF F1$M WbRb CAUGMT? D0b$ $Mb MAVb?

16. A TRUCK, $TARTING WITM A FULL TANK OF FUbL, DR1Vb$ A LOAD OF $AND TO A
CON$TRUCTION $1Tb. ALONG TMb WAY, $AND $LOWLY LbAK$ OUT A MOLb IN TMb FLOOR.
WMbN TMb TRUCK ARRIVb$, IT$ WblGMT 1$ FOUND TO Sb 110 POUND$ $MORT.

WORKbR$ FILL TMb TANK WITM FUH AND SILL TMb DRIVbR 17. $0LVb FOR x AND y
$24.00. IF TMbY CMARGb $4.00 PbR GALLON OF FUbL AND IN TbRM$ OF a.
$.06 PbR POUND OF LO$T $AND, MOW MUCM $AND LbAKbD
OUT OF TMb TRUCK? MOW MUCM FUH DID IT SURN? A$$UMb A ax + 2.y 3 =
GALLON OF FUbL Wb1GM$ 6 x+y=2.
POUND$.

94
 Chapter 8
Drawing Equations

IN CA$(; YOU W(;R(;

WOND!;RING, T!-11$ 1$N'T
Tl-I(; FIR$T SOOK TO
MAK(; CARTOON$ A80UT
AL.6(;8RA. .. NO ... Tl-IAT
l-IONOR 6'0(;$ ALL. Tl-I(;
WAY BAtK TO Tl-I(;
i;ARL.Y 1600$, Wl-l(;N
FR!;Nll-IMAN

R'N' D'~'ART'~
("R(;l-l-NAY DAY-C.ART~)
FIR$T TURN(;D AL.G!;BRA
T!-11$ ON(; AL.WAY$
INTO DRAWING$ Tl-IAT
lRAtK$ M(; UP!
W(; MIGi-iT lAL.L.
"D!;$CARTOON$. -
DGSCARTGS WANTGD TO
DRAW TMG RH.ATIONSMIP
S(;TWGGN TWO VARIA8l.GS,
SO INSTGAD OF ONG
NUMSGR l.ING, MG DRGW
TWO ... AND RATMGR TMAN
RUNNING TMGM SIDG SY
SIDG, MG CROSSGD TMGM
AT TMGIR ZGRO POINTS.

2.

-9 -9 -7

-2.

NOW TMG WMOl.G Pl.ANG SGCOMGS A GRID. GVGRY POINT IS PROVIDGD WITM AN "ADDRGss·
CONSISTING OF TWO NUMSGRS IN ORDGR, l.IKG TMIS: (x, y). TMG FIRST NUMSGR SAYS WMGRG
TMG POINT IS MORIZONTAl.l.Y ON TMG GRID, TMG SGCOND NUM8GR WMGRG IT IS VGRTICAl.l.Y.
TMG POINT WMGRG TMG NUMSGR l.INGS CROSS, tAl.l.GD TMG ORIGIN, MAS ADDRGSS (0, 0).

I
r
. (-t;, 3) (1, 3)

I
?
•
I (3, 2)
'3
(- 2 , -2. )
2.
•
...
~U ·
~
,..,...-
~~ ,~
•I . .
I I
t-
I
1
I
~
a·~ .LY(>-4
' ·;-;:~
I
'
.__
-?
.
- 2. -1 1- 2 3
4 ff>' =·~ ..,Y'i'
~

:~
I I I

~1 (-?, -1)
(0, 0)
• (.!. -l)
v 2
I • -1
I -
I
(-4.7, -1.9) • I
-2 .(4, - 2.)
-
I I I I -?
I I I I I
96
TMG MORIZONTAL. NlJM8GR L.ING IS OFTGN tAL.L.GP TMG X-AXI~ ANP TMG VGRTltAL. NlJM8GR L.ING
TMG y-AXI~. TMG TWO NlJM8GRS OF A POINT'S AWRGSS ARG tAL.L.GP ITS X-lOORDINATc; ANP
ITS y-lOORDINATc;. TO FINP A POINT'S x-COORPINATG, FOL.L.OW A VGRTltAL. L.ING FROM TMG
POINT TO TMG x./~XIS; TO FINP ITS y-COORPINATG, (:,() MORIZONTAL.L.Y FROM TMG POINT TO
TMG y-AXIS.

y-AXI$

: (6,4)
(0, 4) ------------------------+---

(6,0) x-AXI$

POINTS ON TMG x-AXIS All MAVG

lOORPINATGS OF TMG FORM (x, 0),
WMIL.G POINTS ON TMG y-AXIS MAVG
lOORPINATGS (0, y).

t
IF A llTY WGRG L.AIP OUT L.IKG TMIS (ANP MANY ARG-lMGlK OUT A MAP OF NGW YORK llTY'S
MANMATTAN), YOU MIGMT SAY TMAT TMG POINT (x, y) IS AT TMG INTGRSGlTION OF x AVGNlJG
ANP y STRGGT. OF lOlJRSG, OlJR "llTY" MAS FRAlTIONAL. ANP IRRATIONAL. STRGGTS, TOO .•.

MGGT MG AT TMG
lORNGR OF 1T
lon 1,263,?71
ANV 936 ...

97
NOW L'1'$ PICTUR' A $1MPL' 'QUATION,
y:: ;e. A PAIR (x, y) $ATl$FI'$ TIM 'QUA-
N'XT w' =
"bRAPW TM' 'QUATION IJ 2.x. S~IN
SY FILLINb IN A $MALL TASL' WITM A F~ VALU,$
TION WM'N TM' TWO lOORDINAT,$ x AND 1J OF X AND y. W' lAN PllK ANY OLD VALU,$ OF
AR' (;QUAL TO ~M OTM,R. W' MARK ALL x; IT DO,$N'T MATT,R.
=
TM' POINT$ WM'R' x y, $UlM A$ (0, 0),
(1, 1), (-3.14, -3.14), AND ALL TM' R'$T. IJ =2x
TM,$, POINT$ LI' ON A $TRAlbMT LIN' lALL'D
TM' 'QUATION'$ 6RAPM. x IJ
-2 -4
0 0
1 2

(0,0)

TM1$ $AY$ TMAT

TM' POINT$
6-RAPM OF (-2,-4), (0,0),
AND (1, 2) AR(;
(-2,-4) • ALL ON TM(;
6-RAPM . $0 W(;
MARK TM(;M!

IF YOU LAY A $TRAlbMT,Db' AbAIN$T TMO$'
POINT$, YOU'LL FIND TMAT TM~ LI' ON A
$TRAlbMT LIN,. (;V(;R'Y POINT ON TM(; LIN(;
=
$ATl$FI,$ TM' 'QUATION 1J 2x. TM1$ LIN' 1$
=
TM' bRAPM OF y 2x. A$ YOU $", IT'$
$T"P'R TMAN TM' bRAPM OF y x. =
M'R' AR' TM' bRAPM$ OF 'QUATION$ y = mx
FOR $~,RAL VALU,$ OF m. ALL OF TM~
PA$$ TMROUbM TM' ORl6'1N (WMY?), AND L.ARb'R
VALU,$ OF m MAK' $T"P'R LIN,$. WM'N m
1$ N~ATIV,, TM' bRAPM $LOP,$ "SAlKWARD,.
'·'·· IT 6'0'$ DOWN TO™' RlbMT.

6-RAPM OF
y=Zx

99
 MOW ASOUT TMG GQUATIOt..I 1J =
x + 2.? I MOPG YOU CAN $GG TMAT TM1$ GRAPM
GIVGt..I ANY VAL.UG OF x, ADD 2 TO Flt.ID y. L.OOK$ GXACTL.Y L.IKG TMG GRAPM OF
$TARTING AT ANY POINT x ON TMG x-AXI$, =
TMG GQUATIOt..I y x, 8UT $MIFTGD TWO
GO x UNIT$ VGRTICAl.l.Y, TMGt..I UP TWO UNIT$ UPWARD.
UNIT$.
TMJ, GRAPM
(x, x+1.) • Ml,,~, TM~
y=x+2.
x

-4
y

-2.
I
• (x, x)
ORIGIN!

I
• (1, 3)
0 2.
1 '3

I
(0,1)

·C1.1)

-4

(-4,-2)
•
I• (-4, -4)

GIVGt..I ANY t..IUM8GR a, TMG GRAPM OF It.I TMG SAMG WAY, IF m IS ANY t..IUM8GR,
y = x + a L.OOK$ l.IKG TMG GRAPM OF TMG GRAPM OF
1J = x $MIFTGD VGRTICAL.L.Y a UNIT$
y = mx + b
(UP IF a > 0, DOWN IF a < 0).
1$ IDGt..ITICAL. TO TMG GRAPM OF 1J =mx,
8UT SMIFTGD b UNITS VGRTICAL.L.Y.

y=mx

99
NOW l.~'S TMINK A l.ITTl.G 81T A80UT
STGGPNGSS OR Sl.OPG. MAY8G YOU'VG
SGGN A ROAl7 Slt7N l.IKG TMIS ONG: A
1M UPMll-l. 6JlAD(; MGANS TMG
ROAl7 Cl.IM8S 0.1 Mll.G FOR GACM
Mll.G OF FORWARl7 (MORl-
ZONTAL.) PR0'7RGSS.

i
0.1
Mru;

1 Mil.~

TM~ GR~AT~R TM~ A LING'? ?LOPG, TMGN, I? MGA?URGl7 8Y

M~IGMT YOU MAY~ TO 171VIDING IT? RI% BY IT? RUN.
Cl.IMS (TM~ " RIS~ " ) FOR
A GIV~N AMOUNT OF 0
FORWARl7 PROGR~?? \?U~@
~~@~ § ~\?®ITU
(TM~ "RUN"), TM~
GRGAT~R YOUR ~FFORT ::l
AN17 TMG ?TGGP~R TM~
SLOP~.

l'M RISING, BUT

l'M SUR~ A? MGCK
NOT RUNNING ...

0
9

- - - - - RlJN

100
 IN nu~ U?A, INTGR?TATG MIG.MWAY GRADG?
ARGN 'T ?UPPO?GD TO GXtGGD 6%, BUT
L.OtAL. ROAD? MAY BG ?TGGPGR ... AND OUR
TMOUGMT-L.ING? tAN BG ?TGGPGR ?Tll.L.. A
GRADG OF 100% WOUL.D Rl?G ONG MIL.G
GVGRY MIL.G (OR A FOOT GVGRY FOOT, OR
TGN MbTGR? GVGRY TGN MbTGR?, Grt).

WGL.L., I
GRADG"' 100% MAVG MY
L.IMIT? ...
1 1
?L.OPG"' - ::o 1
1

AND WG tAN GO GVGN ?TGGPGR ...

TMGRG'? NO L.IMIT ON TMG ?L.OPG!

?L.OPG tAN GO DOWNMIL.L., TOO, AND TMG IDGA I? TMG ?AMG-TMG FARTMGR YOU DROP FOR
GACM UNIT OF FORWARD PROGRG??, TMG ?TGGPGR IT I?, IN A N(;6ATIV(; $(;N$(;.

TMI? TAKG?
TMG OPPO?ITG
OF GFFORT!

WMbTMGR UPMIL.L. OR DOWN,

TMG MATM I? TMG ?AMG:
DIVIDG TMG tMANGG IN
AL.TITUDG (PO?ITIVG OR
Nbl?ATIVG) BY TMG FORWARD
PROGRG??. GOING DOWNMIL.L.,
"Rl$G" TMG "Rl?G" I? RbAL.L.Y A DROP,
?O IT tOUNT? A? NGGATIVG.

R1$G 1$ NGbATIVG
RUN 1$ P0$1TIVG

$1.0PG "' :'i~ 1$ NGbATIVG

- - - - - - - - - - - - - RUN

NOW L.bT'? ?GG MOW TMI?

l.OOK? U?ING AL.GGBRA.

101
Slope and Intercept
GIVGN AN GQUATION 1J : mx + b, WMAT y: mx+b
C70 TMG NUMSGR$ m ANC7 b TGL.L.. U$
ASOUT TMG GRAPM? $TART WITM b.

WMGN x : 0, TMG GQUATION $AY$

1J : m(O) + b y :mx
: b

$0 TMG POINT (0, b) 1$ ON TMG

I.ING. IN OTMGR WORD$, b 1$
WMGRG nu; L.IN(; CR0S$(;$ TM(;
y-A.xl$. TMG NUMSGR b 1$ tAl.l.GC7
TMG y-lNT(;RC(;PT OF TMG I.ING.

ANC7 NOW m: WG $AW ON P. 99 TMAT m MA$

$0MGTMING TO C70 WITM A I.ING'$ $1.0PG, $0
I.GT'$ tAl.tUl.ATG TMG $1.0PG. WG TAKG TWO
POINT$ ON TMG I.ING-ANY TWO POINT$-ANC7
C71VIC7G TMG Rl$G SY TMG RUN. IF TMG POINT$
MAVG tOORC71NATG$ (x1, 1J1) ANC7 (xi, Yi),*
TMGN TMG Rl$G 1$ IJi - y1 At.JD TMG RUtJ 1$
Xi-X1·

I.YING ON TMG I.ING, 80TM $1NtG Xi - x1 1$N'T ZGRO, WG tAN

POINT$' tOORC71NATG$ C71VIC7G 80TM $1C7G$ SY TM1$ NUMSGR
$AT1$FY TMG GQUATION. TO GGT TMG Rl$G OVGR TMG RUN:

y1 : mx1 + b
y2 : mx2 + b

$USTRAtT 1J1 FROM 1J 2. TO TMAT MON$TGR ON TMG 1.GFT 1$

FIND TMG Rl$G. tAl.l.GC7 TMG Dlff(;R(;NC(; QUO-
Ttr;NT. TM1$ GQUATION $AY$ TMAT
y2 - y 1 : mx2 - mx1 (b tANt&:LS) TMG C71FFGRGNtG QUOTIGNT 1$
Al.WAY$ m, FOR ANY TWO POINT$
: m (x2. - x,) (DISTRl8VTIV&: LAW)
ON TMG 1.1NG. m I~ ™' $1.0P(;!!

"R~D AS ·i:x-ON&:,. "WY&:-ON&:,. ·i:x-rwo•• "WY&:-TWO .• NO ARITMM&:Tf' rs JMPLl&:D SY TM&: LITTL&: SUBSCRIPT

COORDJNATl;s. X1 IS TM&: x-<OC>RDJNATI; OF ™'

NUM8&:RS 1 AND i . TM&:Y AR&: SIMPLY LA8&:LS TO JD&:NTIFY WMl'M OF TM&: TWO DIFF&:R&:NT POINTS "OWN" TM&:
FIRST POINT, AND so ON.

102
Example. M'R' 1$ ™'
bRAPM oF y =i.x - 1 w1TM ~M' oF 1T$ Po1NT$' t:ooRDINAT,$
™'
L1$T'D IN A TABL,. NOT' TMAT "''RY TIM' X 1Nt:R"'$'$ BY 1, y 1Nt:R"'$'$ BY 2,
t:O,FFlt:l,NT OF x.

IN FAt:T, ANY TWO POINT$ ON x 2.x-1

TM1$ LIN' MAY' A DIFF'R'Nt:' 2
QUOTl,NT OF 1. L~'$ TRY
-'3 -7
(-2., .. i;) AND (2, 3). -2. -?
-1 -'3
Yi - Y1 '3 - (-?) 0 -1
=---
1 1
9 _., 2. '3
:- : ~
4 '3 ?

TRY TM1$ WITM OTM'R PAIR$

OF POINT$. IF YOU b~
ANYTMINb OTM'R TMAN 2,
YOU MAD' A Ml$TAK'!

y =mx+b
n1' 'QlJATION IS IN
Example. bRAPM ™' ,QUAT10N
SLOPE- 6x - 2.y =?
INTERCEPT form. AND FIND ITS SL.OP'
W' t:AN R"'D A 6'RAPM'$ $LOP' AND AND y-INT,Rt:,PT.
y-INT,Rt:'PT DIR,t:TLY FROM TM1$

™'
'QUATION. IT T'LL$ U$ MOW $T"P
6'RAPM 1$, AND MOW FAR ASOV'
™'
SOL.UTION: FIRST
us' AL.6,8RA TO
OR B'LOW
IT AL~ DIRmLY 6'1Y'$ U$
YALU' OF y FOR ~M YALU' OF x.
™'
ORl6'1N IT PAS$,$.
R~RIT' TM'
'QtJATION IN SL.OP, ..
INT,Rt'PT FORM.

$Ut:M A 6x - 2y =?
B"'UTIFUL,
B"'UTIFUL -2.y = -6x +?
FORM ...
?
Y ='3x - 2.

TM' SL.OP' IS '3;

™' y-INT,Rt:!;PT 1$
-?/2; YOU MAK' A
TA81.'; l'L.L. DRAW
TM' 6RAP~H
From Line to Equation
UP TO NOW, WG'VG STARTGt7
WITM AN GQUATION ANt7 t7RAWN
ITS 6-RAPM.
Y= x+2
i
NOW L.GT'S 6-0 TMG OTMGR WAY.
FROM L.ING TO GQUATION. 6-IVGN A
L.ING, CAN WG WRITG AN GQUATION
WM~G 6-RAPM IT IS?
MOW MUCM t70 WG NGGt7 TO
KNOW ASOUT A L.ING TO
WRITG ITS GQUATION?
MOW MUtM
1$ TM~R~
TO KNOW??
104
KNOWING TMG SL.OPG AL.ONG. FOR GXAMPL.G. rs
NOT GNOUGM. TMGRG ARG MGAPS OF L.INGS
WITM TMG SAMG SL.OPG. MOW WOUL.t7 WG KNOW
IF AN GQUATION MAt7 "OUR" L.ING AS ITS 6-RAPM?
ON TMG OTMGR MANt7, IF WG KNOW TMG L.ING'S
SL.OPG AND y-INTGRCGPT, WG CAN WRITG ITS
GQUATION IMMGt71ATHY-IN SL.OPG-INTGRCGPT
FORM, OF COURSG! FOR GXAMPL.G. IF WG KNOW
A L.ING MAS SL.OPG -1 ANt7 y-INTGRCGPT -7,
ITS GQUATION SIMPL.Y IAIJST 8G 1J : -"-t;·
y: -X _ 5 ...--- y-INT~Rt~PT
'--$1.0P~
WMAT A
R~l.l~F...
WG CAN t7GSCRl8G L.INGS IN
SGVGRAL. t71FFGRGNT WAYS
TMAT L.GAt7 TO GQUATIONS.
WU~
Point and Slope Example. FIND TMG GQLJAT10N
OF A L.ING PASSING> TMROLJG>M TMG
TMGRG'S RGAL.L.Y NOTMINb SPGtlAL. A80UT POINT (7, 11) WITM $1.0PG 6.
TMG y-INTGRtGPT. blVGN ANY POINT (a, b),
TMGRG tAN 8G ONL.Y ONG L.ING PASSING> ANSWGR: WG APPL.Y TMG POINT-
TMROLJG>M (a, b) WITM A $1.0PG FORMLJL.A DIRGtTL.Y AND bGT
blVGN $1.0PG m.
y - 11 : 6(x - 7)
DIFFGRGNT
L.ING$, WMltM tAN 8G GXPANDGD TO FIND
DIFFGRGNT TMG $1.0PG-INTGRtGPT FORM:
$1.0PGS!
y - 11 : 6x - 42
y : 6x - 31
TMG y-INTGRtGPT 1$ - 31.

TM1$ L.ING'$ GQLJATION 1$ (7, 11)

y-b = m(x-a)
WAAAYY
TMIS 1$ tAL.L.GD TMG GQLJATION'S POINT- DOWN
~l.OP(; FOR,\\. TO SGG TMAT TMG bRAPM TMGRG ...
RGAL.L.Y DOGS PA$$ TMROLJG>M (a, b), WG
SOL.VG FOR y WMGN x : a. PL.lJG>blNb IN
a FOR x blVGS
y - b : m(a - a) : m·O so
y- b; 0
y ; b

TMAT 1$, IF x : a, TMGN y : b, SO

TMG POINT (a, b) 1$ ON TMG
GQLJATION'$ bRAPM.

TMG bRAPM MAS $1.0PG m, AS YOU tAN

SGG SY GXPANDINb TMG GXPRG$$10N
AND tOL.L.GtTINb TGRM$:

y - b : m(x - a)
y - b : mx - ma
y : mx + Cb - ma)

b - ma 1$ A tONSTANT, so TM1$ GQLJATION

1$ IN $1.0PG-INTGRtGPT FORM, WITM $1.0PG (-31)
m AND y - INTGRtGPT b - ma.

1oi;
Two Points ,.
GIV~N TWO POINTS, YOU tAN rJRAW ON~ ANrJ ONL.Y
ON~ STRAIGMT L.IN~ TMROUGM TM~. ON TM~
COORrJINAT~ PL.AN~. IF A l.IN~ PASS~S TMROUGM
TWO POINTS WITM KNOWN COORrJINAT~S (x1, y 1)
'. I
X21 !12

ANrJ <xi, Yi), WMAT rs ITS ~QUATION? j '

I
FIR$T FIN17 fl.lb $L0Pb m FROM
nu; 171FFbRbNCb QUOTlbNT.
,I
Rl$b
OVbR
RUN!
I
I '
TMbN APPLY fl.lb POINT-$L0Pb FORMULA U$1Nb '
TM1$ $L0Pb ANl7 blTMbR POINT. U$1Nb fl.lb FIR$T
POINT (X1, Y1 ), TMb bQUATION 1$
, I
J

U$1Nb TMb $btON17 POINT FORMULA b1Vb$ AN

I
bQUATION TMAT LOOK$ $LlbMTLY 171FFbRbNT, SUT I
r
... ~-

~
WORK$ OUT TO Sb TMb $AMb.

ex, 'y,) ~ --=·

I
j
I .. .
~
I

Example. AN$WbR: FIR$T, FORM fl.lb

171FFbRbNlb QUOTlbNT TO
FIN17 TMb FIN17 fl.lb $L0Pb:
bQUATION OF 4 -(-2) 6
TMb LINb (6,4) ::: -
PA$$1Nb 6 - (- 6) 12 2
TMROUGM
(-6, -2) PLUG TM1$ $L0Pb INTO fl.lb
ANl7 (6, 4). POINT-$L0Pb FORMULA U$1Nb
blfl.lbR POINT. Wb U$b (6, 4 ).

(-6,-2)
MbRb y - 4 ::: -! (x - 6)
::: -!x - ?
x, "'-6. YI"' -2,
y-4
Xi"' 6, Yi"' 4.
y: ~x + 1

106
Two Equations, Two Lines
LAST tMAPTGR, WG LOOKGt7 AT PAIRS
GQUATIONS OF TMG FORM
OF GQUATIONS IN TWO VARIA8LGS,
ax + by = c ARG tALLGt7
LIKG TMGSG TWO:
l.IN&;AR GQUATIONS 8GtAUSG
TMGIR GRAPMS ARG STRAIGMT
3x + 4y =9 LINGS.
3x + 2.y =6
GQUATIONS LIKG TMIS, IN TMG FORM
ax+ by = c, ARG SAlt7 TO 8G IN
*
STANDARD FOR/I.. IF b 0, TMGY
CAN GASILY 8G RGWRITTGN IN SLOPG-
INTGRtGPT FORM ANt7 GRAPMGt7:

3x + 4y =9 3x + 2.y =6
M~!
4y = -3x +9 2.y = -3x + 6 lAR'FUL
WITM TMAT

. .y.__=_-_!__x_+__:__~I ~l-y__=_-_~_x__+_3___ TM INb!

A SOLUTION TO A PAIR OF GQUATIONS IS A PAIR OF NUM8GRS (x, y) TMAT SATISFIGS 80TM

GQUATIONS SIMULTANGOUSLY-WMltM MGANS TMAT TMG POINT (x, y) LIGS ON 80TM TM&;IR
GRAPMS. IN OTMGR WORC7S, TMG SOLUTION (OR SOLUTIONS) TO A PAIR OF GQUATIONS IS
TMG POINT (OR POINTS) WMGRG TMGIR GRAPMS INT&;RS&;Cf!I

YOU M~N
lAN DrlAW A
W'
TMG ANSWGR!
$0LUTION?
1701Nb™'
IT'$ NOT A$ PR~1$' A$
ALb,SRA,
SUT, SMllALLY, Y,$!
..... ___
tMGtK IT!
,___ _,

101
 AND IF TMG
Parallel Lines
I.ING$ DON'T A$ WG SAW IN TMG I.MT tl-IAPTGR, A PAIR OF l.IN(;AR GQUATION$ MAY
tR~$? MAVG NO $01.UTION ... AND NOW WG tAN SGG WMY. Ti-11$ tAN MAPPGN
ONL.Y WMGN TMG TWO GQUATION$' bRAP!-1$ NEVER CRO$$.

l.IKG,
N(;VGR?

~
~

WG tAN (;A$1l.Y SGG WM(;TMGR A PAIR OF l.IN(;AR GQUATION$ MAVG PARAL.l.Gl. 6>RAPl-I$
SY PUTTING TMG GQUATION$ INTO $1.0PG-INTGRtGPT FORM. FOR GXAMPL.G:

(1) ?x + 7y : 7 TRY $01.VINb

(2.) 6x + 10y : 2.0 TMGM SY
Gl.IMINATION,
AND $GG WMAT
IN POINT-$1.0PG FORM, MAPPGN$!
TMGSG S(;COMG

(la) y:-!x+1
7

(2.a) Y : _ !.x + 2.
7

TMG y-INTGRtGPT$ ARG

DIFFGRGNT, $0 TMG 6>RAPl-I$
ARG TWO $GPARATG I.ING$, SUT
TMG $l.OPG$ ARG TMG $AMG,
-3/7, $0 TMG I.ING$ ARG
PARAL.l.GL.. TMG GQUATION$
MAVG NO COMMON $01.UTION.

109
 GIVGN TWO l.IN(;AR
GQUATIONS, GITMGR:

1. TM(;)' MAVG TMG

~~ GRAPM;

2.. TMGIR GRAPMS

ARG PARAu.r;a..;

~. TMGIR GRAPMS
CR~ AT A SINbl.G
POINT.

GIVGN TWO GQUATIONS, MOW CAN WG KNOW WMICM OPTION MOL.PS TRUG? l.(;T'S SUPPOSG
a, b, c, d, e, AND f ARG SOMG FIX.GD NUMBGRS, AND TMAT NGITMGR b NOR d IS ZGRO.
(b AND d Wll.l. BG TMG COGFFICIGNTS OF y IN TMG TWO GQUATIONS, AND WG'l.l. WANT TO
DIVIDG BY TMGM.) WG WANT TO KNOW ABOUT TMG STANDARD-FORM GQUATIONS ? AND 4.

a f2
(?) ax + by =- e (?a) y=- - - x +
WG NGX.T PUT b b
TMGM IN POINT-
(4) ex + dy =- f Sl.OPG FORM: c f
(4a) y=- - - x +
'/ d d
COMPARG Sl.OPGS
AND INTGRCGPTS, $LOP'$
AND DRAW TMIS ••.

r ~,~1~~~1~~~~~~d~
TMGN TMG GQUATIONS' GRAPMS MAVG
TMG SAMG Sl.OPG AND y-INTGRCGPT. TM(;)' ARG TMG
SAMG l.ING! GVGRY POINT ON TMIS l.ING SOl.VGS BOTM
GQUATIONS.

2.. IF alb :. cld AND elb * fld, TMGN TMG GRAPMS IN OTMGR WORPS,
MAVG TMG SAMG Sl.OPG BUT DIFFGRGNT y-INTGRCGPTS. IF alb:.cld, DON'T
TM(;)' ARG PARAl.l.Gl. l.INGS, AND TMGRG IS NO SOl.UTION. BOTMGR l.OOKING
FOR A SOl.UTION !
~. IF alb* cld, TMGN TMG GQUATIONS MAVG DIFFGRGNT
Sl.OPGS. TMGIR GRAPMS CROSS AT A SINGl.G POINT,
WMICM SOl.VGS BOTM GQUATIONS SIMUl.TANGOUSl.Y.

109
Horizontal and Vertical Lines
IN nu; !;QUATION

ax + by =- c (c,4) 170!;$
"FOR!;V!;R"
W!; K!;!;P M$UM1Nb b* 0. TJ.11$ MAK!; ANYON!;
Mi;AN$ wi;·vi; L.OOK!;l7 ONL.Y AT !;L.$!; 8!;$117!;$
!;QlJATION$ L.IK!; M!; F!;!;L. ...
W!;IRl7... ?
2.x + 6y =- 4
9x - 703y =- 1,02.1,011
OR !;V!;N

(a, n1i; tO!;FFltl!;NT OF x, tAN si;

Z!;RO!) 8UT WMAT ASOUT WM!;N
b:. 0? Tl-!!;$!; AR!; !;QUATION$ L.IK!; (c,-2.)

Wl-lltl-I MA$ A v'rrncAl- 6RAPM.

IT'$ AL.I. TM!; POINT$ WITM AN
x-tOORl71NAT!; !;QUAL. TO c. A
V!;RTltAL. I.IN!;'$ $1.0P!; 1$...
INFINIT,. IT RI$!;$ (ANl7 FAL.L.$) --------- (c, W~AT~l:R)
FOR!;V!;R WITM NO RUN AT AL.I..

WM!;N a:. 0, ON TM!; OTM!;R MAN17,

TM!; !;QUATION L.OOK$ L.IK!; IT 170!;$N'T RI$!;,
NO MATT!;R MOW

~~ :R~S MORJZONTA~.
FAR I RUN!

A I.IN!; OF $1.0P!; Z'RO

(NO RI$!;, AL.I. RUN).

110
Perpendicular Lines
FINAL.LY, JU$T FOR FUN, l.~'$$(;(; WMAT IT Mr;AN$ Al.GGSRAICAL.l.Y FOR TWO l.ING$ TO
Mr;~ AT A RIGMT ANGL.r;. $UCM l.ING$ ARG CALL.GD P(;RP(;NDllUL.AR. A$ YOU bO AROUND
TMGIR INTGR$r;tTION, Al.l. FOUR ANGL.(;$ ARG GQUAL., l.IKG TMG CORNGR$ OF A $QUARG. TMG
COORDINATG AXG$ AR(; AN GXAMPL.G. GIVGN TWO PGRPGNDICUL.AR l.ING$ L 1 AND L. 2 , l.~'$
$UPPO$G TMAT L. 1 MA$ $l.OPG m. WMAT'$ TMG $L.OPG OF L. 2 IN TGRM$ OF m?

FIR$T, $l.IDG TM(; TWO l.ING$ $0 TMAT TMGY CRO$$ AT TM(; ORIGIN. TMG $L.OPG$ Rr;MAIN TM(;
$AM(;, AND TM(; l.IN(; L, NOW CONTAIN$ TM(; POINT (1, m). (TM(; l.IN(; 1J ::: mx Al.WAY$
CONTAIN$ TMG POINT (1, m) !)

IN TM(; DIAGRAM, TM(; TWO GRAY

TRIANGL.(;$ ARG GXACrl.Y TMG
$AM(;, ONL.Y TURNGD. r;AtM MM
A $ID(; OF L.GNGTM 1 AND A $ID(;
OF L.GNGTM m. $0 Lz CONTAIN$
TMG POINT (-m, 1).

TM1$ Mr;AN$ TMAT L 2 MM $l.OPG

-1
-m
::. --m1
PGRPGNDICUL.AR l.ING$ MAVG
$l.OPG$ TMAT AR(; GAtM OTMGR'$
N(;6ATIV(; R(;llPROlAL. (A$
L.ONG A$ NGITMGR l.ING 1$
VGRTICAL.I).

111
W' COV'R'D (OR W' S'6-AN SY $PRINKL1Nb NUMS,R$ OV'R ™' PLAN,, $0 TMAT ""M
UNCOV'R'D) A LOT
IN TM1$ CMAPT,R ...
POINT b'1$ A UNIQU' PAIR OF WORDINAT,$ (x, y). w'
bRAPM'D
'QOATION$ IN TWO VARIASL,$, LIK' ax + by ~ c I AND FOUND ™'IR
bRAPM$ TO S' $TRAlbMT LIN,$.

W' LWN'D ASOUT A LIN,'$ $LOP,, 6-0INb UP W' D1$COV'R'D TMAT A LIN,'$ 'QOATION 1$
AND 6-0INb l70WN. D'1,RMIN'D SY TWO CONDITION$, WMICM CAN
S' ANY OF TM,$,:

™'$LOP'
CAN ~'N 8, e IT$ $LOP' AND
INFINIT'! y-INT'R"PT

IT$ $LOP' AND ANY

• POINT ON ™' LIN'

e ANY TWO POINT$

ON™' LIN'

W' $AW TMAT TWO W' AL$C> D1$COV'R'D A T,$T FOR PR,DICTINb WM'1M'R
LINW ~ATION$ ™' bRAPM$ CRO$$, NAM,LY WM'N (ale)* (bid). TM1$
AMOUNT$ TO $AYINb
ax+ by~ e
ex+ dy ~ f
MAV' A $C>LUTION
IN COMMON WM'N S~U$' IF
TM'IR bRAPM$
CRO$$, AND ™' a b
$C>LUTION (x, y) -c=d
1$ TM' CR0$$1Nb
MlJLTIPLY-
POINT. cd!! : cdE.. IN6> SY cd
c d
ad:bc

112
I Al.$0 MOP' TO MAV' Pl.ANT'D TM' $,,D
OF TM1$ IDr;A: $OM' bRAPM$ AR' NOT
$TRAlbMT I.IN,$.

~-®
,

1
TAK' TM1$ 'QUATION, FOR 'XAMPI.': Xy ~ 1 OR y ~ - y ~ 1/x
x
x lj
ON IT$ bRAPM, ~M POINT'$ lOORDINAT,$ AR(; Rf;llPROlAI. TO f;AlM
OTM(;R. A$ l.ONb A$ Nf;ITM(;R x NOR y 1$ Zf;RO, W(; tAN MAK(; A I
i;
TAB!.(; OF VAl.U(;$ AND DRAW TM(; f;QUATION'$ bRAPM. IT lURVf;$! ~
I
4 4

t 3
I

I
3

z 2
<t.4)
1 1
I
2 z
I
3 3
I
4
(-3,-t) 4
I
i;
(- 2, -~) ~

YOLJ CAN t70 BUT l.r;T'$ NOT

A TASt.f; OF br;T AMr;AD OF
Nf;GATIVf; OUR$f;l.Vf;$,
YAW(;$, TOO !
$MAI.I. Wr;? FOR
NOW, YOU tAN
WORK ON $OM(;
c-t.-3) PROBl.r;M$ ...

c-t. -4)

t
113
Probl &ms ._
MO$T OF TM(;$(; PR()SL(;M$ R(;QUIR(; bRAPM PAP(;R. YOU lAN (;ITM(;R BUY SOM(; AT TM(;
$TOR(;, OR roYJNLOAD A ~F FROM MTTP://WWW.LARRY6'0NllK.WM/TITL(;$/~l(;Nl(;/TM(;·
lARTOON·6UlD(;·TO·AL6'(;8RA/ AND PRINT AS MANY $M(;r;T$ AS YOU N(;(;D.

1.DRAW A $'1" OF AX,$, CM~' A UNIT $1Z,,

AND Pl.OT TM,$, POINT$: 4b. DO,$ ™' POINT (7,4) LI' ON ™' LIN'
WITM $LOP' 2. PA$$1Nb TMROUbM ™' POINT
o, n, co,6), c-?,O), c-?.i;, -o.2i;), (i;, 1)?
(4, -?), (-4, ?), (4, ?), (-4, -?),
<i. 9), <-t. -t). 4c. DO,$ ™' POINT (7, -2.) LI' ON ™' LIN'
TMROUbM ™' POINT$ (2., ?) AND (?, 2.)? WM'R'
DO,$ TM1$ LIN' £RO$$ ™' LIN' x ::. -14?
1. DRAW n" bRAPM$ OF TM,$, 'QUATION$:
Sa. WRIT' ™' 'QUATION OF ™' LIN' PA$$1Nb
a. y ::.?x h. x- 2.y::. -? TMROUbM ™' POINT (1, 2) AND PARALL'L TO
™' 6-RAPM OF 9x - 2.y ::. 7.
b. y::. ?x-4 i. -?x-4y::. -9
c. y::. -x + 7 j. -14x + 7y ::. 0 Sb. WRIT' ™' 'QUATION OF™' LIN' PA$$1Nb
TMROUbM ™' POINT (0,?) AND PARALL'L TO
d. 4y::. 9-2.x k. 4y- ix::. 9 ™' LIN' JOI NI Nb (- ?,0) AND (?,4 ).

e. x + y ::. i; Sc. WRIT'™' 'QUATION OF™' LIN' PA$$1Nb

I. x + 1t. ::. _!
2. ? ? TMROUbM ™' POINT (2..?i;, 6.147) AND
f. 2.x + 2.y::. 7
P'RP,NDICULAR TO ™' bRAPM OF y::. x.
g. ?x- 2.y::. 4 m. 4.?9 - 1.7y ::. x
Sd. WRIT' ™' 'QUATION OF ™' LIN'
P'RP,NDICULAR TO ™' bRAPM OF y::. i; AND
PA$$1Nb TMROUbM ™' POINT (700, -?1).
3. WRIT'™' 'QUATION OF™' LIN' AND
DRAW IT$ bRAPM.
6. SY bRAPMINb, FIND AN APPROX.IMAT' $1MUL·
TAN,OU$ $0LUTION TO TM,$, TWO 'QUATION$.
a. WITM $LOP' ? AND y-INT,Rt'PT i;
13.409x + 3.2.y ::. 47.92.
b. WITM $LOP' ? PA$$1Nb TMROUbM ™' 1.479x - 1.1y ::. -2..2.9?
POINT (1,1)

c. WITM $LOP' i;oo AND y·INT,Rt'PT 7. WMY DO,$ ™' LIN' y::. mx PA$$
2.,001 TMROUbM ™'POINT (1,m)?

d. WITM $LOP' - ~ AND y--INT,Rt'PT - ~ 9. $UPPO$' ™' LIN' y ::. mx + b PA$$'$

TMROUbM ™' TWO POINT$ ex, I Y1) AND

ftl. WITM $LOP' -6 PA$$1Nb TMROUbM ™' (Xi, Yi). IF Xi ::. X1 + p, TM'N WMAT 1$
POINT (2.,?) Yi IN T'RM$ OF Y1 ?

f. WITM $LOP'
POINT (-4,-?)
i PA$$1Nb TMROUGM ™' 9a. DRAW ™' bRAPM OF ™' 'QUATION xy ::. 6.
($TART SY MAKINb A TASL' OF YALU,$, INCLUDINb
N~ATIV' YALU,$.) U$1Nb ™' $AM' AX,$, DRAW
CJ· PA$$1Nb TMROUbM ™' POINT$ (-i;,-2.) ™' bRAPM OF x + y ::. i;.
AND (-4, 1)

h. PA$$1Nb TMROUbM ™' POINT$ (-2., -2.)

9b. WM'R', APPROX.IMAT,LY, DO ™' bRAPM$
INT,R$m? CAN YOU $0LY' TM1$ PAIR OF
AND (2., -4)
'QUATION$?

4a. DO,$ ™' POINT (?,4) LI' ON ™' bRAPM 9c. DO ™' $AM' WITM ™' 'QUATION$ xy ::. 6
OF ™' 'QUATION y::. %x + 2.? DO,$ ™' POINT AND X - y ::. ?.
(-?,1)?

114
 Chapter 9
Power Play
UP TO NOW, WG'VG 8GGN tARGFUL. Al.WAY,, TO PUT
Pl.U" OR MINU" "IGN" 8GTWGGN OUR VARIASL.G" MGGMGG
(OR TMGIR MUL.TIPL.G,,, A,, IN 4x + 2.y ). IT WA,, MGGMGGMGG!
ONL.Y AT TMG VGRY GNt7 OF TMG L.A"T CMAPTGR
TMAT WG WROTG xy, WITM NOTMING IN 8GTWGGN.

(TRUG, WG'VG WRITTGN GXPRG,,,,ION,, l.IKG ax TMAT ARG, ,,TRICTL.Y ,,PGAKING, TMG PROt7UCT
OF TWO VARIASL.G,, ... BUT INWARt7l.Y, WG OFTGN TMINK OF a M A "TANt7-IN FOR A FIXGt7
NUMSGR, WMIL.G x RGAL.l.Y, YOU KNOW, VARIG,,.)

MOL.I:? "Tll.l., YOIJ

$1..IPP~RY l.ITTL.~
W~$~l.!

a
4» • ,.. < (? r ,. - t

IN TMI" CMAPTGR,
NICG l.ITTL.G
WG 8GGIN TO a ANt7 b ...
MUL.TIPL.Y VARIASL.G,,
TOGGTMGR, ANt7 TO UM-OM .•.
t71Vlt7G SY TMG/t\ ... NOW
TMGY'RG
ANt7 WG'L.l. Al."°
WIGGL.ING
"TART U"ING L.ITTGR" TOO!
l.IKG a ANt7 b FOR
"RGAL.," VARYING
VARIASL.G,,.

a b
 UM ... WG'RG RUNN1Nl7
Tl-IG FIR$T MUl.TIPl.llATION Wll.l. SG Tl-IG OUT OF PA6rG l-IGRG •.•
PR017UCT OF A VARIASl.G TIMG$ IT~c;LF, A$
IN XX. MUl.TIPl.Y SY x A6rAIN TO MAKG
xxx, AN17 RGP~T WITl-I xxxx, xxxxx,
~t:., MAKIN6r AN x-PARAl7G A$ l.ON6r A$
YOU l.IKG.

TO $AVG INK AN17 PAPGR, WG RG$0RT TO $1-10RTl-IANl7, WRITIN6r X 2 FOR xx, X~ FOR xxx,
X 4 FOR xxxx, ~t:. WG $AY Tl-IAT x 1$ RAl$G17 TO Tl-IG $Gt:ONl7, Tl-llRl7, OR FOURTl-I POWc;R,
AN17 R~l7 x 4 A$ "x TO Tl-IG FOURT!-1." Tl-IG GXPRG$$10N Xn ("x TO Tl-IG GNTW') WOUl.17 SG
Tl-IG PR017UCT OF n FACTOR$ OF x. Tl-IG l.ITTl.G RA1$G17 NUMSGR 1$ lAl.l.Gl7 AN c;XPONc;NT.

Numerical
EXAMPLES ,_
ANl7 SY Tl-IG
WAY, x - x,
WITl-I ONl.Y
12 : 1x1 : 1 ONG "FACTOR."
2. 2 :2.X2.:4
2.3 : 2.X2.X2.: 9 M~. WM(;t.I AR(;
YOU 601t.lb TO
(-?) 3 : (-?)x(-?)x(-?) START ~lt.16' a
: 2.?x(-?): -11? rt.ISTr;A!i' OF X?

(-9) 2 : (-9)(-9) : 64
(1.?)i; : (1.? x 1.?) x (1.? x 1.?) x (1.?)
: (2..2.?) x (2..2.?) x 1.?
: ?.062.?x1.?
: 7.?937?

116
TMG L.OW POWGRS x 3 IS •x CU81:D":
'Xi AND x 3 MAVG IT'S TMG VOL.UMG
SPGtlAL. NAMGS. xi
1s •x ~QUARl:D"
8GtAUSG IT'S TMG
rx
OF A tU8G WITM
AL.L. SIDGS GQUAL.
TO x.
T
x

l
AR~ OF A SQUARG
WITM AL.L. SIDGS
GQUAL. TO x.
..___l
MGRG'S A TA8L.G OF SGVGRAL. SQUARGS AND tU8GS. xi 'X?
x
YOU tAN SGG TMAT SQUARGS ARG NGVGR NGGATIVG;
xi IS TMG PRODUtT OF TWO NUM8GRS OF TMG
SAMG SIGN, AS IN (-?)(-'))::. 2?. tU8GS OF NGGA- -6 36 -2.16
TIVG NUM8GRS, TMOUGM, ARG AL.WAYS NGbATIVG. -? 2.? -12.?
(-?)(-?)(-?) =- (2?)(-?) =- -12?. (SGG PAbG ?3.)
-4 16 -64
Y(;$, 1$N'T IT 0~17? -3 9 -2.1
(TM(; NUM8(;R TMR(;(;,
TMRGG MINUS I M(;AN ..• ) -2. 4 -9
SIGNS MAKG
A MINUS? -1 1 -1
0 0 0
1 1 1
2. 4 9
3 9 2.1
4 16 64
? 2.? 12.?
6 36 2.16

NOW WG tAN WRITG A NGW KIND OF WAIT -WMAT DO

Y~M ...IS TMAT
AL.GG8RAlt GXPRGSSION, ANYTMING YOU DO FIRST? (3x)i OR 3(xi)?
L.IKG TMIS:

117
U$1NG nu$ NGW OP!;;RATION, RA1$1NG TO A POW!;;R OR (;XPON(;NTIATION, IN AN !;;XPR!;;$$10N
8RING$ UP TMAT AG!;;-01..D PROSL.i;;M, "WMAT'$ TM!;; ORD!;;R?" TM!;; RUL.!;; ON PAG!;; '39 (MUL.TIPL.Y
S!;;FOR!;; ADDING) MU$T gi;; !;;XT!;;ND!;;D TO !;;XPON!;;NT$. TM!;; !;;XT!;;ND!;;D RUL.i;; 1$: IN TM!;; A8$!;;NC!;;
OF PAR!;;NTM!;;$!;;$, AL.WAY$ i;;\'AL.UAT!;; POW(;Ri 8(;FOR(; ,\\Ul-TIPl-ICATION~ (OR DIV1$10N$).

Examples !;;XPON!;;NT$
QUIT!;; RIGMT..•
TM!;;Y'R!;; V!;;RY
1. i;;\'AL.UAT!;; 3·4 2 + 9 DON'T Ri;;AL.L.Y
GIV!;; TOO MUCM
GOOD L.ITTL.!;;
NUM8!;;R$ ••.
TROUSL.!;;, DO
TM!;; RUL.!;;: FIR$T TM!;; !;;XPON!;;NT, TM!;;N
TM!;;Y?
TM!;; PRODUCT, TM!;;N TM!;; $UM.

3·4 2 +9 :: 3·16 + 9 SECAUiE

TMEY
:: 49 + 9 :: i;7 OSEY!
2. i;;\'AL.UAT!;; ab"3 - 19 WM!;;N a ::. '3' b:: 2
FIR$T, PL.UG IN TM!;; VAl..U!;;$ TO Gi;;T

'3·2"3 - 19
i;;\'AL.UAT!;; TM!;; cusi;; 2.3 si;;FoRi;; DOING
TM!;; R!;;$T.

'3·2"3 - 19 :: '3·9 - 19
:: 24 - 19
:: 6
119
 AND
M{;R{;
AR{;
TM{;IR
I.AW$! d"am 1$ TM{; PRODlJCf OF n FACfOR$ OF a
MlJl.TIPl-1{;'7 SY m FACfOR$ OF a,

'
n
..
a·a· ... ·a · a·a· ... ·a
• ' m
MAKING A TOTAi. OF n+m FACfOR$.

m
wr; CAN WRIT{; TM{; PRODlJCf (a") TMI$ WAY:

a· a· ... ·a
·a·a· ... ·a

-.
·a·a· ... ·a
' n FACTOR$
,.J
~~ROW

TM{;R{; AR{; nm FACfOR$ Al.T06r;TM{;R.

TM1$ COM{;$ FROM TM{; COMMlJTATIV{; I.AW.

(ab)n = ab · ab · ... · ab

R{;ARRANblNb (OR "COMMUTING") TM{; OR'7{;R b1V{;$

LAWSot
EXPONENTS:
IN TM{;${; I.AW$, a AND b tAN
sr; ANY NlJMS{;R$, WMll.{; m
AND n AR{; P0$1TIV{; INTr;6.{;R$.
a · a · ... · a · b · b · ... · b = an bn
Examples
3 2 33 = 3i+i; = 3i; = Z43
(a2b)3 = (a2)3b3 = a"b3
(2 t 2 u) 2 = 4t4 u2

119
 NOW MUL.TIPL.Y TMAT GXPRGSSION
Powers "DOWN THERE" SY a?.
L.~'S INVGRT ONG OF
TMGSG POWGRS SY
PUTTING IT IN TMG
DGNOMINATOR.

L 1

R~~8,R,
ala=-1!

IN OTMGR WORDS, JUST AS WITM NUMGRll FRAlTIONS, A FACTOR lOMMON TO SOTM NUMGR-
ATOR AND DGNOMINATOR CANC(;L.$ OUT. WG lAN WRITG IT OUT L.IKG TMIS:

OR
MORG
SIMPL.Y,

TMIS FAlT GIVGS US A NllG FORMUL.A FOR WMllM IS TRUG SGCAUSG GXAlTL.Y m FAlTORS
ANY GXPONGNTS. IF n AND m ARG POSITIVG OF a lANlGL. OUT.
INTGGGRS WITM n>m, AND a IS NONZGRO,
TMGN
----
~·'lq·
m
... ·~·a·
n-m
.
... ·a
~. ~ ..... ~
.
m
n-m 1~ T~'
NIJM8'R OF
FACTOR~ L'FT
O'/'R!

120
~XPON~NT$ CAN AL~ S~ OH, lOME ON! Y~M ... MOW CAN YOU UM ... IT COULV
THI$ 1$ R~LLY MULTIPLY $0M~M1Nb A M~N DIVIDING A
ZERO or 6-0INb TOO
FAR...
N~AT1vi; NUMsi;R OF
T1Mi;$?
P0$1T1Vi; NUMBi;R
OF T1Mi;$ ...

LESS! WATCM OUT, MAN ...

YOU'Ri; $TARTING
TO TMINK LIKi; A
MATM~TICIAN ...

W~ JU$T $AW TMAT a"lam ::. a"-m. AND N~ATIV~ ~XPON~NT$? WMAT'$ a-n TO M~N?
TM1$ WOULD M~N. WM~N m::. n, TMAT IF W~ IN$1$T TMAT TM~ ~XPON~NT LAW$ APPLY,
TM~N TM1$ WOULD S~ TRU~:
a"
-=-a
n-n
=-a
0
a"
SUT OF COUR$~ a"la" 1$ AL~ "' 1,
M TM~ RATIO OF A NUMS~R TO IT$HF.
TMAT'$ WMY w~ [)(;FIN(; a0 SY WMICM 1$ $0 ONLY IF

NO MATT~R WMAT a 1$ (~XC~PT Z~RO).

'3° ::. 6° ::. (-1'%.71)0 ::. 1.
0° 1$ S~$T L~FT UND~FIN~D.

$0 IT I~ R!;P~T!;V
VIV1$10N! l'M AMAZINb! OM, 8ROTM!;R ... TIM!;
TO bi;T OUT OF TM1$
CMAPT!;R ...

NOT~: AL.I.. TM~ ~XPON~NT LAW$ WORK WITM N~ATIV~ ~XPON~NT$!!!

121
Problems
1. ~Al..UATb:
a. 2 1 9. (-2)6 m. 3 33- 2 + 62 (3 -n- 1 s. ?x 2 WMbN x ::. 3
b. 2 2 h. (-3)" n. 3- 3 t. x 2 + X + 1 WM!;N X ::. 1
c. 2 3 i. i:;2i:;3 o. {1/3)-3 u. x 2 + x + 1 WM!;N X::. 2
d. 2-" j. 22.42 P· c31i:;r1 v. x 2 + x + 1 WM!;N x::.3
e. 2-<; k. (2·4) 2 q. (10-3)2 w. a2 x + ax2 WM!;N a ::. 2, x ::. ?.
f. 2 6 I. -3·2-;-100 r. 3 2 - 3- 2
3101
2.. 1$ (-6) 100 POSITIVb OR ~. WMAT 1$ 10o ? 4. $1MPl..IFY:
NbbATIVb? MOW A80VT -6 100 ? ?
MOW ASOUT (-6 00 ? r' a. p"p3 9. (-aix)3
b. t(?t2 ) h. (aib-i)i
?. WMAT 1$ t "( t1 )" ? c. 6x- 4 x 9 i. a7ba3 b4
d . .,..A-iu-i u-1 j. (a-1 )"

6. WMAT 1$ 102 ? 103 ? 10" ? 10<; ? 10 6 ?

e. (?xi)3 k 2.x
MOW MANY ZbRObS AFTbR TMb INITIAi. 1 f. (2.x3)i · (4xri
ARb TMbRb IN 102 <; ?

Wb CAN WRITb VbRY l..ARbb (AND VbRY

$MAI.I.) NUM8bR$ IN WMAT 1$ tAl..l..bD
"$tlbNTIFlt NOTATION9 BY U$1Nb POWbRS
OF 10. FOR !;XAMPI..!;, Wb CAN WRIT!;

3,1?0,000::. 3.1?x10 6
9. ~Al..UAT!; x 2 + 2 x + 1 FOR $~!;RAI..
?1,930 ::. ?.793X10". x +1
DIFFbR!;NT VAl..U!;$ OF 'X (NOT X ::. -1,
IN StlbNTIFlt NOTATION, TM!; FIRST TMOUbM!). DO YOU NOTlt!; ANYTMINb
FAlTOR MAS ONb DlblT TO TMb l..!;FT OF INT!;R!;$T1Nb ASOUT TM!; ANSWbRS IN
TM!; DbtlMAI.. POINT, AND TM!; SbtOND
R!;l..ATION TO TM!; VAl..U!; OF x? WRIT!;
FAlTOR 1$ A POW!;R OF 10 WMOSb YOUR bUbSS A$ AN bQUATION AND si;i;
!;XPONbNT THI.$ YOU MOW MANY DlblTS WM!;R!; IT 1..bADS YOU.
FOi.i.OW TM!; FIRST.
9. WMAT 1$ 2 1i? (MINT: FOR A QUltK
1a. $MOW U$1Nb Al..bb8RA TMAT $01..UTION, USb ON!; OF TM!; !;XPON!;NT I.AW$
AND TM!; R!;$Ul..T OF A PR~IOU$ PR081..bA\.)
a·10" + b·10" ::. (a+b)-10"

b. $MOW TMAT 10a. MAKb A TA81..!; OF VAl..U!;$ (x,y) FOR™'

bQUATION y ::. 'Xi (OR WPY IT FROM PAb!;
(ax10")(bX10m)::. abx1on+m 117). DRAW TM!; bRAPM, AS 8!;$T YOU CAN,
OF TM!; !;QUATION y::. 'Xi.
C. WMAT 1$ (3.1x10 1<;) + (2.? X 10 1<;)?
d. WMAT 1$ (3.? X 10")(3x10 9 )? gi; b. DO TM!; SAMb FOR TMb bQUATION
SUR!; TO WRIT!; TM!; ANSW!;R IN y::. 'X3.
Stl!;NTIFlt NOTATION, I.!;., WITM TM!;
FIRST FAlTOR ~ 1 AND < 10. c. DO ™' $AM!; FOR lJ ::. x 2- 2x + 1.

122
 Chapter 10
Rational Expressions

WE'RE NOW READY

TO DIVIDG BY GNTIRG
GXPRG$$10N$, NOT
JU$T INDIVIDUAL.
VARIABL.G$. TMG RG$UL.T
1$ SOM~MINb CAL.L.GD
A RATIONAL.
GXPRG$$10N: IT'$ TMG
RATIO BGTWGGN AN
AL.6-GBRAlt NUMGRATOR
AND AN AL.6-GBRAlt
DGNOMINATOR-IN
OTMGR WOR~. AN
GXPRG$$10N OVGR AN
EXPRE~ION!
 A RATIONAL. GXPRG$$10N'$ Rc;llPROlAL., L.IKG
MULTIPLYING A FRACTION'$, 1$ IT$ INVGR$G, WMAT YOU GGT
Rational Expressions 8Y TURNING TMG GXPRG$$10N UP$1DG DOWN.
(RGMGM8GR, x- 1 1$ TMG RGtlPROCAL. OF x.)
1$ A$ GA$Y A$ MUL.TIPL.YING FRACTION$.
IT'$ TOP TIMG$ TOP AND SOTTOM TIMG$
BOTTOM, L.IKG nus:

OR, IF YOU PRGFGR L.mGR$, AND 8Y

NOW YOU'RG PR08A81..Y $TARTING TO ...

OR, IF YOU PRGFGR

a c -ac
1..mGR$-IF a, b,
-- ::.
c, AND d ARG ANY
GXPRG$$10N$, TMGN
b d bd

Dividing sY A RATIONAL. GXPRGs- Important: 1F NUMGRATOR AND

s10N 1$ L.IKG DIVIDING 8Y ANY FRACTION. DGNOMINATOR MAVG ANY lO/A/#ION FACrOR,
TMG MUL.TIPL.ltATION RUL.G L.GT$ US lANlc;L.
TMAT FACTOR.

®a ac
-
ad
~
a c
-·-
a d
~

MGRG TMG tOMMON FACTOR

c
1·-
d
~ -
d
c

e @) a CANtGl..GD OUT, AND WG

CAN $1MPL.Y WRITG

8GCAU$G DIVIDING 1$ TMG $AMG A$ MUL.Tl- -~c ::::. -c

PL.YING 8Y TMG RGtlPROtAL., WG INVGRT TMG
DIVISOR AND MUL.TIPL.Y. WITM L.mGR$,
't(.d d
ad Example 1.
::::. -·-
b c a2 ct 2 10x3
2.
)Qa'1.~t 2 x"-
2

~ . ac2 ~
-ad
'fj15tc'l'<:
::.
be ~--
2.at 2 x 2 AFTi;R ALL
tA~u:i;LLATION~.
c
124

ADDING Rational
Expressions, L.1KE ADDIN6" FRAC-
TION$, CAN BG A PAIN IN TMG $IT-BONG$.
L.UCKIL.Y, FRACTION$ AND GXPRG$$10N$ ADD
IN GXACTL.Y TMG $AMG WAY, ~ YOU $MOUL.D
BG ON FAMIL.IAR 6-ROUND.
~OIA~llA(;~ ADDIN6" FRACTION$ 1$ GMY.
WMGN TMG $UMMAN~ (TMG FRACTION$ TO
BG ADDGD) AL.I.. MAVG TMG $AMG DGNOMINATOR,
$1MPL.Y ADD TMG NUMGRATOR$, KGGP TMG
DGNOMINATOR, AND YOU'RG DONG.

ADD FRACTION$? YOU'L.L. 6-0 FAR, IN

NO PROBL.~! I ~MG DIRGCTION ...
JU$T WAL.K TMG
OTMGR WAY...

l. OM ... YbAM ...

TMAT'$ NOT
~BAD•.•

WITM RATIONAL. GXPRG$$10N$, IT'$ TMG
$AMG. IF TMbY MAVG TMG $AMG DGNOMl-
NATOR, JU$T ADD TMG NUMGRATOR$ AND
KGGP TMG DGNOMINATOR.
IN tA$G YOU'RG WONDGRIN6" WMY AL.I..
TMG$G FORMUL.A$ ARG TRUG FOR GXPRG$-
$10N$-IT'$ BGCAU$G TMG $AMG FORMUL.M
ARG TRUG FOR NUIAS(;R$! AFTGR AL.I.., AN
GXPRG$$10N 1$ NOTMIN6" BUT A NUMBGR

(7)
m+n WAITIN6" TO BG GVAL.UATGD!!!

d TMAT'$ ONG
WAY TO L.OOK
Y'KNOW, I AT MG!
ntlNK I CAN
LIV!; WITH
THAT...

Example 2.
Adding Expressions with
1
DIFFERENT DENOMINATORS t;
=-- =-
TMG FUN WITM AC7C71TION 8~1N$ WMGN GXPRG$$10N$ MAVG
C71FFGRGNT C7GNOMINATOR$. TMGN, A$ WITM FRAalON$, WG 1 ?xl t;
-=--=-
MU$T FINC7 A C.0/Nl.ON OR $MARGC7 C7GNOMINATOR. FOR ? t;x? 1?
GXAMPL..G, TO AC7C7 1/3 + 1/7, WG FIR$T GXPRG$$ 80TM
FRAalON$ M FIFTC:C:NTM$, p; 8GINb TMG PROC7UCf OF '3 7 9
- + - =-
TMG C7GNOMINATOR$, '3 x ?." 17 17 17

TMIR!i'$ FIFTM$ FIFT!;i;NTM$

+ ::;. 9/17

1/7 : '3/17

WG CAN AL.WAY$ MAKG A tOMMON C7GNOMINATOR OF TWO FRAalON$ SY MUL..TIPL..YINb TMGIR

C7GNOMINATOR$-ANC7 TMG $AMG GOG$ FOR RATIONAL.. GXPRG$$10N$.

$AC7L..Y, I
C70N'T MAVG A
C71AGRAM FOR
GXPRG$$10N$
L..IKG TMG ONG
FOR NUM8GR$.
TM1$ 1$ PURG
AL..GGSRA!

•rF TMI$ 170!;$N'T RINb A S!;L..L.., YOIJ $MOIJL..17 bO SAlK AND Ri;FR!;$M YOIJR ARITMM!;Tlt.

126
TO ADD

@0 @ @, @@I M(;R(; wr;

MULTIPLl(;D SY
c::=J t::l c= :l did, WMltM 1$
c:::::J c:::J 0

fu @J ~
(;QUAL TO 1...

~
wr; FOLLOW TM(; $AM(;
$T(;P$ A$ W(; DID WITM
TMIR~ AND FIFTM$.
TM(; PRODUCT bd 1$ A
cs~
c=::::i t::J
Cl
AND M(;R(;
SY bib!

COMMON D(;NOMINATOR,
S(;tAU$(; @ ~
NOW wr; MAY(; TWO (;XPR(;~ION$ WITM TM(; $AM(; D(;NOMINATOR bd, AND TM(;$(; tAN sr; ADD(;D
A$ ON PAb(; 12?. R(;$ULT:

.... ad+bc
- bd
Example 3. MOTE!!
2 3 2.y + 3x WHE:N b : : : 1, TMAT 1$,
-+ - : : :
x y xy WM(;N ON(; T(;RM 1$
"ALL NUM(;RATOR,"
(;QUATION 9 $AY$ TM1$:

MULTIPLY c ad+c
AtRO$$,
a+d::: d
LIK(; TM1$!
WMltM $MOW$ MOW TO
ADD TM(; NUMS(;R 1 (OR
ANY tON$TANT) TO A
RATIONAL (;XPR(;$$10N.

127
IT IS Al.WAYS POSS18l.G
TO FIND A COMMON
DGNOMINATOR BY MUl.Tl-
Pl.YINb TMG DGNOMINA-
TORS OF TMG SUMMANDS.
Al.AS, TMIS PRODUtT MAY
BG WAY TOO Sib. WG
WANT TO AVOID Sib, 816', ~IRY
MAIRY DGNOMINATORS ' D'NOMINATOR,
WMGN~GR POSS18l.G. 8'$T AVOID'D

1
FOR GXAMPl.G, TRY AWING lO,OOO + l,OOO . TMG DGNOMINATORS' PRODUtT IS A WMOPPINb
10,000,000... AND TMG SUM WORKS OUT TO
l'M MORG TO 8G PITIGD
TMAN FGARGD...
1,000 10,000 11,000
----+ :----
10,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000

WMICM MAS MANY FACTORS OF 10 TO CANCGl.:

11, Nl5Ust 11
----:--
10,000,N~lst 10,000

TMG FINAi. DGNOMINATOR IS MUCM SMAl.l.GR,

AND WG CONCl.lJDG TMAT 10 Mil.I.ION WAS ~
UNNGCGSSARll.Y Sib AND MAIRY.
~·

IT WOlJl.D MAVG 8GGN srnGR TO FIND A SMAl.l.GR COMMON DGNOMINATOR IN TMG FIRST PL.AtG.
TMIS NUM8GR MUST BG A MUl.TIPl.G OF 80TM 1,000 AND 10,000 ... AND WG SGG TMAT 10,000
ITSGl.F Fll.l.S TMG 811.l.. IT'S 1x10,000 AND 10x 1,000, A MUl.TIPl.G OF 80TM. IN FACT, IT'S TMG
L.c;A$T {,0/A/AON /AUL.TIPL.c; OF TMG ORIGINAi. DGNOMINATORS, AND IT WORKS PGRFGCTl.Y.

1 1 NO CANCGl.l.ATION
+
10,000 1,000 NGCGSSARY!

1
+
:

10 1f
10,000 10,000
:

11
10,000

129
NOW L~'$ TRY AN ALG~SRAIC $UM rvi; ALWAY$ MAD A
Tl-lit.JG FOR SALD
AND $i;i; IF wi; CAN $1-!Avi; DOWN
Di;NOMINATOR$ ...
IT$ Di;NOMINATOR. $TART WITM Ti.11$:

~ c~
--Jc[? J

@ @75
wi; CAN U$i; WMAT wi;vi; ALRi;ADY Li;ARNi;D FROM i;QUATION 0, MAKING A COMMON Di;NOMl-
NATOR SY MULTIPLYING a T1Mi;$ a 2 TO G~ a"'. TMi;N

TM~ NUMi;RATOR MA$ A FACTOR

OF a, si;CAU$i;, SY Ti.ii; Dl$TRISU-
MMM ... a 1$ IN
T1vi; LAW,
~'RYTMING...
IT JU$T MA$
TO CANCi;L ...

Ti.11$ lANCi;L$ ONi; FACTOR OF a

DOWN$TAIR$, AND wi; G~
1 1 a2 a
-+--=-+-
a a2 a"' a"' )!{(a+ 1) a+ 1
a2 + a az

Ti.ii; FINAL Di;NOMINATOR, a 2 , MA$ A Lowi;R

POWi;R TMAN a"' ... AND wi; MAvi; TO TMINK
TMAT a"' WA$ JU$T A LITTLi; MAIRl~R TMAN
IT t.Ji;i;Di;D TO si; ...

129
CAN WG ADD 1/a AND 1/a2
WITMOUT TMG FINAL. MOL.D VGRY
CANtGL.L.ATION? IS TMGRG STIL.L. NOW...
A L.G~ MAIRY tOMMON
DGNOMINATOR TMAN a3 ?
IF SO, TMIS DGNOMINATOR
MUST SG A MUL.TIPL.G OF
SOTM a AND a 2 , SUT
SOMGMOW SIMPL.GR AND
3
SITTGR TMAN a ...

YGS, TMG DGNOMINATOR WG WANT IS NOTMING OTMGR TMAN ...

I JUST WG SGG TMAT a2 IS A

TOOK A MUL.TIPL.G OF a:
L.ITTL.G
OFF TMG a1 :: a·a
GXPONGNT!
AND IT'S OSVIOUSL.Y A
MUL.TIPL.G OF ITSGL.F!

a1 :: 1·a1

NOW WG CAN GXPRGSS GAtM

IF YOU DON'T b~
TGRM OF TMG SUM WITM TMG
TM' $AM' AN$W'R A$
DGNOMINATOR a 2 : B'FOR,, l'LL N~'R
B'L'~' YOU AbAIN ...
1 1 a·1 1
-+-:-+-
a a2 a·a a2
a 1
:-+-
a2 ai
- - - - - - - / IN GGNGRAL., GIVGN TWO
POWGRS OF A VARIASL.G,
TMGIR l.EA$T (.0/1./#.0N
/I.UL.TIPL.E 1$ $1/1.PL.Y
TME 6REATER POWER.
tr; IS A MUL.TIPL.G OF t 2 ,
x 96 IS A MUL.TIPL.G OF
x 97 , AND SO FORTM.

1~0
MGRG I? A ?UM WITM DGNOMINATOR?
CONTAINING ?(;VGRAL. DIFFGRGNT FACrOR?. MAN, TMI? PROBL.GM
I? PRrrrY MAIRY
2.p
-" --+"+
- '3- AL.RGADY!
"?IJZ10 X21Jt; z
IT l-IAPP(;N? ...

IT L.OOK? PRrrrY MORR18L.G, 8UT AFTGR

TMG L.A?T PAGG, WG KNOW WMAT TO DO.
TO FIND A L.~?T COMMON MUL.TIPL.G (I.tit\)
OF TMG DGNOMINATOR?, FIND TME M16M-
E$T POWER OF EACM VARIA8l.E IN TME
DENOIAINATOR$, AND 1'\Ul.TIPl.Y TME~E
POWER$ T06ETMER.

TMG DGNOMINATOR?' VARIA8L.G? ARG x, y, AND z (p I? ONL.Y IN TMG NUMGRATOR!).

TMG L.ARGG?T GXPONGNT OR POWGR OF x I? 3; TMG L.ARGG?T GXPONGNT OF 1J I? ?;
TMG L.ARGG?T GXPONGNT OF z I? 10. ?O TME l.C,\\ I~ x31/z10.

? t; 10 4 ; 10 Tl-I(; FIRST MGRG YOU ?GG TMAT

" lJ z : lJ (x lJ z ~ D!;NOMl~TOR
IT I? A MUL.TIPL.G OF
80TM DGNOMINATOR?.
= xz9(x.1.11t;z~ TH!; ?!;toND
" D!;NOMl~TOR

TMG ?UM NOW L.OOK? L.IKG

l. 2.p
+-·
xz9 (x + '3)
IJ4 x?yz 10 xz 9 x. 2 yi;z

Wl-IOA! YOU l-IGY, IT COUL.D

2.py4 x.2z9 + '3x.z9 COULDN'T 8G MAIRIGR!!!!
= + G.IV(; T!-11$
X?1Jt;Z10 X?1Jt;Z10
MOR(; OF
A ?HAY(;?
1py4 + x 1 z 9 + ~xz 9
=
x3yi;z10

Example 4 cMucM s1MP1.GR!). Aw 1+ 1b .

MIGMG?T POWGR OF a I? 1; a a L.UCKIL.Y, MO?T OF OUR
MIGMG?T POWGR OF b, DITTO; ?O PR08L.GM? WIL.L. L.OOK
DGNOMINATOR?' I.tit\ I? ?IMPL.Y ab, MORG L.IKG Tl-II? Tl-IAN
AND TMG ?UM BGCOMG? TMAT MAIRY ONG!

1 1 b 1 b +1
-+-= - + - : - -
a ab ab ab ab
A FEW MORE THINGS
to Think About c:;)
WMf.N WMOL.f. NUM8f.R$ ~
APPf.AR A$ FACTOR$ IN
Df.NOMINATOR$, TMf.Y
MU$T 8f. TAKf.N INTO
ACCOUNT WMf.N FINDING
TMf. Df.NOMINATOR$' L.tM.

OM, Yf.AM ...

NUM8f.R$ ..•
I FORbOT
ABOUT TMf.M ...

Example 5. FIND IF Wf. MAD $1MPl..f.- I tAN'T Df.tlDf. WMf.TMf.R

MINDf.DL.Y MUL.TIPl..lf.D TO MAJOR IN MATM OR
b2 S TMf. Df.NOMINATOR$, Wf. bO TO 8AR8f.R tOL.L.f.bf. ...
Ba2 6ab WOUL.D MAVf. 8f.f.N $TUCK
WITM TM1$ tOMMON
TMf. L.tM OF 9 AND 6 1$ Df.NOMINATOR IN$Tf.AD!
24; TMf. L.tM OF a2 AND
ab 1$ a 2 b; $0 TMf. l..tM
OF TMf. Df.NOMINATOR$
1$ 24a 2 b. WITM TM1$
tOMMON Df.NOMINATOR,
Wf. ADD:

('3b)·b 2 (4a)(?)
('3b)9a 2 (4a)6ab

'3b~ '2.0a
:
24a 2 b 24a 2 b

:
3b"3-10a
14a2 b
FINAL.L.Y. RGM~8GR TMAT TMG L.ITTGR VARIA81.G$ a, b, c, i;rc .. CAN STANC7 FOR GNTIRG
c;,XPRc;~~ION~. AL.I. TMG FORMUL.M IN TMIS tMAPTGR ARG TRUG FOR GXPRG$SIONS IN PL.MG
OF TMG VARIA81.G$. GQUATION 0, FOR INSTANtG, M16'MT L.OOK L.IKG TMIS:

®®~@@
@)®
Example 6. AC7C7 TMG M16'MGST POWGR OF x+ 1 IS 2; TMG M16'M-
G$T POWGR OF x+2 rs AL.SO 2; so TMGIR I.CM
1 1 rs (x+1) 2 (x+2.) 2. TMG $UM 8GtOMGS
----- + -----
(x+1)(x+1)2 (x+1) 2 (x+1)
(x + 1) (x + 2)
----- + -----
IN TMIS GXAMPL.G, WG TRi;AT TMG (x + 1)2(x + 2.)2 (x+ 1)2(x+ 2.)2
GXPRGSSION$ x + 1 ANC7 x + 2 A~ IF
TMl:Y wc;Rc; VARIA8L.c;~. (IN FACT. : .x+1+x+2
-----
TMGY ARG VARIA81.GS. x +1 tOUL.C7 8G (x+1)2(x+2.)2
tAL.L.GC7 a, ANC7 x + 2. tOUL.C7 8G
tAL.L.GC7 b.) TMGN WG PGRFORM TMG 1x+~
:.
AC7C71TION GXACTL.Y AS 8GFORG.
(x+ 1)1 (x+ 1)1

WMAT? MATM rs (;.00[7

ANC7 NOW, AFTGR YOU FOR SOMi;TMIN6'?
C70 SOMG PRAtTltG
PR081.~S. WG'L.L. 6'0
ON TO SGG WMAT AL.I.
TMIS rs (;.00[7 FOR!
Problems
1.FINP TMb L"'ST tOMMON
1. FINP nu; L"'ST tOMMON MULTIPLb OF:
MULTIPLb OF:
a. p 2q ANP pq9 f. (x-2.) 2(x+2.) ANP
a. 4 ANP 6 d. 12. ANP ?4 (x-2.)(x+ 2.) 3 (x+ 3)
b. x 2 ANP x 9
b. 3 ANP 9 e. 10 ANP 11 g. x 2 + X + 1 ANP
c. 2.a2x 2(x+1) ANP 4ax
C. 3 ANP 7 f. 49 ANP 2.1 x(x 2+ x + 1)
d. x ANP x 2 + 1
h. 19(x2 + 1)3 (x3 - ?) 2 ANP
e. r17 s3 tuv 9 ANP r3 s20 t 9 v4 2.0(x2+ 1)2(x3- ?>"'
~. MULTIPLY OR PNIPb
a b x 3(at)2 b3
a. - ·- c. - -:- -b e. 4. IF
1
-+-:Q
1
c ad b x b 9a r s
TMbN WMAT 1$ r IN
ax bx (x) f. (a(x+1)y10)( 2.p3a)
b. -
c
·-
c
TbRMS OF S ANP Q?
d. _:!___ 9pq (x+1)2
(.!. )
!I
~.APP (OR SUSTRACf):
a2 t2 x
a. - + - d. - - -b f. 1 + x -1 h.
1
+
6
b2 b2 b x x +1 2.a + 2.ax2 a4 (1 + x 2) 4
a3 2. 82-AC
b. - + -
? e. - - -x -2 g. A+
2.b2 b2 x 1+ x c
2.(x + 3) x+ 2. 6Cx + 1)
c. +
(x + 1)(x + 2.) (x + 1)(x + 3) (x + 2.)(x + 3)

6. A P~ITIVb WMOLb NUMBbR IS tALLbc>
CO/I.POSIT' IF IT'S TMb PROc>UtT OF TWO
FAtTORS SMALLbR TMAN ITSbLF, SUlM AS
12. ::. 4 X 3. OTMbRWISb, IT'S tALLbP
PRiii'(;. A PRIMb NUM8bR'$ ONLY FAtTORS
ARb ITSbLF ANP 1, FOR INSTANlb 3 ::. 3 x 1,
17=17X1.
IF YOU FAtTOR ANY lOMP~ITb NUMBbR,
TMbN bAlM FAtTOR IS blTMbR PRIMb OR
lOMP~ITb; TMb lOMP~ITb ONbS lAN Bb
FURTM(;R FAtTOR(;c>... ANc> SO ON, UNTIL
YOU RbAlM A PROc>UtT OF PRIM(;S ONLY.
NOW Wb tAN t>blbRMINb TMb LlM OF TWO NU/1.9,~ IN
bXACrLY TMb SAMb WAY AS Wb FOIJNc> TMb LlM OF TWO
Al.."9RAIC EXPRE~ION~: 1. FAtTOR bAlM NUMB(;R
INTO POW(;RS OF PRIM(;$. 2.. FINP TM(; MlbM(;ST POW(;R
OF bAlM PRIMb TMAT APPWS. ~.MULTIPLY TM~b
POWbRS T06>'1MbR. FOR INSTANlb:
'36 : 2. 1 '3 1 ANc> 2.4 : 2. 3'3.
TM(; LAR6(;ST (;XPON(;NT OF 2. IS 3; TM(; LAR6bST
bXPONbNT OF 3 IS 2., SO TMb LlM OF 2.4 ANc> 36
IS 2.3 3 2 =12..

190: 10X19: ('jX2.)X(6X3) USIN6 TMIS MbTMOc>, FINc> TMb LlM OF

= ~X1X(1X3)X3: 12 32 ~ a. 36 ANc> 190 b. 2.2.? ANc> 30

c. 33 ANc> 1,617.
AS SOMb OF TMbSb PRIMb FAtTORS MAY
APPW MORb TMAN ONlb, Wb S" TMAT ANY
NUMB(;R tAN 8(; WRITT(;N AS TM(; PROc>UtT 7. IF TWO P~ITIVb INTb6bRS c>IFFbR BY ONb, lAN TMbY
OF POW'~ OF PRiii'(;~. MAVb A lOMMON MULTIPLb LbSS TMAN TMblR PROc>UtT?

134
 Chapter 11
Rates
TMINbS AR{; Al.WAYS bITTINb 8ITT{;R OR WORSE; OR
816'6{;R OR SMAll{;R. TM{; QU{;STION IS, MOW FAST?

JUST TO PROVE; TMAT Alb{;8RA tAN 8{; A Plf;C{; OF tAK{;, M{;R{;'S ONE; NOW. TMIS PARTltUlAR
Slit{; MAPP{;NS TO PlAY MOST TO A SMAll, MUNbRY INS{;CT: A Rf;MARKA8l{; tAK{; W{;{;Vll TMAT
MUNtME;S STE;At71lY ON, NE;V{;R SP{;{;t71Nb UP OR SI.OWING t70WN, FOR AS lONb AS TM{;R{;'S
tAK{; TO 8{; E;ATE;N. (SOME;MOW, TMIS MUNbRY 8Ub NE;V{;R b{;TS FUll.)
 'l~l
0
NOl~IAld wmH ~3W0:7 3J.V~
3HJ. J.VHJ. ~3J.V:71dNI I )f~VW H~V1~
3HJ. '3.ltlNIW ~3~ S3,NnO i ~o
o@JqmJJZ6@
···~1 3J.V~ ~.11"33M 3HJ. J.VHJ. /..V~ 3M ·z
:~3M~NV 3WV~ 3HJ. J.349 ~/..VM1V 3M '31SVJ. 3HJ. ::10 3N11 /..NV 49N01V NOl~IAld 3HJ. Od 3M :II
3Wl.L '13S~V13
= 'Nl.LV3 :tO 3.LV~
N3.LV3 .LNnOWV
·3w1J. ::10 HJ.49N31 3HJ. /..S d3d1Ald 3WIJ. N3Al49 V NI (~3:7N'10 NI d3~'1~V3W)
N3J.V3 3)fV:7 ::10 J.N(IOWV 3HJ. :J.N31J.O(lb V ~I 3:iftn ~J."13 11"33M 3HJ. H:71HM J.V 3.J.V~ 3HJ.
.,J.3
Zl 9
Ol ~
8 v
9 ~
v i
i
(~3:11'it10) I (~3.LJlNIW)
N3J.V3 3)f'V/ d3~Y13 3WIJ.
:31SVJ. ~IHJ. NI
NMOH~ ~v 'H~O:I ~ dNV ! ·zo 9 =~xi ~J."13 J.I ·~3J.flNIW ~ NI ! ·zo v ~o 'J.VHJ. 3:71MJ. ~J."13
J.I '~3J.(INIW Z NI ·3;i1"1:7 ::10 ("ZO) ~3:7N(l0 Z /..1.J..7'/)(3 ~J."13 11"33M 3HJ. '3J.f1NIW /..~3"3 NI
SY NOW WG RGCObNIZG TMGN TMG GQUATION DGFINING TMG RATG L.OOKS L.IKG TMIS:
TMG PMRASGS "AMOUNT
OF CAKG, • "GL.A~GD

---
TIMG,• AND "RATG OF

r
GATING• AS WMAT TMGY
ARG: VARIASl-1$~. TMIS
SGING AN AL.GGSRA
SOOK, WG USG A SINGL.G
L.ITTGR FOR GACM.

t ; GL.APSGD TIMG MUL.TIPL.YING SOTM SIDGS SY t PUTS IT IN TMIS FORM:

' ; AMOUNT OF CAKG
GATGN IN TIMG t
r ; RATG

TMG AMOUNT GATGN, ,, IS TMG PRODUCT OF TMG RATG AND TMG TIMG-GVGN WMGN t IS
NOT AN INTGGGR. IN MAL.FA MINUTG (t=' i>. AT A RATG OF 2 OZ/MIN, TMG WGGVIL. GATS
(2.)·(i) ; 1 OUNCG. IN 7.16 MINUTGS, IT WOUL.D SG (2)(7.16);14.32 OUNCES. IF TMG
WGGVIL. ATG FASTGR, SAY AT A RATG OF 2..4 OUNCGS PGR MINUTG, TMGN IN 6 MINUTGS IT
WOUL.D GAT (2.4)(6) ; 14.4 OUNCGS, AND SO ON. IT'S AUTOMATIC!

I'M NOT A VGRY

SPONTANGOUS
GRUS ••.

AND AT 2 OZ/MIN, MOW MANY OUNCGS

GO DOWN IN ?? ~ISCONDS? MGRG WG f :

MAVG TO DO A L.ITTL.G ARITMMGTIC TO

CONVGRT SGCONDS TO MINUTGS.

3? SGC. ; '3? MIN.

60
SO TMG AMOUNT GATGN WOUL.D SG ..
'
.· .

,,·. ·.

137
RATG~ ARG GVGRYWMGRG IN TMG WORL.D, NOT ONL.Y IN PL.At&;~ WGGVIL.~ (,(). FOR GXAMPL.G,

Wages: J'~' BABY$1T$ FoR A PAY RAT' Fluid Flow: A$ wAT'R POUR$ 1NT0 A
OF ~9.7? P'R MOUR. M' '7~$
NUMB'R OF MOUR$ WORK,D.
$9.7? X TM' BATMTUB, ™' RATI; OF FL.OW 1$ ™'
VOL.UM'
OF WATi;R ADD'D P'R UNIT TIM' (IN bAl..L.ON$
P'R MINUT,, $AY).

MY 811..1.. FOR
?.162 MOUR$,
MR. AND MRS.
™'
$00N wi;•1,.1,. l70 OV'R
TOP AND BUST OUT!

DUDi; ...

Speed: A c.AR TRAV,1..$ $OM' NUMB'R oF Price: wMi;N YOU BUY bA$01..INi;, YOU
Mii..'$ ~'RY MOUR. ™'RAT' 1$ IT$ ~P,,D, PAY AT A t.~T P'R bAl..l..ON. ™' P~T'D
Dl$TANC.' TRAV'l..'17 171V117'17 BY '1..AP$'17 TIM': PRIC.' P'R bAl..1..0N 1$ R~l..l..Y A RAT,.

PRIC.' P'R ::. TOTAL. t~T

A $P,i;DO- bALl..ON VOL.UM&; OF bM
M~i;R
KNOWS MOW
TO DIVIDi;?
A RATi; Mi;ASURi;D
AbAINST $0M~M1Nb
OTMi;R TMAN TIM'1

Sports: 1N BA$,BA1..1... A AND TMi; RATi; OF

Pl..AY,R'$ 9ATTIN6 AVl$RAGG 1$ sTi;ROID usi; pi;R
™'
™'™'
NUMB'R OF MIT$ MAii'' 171V117'17 PLAYi;R- POUND?
BY NUMB'R OF AT-BAT$. IT'$
RAT' OF MITS P'R AT BAT.

MIT~
8ATTINb AVGRA1'7G ::.
AT-8AT~

139
L'1'$ R'1URN TO nu; lAK'-~TINb 'QUATION
W' CAN rJRAW A 6-RAPM OF TM1$ 'QUATION.
';rt. ™' ™'
6-RAPM 1$ A $TRA16-MT LIN,, ANrJ r
1$ IT$ Sl.OPG. $LOP' IT$,LF 1$ A
RAT,. IT'$™' RAT' AT WMICM A LIN'
RI$'$ OR FALL$ P'R MORIZONTAL UNIT.
t
'r '
2. 2.r
3 3r
4 4r
? ?r
6 6r t
~t.

TM1$ RA1$'$ A QU,$TION: lAN A RAT' 'QUATION'$ 6-RAPM ~'R $LOP' rJOWNWARrJ? 1$ TM'R' $UCM
A TMINb A$ A NEGATIVE RATE?

AN$W,R: Y,$. ™'

RAT' 1$ N~ATIV'
WM'N $0M'1M1Nb
DGCRGASGS. FOR
IN$TANC,, A$ WAT'R
rJRAIN$ OUT OF A
TUS,™' ™' AMOUNT
OF WAT'R IN
TUS 6-0'$ rJOWN,
ANrJ IT$ RAT' OF
CMANb' 1$ N~ATIV,.

™' ™' ™'

IN
AT 2. OZ/MIN., ™'
$AM' WAY, WM'N A W'~IL ~T$ lAK'
AMOUNT OF UNGATGN
CAKG CMANb,$ AT A RAT' OF -1 OZ/MIN.
TM'N WMAT'$ 'QUATION FOR UN~T'N
lAK' ( lALL IT U)? NOT U; rt, S~AU$' TMAT
WOULrJ MAK' N~ATIV' lAK' AFT'R P0$1TIV'
TIM,, ANrJ P0$1TIV' lAK' 1$ $TILL TM,R, ...

MOM,NT SY
MOM,NT,
TM,R,'$ L,$$
ANrJ L,$$ ... ,,

139
The ALL-PURPOSE Rate Equation
MOW lAN WG FIND AN GQUATION FOR TMG RATG tMANGG OF UN~TGN tAKG? $TART WITM WMAT
WG KNOW: TMG TOTAi. AMOUNT OF lAKG 1$ TMG SUM OF TMG UN~TGN lAKG U AND TMG tAKG
IN$1DG TMG WG~lt., f.

- + ,'~~)
rf)~' ·
E
NOTG TMAT TMGRG'$ NO $YM801. Y~
FOR TMG TOTAi. AMOUNT OF lAKG.
f), ("YOU-NOUGMT"). TM1$ INDllATG$ TMAT
IT WA$ TMG AMOUNT OF UN~TGN tAKG
WG'RG GOING TO tAt.t. IT ~MG-
TMING RATMGR $TRANGG-t.OOKING: 0 AT TMG SGGINNING. AT "TIMG ZGRO,"
8GFORG TMG WG~lt. $TARTGD TO ~T.

TMG GQUATION A80VG 8GtOMG$

Uo=IJ + ~
~ =Uo - IJ
8GlAU$G WG Wit.I. 8G t.OOKING AT
DIFFGRGNT RATG$, I.~'$ WRITG r,,
IN$T~D OF JUST r, FOR TMG RATG
OF ~TING. TMG 8A$1t RATG GQUATION
ON P. 1'37 NOW t.OOK$ l.IKG TM1$:

140
AND WMAT 1$ HA~GD TIMG? YOU lAN'T R~D IT ON A ll.OlK ... IN$T~D YOU MAYG TO TAKG
TMG DIFF'R'Nl' S~GGN TMG TIMG t NOW AND TMG INITIAL. Tl,\\' t 0 WMGN TMG WGbYIL.
SGGAN TO ~T AND TMG AMOUNT OF lAKG WA$ V0 .

AND TMG WGbYIL.'$ RATG

OF lAKG-~TIN6o 1$

U0 -U
r~:: t - to

FINAL.LY. WG KNOW ONG MORG TMIN6o: rv, TMG RATG OF lMANGG OF UN,AT'N lAKG, 1$
TMG N'GATIV' OF r~! IT MU$T SG $0: WMATbYGR GOG$ INTO TMG WGbYIL. IN A 6-IYGN
TIMG lOMG$ OFF TMG lAKG IN TMG $AMG TIMG!

~
..

NOW DO TMG Al.6-GSRA: MUL.TIPL.YIN6o TMROUGM SY TMG QUANTITY (t - t 0 ) 6olYG$

ru ~ -r, ~
Vo - V)
- (---'---
t - t0
~ -(V0 - V) ~ V - V0
t - t0 t - t0
TM1$ 1$ TMG AL.L.-PURPOS'
$0 MGRG IT 1$:
RAT' 'QUATION: IT $AY$
TMAT TMG AMOUNT OF
$TUFF AT TIMG t GQUAL.$
TMG ORIGINAL. AMOUNT OF
$TUFF Pl.U$ TMG RATG
TIMG$ TMG TIMG lMANGG.
ru 1$ TMG lMANG' IN U FROM
TIMG t 0 TO TIMG t DIYIDGD SY
TMG lMANG' IN Tl,\\,,

141
Example 1. FINt7 nu; RATG GQUATION v
FOR UNbATGN CAKG V WMGN V0 ::. 90 OZ,
ru ::. - 3 OZ/MIN, to::. Mlt7NlbMT. t v
L.br'$ CAL.L. Mlt7NlbMT "ZGRO O'CLOCK," ~ ? 6?
t 0 ::. 0. TMG AL.L.-PURP~G GQUATION 1$ 10 ?O
1? ??
V ::. V0 + ru(t - t 0 )
20 20
PL.l>bblNb IN TMG blVGN VAL.l>G$ b1VG$ 2? ?

v ::. 90 + (-3)(t - 0)

u: 90-~t t

FROM TM1$ WG CAN MAKG A TASL.G OF VAL.l>G$

FOR IN$TANCG, AT 2? MINL>TG$ AFTGR
OF V AT t71FFGRGNT TIMG$ t (MbA$URINb t
Mlt7NlbMT, ONL.Y ? OUNCG$ OF CAKG
IN MINUTG$ AFTGR Mlt7NlbMT) ANt7 A bRAPM
RGMAIN UNbATGN.
OF TMG GQUATION.

Example 2. TMG AL.L.-PURP~G WITM TM~G VAL.l>G$ FOR to, f o, ANt7

RATG GQUATION AL.~ APPL.IG$ TO f, TMG r,, TMG RATG GQUATION SGCOMG$
AMOUNT bATGN SY TMG WGGVIL.. IT $AY$:
~ =1 + (1.6)(t -11:30)
AbAIN WG CAN t7RAW IT$ bRAPM, WMICM
f 0 1$ TMG AMOUNT OF CAKG AL.RbAt7Y $MOW$ MOW MUCM CAKG TMG WGGVIL. MA$
bATGN SY TMG WGGVIL. AT TIMG to GATGN AT t71FFGRGNT TIMG$.
(FROM AN bARL.IGR PIGCG OF CAKG, $AY).
f
10

l'V(; 8(;(;N
AT nus A
WMIL.(;!

........

$UPP~G TMAT f 0 ::. 2 OZ., ANt7 TMG WGGVIL.

bAT$ AT A $TbAt7Y RATG OF 1.6 OZ/MIN. IF
t 0 1$ 12:?0 PM, TMGN MOW MUCM CAKG 1$
IN TMG WGGVIL. AT TIMG t? t
12.:~0

142
TMG ALL-PURP~G RATG GQUATION MAS AN A
ALL-PURP~G GRAPM. SUPP~G A IS TMG
AMOUNT OF SOM~MING tMANGING AT RATG
r, AN17 t IS TIMG. (t CAN ACTUALLY 8G ANY
VARIA8LG ON WMltM A 17GPGNl7$.) TMG INITIAL
VALUGS OF t AN17 A ARG t 0 AN17 A0 . TMG
ALL-PURP~G RATG GQUATION SAYS:

A -= A0 + r(t - t 0 ) OR

A - A0 : r(t - t 0 )
TMIS MAY LOOK FAMILIAR. IT IS TMG
POINT~l.OP(; FOR,\\ OF nu; (;QUATION
OF A l.IN(; PA~ING TMROUGM TM(; t
POINT (to, Ao) WITM $1.0P(; r.

A TMIS TGLLS US TMAT IF (t1, A1) IS

ANY POINT ON TMG GRAPM, TMGN
TMG GQUATION IS STILL TRUG USING
(t1 , A1) IN PLAtG OF (t 0 , A0 ).

A ~ A1 + r(t - t 1)

IN OTMGR WORl7$, TMG ALL-PURP~G

RATG GQUATION IS 6'0017 NO 1'\ATT(;R
WMAT Tl,\\(; W(; CMOOS(; FOR TM(;
$TARTING Tl,\\(;. NOT ONLY TMAT,
t 8UT TMG GQUATION IS ALSO TRUG
WM~MGR t < t1 OR t >t1.

TMG SLOPG r GQUALS TMG

RISG OVGR TMG RUN, NO
MATTGR WMltM TWO POINTS
ON TMG LING ARG USGl7!

143
SPEED & VELOCITY AND TMIS IS A PROSLGM ... SGCAUSG IN MATM
WG ALM~T ALWAYS WANT RATGS TMAT CAN
SPGGD, WG SAID, IS A RATG: IT'S DISTANCG SG P~ITIVG OR NGbATIVG.
DIVIDGD SY TIMG. ~PEED I~ ALWAY~ A
POSITIVE NU"SER.
SlbM ...
NATURALLY!
l'VG NGVGR
SGGN A
SPGGDOMGTGR
WITM ANY-
TMINb GL.SG ...

JUST AS AN AMOUNT OF CAKG CAN INCRGASG OR DGCRGASG, TMG RATG OF MOTION SMOULD
SAY WMGTMGR A MOVINb OSJGCT rs 6-0INb UP OR DOWN, FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

TMGRG'S ~"'1MING
NGbATIVG ABOUT TMIS,
SUT I CAN'T QUITG PUT
-
' MY FINbGR ON IT...

IMAblNG A STRAlbMT ROAD STRGTCMINb GNDLGSSLY IN SOTM DIRGCTIONS (A NUMSGR LING!).

TAKG SOMG POINT ON TMG ROAD TO SG s0 , TMG STARTIN(; POINT. A STGADILY MOVINb CAR
PASSGS TMROUbM So AT TIMG to. SUPP~(:; t IS ANY OTMGR TIMG, AND s rs TMG CAR'S
P~ITION AT TIMG t.

TM' CAR CAN

(:,() 'ITM'R
L'FT TO
RlbMT...

OR RlbMT
TO L,FT.

144
IN$T~D OF Dl$TANCG, WG
TMINK IN TGRM$ OF lMAN6' S - So> 0
OF POSITION, s - So.*
WMGN MOVING FORWARD,
s - So > 0, AND IT'$ TMG
$AMG A$ Dl$TANCG. WMGN
• •
s

MOVING BACKWARD, S - So < 0,

S - So< 0

• •
TMG NGGATIVG OF Dl$TANCG.

D1$TANCG .. Is - s0 I s

'TM' LITT'R s STAN~ FOR ~ITV~. LATIN FOR PJ,Atf. ON<'.' UPON A TIM,, ALL 'c>UCAT't7 PWPL' L~RN't7
LATIN, WMICM L'1 TM~ COMMUNICAT' ACR~ NATIONAL 80Rt7,RS ANt7 ACR~ TIM,, TOO. MARt7LY ANYON'
STUt71,S LATIN ANYMOR,, 8UT LATIN INITIALS STILL MAUNT US LIK' bMOSTS ...

TMG CAR'$ VELOCITY v 1$ TMG RATG OF lMAN6' OF POSITION PGR UNIT TIMG.

~
CJ
<@t::J ~® G
• .
.. Q t 0 <t, s0 <s, v>O

tt=lt@
Cl So s

Q G t 0 <t, s0 >s, v<O

VGL.OCITY 1$ 'QUAL. TO $PGGD WMGN

•s •
So

MOVING FORWARD; IT'$ TMG N,6ATIV'

OF $PGGD WMGN MOVING BACKWARD.
Q G t 0 >t, s0 <s, v<O
PGOPL.G OFTGN DG$CRl8G VGL.OCITY A$
"~P'"' WITM DIR,lTION."
•
So •s
G Q t 0 >t, s0 >s, v>O
•s •
So

TMG AL.L.-PlJRPO$G VGL.OCITY GQUATION DG$CRl8G$ P0$1TION IN TGRM$ OF VGL.OCITY AND TIMG.
 TMG GIVGNS: s0 ::. 30, s ::. -100,
Example 3. sTARTING '30 M11.Gs To cG1.1A·s
t - to ::. 2 MRS. (RGMGM8GR t - to
(;AST, A CAR TRAVGl.S TO A POINT 100 Mil.GS TO
IS Al.WAYS Gl.APSGP TIMG!) TMGN
MGR WGST. TMG TRIP TAKGS 2 MOURS. WMAT WAS
TMG CAR'S VGl.OCITY?
v ::.
-100-30
: -
6t::.
7 Ml/MR
WG TAKG CGl.IA'S PO- 2
SITION TO 8G ZGRO;
(;AST (RIGMT) IS
POSITIVG ANP WGST
(l.GFT) IS NGGATIVG.
-100 0 '30

NGGATIVG
VGL.OC::ITY
MGANS
WGSTWARD
MOVGMGNT.

Example 4. CHIA WAI.KS (;ASTWARP AT A SPGGP OF 1.4 Ml/MR. IF SMG STARTS 2. Mil.GS
WGST OF MG AT 2.:30 PM, WMGRG Wit.I. SMG 8G AT ?:4??

TMG GIVGNS: t 0 ::. 2.:30, t::. ?:4?,

So=- -2., v::.1.4, WITM MY
MUSTN'T SPGGP UP
POSITION AT s::. 0. OR SI.OW t70WN ...
MUST KGGP WAI.K-
ANSWGR: FIRST FINP t - to , TMG ING ... WAI.KING ...
Gl.APSGP TIMG. IT IS

?:4? -2.:30"' 3~ MRS "' 13 MRS.

4

TMG Al.1.-PURPOSG RATG GQUATION SAYS

1'3
s =- s0 + v(t-t0 ) =- -2 + (1.4)("4)

::. -2. + 4.?? ::.1.??

AT ?:4? PM, tGl.IA Wit.I. sr; 1.SS
Mil.GS 'A$T OF MG (AS INt71CATGt7 SY
TMG POSITIVG SIGN OF TMG ANSWGR).

146
Example 5. TWO SANK ROSS~RS MAK~ TM~IR (;,~AWAY AT MlbM NOON, MOTORING ~ST
AT 10 Ml/MR. TM~ POL.It~. SUSY WITM L.lJNtM, f:,~ MOVING AT 1 PM. IF TM~ POL.It~ STATION 1$
6 Mil..~$ W~ST OF TM~ SANK, AN17 TM~ COPS 17RIV~ 90 Ml/MR., WM~N AN17 Wl-l~R~ 170 TM~
OV~RTAK~ Tl-I~ CROOKS? TAK~ TM~ SANK'$ POSITION TO 8~ 0, AN17 I..~ t 0 12 NOON. =

Wb 8bblt.I BY WRITlt.lb $bPARATb RATb bQUATIOt.1$ TMb lOP$ lATlM TMb lROOK$ WMbt.I
FOR TMb POl..llb At.ID TMb lROOK$. l..ITTlt.lb Sc 8b TM~ MAVb nu; $~ P0$1TION,
TMb lROOK$' P0$1TIOt.I, TMblR bQUATIOt.I 1$ TMAT 1$, WMbt.I Sc : Sp.

Sc = o + 70Ct - t 0 )
= 10(t-t0 )

TMb POLllb 8bblt.I MOVlt.lb At.I MOUR LATbR, AT

TIMb to+ 1 MR. TMblR lt.llTIAI.. P0$1T10t.I 1$ -6,
$0 TMblR P0$1Tl0t.I Sp AT TIMb t 1$

Sp = -6 + 90(t - (t0 + 1))

= 90(t-t0 ) - 96

$0 $~ Sc= Sp At.ID $0LVb FOR t. At.ID w1-u;ru;

ARb TM~ lAUbMT? blTMbR bQUATIOt.I
WILL TbLL.. U$. TMb lROOK$' bQUATIOt.I 1$ bA$1c;R:

10(t - t 0 ) = 90(t - t 0 ) - 96 Sc : (10)(4.9) : 336

20(t - t 0 ) = 96 TM~ ARb lAUbMT AT Mll..b ~~6. TMAT 1$, ~~6 Mll..b$
bA$T OF TMb 8At.IK (At.ID ~42 : ~~6 + 6 Mll..b$ bA$T
96 OF TMb POLllb $TATl0t.I).
t - t0 = - = 4.9 MOUR$
20
$1t.llb t 0 1$ TMb (;ROOK$' $TARTlt.lb I MATb IT
TIMb, TM1$ c;QUATIOt.I $AY$ TMAT TM~ WMbt.I TMAT
ARb lAUbMT AT t.IOOt.I PLU$ 4. 9 MAPPbt.1$ ...
MOUR$, OR 4:49 PM. (0.9 MOUR$ :
60 x 0. 9 : 49 Mlt.IUTb$.)

147
COMBINING Rates
IN TMG L..A$T PR08L..~. TWO
DIFFGRGNT RATG$ C.AMG INTO
PL..AY. 1$ TMGRG A WAY TO .,
C.OM81NG RATG$? ~·

$UPPO$G TWO WG~ll..$ ARG 80TM £ATIN6' TMG $AMG PIGC.G OF c.AKG. IF TMG $1...0WGR
WG~IL.. £AT$ 1 OZ/MIN AND TMG FMTGR ONG'$ RATG 1$ ~ OZ/MIN, TMGN IT'$ PRGTTY
C.L..£AR TMAT ~ OUNC.G$ OF c.AKG ARG £ATGN ~GRY MINUTG.

IN 6-GNGRAL.., IF WG~IL.. 1 £AT$ AT TMG RATG r 1 , AND WG~IL.. 2 £AT$ AT TMG RATG r 2 , TMGN
TMG C.OM81NGD RATG r 1$ TMG $U,\\:

-
149
 SUPP~G WATGR FL.OWS INTO A ?00-1..ITGR TANK AT
2 L.ITGRS PGR MINUTG (1../MIN). AT TMG SAMG TIMG,
Example 6. TMG TANK L.~KS WATGR AT A RATG OF ~ 1../MIN. IF
TMG TANK CONTAINS 100 L.ITGRS Rlbl-IT NOW, MOW
1..0Nb WIL.L. IT TAKG TO FIL.I.. UP?

' WG MAVG TWO RATGS MGRG, A RATG r,

OF WATGR FL.OWINb IN,
ANt7 A RATG r2 OF WATGR FL.OWINb OUT.

r, : :. 2 l../MIN, ( r1 1$ N~ATIV!; 8!;lAU$!;

WAT!;R Fl.OWINb OUT
D!;tRi;A$!;$ TM!; VOLUM!;.)
TMG tOM81NGt7 RATG r IS TMGIR SUM.
1 ~
r :::. 2 - - :::. - l../MIN
? ~

IF V IS TMG VOL.UMG AT TIMG t, V0 :::. 100 I.. TMG ORlblNAL. VOL.UMG,

ANt7 t 0 :::. NOW OR 0, TMGN TMG RATG GQUATION V :::. V0 + rt blVGS

v: 100 +? t
~

WG WANT TO KNOW TMG TIMG t WMGN V IS ?00, SO SGT V:::. ?00

ANt7 SOL.VG FOR t.

?00:::. 100 +? t
? ?
-t:::. 400
?
t :::. 1200
?

: :. 2.40 MIN, OR 4 MOURS.

149
ANOTHER WAY to Describe Rates
~M~IMG$ RATG$ tOMG TO U$ "U~lt7G
t70WN." WMGN MOMO TGL.l.$ MG $MG CAN
MOW TMI$ L.AWN IN $IX MOUR$, WMAT 1$
MGR RATG? WG FINt7 IT SY t71Vlt71Nb TMG
AMOUNT OF MOWGt7 L.AWN SY TMG
L.GNbTM OF TIMG IT TAKG$.

RATG "' AMOUNT OF L.AWN

TIMG

RATG "' 1 L.AWN ~ ~ L.AWN/MOUR

6 MOUR$ o

TM1$ 1$ A PGRFWL.Y 600'7 WAY TO

t7G$CRISG A RATG! AL.bGSRAltAL.L.Y, IF
WG'RG blVGN TMG TIMG T TAKGN TO
t70 ONG JOS, TMGN WG INVGRT TMG
TIMG TO FINt7 TMG RATG IN TGRM$
OF JOS$ PGR UNIT OF TIMG.

1 JOS ~ rT
1 JOS
r~----
T TIMG UNIT$ AMOUNT OF LAWN MOWH>
SY MOMO IN ON!; MOOR IS
(1) r ~
1
-
T
JOS/TIMG UNIT
/ 116 OF TM!; TOTAL.

Example 7. NOW KGVIN SRIN6'$ A Sib, MONKINb POWGR MOWGR ANt7 OFFGR$ TO
MGL.P MOMO. WORKINb AL.ONG, MG CAN t70 TMG JOS IN JU$T 2. MOUR$. MOW L.ONb t70G$ IT
TAKG IF TMGY WORK TOb~MGR?

~TARTING FRO/#.
OPP~ITE ENDS,
OF lOU~E!
~l.UTION: l.~ rM 8G MOM.O'S RATG
AND rK 8G K!;VIN'S RATG. TMGN TMG
COM.81NGD RATG r IS TMGIR SUM.:

WG ARG 6-IVGN TMIS:

0
1 1 '°,,)
rM = (; rK = 2
~~. . cv~~
TMG SUM. IS ""'°"~
HOAtl(' -
~\
1 1 1
- + - : - l.AWNS/MR
6 2 3
A6'AIN l.ITTINb T 8G TMG AMOUNT
OF TIM.G IT TAKGS TO DO ONG J08,
WG bO 8AtK TO GQUATION 1:
r = 1/T
M.Ul.TIPl.YINb 8Y Tlr 6-IVGS
T = 1/r
TMAT IS, TMG TIM.G IS TMG RGCIPROCAl.
OF TMG RATG-~ TMG J08 TAKGS

(2/3r 1 : ! MOURS
1
l.G., AN MOUR AND A MAl.F.

WG CAN Al.~ ASK WMAT PART OF TMG l.AWN GAtM OF TMGM. M.OWGD. WG FIND TMIS 8Y M.Ul.Tl-
Pl.YINb GAtM INDIVIDUAl.'S RATG 8Y TMG TIM.G WORKGD, TMAT IS, 3/2. MOURS.

M.OM.O MOWS .!_ · 3 : .!_ l.AWN TMIS 'XAM.PU; MAS 8"N

6 2 4 8ROU6'MT TO YOU 8Y ™'
MONKM.AST'R lORPORATION ...
K!;VIN MOWS .!_ · _! : _! l.AWN
2 2 4

K!;VIN MOWS TMRGG TIM.GS AS M.UlM

ARGA AS M.OM.O, WMllM IS NOT
SURPRISING, lONSIDGRINb TMAT MIS
RATG IS TMRGG TIM.GS MGRS.
c.

1i;1
A Sense of PROPORTION
TMG YGRY SIMPLGST RATG GQUATION
RGLATING TWO YARIASLGS x AND y IS
y:::. Cx
Y :: c" $LOP!; ::: C :::. y1/x1 :::. y 2 /x 2
WMGRG C IS SOMG 'ONSTANT, SU'M AS
1, Z, OR 1?0. IN TMIS GQUATION, WG
SAY TMAT y IS PROPORTIONAL. TO x.
WMGN TMIS IS TRUG, AND (x1, y1) AND
(Xz, Yz) ARG ANY PAIRS OF YALU GS
SATISFYING TMG GQUATION, TMGN

Jt.!. :::. Yz :::. C

X1 Xz ---------------------------------------;:>
-----------;:> Xz
C IS CALLGD TMG PrlOPORTIONAL.ITY x,
CON$TANT.

Example 8. WMGN RGSIZING AN IMAGG, AN GNLARG~GNT OR RG~tTION IS PROPOR-

TIONAL WMGN TMG RATIO S~GGN MGIGMT AND WIDTM IS MAINTAINGD: TMGY ARG SCALGD SY
TMG SAMG FAtTOR. GNLARGING SY zoo~. FOR INSTAN,G. MGANS DOUSLING SOTM MGIGMT AND
WIDTM. A Dl$PROPORTIONATG 'MANGG WOULD SCALG MGIGMT AND WIDTM DIFFGRGNTLY.

2.a
PROPORTIONAL: NOT PROPORTIONAL:

'3a

2.b

b b (1.2.)b

IN PROPORTIONAL SCALING, TMG LGNGTM OF ANY FGATURG IN TMG IMAbG IS SCALGD SY TMG
SAMG FAtTOR-DOUSLGD IN OUR PROPORTIONAL PltTURG. WMGN SCALING IS DISPROPOR-
TIONATG, DIFFGRGNT FGATURGS SCALG DIFFGRGNTLY.

IN TMAT PltTURG,
WIDTMS GROW
~
MORG TMAN
MGIGMTS, "R'LGS
~
FLATTGN OUT...

1i;2
Example 9• Mi;Ri; 1$ ANOTMi;R U~i; OF PROPORTION. $UPP~i; wi; KNOW K(;VIN'$
Mi;IGMT, TMi; Li;NGTM OF Ml$ $MAl70W, AN17 TMi; Li;NGTM OF A TRbb'$ $MAl70W. TMi;N wi; CAN
FINl7 TMi; TRbb'$ Mi;IGMT.

TO si;i; n1i; PROPORTIONALITY,

='-, I . K(;VIN $TAN~ $0 TMAT Ml$
Mi;Al7, TMi; TRi;i;TOP, AN17 TMi;
$UN ALL LINi; UP. n1i;N n~i;
RATIO OF Mi;IGMT TO $MAl70W
Li;NGTM 1$ TMi; $LOPi; OF TM1$
LINi;, WMi;TMi;R wi;'Ri; TALKING
ASOUT K(;VIN, TMi; TRbb, A
$MALL UPRIGMT $TICK, OR
ANYTMING.

FOR TMi; ALGi;SRA, L'1 IF, FOR IN$TANCi;, K(;VIN 1$ 1.9 Mi;Ti;R$ TALL, Ml$
h ~ K(;VIN'$ Mi;IGMT $MAl70W 1$ 2.? Mi;Ti;R$ LONG, ANl7 TMi; TRbb'S
$MAl70W 1$ '34 Mi;Ti;R$ LONG, TMi;N
U ~ TRbb'$ Mi;IGMT
I ~ K(;VIN'$ $MAl70W'$ Li;NGTM
L ~ TRbb'S $MAl70W Li;NGTM .!!__ ~ 1.9 I u~ (1.9)('34)
TMi;N
'34 2.? 2..?

-Lu :: -Ih J.I :: 14.49 Mi;Ti;R$ 1$ TMi; TRbb'$ Mi;IGMT.

MULTIPLYING SOTM $117i;$ SY L, LIGMT MA$

wi; Gi;T 8bbN $Mi;l7!

h
1./-::.L-
I

Important thing IF A, a, 8,AN17 b ARi; IN PROPORTION, IN OTMi;R

WOR~. IF ~ b/a, (AN17 a, b, A, AN17 8 ARi; NOT
8/A
to remember, zi;RO), TMi;N ALSO
which you may A B a b A
already know
Ab:: aB, ; :: b , A :: B, ba :: B
but which always IF YOU KNOW
bears repeating: ANY TMRbb
VALUi;$, YOU
CAN FINl7 TMi;
FOURTM.
Problems
1. MOMO 8A8Y$1T$ FOR '34 MOORS AND 1$
PAID ~19.2.i;. WMAT 1$ M'R MOURLY PAY RAT'?
2.. I FILL MY CAR WITM GASOLIN' AT
~.69/GALLON. TM' lOST 1$ $44.2.9. IF
MY GM TANK'S TOTAL CAPACITY 1$ 1i;
GALLONS, MOW MUlM GAS WAS IN TM'
TANK WM'N I START'D TO PUMP?
'3. IF A Pl~' OFC.AK' W'IGMS 14 OUNl,$, AND
IT TAK,$ A W'"'IL 6 MINUT,$ TO ~T IT, WMAT
1$ TM' W'"'IL'$ RAT' OF ~TING, IN OUNl,$
P'R MINUT'? WMAT 1$ TM' RAT' IN Pl'l'$ P'R
MINUT'?
4. A CAK' W'IGMS i;oo GRAMS. A w'"'IL
8'6-IN$ ~TINb AT A RAT' OF 1'3 b/MIN AT
6:4t; AM. MOW MUlM C.AK'
1$ L'FT AT 7:10?
t;. A W'"'IL 1$ ~TINb
A Pl~' OF CAK,. IF
TM'R' AR' '3 OUNl,$
OF C.AK'
NOW, AND TM'
W'"'IL WAS ~TING AT
A RAT' OF 2. OZ/MIN,
MOW MUlM CAK' WAS
TM'R' 10 MINUT,$
AbO?
6a. lHIA CAN MOW A l'RTAIN LAWN IN
~ MOORS. J,$$' CAN MOW TM' SAM' LAWN
IN 2. MOURS. MOW LONG DO,$ IT TAK' TM~
TO MOW TMIS LAWN WORKING T06>~M'R?
MOW LONb WOULD IT TAK' TM~ TO MOW A
LAWN TWll' AS 816?
6b. HOW LONG WOULD IT TAK' IF J'SS'
STARTS MOWING MALF AN MOOR AFT'R l'LIA?
7. J,$$' CAN CAN MOW A LAWN IN A TIM'
P'RIOD p. MOMO CAN MOW TM' SAM' LAWN IN
A TIM' P'RIOD q. MOW LONG, IN T'RM$ OF p
AND q, DO,$ IT TAK' TM~ TO MOW TM' LAWN
T06>~M'R?
9. TWO CARS AR' 12.0 MIL,$ APART. TM~
8'6-IN DRIVING TOWARD ~M OTM'R AT TM'
SAM' TIM,. ON' CAR 60'$ 70 Ml/MR; TM'
OTM'R 60'$ 90 Ml/MR.
a.us'TM' RAT' ~ATION TO FIND WM'N
AND WM'R' TM~ M'~·
b. TMINK OF TM' CARS AS M~TING UP TM'
ROAD" 8~"N TM~. 1$ TM'R' ANOTM'R
WAY TO SOLV' TMIS PR08L~?
,~
------··ll:j~
ll:~. . ') -
9. IT TAK,$ J'SS' '30 $~ND$ TO RUN FROM
POINT A TO POINT B. IT TAK,$ l'LIA 2.t;
S~ONDS TO RUN TM' SAM' DISTANl,. IF M'
8'6-IN$ AT A AND SM' 8'GIN$ AT 8, WM'N AND
WM'R' DO TM~ M'~ IF TM~ 8'6-AN RUNNING
AT TM' SAM' TIM'? WM'N AND WM'R' DO TM~
M'~ IF SM' STARTS t; S~ONDS AFT'R M' DO,$?
10. MOMO 1$ t;4 INlM,$ TALL. M'R SMADOW 1$
2.7 INlM,$ LONG. AT TM' SAM' TIM,, SM'
M~SUR,$ A TR"'$ SMADOW TO 8' 41 F'~
LONG. MOW TALL 1$ TM' TR"?
11. l'LIA, STANDING ON TM' 8~M. $"$ A SMIP
IN TM' WAT,R. NW8Y SM' ALSO$"$ A 800Y
KNOWN TO 8' 100 YARDS OFFSMOR,. 1$ TM'R' A
WAY SM' CAN FIND MOW FAR AWAY TM' SMIP 1$?
~-·
-· -
::;::: .: - -.._ .... =· -~~--~T
.... ·.. . .. . ···1··
12.. A RmANGL' OF WIDTM a AND M'IGMT b MM
ITS LOW'R L'FT lORN'R AT TM' ORIGIN. WMAT 1$
TM' 'QlJATION OF TM' DIAbONAL LIN' RUNNING
FROM LOW'R L'FT TO UPP'R RlbMT?
1'3. IT TAK,$ ON' P'R-
SON 2.0 MINUT,$ TO DIG
A MOL' IN TM' GROUND.
b lOULD 2.0 P'OPL'
R~LLY DIG TM' SAM'
MOL' IN ON' MINUT'?
a
 Chapter 12
About Average

I WROTG nus tMAPTGR

8GCAU$G OF A FRUSTRATING
GXPGRIGNCG I ONCG MAD.
IT WA$, YOU MlbMT SAY, A
WORSG-TMAN-AVGRAbG
GXPGRIGNCG, AND l'D l.IKG
TO $AVG YOU FROM bVGR
MAVING TO SUFFGR
TMROUGM IT YOURSGl.F.

TMG PROBl.GM BGGAN WITM

AN EL.ECTRIC 811.L., AND
IT $MOW$ MOW GOOD IT
CAN BG TO MAVG SOMG-
TMING TO Pl.Ub INTO
8G$1DG$ A WAI.I. OUTl.GT.

-----
IN A SUH.DING WMGRG I
U$GD TO MAVG $TUDIO
$PAtG. TMG c;L.c;Cl"RIC
811..1.. WM DIVIDGD AMONG
$~GRAI. DIFFGRGNT
TGNANT$. TMG $Pl.IT
DGPGNDGD (MORG OR
1.G$$) ON ACTUAi. U$AGG.
$0 WG At.I. PAID A $TOP U$1N6' TMG
DIFFGRGNT FRACTION OF HGCTRIC PGNCll.
TMG 811.t. ~GRY MONTM. $MARPGNGR, GONICK!

AFTGR $0MG TIMG. ONG OF TMG TGNANT$-CAt.t. MIM P• 0 0 -A$KGD TO MG~ WITM TMG RG$T
OF U$ TO Dl$CU$$ TMG Gt.GCTRICITY. Ml$ RGCGNT 811.1.$ t.OOKGD $0M~MIN6' t.IKG TM1$.

MG PAID 14% IN JUNG;

. • 11% IN JUl.Y;
14% IN AUGU$T;
. . 1 ~% IN $GPT~8GR;
. . 16% IN OCTOSGR;
. . 30'f, IN NOV~SGR;
. . 19% IN DGC~SGR .

"I TAKG TMG AVGRAGG." MG $AID-MGANIN6'

TMAT MG ADDGD UP TMG $~GN NUM8GR$
WMY DON'T
AND DIVIDGD SY 1-
I JU$T PAY
22% ~GRY
14+ 17+14+2?+26+30+29 MONTM?
1

"AND I 6'~
$~i;RAL OF TMi; OTMi;R
Ti;NANT$ $AW TMAT I FIGURi;D
TMi;Ri; WA$ AN l;RROR IT OUT
IN P1111111111'$ Ri;MONING, ,\\ATJ.U;/MTllALLY!
BUT WMi;N wi; TRli;D TO
i;X.PLAIN IT TO MIM, Mi;
Ri;FU$i;D TO L1$Ti;N. IT
GOT vi;RY Mi;ATi;D.

OF tOUR$i;, TMi; QUi;$TION 1$: WMAT WA$ P• 11111111 '$ M1$TAKi;?

Heights
WG Al.l.. MAVG AN ID~ A80UT WMAT IT M~NS TO BG AVGRAbG. AN AVGRAbG PGRSON IS IN TMG
MIWl..G, tOMPARGD WITM OTMGR PGOPl..G. FOR INSTANCG, TMG AVGRAbG MGlbMT OF OUR FRIGNDS
MGRG IS SOM~MGRG 8~GGN i;4 INCMGS, TMG SMORTGST, AND 66 INtMGS, TMG TAl..l..GST.

l'M 8Gl..OW
AVGRAbG!

nu; AV(;RAb(; OF TWO NUM8(;R$ "$PLIT$ 6-IV(;N ANY TWO NUM8(;R$ 1-1 AND h WITM 14 ~ h,
TM(; DIFF(;R(;Nt(;": IT'$ Q<AaLY MALFWAY MALF TM(; _!71FF(;R(;Nt(; 1$ (J.1-h)/2; TM(; AV(;RAb(;,
8'1W"N TM~. M(;R(; TM(; DIFF(;R(;Nt(; 1$ WRITT(;N h, 1$ h PLUS TM(; SPLIT DIFF(;R(;Nt(;,
12; TM(; AV(;RAb(; 1$ 60. h + (J.l-h)/2. TM1$ CAN 8(; $1MPLIFl(;D, 8(;CAU$(;:

··~ h+J.l:h+h+(J.l-h)
: 2h + (J.I - h)

: 2(h + J.1-h)
66-?4 : 12.
2
4<12.): 6 : 2h $0

?4+6: 60
66-6: 60
h: u+h
u+ h : 2h 1

TMG AVGRAbG OF TWO NUMBGRS IS MALF TM,11~ ~U". SIMll..ARl..Y, TMG AVGRAbG OF MANY_
NUMBGRS A1, Ai, A.~, ... , An, IS 1/n TIMGS TMGIR SUM. AbAIN WRITING TMG AVGRAbG AS A,

~§ &11rfr&?J,00000£liiJ

ITU
nu; AVf.RAbf. Mf.IGMT OF ALL
FIVf. OF OUR Mf.ROf.$, TMf.N, 1$ t.IOT(; TMAT W(;
Awr;17 66 rwu;i;,
66 + 66 + 64 + 60 + ?4 S(;tAUS(; TWO
171FF(;R(;t.IT P(;OPL(;
? MAl7 TMAT M(;lbMT!

: ;~o : &72 INCM!;i

Wf. CAN AL$0 A$K ASOUT $f.PARATf. Mf.IGMT AVf.RAbf.$ FOR MALf.$ AND Ff.MALf.$. TMf.$f. ARf.:

Ff.MALf.$
MAY6(; I tAt.I RAIS(; 64+?4 :::. ~9·
TM(; AV(;RAb(; TMIS 2.
WAY...

MALf.$
66+66+60 :::. 64.
?

FINALLY, WMAT MAPPf.N$ WMf.N Wf.

AVf.RAbf. TMf. 1'\ALE AND FE1'\ALE
ANYONf. Sf.GIN-
AVERAGE$? Lf.T'$ $f.f. ... NING TO $f.f.
P* * * * * '$ Ml$TAKf.?

(Mf;~ :1~? : ~~o~

CLO$f., SUT NOT 62!!!
COMSINING ONf. GROUP'$
AVf.RAbf. WITM ANOTMf.R
GROUP'$ AVf.RAbf. GIVf.$ A
DIFFERENT RE$ULT FROM
TMf. AVf.RAbf. OF f.Vf.RYONf.
TAKf.N TOGf.TMf.R!!
Weights
NOW U~T'$ FORGi;T
ABOUT M(;1Glff$ AN17
$IMPLY TMINK OF TWO
POINT$ A AN17 8 ON A 8
TM(; NUMB(;R LIN(;. TM(;
AV(;RAG(; (A+ 8)/2.,
MALFWAY B(;TW(;(;N TM(;
POINT$, 1$ WM(;R(; TM(;
LIN(; $(;6.M(;NT B(;TW(;(;N
• -
--
A=-
A
A+8
2. --- •
- 8
A ANl7 8 WOULl7 ,&-\
8AL.ANCI: LIK(; A $(;(;-
$AW.

IT WOUL17 SALANC!;, TMAT 1$, IF TM!;R!; W!;R!; IF TM!; W!;16'MT$ AR!; 171FF!;R!;NT, TM!; 8ALANC!;
'QUAl. W,16MT~ AT bACM !;N17. BUT WMAT IF POINT MA$ TO 8!; CLO$!;R TO TM!; MbAVl!;R
TM!; W!;16'MT$ AR!; PIFF'R'ITT? !;Nl7, A$ YOU MAY KNOW FROM PLAY6'ROUN17
!;XP!;Rl!;Nt!;. WM!;R!; 1$ TM1$ POINT?

:..

LUlKILY, TM(; $(;(;$AW 1$ 17(;$lRIB(;l7 BY A $1MPL(; (;QUATION TMAT WILL LOlAT(; TM1$ BALANllNG
POINT OR Cl:NTl:R OF GRAVITY. IF WA 1$ TM(; W(;IGMT AT A, W8 'TM(; W(;IGMT AT 8, l..A 'TM(;
Lf;NGTM OF A'$ $117(;, ANl7 l.. 8 'TM(; Lf;NGTM OF 8'$ $117(;, TM(;N

IN BALANl(;, TM(;$(; PR017UlT$ AR(;

f;QUAL. IF TM(; W(;IGMT WA 6'0(;$
UP, IT$ 171$TANl(; l..A MU$T GO
170WN IN ORl7(;R TO K(;(;P TM(;
PR017UlT WAL.A ™' $AM(;.

160
Example 1. L'1'$ u$'TM' $"$Aw =
~LllTION: ™' L'NbTM L.A C- '3; ™'
'QUATION TO FIN17 A t'NT'R OF bRAVITY. $UPPO$' L'NbTM L.B: 9-C. PUTTINb TMAT INTO™'
™' NUM8,R$ AR' A=? ANl7 8:9. IF WA: 1? L8$ $"$AW 'QUATION, W' tAN $0LV' FOR C.
=
$IT$ ON '3, ANl7 WB 1?0 L8$ $IT$ ON 9, WM'R'
1$ ™' t'NT'R OF bRAVITY C? WAL.A = WBL.B
1?CC-?) = 1?0(9-C)
C - ? : 2.(9 - C) 171Vll71N6 8Y 7?

C-? = 19 - 2.C
= 2.1
?C
C:7

FOLLOWINb TM{; $AM{; ST{;~ FOR ANY NlJM8{;RS A ~ B ANP W{;lbMTS WA ANP W6 , W{; CAN
Flt.JP TM{; t{;NT{;R OF bRAVITY C. FIRST NOT{; TMAT L.A = C- A ANP L.B = 8 - C; TM{;N .•.

WA(C - A) = WB(B - C)

WAC+ WBC = WAA + WBB

CCWA + WB) = WAA + WBB ~

TMIS POINT IS ALSO CALL{;P TM{; WE16MTED AVERAGE OF A ANP B, WITM TM{; W{;lbMTS
WA AT A ANP WB AT 8.

Example 1 Again.
NOW W' tAN $IMPLY PLUb ™'
NUM8,R$ FROM 'XAMPL' 1 INTO
™' FORMULA FOR C. OF tOUR$'
™'
W' f,(;'T $AM' AN$W,R!

c= (7?)(?) + (1?0)(9)
1? + 1?0
2.2.? + 1??0
=----
2.2.?
AN17 w' tM~K (A$ w' 17117N'T ™' FIR$T TIM,): L.A =4,
:: 7 =
L.B 2, AN17 ™' $"$AW 'QUATION 1$ $AT1$Fl,17.

(4)(7?) = (2.)(1?0) = '300

161
L!;T'S PLAY AROUNt7 WITM TMG WGIGMT-
FOR
Gt7 AVGRAbG FORMULA SOMG MORG TO
INSTANtG?
Gi;T A 8ITTGR FGGI.. FOR IT-ANt7 ALSO
TO SIMPLIFY CALtUL.ATIONS. FOR
SIMPLltlTY, WRITG W FOR TMG SUM OF
TMG WG16'MTS:

IN GXAMPLG 1, TMGSG RATIOS WGRG

NOW WORK ON TMG FORMULA. WA 1? 1

w :: 2.2.? ::: i
w8 1i;o 1
w :: 2.2.? ::: i
: : wA A+ w8 8
w w ANt7 TMG WG16'MTGt7 AVGRAbG OF ~ ANt7 9 WITM
WG16'MTS 7t; ANt7 1t;O IS SUt7t7GNLY VGRY SIMPLGI

TMO$!;
FRACTIONS ...
c = tc~) + ~C9)
TM!;R!;'S
$0Mi;TMIN6"
ASOUT TM!;M .•.
= 1 +6 = 7

TMOSG tOGFFltlGNTS WAIW ANt7

WglW ARG SPGtlAL: nu;y ADD TO 1.

w
:::-
w

162
nll$ M~N$: nu~ WGIGMTGP AVGRAbG PGPGN~ NOW WG CAN TMINK OF A WGIGMTGP
NOT ON TMG VAL.Uc; OF TMG WGIGMT$, BUT ON AVGRAbG OF A ANP 8 A$ A $UM
TMGIR FRACTION OF nu; TOTAL. wc;IGMT.
A$ LONG A$ TMG$G FRACTION$ ARG TMG $AMG,
TMG WGIGMTGP AVGRAbG 1$ TMG $AMG!

WMGRG p + q : 1. (TMINK OF 11? ANP

21?, 1/4 ANP °3/4, 21? ANP °3/?, Grt.).

----q f--P~

•0 •
q •
TM1$ NUMBGR pA + q8 1$ "q OF TMG
WAY FROM A TO 8," M IN, WMGN 8 1$
WGIGMTGP BY ~, TMGN TMG WGIGMTGP
AVGRAbG 1$ ~ OF TMG WAY FROM A TO
8. ALGGBRAICALLY, $TART AT A ANP APP
q(8 - A) TO 6-GT C ~ A + q(B - A).

- - q(8-A) ~f--p(8-A)~

•
A
•
A +q(8-A)
•

A + q(8-A)

: Cl -q)A + q8
MGRG~M
WGIGMT ON TMG
~ =' pA + q8 ($U8$TITUTIN6 p =1 - q)
LGFT 1$ ~ TMG
TOTAL, ANP IN GXAMPLG 1, YOU CAN $GG TMAT 1 1$
(TMGRGFORG) GXACTLY ~OF TMG WAY FROM °3 TO 9.
~M WGIGMT ON
TMG RIGMT 1$ ~.
TMc; Wc;!GMTc;D
AVc;RAGc; I~ AL.-
WAY~ lL.~c;R TO
TMc; "Mc;Av";R"
c;ND.

16°3
OKAY... IS TMGRG ANY USG
FOR WGlbMTGt7 AVGRAbGS, I Al.WAYS SAlt7
ASlt7G FROM 8Al.ANtlNb MATM IS A Pl.AY-
SGGSAWS? YGS! WE 1'\U~T bROUNt7!
~E WEIGMTED AVERAGE~
WMEN AVERAGING RATE~

-------
OR OTMER AVERAGE~.

Example 2. GOING sAtK To 8UT WG JUST SAW TMAT 64 + S4 :::. 2F

AVGRAbG MGlbMTS ON P. 1S9, l.GT'S ANt7 66 + 66 + 60 :::. 31/t, SO
WRITG F FOR TMG FGMAl.G AVGRAbG ANt7
MFOR TMG MAl.G AVGRAbG. WG MAVG
Ni =- 66+66+60
3

66 + 66 + 60 :::. 3M
U IS A WEIGMTED AVGRAbG
TMG OVGRAl.l. AVGRAbG MGlbMT ii IS oF F ANt7 M, WMGRG F's
WGlbMT IS TMG NU~8GR OF
ii:::. 64+S4+66+66+60 FGMAl.GS (2) ANt7 /It 'S WGlbMT
? IS TMG NUM8GR OF MAI.GS ('3).

WG tAN tMGCK TMIS.

~(?9) + ~(64)
:::. 23.6 + 39.4

GXACrl.Y TMG OVGRAl.l.

AVGRAbG.

164
MORG Examples:
3. A CAR bO,$ FORWARD 60 Ml/MR FOR 4 MOURS, SOLUTION: 1$ v ™'
TOTAi. DISTANt' d
TM'N SP"Ci'S UP AND bO,$ 10 Ml/MR FOR DIVID'D BY TIM' TOTAL. t.
2 MOURS. WMAT'S
™'
™'
FUL.L. 6 MOURS?
AV,RAb' SP"D V OV'R
d; (60 Ml/MR)(4 MR) + (70 Ml/MR)(2. MR)
t ; 4 MR+ 2. MR
0

C) v; C4 )({,0):(2.)(70); 63: Ml/l-IR

I
C~=A
™' ™'
60 Ml/MR 70 Ml/MR
TMIS 1$ W,16-MT'D AV,RAb' OF
SP"DS: ~M SP"D 1$ W,16-MT'D BY ™'
AIAOUNT OF Tl,\\(S SP,NT AT TMAT SP"D.

4. A BATTGR l-llTS .330 IN MIS FIRST 100 AT-BATS AND

.2.9? IN MIS NGXT 2.00 AT-BATS. WMAT WAS MIS OVGRAL.l.
BATTING AVGRAbG? SOLUTION: MIS BATTING AVGRAbG (B.A.)
1$ TOTAL. MIT$ DIVIDGD BY TOTAL. AT -BATS, OR

(100)(.330) + (2.00)(.2.9?) ~TOTAL. MIT$

B.A. ::: - - - - - -
100 + 2.00 ~ TOTAi. AT-BATS

IT'S ANOTMGR WGIGMTGD

AVGRAbG. ~M PARTIAL. BAT-
TING AVGRAbG 1$ WG16"MTGD
BY ITS NU1'\81;R OF AT -
SAT~. TMIS WORKS OUT TO
~(.330) + ~(.29?) ; .'300.
,..,..

IN 6-GNGRAL., IF SOM~MING MAPPGNS AT RATG r 1 FOR

TIMG t,, TMGN lMAN6"G$ RATGS TO rz FOR TIMG tz,
TMG OVl;RAL.L. AV1;RA61; RATI; r
FOR TMG FUL.L. TIMG
IS TMG Wc;16MTl;D AVl;RA61; OF r 1 AND r 2 • ~M RATG
1$ WG16"MTGD BY TMG TIMG IT WAS IN GFFGlT.

16?
SY TMG WAY, TMG ORDINARY
AVGRAbG CA + 8)12 1$ A
WGlbMTGD AVGRAbG-WITM
GQUAL WGlbMT$ ! IT'$
1.A
2.
+ 1.g
2.

WG CAN AL$0 MAVG A

WGlbMTGD AVGRAbG OF
/#.ANY NUMSGR$. IF A1, A2 ,
... , An ARG TMG NUMSGR$, WMGRG W 1$ TMG
AND w1, w2 , •.. , Wn ARG TOTAL WGlbMT
TMG WGlbMT$, TMGN TMG w1 + w2 + ... + Wn.
WGlbMTGD AVGRAbG A 1$
TM1$:

WMICM SR1Nb$ U$ SACK TO P""""" AND TMG GLGCTRIC SILL.

P*"• 0 '$ M1$TAKG WA$ TO

lbNORG TMG AIAOUNT cY~Mv SO?) PCf TOTAL SILL P• • • • • PAID

OF 'ACM 1'\0NTM l.Y JUNG .14 x ~17 ; ~6

81l.l.. MGRG 1$ WMAT TMG
NUMSGR$ LOOKGD LIKG, JULY .17 x ~2.2. ; $2.1
ROUNDGD TO TMG
AUbU$T .14 x ~6 ; ~~
NGARG$T WMOLG DOLLAR.
P•••.,.'$ PGRCGNTAbG 1$ $GPT. .v; x ~76 ; f.14
ON TMG LGFT. TMG
AMOUNT OF TMG TOTAL oa. .26 x $2.1S ; $S6
SILL 1$ IN TMG MIDDLG,
AND Ml$ $MARG 1$ ON NOV. .30 x $2.49 ; $74
TMG RlbMT.
DGC. .29 x $2.SS ; $71
TOTAL. ~2.2.9 $2.9S

166
AT nu$ POINT, TMG GMIG$T WAY TO
FIND P""'""1 '$ AVERAGE PERCEN- GMRRMM ..•
TAGE 1$ TO DIVIDG TMG TOTAi. MG WMY NOT?
PAID IN 7 MONTI-!$ BY TMG TOTAi.
Bil.I. OVGR TMG $AMG TIMG. TMAT'$

NOT TMG 22% TMAT pun•

6-0T WMGN MG AVGRAbGD TMG
NUMBGR$ IN COl.UMN 1.

BY NOW YOU $1-lOUl.D RGAl.IZG TMAT WMAT WG MAVG MGRG 1$ A WEIGMTED AVERAGE. GACM
MONTMl.Y PGRCGNTAbG 1$ WGIGMTGD BY TMAT MONTI-!'$ TOTAL. 811...1..., WMICM RGFl.GCT$ TMG
TOTAi. AMOUNT OF Gl.GCTRICITY U$GD BY TMG WMOl.G BUil.DiNG. TMGRG WM MORG U$AbG IN
TMG WINTGR MONTl-!$-TMG $AMG MONTI-!$ WMGN puu•'$ PERCENTAGE$ WERE MIGMER.

si;i;? YOU
JUST, UM, MORi; USAbi; AND
PLUb IN ... M16'Mi;R pi;Rci;NTAbi;s

~/\
(.14)(117) + (.17)(122) + (.14)(96) + (.27)(176) + (.26)(217) + (.3)(249) + (.29)(277)
117+12.2. + 96+176 + 2.17 + 2.49 + 2.77

WMY? Bil.I.$ U$UAl.l.Y 6-0 UP IN WINTGR, WMGN IT'$ DARKGR AND COl.DGR. IN ADDITION,
TMGRG WA$ A DIFFERENCE BGTWGGN P• ..... AND TMG OTMGR TGNANT$: P• ....... l.IVED IN
TME 8Ull.DING, Wl-lll.G TMG RG$T OF U$ ONl.Y WORKGD TMGRG ... $0, AT NIGi-iT, WMGN TMG
RG$T OF U$ WGRG AWAY, P• .... RAN 1-11$ l.IGMT$ AND Gl.GCTRIC MGATGR, AND UP WGNT 1-11$
PGRCGNTAbG ... AND $0 GNl7$ TMG $TORY OF PIG-MGADGD p ........

167
Problems 2. FIND™' W'lbMT'D AV,Rf.b,$ OF

1. FIND TM' (UNW,lbMT,D) AV,Rf.b' a. 1 WITM W'lbMT 3 AND 11 WITM W'IGMT 1

OF ™' NUMS,R$: b. 1 WITM W'IGMT 2 AND 2 WITM W'IGMT 1
a. 1 AND 17 C. -2 WITM W'lbMT ? AND 2 WITM W'IGMT 1?
b. 9 AND 12 d. 0 WITM W'lbMT 11 AND 12 WITM W'lbMT 1
C. 1,000,000 AND 1,000,002 '2. 0 WITM W'IGMT 0 AND A WITM W'IGMT w
d. -9 AND -12 f. 0 WITM W'IGMT 3 AND -1 WITM W'lbMT 9
'2. 9 AND -12 tJ. 100 WITM W'lbMT .23 AND 1,000 WITM W'lbMT .11
f. ?? AND -??
tJ. -1,000,000 AND 1,000,002
~. blV'N ANY FOUR NUMS,R$ a, b, c, d,
h. 19, 21, 23 $MOW TMAT
i. ?, 39, 2 IF _a_::. _c_ ™'N
j. 103, 4, -100, 1 a+b c+d

4. DRAW™' POINT ON™' L.IN' S~"N 6. $UPPO$' A CAR bO,$ 40 Ml/MR FOR
A AND 8 INDICAT'D SY ™' 'XPR,$$10N. 3 MOUR$ AND 90 Ml/MR FOR 2 MOUR$.
WMAT'$ ™' AV,Rf.b' $P"D FOR ™'
WMOL.' ?-MOUR TRIP?

A 8
7. t:'L.IA TAK,$ A TRIP TO V1$1T M'R
t:OU$1N 120 Mil.'$ AWAY. bOING OUT, M'R
a. _!_A + .:!._ 8 d. 999 A+ _1_ 8 $P"D 1$ 40 Ml/MR; t:OMINb SACK, IT'$
10 10 1000 1000 60 Ml/MR. WMAT'$ M'R AV,Rf.b' $P"D
1 3 ~ 3A + 28 FOR ™' ROUND TRIP? (MINT: MOW MUt:M
b. 4A + 48 •. ? TIM' WA$ $P,NT IN ~M DIRmlON?)

c. ! A+ .!_8 f 610A + 30?8 9. IF A CAR bO,$ AT A $P"D v1 FOR A

3 3 • 91?
Dl$TANt:' dl AND TM'N bO,$ Vi FOR A
Dl$TANt:' di 1 FIND AN 'XPR,$$10N IN
~. K~IN 1$ MANblNb W'lbMT$ FROM A $TICK, dl, di, V11 AND Vi FOR ™' AV,Rf.b'
WMlt:M IT$,L.F MANG$ FROM A $TRING. M' ATTAtM,$ $P"D OV'R ™' WMOL.' TRIP.
A 1-0UNt:' Pl~' 3 INt:M,$ FROM ™' $TRINb, AND
A 1-0UNt:' Pl~' 9 INt:M,$ FROM ™' $TRINb ON
™' OTM'R $ID,. ™' TMIRD Pl'(;' W'lbM$ 3
9. MOMO b~$ 4 AT-SAT$ IN™' FIR$T
MAL.F OF ™' $~$ON AND MIT$ .1?0. IN
OUNt:,$. WM'R' MU$T M' MANG IT TO MAK' ™'
™' $~0ND MAL.F OF ™' $~$ON, $M'
MOSIL.' SAL.AN(;'? lbNOR' ™' W'lbMT OF ™'
b~$ 92 AT-SAT$ AND MIT$ .290. WMAT'$
$TICK AND $TRINb. (MINT: TAK' C, ™' SAL.AN(;'
POINT, TO S' 0.) M'R SATTINb AV,Rf.b' FOR ™' $~$ON?

----9~
10. TMAT $AM' $~$ON, J,$$,'$ FIR$T-
? MAL.F SATTINb AV,Rf.b' WA$ 1.,$$ TMAN
MOMO'$, AND Ml$ $~0ND-MAL.F SATTINb
c AV,Rf.b' WA$ AL.$0 1.,$$ TMAN MOMO'$
$,t:OND-MAL.F AV,Rf.b,, 1$ IT P0$$1SL.' FOR
MIM TO MAY' MAD A MIGM'R SATTING
AV,Rf.b' FOR ™' FUL.L. $~$ON?
 Chapter 13
Squares
To $QUAR' A NUMB~R
M~N$ TO MUl..TIPl..Y IT BY
IT$~l..F, l..IK~
T!-11$:

W~ CAN Al..$0 $QUAR~ A

VARIA8l..~, l..IK~ T!-11$:

JUST TO R~IND YOU, IT'$

tAl..l..~D "$QUAR1Nbn x
8~AU$~ x 2 1$ Tl-I~ AR~
OF A $QUAR~ WITl-I AL.I..
IT$ $117~$ ~QUAl.. TO x.

~XPR~$$10N$ CONTAINING
$QUAR~$ OF VARIA8l..~$
(OR PRODUCT$ OF TWO
DIFF~R~NT VARIA8l..~$)
$UCl-I A$ 4x 2 - ?xy + y2,
AR~ tAl..l..~D QUADRATIC,
FROM Tl-I~ l..ATIN QVAfJRA,
M~NINb "$QUAR~."

169
nu~ Ol.t7GST KNOWN QUAt7RATll QUGSTION IS A 4,000-Y~R-Ol.t7 SASYl.ONIAN PUZZl.GR:
GIVGN Tl-IG TOTAL. t71STANlG AROUNt7 A RmANGUl.AR F1Gl.t7, ANt7 Tl-IG F1Gl.t7'S ARGA, l-IOW
l.ONG ARG ITS Slt7GS? FOR INSTANlG, IF Tl-IG PGRIMGTGR (Tl-IG t71STANlG AROUNt7) IS 32,
ANt7 Tl-IG AR~ IS 63, FINt7 TWO NUMSGRS r ANt7 s so Tl-IAT 2.r + 2.s ~ 32 ANt7 rs ~ 63.

.I I.
Al.GGSRA?
Tl-IG F1Gl.t7 IS
Wlt7G OPGN ...

2r+1s :: ~1
rs :: 63
Tl-IAT PROt7UlT rs IS A ll.UG
Tl-IAT WG'RG IN QUAt7RATll
TGRRITORY l-IGRG ...

ANOTl-IGR Ol.t71G-ANt7 ONG OF Tl-IG lOOl.GST OF Al.l. QUAt7RATll RGl.ATIONSl-llPS-lOMGS FROM

Tl-IG ANllGNT GRGGK PYTMAGORA$. PYTl-IAGORAS Sl-IOWGt7 l-IOW TO GXPRGSS Tl-IG Dl$TANC(;
SGTWGGN TWO POINTS ON A Pl.ANG IN TGRMS OF Tl-IG RISG ANt7 Tl-IG RUN SGTWGGN Tl-IGM. IF
x IS Tl-IG RUN, y IS Tl-IG RISG, ANt7 r IS Tl-IG t71STANlG, Tl-IGN Tl-IGY SATISFY A SIMPl.G FORMUl.A:

B~UTIFULLY
SIMPL~
A~t7 SIMPLY
B~UTIFUL!

y
(YOU'l.l. SGG WMY
IT'S TRUG Wl-IGN
YOU TAKG GGO-
MGTRY, SUT IT
IS N(;V(;R TOO
Wl.Y TO l.~RN
Tl-llS FASUl.OUS
FORMUl.AI!!)

110
AND TM(;N TM(;R(;'$ eAL.l•. IS-
TICS, OR AIMING tANNONSAL.L.$.
IT TURNS OUT TMAT YOU CAN
(;XPR(;$$ TM(; SAL.L.'$ M(;IGMT h
IN T(;RMS OF ITS (MORIZONTAL.)
DISTANC(; s FROM TM(; CANNON
L.IK(; $0:

M(;R(; h0 1$ TM(; M(;IGMT

OF TM(; CANNON ITS(;L.F,
WMIL.(; a AND b AR(;
NUM8(;R$ D(;P(;NDING ON
TM(; TIL.T OF TM(; GUN AND
TM(; $P(;(;D OF TM(; SAL.L.
AS IT (;XITS TM(; MUZZL.(;.

WM(;N TM(; CANNONSAL.L.

MIT$ TM(; GROUND, h ~ 0,
AND TM(; PROSL.(;M 1$ TO
FIND TM(; VAL.Ur; OF s AT
TMAT POINT. IN OTM(;R
WORDS, TM(; GUNN(;R MAS
TO SOL.V(; TMIS (;QUATION
FOR s:

as1 + bs + h0 ::. 0

JUST IMAGIN(; TM(; INT(;R(;$T! AND $0, NOT TOO L.ONG AFT(;R CANNON ARRIV(;D IN (;UROP(;,
QUADRATIC (;QUATIONS FOL.L.OW(;D...

171
OUR FIR$T QUAt:>RATll Wll.L 8G •••

The Expression (x+r)(x+s)

SY N.OW, WG MAVG $GGN. MAN.Y
GXPRG$$10N.$ LIKG a(c+d) AN.t:>
b(c +d). WMAT 1$ TMGIR $UM?

a(c+d) + b(c+d): ?

RGGARt:>IN.G c+d M A $1N.GLG

N.UM8GR, WG CAN. U$G TMG
t71$TRl81JTIVG LAW TO PULL
TMAT FAtTOR OIJT OF TMG $UM:

= =
$0 a(c+d)+b(c+d) (a+b)(c+d). WG AL$0 KN.CN./ TMAT a(c+d)+b(c+d) ac+ad+bc+bd.
PIJTTIN.G TMG$G TWO TOGGTMGR GIVG$ U$ TMG EXPA~ION OF (a+b)(c+d):

MULTIPLY GVGRY P0$$18LG PROt:>UlT

lON.$1$TIN.G OF ON.G FAtTOR FROM
TMG FIR$T $UM AN.t:> ON.G FROM TMG
$Gl0N.t7 $UM, TMGN. At:>t:> 'EM UP!

YOU CAN t:>RAW (a+b)(c+d) A$ A a b

RGlTAN.GLG, IT$ TWO $1t7G$ 8GIN.G
a+b AN.t:> c+d. TMG TOTAL ARGA,
(a+b)(c+d), 1$ TMG $UM OF TMG ac be c
FOUR $MALLGR 80XG$' ARGA$.

ad bd d

172
NOW $UPP~G r ANt7 s ARG ANY NUM-
8GR$. U$1Nb WMAT WG JU$T L.~RNGt7,
r
WG CAN GXPANt7 (x + r)(x + s).

(x+r)(x+s)
rx

= '"' + rx + s" + rs
s rs
TMG RG$UL.TING QUAt7RATlt GXPRG$$10N
IN x MA$ A tON$TANT TGRM GQUAL. TO
TMG PROt7UtT rs, ANt7 A "L.INGAR
tOGFFltlGNT," TMG tOGFFltlGNT OF x, rn~ $1-lAD~D AR~ 1$ rx+ sx =- (r+ s)x.
GQUAL. TO TMG $UM r + s.

2. (x+1)(x+1) 3. (x -1)(x + 2.) 5. (x-1)(x- 3)

=- x 2 + (1+1)x + (1)(7) =- x 2 +(2.-1)x+(-1)(2.) : x 2 +(-1-3)x + (-1)(-3)
=-x2 +Bx+7 =- x 2 + x - 2. : x 2 -4x+3

GXAMPL.G$ 3-? $MOW 4. x(x+3) : x 2 + 3x

TMAT r ANt7 s NGGt7
NOT 8G P~ITIYG. (MGRG r: 0.)

8Y TMG WAY, t71t7 YOU

t1VIL.IZATION$ 6-~ OLD,
RGtOGNIZG TMG BlJT MATM-N~~R!
"8A8YL.ONIAN NUM8GR$"
TMAT POPPGt7 UP MGRG IN
TMG tOGFFltlGNT$ rs ANt7
r+s? (WGL.I.., AtTUAL.L.Y,
r+s 1$ ONL.Y MAL.F TMG
8A8YL.ONIAN $UM 2.r + '2.s,
8UT TMAT'$ NO 816' t7~L..)
MOW A80UT TMAT?

173
Two SPECIAL CASES
nu;TWO $MAt7,t7
x r AR~$ AW UP TO ...
(x+ r) 2 MMMM •.. rx+rx ...

WMGN WG $QUARb TMG 1.IN~R

GXPRG~ION (x+r), TMG RG~Ut.T
x "'2. rx
nt'
MM A BGAUTIFUI. PATTGRN:

(x +r) 1 :: x 1 + 2rx + r1

Example 6. rMG~G R~1.1.Y

r rx ri
t ,.,,

ARG ADORABl.G, ARGN'T TMbY?

(x + 1)2 :::. x 2 + 2.x + 1 $QUAR,$ WITM (x-1) 2 ::. x 2 -2.x+1

(x + 2 ) 2 :::. x 2 + 4x + 4 N'6ATIV' r (x-2.) 2 :::. x 2 - 4x + 4
AR' PRITTY
(x + 3) 2 :::. x 2 + 6x + 9 CUT' TOO ... (x-3) 2 ::. x 2 -6x+9
(x + 4 ) 2 :::. x 2 + 9x + 16 (x-4) 2 :::. x 2 - 9x + 16

x
(x+r)(x-r)
TMI~ONG MAbltAl.t.Y GGT~ RID x
OF TMG MIDDl.G TGRM, BGCAU~G
r+(-r)::.0. TMG CON~TANT
TGRM I~ (r)(-r) :::. -r2 .

(x+r)(x- r):: x1 - r1

r
Example 7. WMGN r::.1, x-r x-r
TMI~ BbtOMG~ ANOTMGR
B~UTIFUI. FORMUl.A:

x2- 1 :: (x + t)(x-1) '""--·-· ··

(x+r)(x-r)
AND AL~ L

l~
+
)(

x 2 - 4 :::. (x+2.)(x-2.)
x 2 - 9 :::. (x+3)(x-3)
x-r x-r

174
 n ni
MENTAL ARITHMETIC Trick:
THE GQUATION (x + 1)(x-1) : x 2 -1 OPGN$ A SMORTtlJT
1 1
FOR MUL.TIPL.YINb NUMBGRS TMAT DIFFGR BY 2. 2 4
'3 9
Example 8. To MuL.TIPL.Y 1'; x 11, wG F1RsT
4 16
NOTltG TMAT 1? = 16-1 AND 17: 16+1, ~
? 2.?
1? x 17 : (16 - 1)(16 + 1) : 162 - 1 : 2?6 - 1
6 ~6
7 49
0 64
TO DO TMGSG PRODUCTS 9 91
IN YOUR MGAD, YOU'L.L.
NGGD TO MGMORIZG $0MG
10 100
$QUARG$; TMIS TABL.G 11 12.1
WIL.L. blVG YOU A START. 12 144
1'3 169
14 196
p; 2.2.?
16 2.?6
17 2.99
10 ~2.4
19 ~61
20 400
TMG TRICK WORKS FOR ANY PAIR OF NUMBGRS TMAT DIFFGR BY A 21 441
SMAL.L. GVGN NUMBGR. $PL.IT TMG DIFFGRGNt:G AND USG TMG FORMUL.A. 22 494
2'3 ?2.9
Example 9. FIND 99 x 101. 24 ?16
TMG NUMBGR 100 1$ MAL.FWAY BGTWGGN v; 62.?
TMG TWO FACTORS.
26 616
99= 100- 2, 102: 100 + 2, $0 27 72.9
99x102 : 1002 - 2 2
29 194
29 941
: 10,000-4
30 900
: 9,996 31 961
32 1,02.4
33 1,099
ROOTS of an Expression
TMG ROOT$ OF AN bXPRG~ION
ARI: TMG NlJM8GRS WMGRG ITS
VAl.lJG IS zc;Ro. IN SYM80l.S, r
IS A ROOT OF TMG GXPRGSSION
ax 2 + bx + c IF ar2 + br + c ::: 0.

TMAT rs.
A ROOT OF
ax2 + bx + c IS ANY SOl.lJTION
OF TMG l:QlJATION

ax 2 + bx+ c::: 0

ROOTS ARI: VAl.lJGS OF TMG

VARIA8l.G TMAT "ZGRO OlJT"
TMG GXPRGSSION. AS WG'l.l.
SGG, A QlJAt7RATlt
GXPRG~ION GROWS OlJT
OF ITS ROOTS SOMGMOW...

..• ANt7 OlJR bOAl. IS TO

t71b lJP ROOTS.
I NGVGR
Rl:Al.IZl:t7 MOW
MlJtM Al.bl:8RA
IS l.IKG YARt7
WORK ...

176
Example 1O. - 2 1s A ROOT
OF TMG GXPRG~ION 3xi + 1?x + 19,
Y~M. 8UT
8GtAUSG WMGN WG PL.UG IN -2 FOR WMGRG PO YOU
x ANP ~AL.UATG TMG GXPRGSSION, PIG UP -2 IN
WG G~ ZGRO. TMG FIRST
PL.At!:?
3(-2)i+ (1~)(-2)+ 19
~ (3)(4) -30 + 19
~ 12-30+ 19 ~ 0

Important NOTE: G1vr:N AN r:QUAT10N i.1KE 3xi+1?x+1a ~o. wr: CAN

PIVIPG 80TM SIPGS 8Y ITS "L.GAPING tOGFFltlGNT," TMG tOGFFltlGt.IT OF xi, IN TMIS lASG
3, ANP TMG GQUATION IS STIL.L. TRUG.

3x2 + 1~x+ 19 =-0 YOU lAN tMGtK

TMAT - 2 IS A ROOT
x2+ ~x+6=0 OF xi+ ?x + 6, ANP
AL.SO TMAT - 3 IS A
ROOT OF 80TM !
l:ITMl:R l:QUATION IS TRUI: IF TM!:
OTMGR ONG IS; TMAT IS, TMGY MAVG
TMG SAMG $01.UTIONS ... OR, IN OUR
NGW L.ANGUAbG OF ROOTS, Tl.U;
'.XPR,$$ION 3xi + 1~x + 19 MA$
™' $AJ#..' ROOT$ A$ x 2 + ~x + 6.

WG CAN PO TMIS WITM ANY QUAP-

RATlt GQUATION. TMG GQUATION
axi+ bx+ c '=' 0 MAS TMG SAMG
$01.UTIONS AS

i b c
x+-+-
a a
AS FAR AS FINPING ROOTS IS
tONtGRNGP, TMGN, WG lAt-1
'' ASSUM!: TMAT AN GXPRGSSION'S
L~DING CO,FFICl,NT 1$ 1.

177
The Roots of (x-r)(x-s)
ON PAbG 17'3, WG $AW MOW TO GNOUGM PW$ OR
GXPAND (x+r)(x+s). IF WG tMANGG GXAMPl.G$? MINU$ ...
TM~G PW$ $1GN$ TO MINU$G$, WG
FIND TMAT (x-r)(x- s) GXPAN~ IN
MUtM TMG $AMG WAY.

(x-r)(x-s) = x2- rx-sx+(-r)(-s)

= x2 - (r+s)x + rs
WG $AW ONG 1.IKG TM1$ IN
GXAMPl.G ?. MGRG'$ ANOTMGR:

Example 11.
(x - 4) (x - 7) = x2- (4 + 7) x + (4) (7)
= x 2 -11x+ 20

TMG ROOT$ OF (x - r)(x- s) ARG $1TTING RIGMT IN FRONT OF U$: TM~'RG r AND s!!
$U8$TITUTINt'7 x ~ r MAKG$ TMG FIR$T FACTOR r - r ~ 0, $0 TMG PRODUCT 1$ ZGRO;
$1Mll.ARl.Y, x ~ s MAKG$ TMG $GCOND FACTOR ZGRO.

NOW WMGRG
DID TM~G
r AND s ARG TMG ONL.Y ROOT$ OF TM1$
GXPRG$$10N. IF x 1$ ANY NUMSGR OTMGR
ROOT$ GO?
TMAN r AND s, TMGN SOTM x- r AND x - s
ARG NONZGRO, $0 TMGIR PRODUCT 1$ Al.$0
NONZGRO, $0 x 1$ NOT A ROOT.

I.GT'$ tMGtK TMG ROOT$ FROM GXAMPl.G 11.

PLUG 4 INTO x 2 -11x + 2.B AND GVAL.UATG.

4 2 - (11)(4) + 2.B ~ 16 - 44 + 2.B ~ 0

YOU CAN tMGtK TMAT 7 1$ Al.$0 A ROOT.

179
nus IS WMAT I M~NT ~RLIGR WMGN I SAll7 TMAT QUAl7RATIC GXPRGSSIONS GROW FROM
TMGIR ROOTS. WG ARG OFTGN GIVGN AN GXPRGSSION xi+ bx+ c WITM ITS COGFFICIGNTS
1, b, ANl7 c, WMILG TMG ROOTS r AN17 s RGMAIN M11717GN. IF WG CAN FINl7 TMGM, TMGN
WG'LL KNOW TMAT OUR GXPRGSSION WAS "R~LLr TMG PR017UCT (x-r)(x-s).

x2 +bx+c
r+s=-b
rs=c

(x-r)(x-s)

FOR TMG CMAPTGR'S FINAL ROOT,

LOOK AT TMG GXPRGSSION

WITM ROOTS 3 ANl7 -3, OR ±3.

TMIS GXPRGSSION GXPANl7S TO
xi- 9, SO ITS ROOTS ARG TMG
SOLUTIONS OF TMG GQUATION
xi-9:. 0 OR ~.
_.-;;.

TMGSG ROOTS, : 3, ARG TMG

NUM8GRS WMOSG SQUARG IS 9. TMAT IS TMG
WG CALL TMGM TMG $QUARI: QUGSTION WG
ROOT$ OF 9. NOW ASK YOUR- TAKG UP IN TMG
SGLF, WMAT ARI: TMI: ROOT$ NGXT CMAPTGR ...
OF TM1$ l:XPR1:$$ION?

179
Problems b
a
1. IN TM' R~ANbl.' FROM P. 172 TMAT

™'
11.l.U$TRAT,$ (a+b)(c+d), COL.OR IN
PART$ OF IT TMAT AW UP TO
a(c+d); b(c+d); (a+b)c.
C

1. 'XPANV BY MUl.TIPl.YINb:

a. (a + 2) Cb + 3) d
b. x(x + ?)
c. 3x(2x- 3)
d. (t-4)(t+4)
fl. (x-7)i
f. (7p-4)(2p -3)
'3. QUICKl.Y CAI.UL.AT' a. 12X14 b. 13 x 17
g. (3-x)(2-x)
h. (x-?)(x+3) 4. 'XPR'~ ~M PROVUtT A$ A VIFF'R'NC' OF $QI.JAR,$,
ANV ~Al.UAT,.
i. (t + 3)i
j. (2x + 3)(4x-?) a. 999 x 1,001 d. 2? x 3?
k. 7(p-1)(2p + ?) b. 99? x 1,00? (/. 0.9? x 1.0?
c. 19 x 22 f. 9,999,000x10,001,000

a. Cx-2)(x-?) fl. (x-1 )i

b. (x-2)(x+?) f. (x+6)i
c. (x+ 3)(x+ 1) g. (x-1)(x+3)(x-?)
d. (x+r)(x+s)

6a. $MOW TMAT 3 1$ A ROOT OF xi- 9x + 1?. 7. WMAT 1$ ™' ~WA OF ™' ROOT$ OF
xi- 2000x + 1?
6b. $MOW TMAT - 7 1$ A ROOT OF
2xi + 17x + 21. 9. WMAT 1$ ™'
PRODUCf OF TM'
ROOT$ OF xi+ 3x - 17,4?9?

9. 'XPANV BY MUl.TIPl.YINb:

a. (pi+ q)(4 + q) f. + 3) 3
(t k. (x - 1)3
b. (ai-b)(ai+ b) g. (2x + ni I. (x -1)(xi + x + 1)
c. (t + 1)(ti-t + 1) h. (3x - ?)i m. (x - 1)(x3 + xi+ x + 1)
d. ex + n cI + ~) i. (ax + r)i n. (x - 1)(x4 - x 3 + xi - x + 1)
j. (x + 1)3 o. (x - r)(xi; + rx 4 + rix 3 + r 3xi + r 4x + ri;)
fl. (x - l)i
i

190
 Chapter 14
Square Roots

Ar TMr; r;ND oF rMr; LA$T

tMAPTf;R, wr; WONDf;Rf;D ABOUT
TM(; ROOT$ OF x. 2 - 10. TMf;$f;
WOULD Bf; ~L.UTION$ OF
x. 2 -10:::.0, OR

-x1 : 10
WMAT NUMBf;R'$ $QIJARf; 1$ 10?
NOBODY KNOW$ f;XAtTLY! BUT
TMAT D0f;$N'T $TOP U$ FROM
GIVING IT A NAMr;-nir; SQUAR'
ROOT OF 10-AND WRITING IT
DOWN TM1$ WAY. ..

TMf; $YMBOL V 1$ tALLf;D

A RADICAL. SIGN. TMr; WORD
"RADltAL," LIKf; "RAD1$M,"
t0Mf;$ FROM A LATIN ROOT
Mr;ANING ... f;R ... ROOT.

101
 FIR$T L.GT MG lONVINlG YOU TMAT TMGRG I~ SUlM
A NUM8GR-8Y DRAWING IT.
.

fW 10

(0,0)

TMG NUMSGR ../W 1$ TMG Dl$TANlG FROM TMG

NOT{;: VW 1$
ORIGIN TO TMG POINT (3, 1). TM1$ 1$ PROVGD SY
PYTMAGORA$'$ MAbll FORMUL.A ($GG P. 170). IF AL.SO TMG SIDG
r 1$ TMG DISTANtG FROM (0,0) TO (x,y), TMGN OF A SQUAR(;
WITM AR(;A 10.

TM1$ NUMS(;R, VW, 1$ $L.IGMTL.Y

bRf;ATGR TMAN 3.1622 AND
SL.IGMTL.Y L.G$$ TMAN 3.1623.

3.1622 2 = 9.999i;o004
=
3.1623 2 10.00014129

MY lOMPlJTGR lAL.lUL.AT(;$ fW
TO FOURTG(;N DG<'.:IMAL. PL.AtG$ A$

3.162 277 660 169 39

r-=VW SUT f;V(;N TMAT 1$ A MAIR
TOO L.ARGG. WG lAN NGVGR
WRIT(; A lOMPL.GT(; D(;llMAL.
IF YOU PIVOT TMG L.ING $GGMGNT AROUND TMG
ORIGIN DOWN TO TMG x-AX.1$, YOU lAN SGG TMAT
(;XPANSION, 8f;lAU$(; VW 1$
AN IRRATIONAL. NUMSGR.
VW FAL.L.$ A L.ITTL.G 8GYOND 3.

(3,1)

192
 That OTHER Square Root
Al,WAYS A P0$1TIV(; NUMS(;R'$ $QUAR(; 1$ OSVIOU$l,Y
REMEMSER I P0$1TIV(;: '3 x '3 ; 9. A N(;bATIV(; NUMS(;R'$
$QUAR(; 1$ AL,$0 P0$1TIV(;: (-'3 )(- '3) ; 9. AND
({n)z: n 0 2 ; 0. IN OTM(;R WORD$, Al.1. $QUAR(;$ AR(;
NON-N(;GATIV(;. NO N(;GATIV(; NU1'\8(;R MA$
A Rr=AL. ~UAR(; ROOT.

JU$T
UNR(;Al,!

·[/@
M(;R(; AR(; A F(;W $QUAR(;
ROOTS. NO N(;(;D TO Mf;MOR-
IZ(; AL,l, TM(;$(;!!! ON TM(; OTM(;R MAND, (;V(;RY P~ITIV(; NUMS(;R
MA$ TWO $QUAR(; ROOT$, ON(; P0$1TIV(; AND
ON(; N(;bATIV(;. "TM(;" $QUAR(; ROOT OF 9 1$
n {ii ACTUAL,l,Y TWO NUMS(;R$, '3 AND -'3. TM(; $Y,\\-
80L. Vn AL.WAY$ Rr=Fr;~ TO TM(; P~ITIV(;
2. 1.4142.13?6 ... $QUAR(; ROOT (OR Z(;RO, IF n; 0). TM(;
'3 1. 1'32.0?000... N(;bATIV(; $QUAR(; ROOT 1$ WRITT(;N -Vn.
4 2.
?
6
2.2'3606797...
2..44940974 ...
-../9:: -3
7 2.64?7?1'311... 80TM ARE SQUARE ROOTS OF 9.
0 2.02042712 ...
9 '3
10 '3.162.2.7166 ... R(;M(;MS(;R TMI$, TOO!

11 '3.'31662479 ... (-{n)z: n

12. '3.46410161...
13 '3.60???127 ...
14 '3.7416?7'30 ...
1? '3.07290'3'34 ...
16 4
ADDING Square Roots
WMGN ADDINb TWO ~UARG ROOTS, TMGRG 1$ OFTGN NO WAY TO SIMPLIFY TMG SUM, AT L~ST
WMGN WG SGG DIFFGRGNT NUM8GR$ UNDGR TMG RADltAL $1bN. MGRG ARG ~MG GXPRG$$10N$
TMAT MUST 8G LGFT AS 1$:

ON TMG OTMGR MAND, WMGN TMG ,,AJA,

NUM8GR APP~RS UNDGR 80TM RADllAI.
$1bN$, WG'RG IN 1.UCK! GVGN
RADICAi.$
08GY TMG
fl +fl: 1fl t.AW!

Vn +Vn: 1Vn
aVn +bVn =(a+b)Vn
TMIS 1$ NOTMINb 8lJT TMG Dl$TR18lJTIVG
LAW. ~UARG ROOTS 8GMAVG LIKG ANY
OTMGR QUANTITY.

VGRY
Example 1. s1MPL1FY ?../Tii + 2¥3 + ..;1i; + 4../3.
08GDIGNTI
WG bROUP LIKG TGRM$, ~ TMG GXPRG$$10N 8GCOMG$

?ffi + ~ + 2.../3 + 4{3

: (? +nm+ (2. +4){3
:4../W+6fi

194
MULTIPLYING Square Roots
MUL.TIPL.YING $QUARb ROOT$ 1$ bMY-M L.ONG A$ ~bRYTMING 1$ P~ITIV(;.

I l.IK~ TMb RUL.b 1$ $1MPL.b. IF a AND b ARb ANY

TO ~TAY NON-NbGATIVb NUMSbR$, TMbN TMb PRODUtT
P~ITIV~! OF ROOT$ 1$ TMb ROOT OF TMb PRODUCT.

TM1$ FOL.LOW$ FROM POWbR L.AW #~ ON P. 119: (xy) 2 :: x 2 1/. IF Wb $QUARb TMb PRODUCT
Va· Vb, TM1$ MAPPbN$:

$1Ntb TMAT TMING IN$1Db TMb

PARbNTMb$b$ ON TMb L.bFT
I tAN Sb NON-
$QUARb$ TO ab (AND IT'$ NON-
Nb&ATIVb, TOO,
NbGATIVb), IT MU$T Sb fib. $0MbTIMb$ ...

IF 80TM a AND b ARb NbGATIVb ($0 Example 2. ~ :: ../S ii

TMAT ab> 0), TMbN NblTMbR Va
NOR
Vb 1$ RbAL., AND TMb RUL.b D0b$N'T Example 3. {12. :: V4 ii :: 1 ii
MOL.D. IN TMAT tMb,

AND tMbtK
TM1$ OUT!
TM1$ AMOUNT$ TO $AYING: IF a AND b ARb
80TM P0$1T1Vb OR 80TM NbGATIVb, TMbN
SQUARE FACTORS come out!
AUORDING TO TMb PRODUCT RULb, {;! : vlaj vlaj : (vlaj )2 : lal. TM1$ FORMULA 1$
$0 MANDY, l'LL WRITb IT LARGb.

UN~ARb
TMb ~UARb,
8A8Y!

WMbN a~ 0, TM1$ 1$ $IMPLY

WMllM L~$ U$ PULL OUT ANY ~UARb FACTOR UNDbR TMb RADllAL $16-N (MAKING $URb TO
UN~ARb IT WMbN Wb DOI):

TMb R~$0N, AGAIN, 1$ TMb

PRODUCT RULb.

va b =Vaifb
2

= la lv'b

TM1$ L~$ U$ $1MPLIFY TMb ~UARb ROOT OF

ANY NUM8bR lONTAINING A ~ARb FACTOR.

Example 4. m ;v (9)(7) ; v
C3)2 (7) ; 3{7
IT PAY$ TO
ROOT, ROOT,
ROOT...

Example 5• ../?oo ; voo) 2 C?); 10._fj

Example 6• ..f3 + m: ..f3 + i. ..f3 : 3fi
Example 7. Vi +«o; Vi+vv;.2
; V2 +?./2; 6fi.

196
QUOTIENTS of Roots IN OTM(;R
WOR~. NO
TOO SAD...
I l.IK(;
QUOTIGNT$ 8GMAVG JU$T l.IKG PRODUCT$: $URPRI$(;$! $URPRI$(;$ ...
TMG QIJOTIGNT OF $QIJARG ROOT$ 1$ TMG
$QUARG ROOT OF TMG QUOTIGNT.

(M$UMING a2:0 AND b>O, TMAT 1$!)

TMG RGA$0N 1$ TMG $AMG A$ FOR PRODUCT$. (TM1$ 1$N'T $URPR1$1NG, 8GCAU$G QUOTIGNT$
ARG PRODUCT$ IN D1$GU1$G, RGAllY... ) $0, $QUARING TMG QIJOTIGNT ON TMG RIGMT GIVG$

l'M bOINb TO A SY TM(; RUL.(;

$URPRI$(; PARTY FOR MUL.TIPl.YINb
FOR MY$(;L.F... FRACrlON$

~ -a
b

$0 TMG QUOTIGNT Valfb 1$ TMG

$QIJARG ROOT OF alb.

Example 8. y4? ~ fi
{4'
~ fi
2.
DON'T WG DG$GRVG ~01"bfMING
FOR lGARNING All TM1$?

Example 9• .f1 ~ ..ff' ~ !.

Y-9 {9 ?
Example 1o. .IT ~ - 1
V"b fb
Example 11. y 12 ~ -1
a lal

107
Radicals out of DENOMINATORS!
l-IGRG'$ A U$GFUL. L.ITTL.G
GQIJATION-AND IT MAY
GVGN $URPR1$G YOU.

$1NCG YOU
$AID YOU
L.IKG $UR-
-t----J c::::J
t:::J
PRl$G$!

TO $GG T!-11$, $1MPL.Y MUL.TIPL.Y Tl-IG L.GFT-l-IAND $1DG SY ..fi.1..fi.. $1NCG ..fi.1{2 ~ 1, Tl-IG
MUL.TIPL.ICATION DOG$N'T Cl-IAN6'G Tl-IG GXPRG$$10N'$ VAL.lJG. IN Tl-IG GND, Tl-IG RADICAL.
Dl$APPGAR$ FROM Tl-IG DGNOMINATOR.

1 '12
- 1
'12 '12 '12 -@ I

-- '12
2

T!-11$ WORK$ FOR ANY PO$ITIVG NUMSGR OR GXPRG$$10N UNDGR Tl-IG RADICAL. $16-N, NOT JU$T 2..
IN OTl-IGR WORD$, WG CAN Al.WAY$ R'IAOV' A l.ON' RADICAL. FROM Tl-IG DGNOMINATOR!!

Example 12.
p; ~ 1r;v x 2 + 1/

@ 'NOMORG
RADICAL.!

199
PRODUCTS of SUMS
MAY S~ ~IMPL~R TMAN YOU TMINK.

WMltM I~ 6-00D,
S~tAU~~ l'M
TMINKING Vc;RY
tOMPLltAT~D
TMOUGMT~ ...

Example 13. FIND ('3 +fi)(7 +4..fi.). TO DO TMI~, W~ MULTIPLY A~ W~ WOULD

ANY PRODUtT OF ~UM~.

(3 +fi)(7 +4..fi.)

: (3)(7)+7Vz+(3)(4)Vz +4-fi.Vz

: 17+7Vi+12Vi+4({i)2

: 17 + 11Vi + (4)(2)

::: 13+11{1

TM~ ORIGINAL FOUR T~RM~ ~MRANK DOWN

TO TWO. TMI~ MAPP~N~D S~tAU~~ Vz
WA~ MULTIPLl~D SY IT~HF, IN OTM~R
WOR~. ~UARc;D, MAKING 2 ... ~ TM~
RADltAL ~IGN SIT~~ TM~ DU~T.. .

199
 MORG VANISMING l.OOK WMAT MAPPGNS TO TMG PRODUcr (a+ Vb) (a -Vb).
RADICAL.$! IT'S a2 - (Vb) 2 , TMAT 1$
(a+../b)(a-../b) = a 2 -b
Example 14a. ci;+ffi)c?-m) ~ 2?-23=1

Example 14b. c../9 + V7 )(../9 - ../1) ~ a - 1 = 1

TMG 8~UTY
OF TMIS ONG 1$ TMAT IT
I..~$ US R~OVG RADICAL.$ FROM
DGNOMINATORS ~GN WMGN TMG RADICAL.$ TMGY Al.I..
ARG tOM81NGD WITM OTMGR TGRMS, M IN 8HONG
UPSTAIRS!!
1
a+fb
WG CL.GAR TMG RADICAL. 8Y MUL.TIPL.YING
TOP AND 80TTOM 8Y a - {b .

a-fb
--~--
a+fb a+fb a-Vb

::
a-Vb
a2 - b

Example 15. $IMP1..1FY 1

f3+n
$01..UTION: MUL.TIPL.Y NUMGRATOR AND
DGNOMINATOR 8Y f3 - ..fi..

- -1 - "3-n
"3+..fi. "3-n
"3-n
3-2

190
NOW TMAT WG'VG PUT ~UARG ROOTS IN TMGIR Pl..AtG, l..~'S R~I~ WMGRG WG'VG SGGN ...

IN TMG PR~IOUS YOU NGGD A NOSG

tMAPTGR, WG MAD OUR FOR IT, I GUGSS ...
FIRST l..OOK AT QUADRATlt
GXPRGSSIONS AND TMGIR
ROOTS, VAL.UGS OF x
WMGRG AN GXPRGSSION IS
ZGRO. .. SUT FINDING
TMGSG ROOTS RGMAINGD
A MYSTGRIOUS PROtGSS.

IN TMIS tMAPTGR, WG l..OOKGD AT TMG SPGtlAl.. ROOTS tAl..l..GD ~QUARE ROOTS, AND WG
l..GARNGD MOW TO ADD, MUL.TIPL.Y, AND DIVIDG TMGM. SQUARG ROOTS ARG SPGtlAl.. SGtAUSG
TMGY SOL.VG A SIMPL.G GQUATION: VP SOL.VGS TMG GQUATION x 2 -= p OR x 2 - p -= 0.

VP AND -VP
ARG TMG ROOTS
OF x 2 - p !

IN TMG NGXT tMAPTGR, WG'l..l.. SGG

MOW TO FIND TMG ROOTS OF ANY
QUADRAT!t GXPRGSSION-IN TGRMS
OF ~UARG ROOTS. IN OTMGR
WORDS, WG Wll..l.. NGGD TO USG
TMAT RADltAl.. SIGN! RGAD ON .•.

191
Problems
1. $1MPL.IFY BY ADDINb, $1J8TRACTINb, MIJL.TIPL.YINb, DIVIDINb, OR R~OVINb $QIJAR,$ FROM
™'
IJND'R RADICAL. $16-N:

a.w 1
g. - · -
B I. c..fi + ~ )(1 + ..fi>
b . ../9+16 Vi Vi
c. '3ff + 4{7
h.# m.fl
d. 4 + fi - (2 - '3fi)
i.# n.~
e. ({2)(2{2)
j. (-{2)({2)

f. ffi k. (1 + ~ )(1 - ~) o. VC-4)(-4)

2. IF ~ = 1.7'320?091 A~t7 1. WMY 1$ V(m/n) = v'imi 1v'ii1i?

'3~ = ?.1961?242, TM'N WMAT 1$
?.1961?242
9. WITMOUT DOINb ™' MIJL.TIPL.ICATION,
FIND V16 x 2?. WMAT 1$ 16 x 2??
1.7'320?091
APPROXIMATi;L.Y? 9. ~IMPL.IFY ../11 + W
~. $MOW TMAT fi + fiA :::. ff4. 10. IF p :::. -./? - 1 , ~MOW TMAT
2
4. $MOW TMAT Ve+ Vz : :. '3{i. 1
p:::.-
p+1
S. WMY 1$ 1?:::. V4?x??
6. $MOW MOW TO DRAW A l.IN' OF
L.'NbTM ~ INtM,$.
11. WMAT AR' ™' ROOT$ OF
x 2 -4? OF x 2 -2? OF x 2 -??

11. t:L.~R RADICAL.$ 1~a. 'XPAND (x +Vi ) 2 . 17. IJ$1Nb A tAL.tlJL.ATOR,

FROM D'NOMINATOR$: tM,tK TMAT
1 1~b. 'XPAND (x + Va) 2 .
a.- f3 1'11. : :. f3 - ../1. .
..fi 14. WMAT AR' ™' ROOT$ + 2
OF (x-Va ) 2 ? WMAT 1$ TM1$ NIJM8,R, TO FIV'
b. .2._ D~IMAL. PL.At,$?
V7 1S. IF a, b, d, c AR' INT~'R$,
AND n > 0, $MOW TMAT 19. IF a, b, c, d AR' RATIONAL.
c. Vi AND n 1$ A P0$1TIV' INT'b'R,
1 +Vz (a+bVn)(c+dVn) =p+qVn, $MOW TMAT

= p+q Vnn
2 WM'R' p AND q AR' AL.$0 a+bVn
d. INT'b'R$ . Vn
../p+2 + fP c+d
1 16. IF 0 < a < 1, WMY 1$ WMi;Ri; p AND q AR' 80TM
e. a2 < a? WMY 1$ Va > a? RATIONAL..
Va-Vb
192
 Chapter 15
Solving Quadratic Equations
WG lAN $0L.VG ANY QlJADRATll GQlJATION, RGAL..L..Y-
OR $0MGTIMGS, NOT SO RGAL..L..Y•••

As wG'VG AL..RGADY MGNTIONGD, GIVGN AN GQUAT10N

IT'S OKAY TO DIVIDG 80TM SIDGS BY a, $0 WG'L..L.. ASSlJMG FOR MOST OF TMIS
lMAPTGR TMAT TMG lOGFFlllGNT OF x IS 1. WG'L..L.. $0L..VG TMIS GQlJATION FIRST:

NO FAIR .•. I DON'T

GGT WRITTGN DOWN
L..IKG AL..L.. TMG OTMGR
lOGFFlllGNTS •..

TMAT'S 8GCAlJSG
YOU DON'T DO
ANYTMINGU

19'3
Solving by FACTORING
ON P. 179, WG $AW TMAT
TMG GQUATION
(x - r)(x - s) =0
MA$ TWO ~L.UTION$, r AN17 s,
8GCAU$G GACM OF TMG$G NUM8GR$
"ZGROG$ OUT" ONG OF TMG
FAtTOR$. TMG $AMG 1$ TRUG OF

(x + p)(x + q) 0 = YUP-L.OOK$
L.IKG ZGRO ...
GX.tGPT NOW TMG ~L.UTION$
ARG -p AN17 -q, FOR TMG
$AMG RGA~N.

WG AL.$0 $AW TMAT (x + p)(x + q) = x 2 + (p+q)x + pq. WMAT WG'RG MOPING NOW 1$ TMAT,
blVGN AN GX.PRG$$10N x 2 + bx + c, WG CAN "PUL.L. IT APART" AN17 FIN17 FACrORi x + p AN17
x+q ~ TMAT (x + p)(x + q) = x 2 + bx+ c. IF WG tAN. TMGN IT MU$T 8G TRUG TMAT

FOR IN$TANtG, GIVGN TMG GX.PRG$-

$10N x 2 +?x+6, 1$ TMGRG A PAIR
OF NUM8GR$ TMAT ADD TO ~ AN17
1'\UL.TIPL.Y TO 6?

YOU MAY AL.RGAl7Y $GG TMAT TMG

NUM8GR$ '3 AN17 2 170 TMG TRICK.

'3+2.=?
°3X2.::6

~ (x+'3)(x+2.) = x 2 +?x+6.

194
IN G>GNGRAL., TO UN$lRAM8L.G OR FACTOR' A QlJADRATll G.X.PRG$$10N x. 2 + bx + c, WG MU$T
FIND TWO NUM8GR$ WM~G PR'ODUCT 1$ TMG lON$TANT TGRM c AND WM~G $U"' 1$ TMG
L.INGAR lOGFFlllGNT b. TMG 8A8YL.ONIAN PR08L.GM L.IVG$!

YOU TMINK
YOU,R'I:
IMMORTAL.?
I INVGNTGD
BGGR!

MORG GXAMPL.(;$:

Example 1. FACroR x.2 + 4x + ?. Example 2. FACroR x.2 + 11 x + 24.

$Tc;P 1. TMINK OF AL.L. WAY$ TO FACrOR 3. $Tc;P 1. TMG lON$TANT TGRM, 2.4, MA$
L.UlKIL.Y, TMGRG'$ ONL.Y ONG WAY: $GVGRAL. FAtTORIZATION$:

'3::. ?x 1 24 ::.1x24
::. 2x12
$Tc;P 2..FIND TMG $UM OF TMG TWO
FACrOR$ OF 3:
:.'3X0 ......
.,.__ _
:.4X6
'3+1::.4
$Tc;P 1. lMGlK FOR A PAIR TMAT $UM$ TO
$1NtG 4 1$ TMG tOGFFltlGNT OF x, TM1$ 11, TMG lOGFFlllGNT OF 'X.. WG FIND
PAIR OF NUM8GR$ $0L.VG$ TMG PR08L.GM.
'3 + 0 ::. 11

TM1$ $0L.VG$ TMG PR08L.GM. TMG GXPRG$-

A$ YOU lAN GA$1L.Y lMGlK SY GXPAND- $10N'$ ROOT$ ARG -'3 AND -0, AND
ING> TMG RIG-MT-MAND $1DG. TMG ROOT$
x 2 +11x+2.4::. (x.+'3)(x.+0)
OF x.2 + 4x + '3 ARG -1 AND -3.

First find factors

of c, then check
their sums. ~-
19?
SUT M1Nt7 YOUR PLU$G$
ANt7 MINU$G$ ...

Example 3. FACroR x 2 - x - 6. Example 4. FACroR x 2 + ix - 0.

MGRG TMG CON$TANT TGRM 1$ NGGATIVG, AGAIN TMG CON$TANT TGRM -9 1$ NGGA-
$0 IT MU$T SG TMG PR017UtT OF A P~l­ TIVG, $0 WG MAVG TO CON$1t7GR ONG
TIVE FACrOR AN17 A NEGATIVE FACrOR. P0$1TIVG ANt7 ONG NGGATIVG FACrOR.

~TEP 1. L.OOK AT FACrOR$ OF -6. ~TEP 1. L.OOK AT FACrOR$ OF -9.

-6 :::. (1 )(-6) -9 :::. (1 )(-9)

:::. (2)(-3) ....~---­ :::. (2)(-4)

:::. (3)(-2)
:::. (4)(-2) ....~---­
:::. (6)(-1) :::. (9)(-1)

~TEP 1. WG NGGt7 A PAIR TMAT $UM$ TO ~TEP 1. WG NGGt7 A PAIR TMAT $UM
TMG COGFFICIGNT OF x, WMICM 1$ -1. TO 1. TMG TM1Rt7 PAIR, 4, -2., WORK$:
TMG $GCONt7 PAIR, 2., -3 t70G$ TMG JOS: 4-2 :::. 2, ANt7 $0
2-3:::.-1,$0
x2+1" - 9 :: (" +4)(" -1)
x2 - " - 6 :: (" + 1)(X - ~)

Example 5. FACroR x 2 - 1ox + 2.4. MGRG c :::. 2.4 > o suT b :::. -10 < o. TMG FACrOR$
OF 24 MU$T SOTM SG P0$1TIVG OR SOTM SG NGGATIVG. SUT TWO P0$1TIVG$ CAN'T At7t7 TO
-10, $0 TMG ONL.Y P0$$1SIL.ITY 1$ TWO NGGATIVG FACrOR$.

1. WRITG 24 M A PROt7UtT 1. CMGCKING TMGIR $UM$, I AM ~ 61.AD $0M,80Vf

TMOU6MT OF N'6ATIV' NIJM8'R$...
OF NGGATIVG FACrOR$. WG $GG TMAT
24 :::. ( -1) ( - 24) -4-6 :::.-10
(-2)(-12)
ANt7 CONCWt7G TMAT
(-3)(-0)
(-4)(-6) x2-10" + 14:: ("- 4)("- 6)

196
ll.~RL.Y,
IT'S IMPORTANT TO KGGP TRACK OF SlbNS
WMGN FAlTORINb! WG lAN SPGllFY TMG SlbNS OF p
AND q WITM A "L.Obll TRGG" SMOWINb WMAT MAPPGNS
FOR GAlM COMBINATION OF SlbNS OF b AND c.

SPECIFICALLY,
1F x1 + bx+c :: (x+p)(x+q)

IF c>O, IF c<O,
p AND q MAVG p AND q MAVG OPP~ITG
TMG SAMG SlbN. SlbNS (ONG +, ONG -).

IF b>O, IF b<O, IF b>O, TMG IF b<O, TMG

TMGN TMGN ASSOWTGL.Y ASSOWTHY
p,q >0 p,q <0 L.ARbGR OF p, q L.ARbGR OF p, q
IS P~ITIVG. IS NGbATIVG.

TRGG? IT USG YOUR

L.OOKS MORG IMAblNATION ...
L.IKG AN AL.IGN
PROSG
DGVllG ...

c b
WG CAN AL.SO SUMMARIZG TMIS IN
A TASL.G. FOR SIMPL.lllTY, ASSUMG + + p,q >0
TMAT lpl > lql. (l.G., p IS TMG
ASSOL.lJTGL.Y L.ARbGR OF TMG TWO.) + - p,q<O
- + p >0, q<O
- - p<O, q>O

197
 ANt7 TMGN
TMGRG'S TMIS!
Example 6. FACTOR x2 + zx - 6.
$T'P 1. FROM TMG l.06-IC $T'P 1. DOE$ EITMGR
TRGG, WG SGG TMAT p>O PAIR SUM TO 2., TMG
ANt7 q<O. ~ ... COGFFICIGNT OF x?

-6 ::: (-1)(6) 6-1 ::: ~

::: (-2.)(?) ?-2.::: 1
UM .•• NO ...

OUR STGP-8Y-STGP M~MOt7 MAS COMG TO A t7~t7 STOP. WMAT ARG WG GOING TO t70?

TMGRG ARG AT l.~ST

TWO WAYS TO ~l.VG SGG YOU
TMIS PR08l.~: TMG l.ATGR!
8A8Yl.ONIAN WAY ANt7
TMG MOt7GRN, Al.6"G8RAIC
WAY. WG'l.l. SMOW TMG
Al.6"G8RAIC WAY ANt7
l.~VG TMG 8A8Yl.ONIAN
~l.UTION TO YOU AS A
PR08l.~.

199
A VERY SPECIAL EQUATION
L.~'$ TAKb Wl-IAT Mlbl-IT L.OOK L.IKb A $1Db
TRIP AND Tl-llNK ASOlJT T!-11$ bQlJATION FOR
A F~ MINlJTbS.

TRlJb, Wb l-IAVbN'T SbbN 'XACTl..Y T!-11$ bQlJATION 8bF0Rb, 8lJT

L.~'$ 81.lJNDbR Al-lbAD AND TRY TO SOL.Vb IT ANYWAY ••.

MAY8b YOU
lAN Sbb Tl-IAT
Wb'Rb 6"01N6"
TO NbbD OlJR
FRlbND, Tl-lb
SQlJARb ROOT...

199
 Example 7. ~i.vG
ON YOUR (x - ?)i::. 2.
MARK$ ...
$0l.UTION: $1MPL.Y TAKG TMG
$QUARG ROOT OF 80TM $1DG$!

(COULD 8(; (;ITM(;R

~UAR(; ROOT.)

IAWING? TO
BOTM ~ID(;~.

------------------
NOTG WGL.l.! TM1$ 1$ RbAl.l.Y TWO $0l.UTION$, IN A88RbVIATGD FORM. IT MbAN$ TMAT 80TM
TMG$G VAL.UG$ $ATl$FY TMG GQUATION:

AND

TO tMbtK, $U8$TITUTG GITMGR ONG OF TMGM 8AtK

DON'T 8(;Ll(;V(;
Mt;? INTO TMG GQUATION. MGRG l70G$ ~ +Vi:

((3+ Vi) -3) 2 l 2.

CV2.) 2 l 2.
1 :: 1
YOU $MOUL.D TRY $U8$TITUTINl'7 TMG OTMGR VAL.UG,
~ -Vi, TO $GG TMAT IT 1'71VG$ TMG $AMG RG$Ul.T.

1.00
NOW l.~'$ DO nu; $AMG Al.GG8RA ON nu; GGNGRAl. GQUATION (x+8) 2 ::. C?.

AND TMGRG YOU

(x + 8) 2 ::. I/ MAVG IT-OR
TM(;,\\, R~l.l.Y!

x+B =-±VP
" : -B -J: {P
AGAIN, TWO AN$WGR$: -8 + ~ AND -8- ~. YOU CAN tM~K TMAT TMGY 80TM ~l.VG
TMG GQUATION 8Y Pl.UGGING TMGM IN. TMG -8 TGRM tANtGl.$ 8, AND GITMGR $QUARG ROOT
( + or - ) $QUARG$ TO C?.

WG'RG GITTING
N~R TMG
FIN1$M l.ING!!

TMGRG'$ $Tll.l. ONG l.ITTl.G MURDl.G ... TM1$ WORK$ ONLY WMEN I? 1$ NON-NEGATIVE.
OTMGRW1$G, WG'D 8G TRYING TO TAKG TMG $QUARG ROOT OF A NGGATIVG NUM8GR, AND
TMAT 1$ A P0$1TIVG NO-NO, OR MAY8G A NGGATIVG ONG.

MM ... WOUl.DN'T A
Example 8. TMG GQUAT10N
NGGATIVG NO-NO (x + ?) 2 :::. -6
8G "NO-NO-NO,"
WMltM GQUAl.$ CAN'T 8G $0l.VGD, AT l.~$T 8Y
"NO"? ANY R~l. NUM8GR, 8~AU$G x+?
WOUl.D MAVG TO 8G AND ..J-6,
WMAT'$ TMAT?

201
YOU MAY WONDGR WMAT WG
Grr FROM $01..VING $UlM A
$PGC1Al. GQUATION. MGRG'$
WMAT: IT TURN$ OUT TMAT
WG CAN WRG$Tl.G 'V'RY
QUADRATIC 'QUATION
WITM l.GADING COGFFICIGNT 1
INTO TMG FORM (x+B) 1 = P.
TMAT'$ RIGMT! GVGRY l.A$T
ONG OF TMGM. PGRIOD. TM1$
8A8Yl.ONIAN TRICK 1$ CAI.I.GD...

Completing the
SQUARE.
AbAIN, $TART WITM AN GXAMPl.G. MGRG'$ TMG
TMING WG COULDN'T FACTOR IN GXAMPl.G 6.

Example 9. soi.vG x 1 + 1x - 6 :: o.
OUR Pl.AN 1$ TO TURN TM1$ INTO AN GQUATION l.IKG (x+8) 2
::. f;>. FIRST $TGP: MCNG TMG
CONSTANT TGRM TO TMG RIGMT. NOW 80TM TGRM$ ON TMG l.GFT MAVG A FACTOR OF x.

CJ
CJ

s~1m; x 2 +2x::. xCx+2),

l.'FT-MAND $ID' A$ nu;
w'
AR'A
lAN IMAblN' ™'
OF A RmANG-1...(;
W!;'l.l. WORK WITM TM!; PART AT TM!; !;ND TMAT'$
IN (;)(t(;$$ OF X, AND MAK(; TM!; 8!;$T $QUAR(;
WITM ON!; $ID(; x AND TM!; OTM!;R $ID(; x+2. W!; lAN.

x+2.

x(x + 2.) x

202
FIR$T tUT OFF 'XACTl.Y MAl.f TM' $TRIP. IT$ MO" ™' $1.lt"7-0FF SIT TO ™' OTM'R $ID'
W117TM 1$ 08VIOU$1.Y 1, 1.,., MAl.F OF 2.. OF ™' R'tTAN61.,.
x
"
TOTAi. AR~
; x(x+2)
; xi +2.x
"

"
™' FlbUR' S'tOM,$ A l.ARb' $QI.JAR' ™'AR~ R~IN$ x(x+2) ... UNTii. ...
M1$$1Nb A $QI.JAR' NOTtM OF $ID' 1.
x
"

"

- - - - - - - - . ___., t -------- -------··---'

W' lOIAP1.'1G TMG ~UARG SY Fll.t.INb IN TMAT ADDINb 1 TO™' 'QUATION'$

NOTtM. TM1$ AW$ AN AR~ OF 1 x 1 ; 1. ™' TOTAi. 1.'FT $ID' MAK,$ IT A $QI.JAR'.
AR~-IT'$ A $QI.JAR' NOW!-1$ (X + 1)2 . TO PR'$'RV' SAl.ANt,, W' ADD
1 TO ™' RlbMT Al.$0.
x 1
x 2 + 2.x + 1 =- 6 + 1
OR,
Al.6,SRA-
ltAl.t.Y...
(x + 1) 2 =- 7

AND TM,R,'$ ™' 'QUATION IN ™'

FORM W' WANT! ™' $01.UTION$:

tM,tK SY $US$TITUTINb IN ™'

ORl61NAI. 'QUATION, OR, MOR'
~$11.Y, INTO (x +1)2 ; 7.

20~
WG CAN COMPL.~G TMG ~UARG JUST AS 8GFORG, DRAW A RmANGL.G x 8Y
OF ANY QUADRATIC GXPRGSSION x+b. TMG AR~ IS x(x+b)::: x 2 +bx.

WITM NO CONSTANT TGRM AND

I
l.~DING COGFFICIGNT 1. TMG !
STGPS ARG GXAal.Y TMG SAMG.
x+b

TW OFF A STRIP OF WIDTM b/2 AND MOVG IT AROUND TO MAKG A l.ARGG ~UARG MINUS A
SMAL.l. ~UARG.

b/2. b/2.

..'...
'
I
' .I

..
•11•
,,11,,
,,,,
.
II

WG SGG TMAT TMG ORIGINAL. AR~ x 2 +bx IS TMAT IS, COMPL.~G TMG SQUARG 8Y ADDING
"COMPL.~GD" TO (x + b/2) 2 8Y AWING A TMG ~UARIS OF MAL.F TMIS l.INISAR C.0-
SMAL.l. ~UARG OF AR~ (b/2) 2 ::: b2 /4.
ISFFICllSNT, (b/'2.) 2 OR b1/4. IN SYM80l.S,

·--------------··-----
b/2.

b/2.

2.04
Example 1O. coMPl.~G x 2 -11". NOW l.i;'T'$ l.0$!;
mi; R!;CfANbl.!; AND
$0l.UTION: 1-lAl.F OF 12 IS 6. ADDING 62 OR li'O PUR!; Al.b!;SRA!
36 GIVGS

VISlJAl.l.Y, WG'D t;.O TMROlJGl-I Tl-IG SAMG

STGPS WITM TMIS RWANGl.G:

x-12 12

x-12

-----------------\Example 11.
TO $01.V' AN GQUATION (WITl-I
l.~DING
COMPl.~ING
COGFFICIGNT 1) SY
TMG $QUARG:
xi- 6x + 4 =- 0

1. MCNG TMG CONSTANT TGRM

TO TMG RIGMT.

2. COMPl.~G TMG SQlJARG SY xi- 6x + 9 =- 9 - 4

ADDING b2 14 TO 80Tl-I SIDGS.
l-IGRG Tl-IAT'S 36/4 : 9.

3. WRITG Tl-IG l.GFT SIDG AS A

SQlJARG.

4. $0l.VG AS IN GXAMPl.GS 7 (x-'3)i =- ?

AND 9.

x-'3 =- %~

x=3'1:~
 RUNNING Tl-IROUGl-I Tl-l~G $AMG FOUR $TGP$
Al..M~T U$1NG b AND c IN$T~D OF $P~IF1l NUM8GR$
Tl-IGRG NOW! A$ IN Tl-IG I.MT GXAMPl..G. WG lAN $01.VG ALL
QUADRATll GQUATION$ (GXlGPT FOR TMG ONG$
TMAT WG lAN'T.. .) WITM TMG$G

QUADRATIC
FORMULA(s).
GIVGN TM1$ GQUATION, WG FOi.i.OW ~Tl:P ~. GXPRG$$ TMG 1.GFT-MAND
TMG R~IPG. $1DG A$ A $QUARG.

-x2- + bx + c :: 0 b z b - 4c 2
(x+-) ::--
1 4

-x2- + bx :: - c
~Tl:P 1. lOMPl.GTG TMG $QUARG 8Y
ADDING b2 14 TO 80TM $1DG$ ...
TAKINb nu;
$QlJAR~ ROOT

b1 b1
x1+ bx + '4 :: - - c R~OVINb
4 rn~ RADlt::AL
FROM TJ.I~
:: b2 - 4c D~NOMINATOR

Conclusion: TMG ROOT$ ARG $0 I.ONG A$

b2 -4c ~ 0,
ANYWAY...
-b -l: ../b2 -4c
(1)
" :::
2

206
 What if a;z! 1?
AND WMAT IF TMG l.GADING COGFFICIGNT
ISN'T 1? WMAT IF WG'RG FACING ... TM1$?

NOT A PR08l.GM! DIVIDING TMROUGM

8Y a, WG $GG TMAT TM1$ MA$ TMG
$AMG $0l.UTION$ A$

,(l + (b/a)x + (c/a) :: 0

NOW TMG l.GADING COGFFICIGNT 1$ 1, $0 WG

CAN USG TMG QUADRATIC GQUATION 1,
RGPL.AtlNG b 8Y bla AND c 8Y cla. IF YOU
WORK OUT TMG Al.GG8RA-WMICM YOU
$MOUL.D!-YOU Wll.l. FIND TMG$G ROOT$:

TM1$ 1$TME QUADRATIC FOJl1'\Ul-A MGMOR-

IZGD 8Y WUNTL.GSS GGNGRATION$ OF Al.GG8RA
$TUDGNT$ ... AND WMY $MOUL.D YOU 8G ANY
DIFFGRGNT?

KUD~! AND
FOR YOUR
PRIZG-A
GIGANTIC
FORMUL.A!

207
 Al-II-I ... IT'S Al.l.
OVf:R SUT Tl-If: UM •••
NOT ~L.UTION: t::OMPl.r:Tf:l.Y MINl7l.f:SSl.Y (Tl-IAT'S Tl-If:
l-IYl7RATINGI
QUIT[; ... Sr:AUTY OF IT!) Pl.Ub Tl-Ir: cor:FFrt::rr:NTS INTO Tl-Ir:
FORMULA. l-lr:Rr: a::. 2., b::. -?, c::. '3. wr; br:T

i; ±Y? -c4)('3)c2)
2 i; % vi.i;-24
- ------::.
(2.)(2.) 4

7 1
::. - :C -
4 4

Tl-IAT rs. ! AN17 1.

1

wr; Sl-IOUl.17 t::l-lr:tK

Tl-If: ANSWf:R, SY OOG ••. (3/2.) 2 rs
Pl.U6'6'1Nb r:ACl-I 9/4 ... TIMf:S 2 ...
ROOT SACK INTO 01-1, SROTl-lf:R •..
Tl-If: QUAl7RATIC
f:XPRf:SSION
ANl7 GVAl.UATINb-
Sl-IOUl.17N'T Wf:?

IN FACT, NO!! WITl-I

QUAl7RATICS, Tl-lf:Rf:'S A TOTAl.l.Y
ANOTl-lf:R, QUICKf:R WAY.
FASUl.OUS
TO t::l-lf:t::K Tl-IAT A PAIR l.A80R-
r AN17 s ARr: ROOTS OF SAVf:Rll
Tl-If: QIJAl7RATIC f:XPRf:S-
SION ax 2 +bx+c, IT'S
f:NOUGl-I TO t::l-lf:t::K Tl-IAT

r + S :: - -b AN17
a
c
rs :: -
a

2.0B
WMY? WGU.. , IT'S CGRTAINl..Y TRUG TMAT CM(;CKING ROOTS 1$
r AND s ARG ROOTS OF (x-r)(x-s) ... NOW OFFICIAl..l..Y (;A$Y!
AND WG KNOW TMAT

(x- r)(x- s)::. x 2 - (r+s)x + rs

SO... IF r AND s SATISFY

TMG "8A8Yl..ONIAN GQUATIONS"
r+s::. -bla AND rs::.c/a, TMGN

2 b c
(x-r)(x- s)::. x + -x + -
a a
TMIS $MOWS TMAT r, s ARG ROOTS OF
2 b c
x + -x + -
a a
SO TM(;Y'RG Al.SO ROOTS OF

ax2 + bx+ c.

TMIS M(;AN$ TMAT TMG

ORIGINAL.. GXPRG$$10N
MAS TMIS FACTORIZATION:

l..(;T'$ CM(;CK TMG ANSWGRS IN GXAMPl..G 12 IN TMIS WAY.

TMG ROOTS' SUM SMOUl..D 8G -(-?)/2.::. ?/2., AND TMGIR
PRODUCT SMOUl..D 8G 3/2.. AND IN FACT:

'3 ?
-+1::-
2. 2.

WG CONCWDG TMAT TMG GXPRGSSION

CAN 8G FACTORGD AS

2.(x - -'3 )(x - 1) ::. (2.x - ?)(x - 1)

2.

2.09
 JUST MOPPING
The DISCRIMINANT
UP NOW...
~UARG-ROOT
TMG QUADRATlt FORMUL.A'$v TGRM b 2 - 4ac
RAl$G$ A KNOTTY PR081.~: TMG STUFF IN TMGRG MIGMT SG
N~ATIVG!

TM!$ QUANTITY b2 - 4ac 1$ tAl.l.GD TMG GXPRGSSION'$ Dl$lRl1"1NANT. ITS SIGN

Dl$lRl1'\INAT1:$ 8GTWGGN GXPRG$$10N$ TMAT MAVG RGAI. ROOTS AND TMOSG TMAT DON'T.

WMGN b2 - 4ac > 0, Al.I. 1$

GOOD. TMG QUADRATlt FORMUL.A
WMGN b2 - 4ac ~ 0, ™' "fWO" ROOT$ ARG

b1VG$ us rwo RGAI. ROOT$, AND -b/2a + 0 AND -b/2a - 0

WG SRGATMG A $1GM OF RGl.IGF...
IN OTMGR WORDS, "80TM" ROOTS ARG -b/2.a,
AND TMG ORIGINAL. GXPRG$$10N FACrOR$ A$

210
Example 13, a Double Root.
~IT'$ NOT
FIND nt~ ROOT$ OF 4x 2 - 12.x + 9. A MIRAG~ ...

NOP~
~L.UTION: TO APPL.Y Tl-I~ QUADRATll
NOP~!
FORMUL.A, W~ FIR$T lAL.lUL.AT~ Tl-I~
D1$lRIMINANT.

b 2 - 4ac ::. (-12) 2 -(4)(4)(9)

::. 144 - 144 ::. 0

Tl-I~ "TWO" ROOT$ AR~ SOTl-I
-b/2a ::. 12/9 ::. 3/2, AND YOU
lAN ~$1L.Y ll-l~tK Tl-IAT Tl-I~
ORIGINAL. ~XPR~$$10N 1$

4(x - .Z.) 2 ::. (2x - 3) 2

2

Tl-I~ Dl$CRIMINANT GIV~$ U$ T!-11$ INFORMATION:

bi - 4ac > 0 TWO R~L. ROOT$

bi - 4ac : 0 DOU8L.~ ROOT,

~AR~ ~XPR~$$10N

bi - 4ac < 0 NO R~L. ROOT$

AND Wl-IAT DO W~ DO IF Tl-l~R~ AR~ NO

R~L. ROOT$? JU$T GIV~ UP AND QUIT?

UM ... CAN
$TOP? NO W~ TAK~
A VOT~ ... ?

WAY!!

211
Imaginary Square Roots?
WMAT IF WG DIDN'T $TOP WMGN WG MIT A NGbATIVG D1$CRIMINANT? WMAT IF WG PRf.TGNDGD IT
WA$ OKAY AND JU$T KGPT $01.VINb? TMAT'$ WMAT $0MG ITAL.IAN MATMf.MATltlAN$ DID BACK IN
TMG DAY, AND TMG RG$UL.T$ WGRG ... WGL.I.. ... PRf.TTY GOOD!

IT'$ NOT
REAL., BUT
IT'$ U~EFUL.,
NOT UNL.IKG ... $TOP
Rib MT
TMGRG.

BACK 1NExample 8, TMG GQUAT10N ex + 'fl 2 =- -6 oR x 2 + 1ox + 31 =- o

BROUbMT U$ FACG-TO-FACG WITM N. TMGN WG $TOPPGD... BUT NOW L.f.T'$ CRANK AWAY
JU$T A$ IFN WGRG ANY OTMGR NUMBGR. (NOTG TMAT MGRG b:. 10 AND c:. 31.)

TMG "$01.UTION$" ARG

r =- -? - N, s =- -? + N

AND WG Rf.ADIL.Y tMGtK TMAT

r + s :. -10 :. -b

rs :.
:. 2.? - (-6))

:. 31 :. c

IN OTMGR WORD$, TMG ROOT$ BGMAVG

JU$T 1.IKG Rf.AL. ROOT$. WG JU$T DON'T
KNOW WMAT TMGY /'AGAN!

212
nu$ u;D nu; MATMbMATltAL.. WORL..D TO At10PT A N(;W NU"'81:R, V-1.TM1$
TMING, WMltM 1$ WRITTGN i FOR l~GINARY, MA$ TMG lJN$ITTL..ING PROPGRTY
TMAT i 2 :: -1. OTMGR TMAN TMAT, i OBGY$ AL..L.. TMG lJ$lJAL.. L..AW$ OF AWITION
AND MlJL..TIPL..ltATION. $0, FOR IN$TANtG,

V-9 = V-1 Y9 = ?i TM1$ TMING tA$T$

A L..ONG $MADOW...
4i + 2.i = 6i
(1 +i)(?+2.i)
=? + (2.+?)i + 2.{J.
= ? + (2.+?)i - 2.
= 1 + ?i
1
--:::.
a-bi
::.
a - bi
a+bi (a+bi)(a-bi) a 2 + b2

TM1$ WORK$ $0 MAGltAL..L..Y WGL..L.. TMAT i MA$ BGCOMG A KGY PART OF AL..L.. MODGRN MATM.
TMG NlJMBGR i 1$ OFTGN TMOlJGMT OF A$ A POINT ON A PL.ANG, NOT A L..ING, AND
MlJL..TIPL..ltATION BY i A$ A QlJARTGR-tlRtL..G ROTATION AROUND TMG ORIGIN.

i
i

-1 1

NlJMBGR$ TMAT COMBING RGAL..$ AND "IMAblNARIG$," L..IKG 4+1i OR 2..7196 - 99.10107i, ARG
tAL..L..GD CO"'Pl-(;X NlJMBGR$ ... AND BEL..IGVG IT OR NOT, IN $0MG $TRANGG, DGGP $GN$G, TMG
RGAL.. WORL..D 1$ BG$T t7G$CRIBGD BY tOMPL..GX NlJMBGR$ ... AND TMAT'$ TMG L..A$T TMING l'L..L..
MAVG TO $AY ABOUT TMAT, IN TM1$ BOOK ANYWAY!!

• I
NOW IT'$ TIMG TO
WORK ON $0MG
Rr:Al- PROBL..GM$ ...

21?
Problems ~. ~l.V' SY™' QUADRATIC 6. IF ii :. -1, $MOW TMAT
~ATION ANP
SY COMPl.i;TINb
1. FACTOR.
™' $QUAR,. (TO COMPl.i;T' ™' 1+ i .
- :. l
a. xi+4x+3 $QUAR,, DIVID' SY ™' l.~DINb 1-i
CO,FFICl,NT IF N,C,$$ARY.)
b. xi+4x+4
c. xi-2x-24 a. 3xi + 9x - 1 =- 0 1. $MOW WMY ?4 1$ NOT
A ROOT OF
d. xi+9x+1? b. xi-7x+12=-0
xi- 73x + 1,027
e. xi-7x+12 c. xi- x - 100 =- 0
f. xi+2x-224 d. 9xi + 10x + 1 =- 0 WITMOllT Pl.UbblNb IT
IN TO ~Al.UAT' ™'
g. xi-x-390 e. xi-f3x - f:.
0 'XPR,$$10N.

1. ~L.V' SY
FACTORINb. CM~K
YOUR ANSW,RS. 9. $MOW TMAT ™' ROOTS blV'N SY ™'
QUADRATIC FORMULA,
a. xi - 4x + 3 =- 0
b. xi+ 1?x +26 =- 0 -b+Vbi-4ac -b-Vbi-4ac
c. xi+ x - 6 =- 0 r =- s =- - - - - -
2a 2a
d. xi- 4x - ? =- 0
e. xi+ 9x + 20 =- 0 AW TO -bla AND MUl.TIPl.Y TO cla.

~. tOMPl.i;T' ™' $QUAR'

OF WM 'XPR,SSION.
a. xi- 4x 9.$INC' ANCl,NT TIM,$, TWO POSITIV' NUMS'RS p AND q
MAV' S"N SAID TO MAV' ™' GOl.PGN RATIO IF
b. xi- 6x
c. xi+ x p q
d. xi+ 9x
-qp -p+q
:.
q
p+q
e. xi-4~x
TMAT 1$, ™' RATIO OF ™' $MAl.l.'R TO ™' 1.ARb'R 1$ ™'
4. FIND TM' DISCRIMINANT. SAM' AS ™' RATIO OF ™' l.ARb'R TO ™' SUM. ™' bR"K$
1$ TM' 'XPR,$$10N A P'R- SHl~'D TMAT ™' GOl.PGN RGCTANGl.G, WITM SID(;$ IN TM(;
F'tT $QUAR'? A CONSTANT bOl.D'N RATIO, WAS TM(; MOST S~UTIFUI. OF Al.I. RmANbl.,$.
MUI.TIP!.' OF A P'RFm
SQIJAR'? WMICM MAV' NO
R~I. ROOTS?
a. $MOW TMAT IF p, q
MAV' ™' bOl.D'N RATIO
(WITM p< q), TM(;N p
a. xi+4x+3
q p
q-p
b. 2xi+9x+9
--:. -p
c. xi+ x-6 p q
q-p
d. 3xi-4x +? IN OTM'R WORDS, IF
e. xi+9x + 20 YOU R(;MOV(; A $QUAR(; p p
FROM A bOl.D'N R~­
f. xi+ 10x + 2? TANbl.(;'$ (;ND, TM(;
R(;MAININb RmANbl.(; b. IF p :.1, FIND q. (MINT: MAK'
g. xi+ ~x + 2? 1$ bOl.D,NI A QUADRATIC 'QUATION IN q.)

214
10. ~LV' TM' "BABYLONIAN PROBL~· s
DIR,CTLY. TMAT 1$, blV'N ANY TWO
NUMB,R$ b AND c, FIND r AND s TO
$AT1$FY TM' 'QUATION$
r rs::. c
r+s::b r+s::.b
rs:: c
$T'P 1. $TART WITM A RmANbL' WITM
$ID,$ r AND s AND AR~ rs:. c. L~ r s-r
p:. (s-r)/2. PULL A $TRIP OF L'NbTM p ' '•
•
FROM ON' $ID' AND PA$T' IT ONTO TM' •
OTM'R TO MAK' A "NOTtM'D $QUAR,," r •
$TILL WITM AR~ c. IT$ LONb $ID' 1$ I

r+p OR s-p. I
I

p p
$T'P 2. NOT' TMAT TM' Ml$$1Nb
Pl~' 1$ A $QUAR' OF $ID' p. r p

$T'P ~. (f#C',T llAPORTANTI) I

I
$MOW TMAT r
I
I
I

r+p::.s-p::.
r+ s
--::.
b I

2 2
p
------ I

$T'P 4. tONtLUD' TMAT

b
E ~
2

$T'P t;. ~LV' FOR p IN i

b
I
I
I
I
T'RM$ OF b AND c.
2 p
$T'P 6. FROM $T'P °3, FIND ------p b2. 2.

b
r ::. 1. + p AND
l - - p ::. c
4

b
s=---p
2 1~. ~LV' ™'
BABYLONIAN PROBL~
PUR,LY ALb,BRAltALLY LIK' TM1$:
$T'P 7. FINALLY, 'XPR,$$ r AND R'Pl.Al' r AND s WITM TWO N~
s IN T'RM$ OF b AND c. LOOK VARIABL,$ p AND q ~ TMAT
FAM LIAR?
r::. p+q s::. p-q

11. $MOW TMAT IF x 2 + bx +c 1$ A $QUAR,, TM'N TM' ORlblNAL 'QUATION$ B~OM'

TM'N ~ 1$ cx2 +bx+1.
2p ::. b p2 - q 2 ::. c
12.. FIND TM' D1$l:RIMINANT OF TM' 'QUATION
FROM TM,$, FIND p AND q, AND
(x+8) 2 =- Cl FROM p AND q FIND r AND s.
 Chapter 16
What's Next?
IN nus SOOK, YOU'VG AtQIJIRGD TMG WG DR(;W PICTURGS OF GQUATIONS AND
BASIC TOOl..S OF Al..GGBRA. SOl..VGD PAIRS OF GQIJATIONS IN TWO
VARIABl..GS.

STARTING WITM NUMBGRS AND TMGIR

OPGRATIONS, WG INTRODUCGD TMG ID(;A
OF A VARIABl..G ... AND
TMGN COMBINGD
VARIABl..GS AND NUM-
BGRS INTO TMG STUFF
OF OUR STUDY, Al..GGBRAIC GXPRGSSIONS. NGXT, WG USGD
VARIABl..GS IN
DGNOMINATORS
TO STUDY PRO-
PORTIONS, RATGS,
AND AVGRAbGS.

USING TMG RUl..GS OF ARITMM(;TIC, WG

l..f;ARNGD MOW TO PUSM GXPRGSSIONS FINAl..l..Y, WG GXPl..ORGD TMG MYSTGRIGS
AROUND WITMOUT CMANGING TMGIR VAL.UG. OF SQUARGS, SQUARG ROOTS, AND
QUADRATIC GQUATIONS.

TMIS l..GD US TO TMG SOl..UTION OF

Al..GGBRAIC GQUATIONS BY RGBAl..ANCING,
COMBINING TGRMS, AND SO ON.

217
so ...

FIR$T OF AL.I.., Tl-lbRb ARb AL.I.. Tl-lb

U$b$ OF Al.bb8RA IN Tl-lb WORL.17,
FROM tOMPUTbR GRAPl-lll'.$ TO
l-IAN17L.1Nb MONb'f TO 17b$1bN,
8UIL.171Nb, bNblNbbRINb, $16.NAL.
PR0tb$$1Nb (IN TV, RAl710, MU$1t),
ANl7 MANY OTl-lbR APPL.ltATION$.

·~- :- - ---=--- _--:.

Tl-lbN Tl-lbRb ARb AL.I.. Tl-lb ARbA$ OF

MATl-I Ybl TO tOMb. TO PUR$Ub
AL.MO$T ANY OF Tl-lb$b, YOU Nbbl7
TO Sb tOMFORTASL.b WITl-I AL.bb8RA.

\.01S
AND THERE'SAMORE
ALGEBRA, TOO!
219
 FOR ON(; TMIN6>, wr; CAN DRAW QUADRATIC (;QlJATION$, JlJ$T A$ wr; DR(;W L..IN(;AR ON(;$.

AL..6>(;8RA AL..$0 $TlJD1(;$ POL.YN01'\IAL.$

OF ANY D(;6>R(;(;. (A POL..YNOMIAL.. 1$ A $lJM
OF MANY T(;RM$ OF DIFF(;R(;NT D(;6>R(;(;$.)
TM(;R(;'$ A L..OT TO 8(; L..r;ARN(;D FROM
POL..YNOMIAL..$ AND TM(;IR 6>RAPM$!

I MK YOU,
-4
WMAT'$ MOR~
INT~R~$TIN6o,
A LIN~ OR A
l'.URV~?

219
(;VGN 81NOIAIAl.$-TWO-TGRM GXPRG~ION$ L.IKG a+ b-ARG WORTM $TU17YING-. WMGN YOU
RAl$G TMGM TO A POWGR, L.IKG (a+b)", TMG COGFFICIGNT$ MAKG PA$lAl.'$ 8GAUTIFUL.
TRIANGLE, IN WMICM GACM NUMSGR 1$ TMG $UM OF TMG TWO JU$T ASOVG IT.

1
1 1
YGP, IT'$ L.OADGD
1 2 1
WITM 6'00171G$,
1 3 3 1 TOO, ONCG YOU
L.OOK$ L.IKG
L.GARN MOW TO
A CMR1$TMA$ 1 4 6 4 1 UNWRAP 'GM!
TRGG!
1 ? 10 10 ? 1
1 6 1? 20 1? 6 1
1 1 21 3? 3? 21 1 1
1 9 29 ?6 10 ?6 29 9 1
1 9 36 94 1U 1U 94 36 9 1
1 10 4? 120 210 2?2 210 120 4? 10 1
1 11 ?? 16? 330 462 462 330 16? ?? 11

(a+b) 2 ::. a2 + 2.ab + b2

(a+b) 3 ::. a3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b3
(a+ b)'4 ::. a4 + 4a3 b + 6a 2 b2 + 4ab3 + b4

(a+b) 7 ::. a7 + Sa4 b + 10a3b2 +10a 2 b3 + Sab4 + b7

Grt.

PA$CAL.'$ TRIANGL.G PL.AY$

A KGY ROL.G IN MANY
PR08A81L.ITY? I
ARGA$, INCL.UDING TMG
INVGNTGD TMAT!
L.AW$ OF PR08A81l.ITY.

~ PA~L..
OF t0UR$~!

220
ALhG8RA Al.SO STUDIGS
SEQUENCES, STRINGS
OF NUM8GR$ GGNGRATGD 8Y SOMG
sERi ES ARG SUMS OF $GQUGNtG$.
Al.GG8RA DISMGS UP NltG FORMUl.AS FOR TMGSG.
RUl.G. ARITM""11C (AUGNT ON "M~ft)
SGQUGNtGS ARG MADG 8Y ADDING TMG
SAMG NUM8GR A6'AIN AND A6'AIN.

a a +b a+2.b a+3b a +4b ...

6&;01"'1RIC SGQUGNtGS tOMG

FROM RGPGATGD MUl.TIPl.ltATION.

a, ar, ar2 , ar3 , ...

TMG SGtOND GQUATION, 8Y TMG WAY, $MOW$
TMAT ADDINb POWGRS OF 2 61VG$ TMG NGXT
POWGR OF 2, l.GSS 1.

1 1 1 1
16 9 4 2

LIN EAR Al.GG8RA Pl.AYS WITM GQUATIONS IN MANY VARIA81.G$, WMGRG NO VARIA8l.G
MM A POWGR MIGMGR TMAN 1. TMIS IS TMG MATM OF FLAT TMIN~ IN M16M&;R-D11"&;N$10NAL
$PAC&;$. Al.l. tOMPUTGR GRAPMltS 1$ 8ASGD ON 1.INGAR Al.GG8RA.

221
TMGN TMGRG ARG TMG POWGRFUt. SUT MlbMl.Y ASSTRACT SUSJros OF MlbMGR Al.bGSRA, l.IKG
GROUP TMGORY AND F!Gl.D TMGORY. YOU b~ TMG PICTURG ... TMGRG'S A t.OT.

l'M NOT
$URE l'M
R~DY FOR
TMIS ...

(;VGN AT TMG MlbMGST t.(;VGl.,

TMOUGM, IT Al.l. RGSTS ON A
FOUNDATION OF SASlt Al.bGSRA-
IN OTMGR WORDS, TMG STUFF YOU
JUST l.~RNGD IN TMIS SOOK!

-THE END-
222
 L.OOK!
Tl-lf;Rf;'~
MOR(;!
SOLUTIOl'IS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
Chapter 1, p. 12
1b. 9?. 1c. 1.?6?2.. 1f. 0.?42. 1g. 1.99996164 (Al.M~T 2., IN OTMGR WOR~!)
1i. 2.?0 2c. ?.91666666... U. 0.?7? 2f. 0.?6?6?6 ...
1g. 0.176410?9 92.?? 2.941 1764 10?9 92.?? 2.941 176410?9 92.?? 2.941 ... 2i. 0.4?
'2
7. ?.916- o. ?6 0.1764 70?9 92.?? 2.941 4a. 1~1 4b • ? 1..:: i=. ?,?14
-,,
1
7 7 1,000
6.
11 22
-104 -3.6 4.?1
-2 1

-11 -10 -9 -0 -1 -6 -? -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1. 3 4 ? 6

7b. 2. 7c. -2. 7f. i 7h. -iin

9. TMG VAWG 1$ 2 IF TMG NUMSGR OF MINUS SIGN$ 1$ GVGN, AND -2 IF TMG NUMSGR OF
MINU$ SIGN$ 1$ ODD.

Chapter 2, p. 22
1a. -2.7 1d. -1.1 1f. --1 2b. 19 U. -12. 1f. -2. 1g. - -
1
2i. 99
6 49
4b. NGGATIVG 4c. NGGATIVG 6. MG "MM" $(-1?) 7b. -?-(-?); -2. 7c. $16

Chapter 3, p. 34
1a. -2.7 1c. -2.4 1f. t 1h. 2. 1i. 0 2b. ? 2c. o
3. TMG RGCIPROCAI. OF - ~ 1$ - ?. 0 MA$ NO RGCIPROCAI.. 4. ?O
6b. ~ $IT$ ASOVG 1. 1
a
7. 3/2 1.IG$ ASOVG 1. -2 -1 0 :2
0 1 1
1 9.
i t
-2a -a a : 2a
0
I lf
.! 1
0
1
~

2 0 -1 -2

9.
-2 -1 0 2

224
Chapter 4, p. 58
ta. 1 tb. 0 td. 0 te. 4 tf. -4: th. ~ tj. ?O 1b. -1U. 0
~a. 9 ~c. 10a -10 OR 10(a - 1) 4a. 2x + 9 4d. 13x + 9 4f. ?a - 3at
?. nu; SAi.(; PRIC(; 1$ 0. 0?P. 6. TM(; TMIRD AND FOURTM ROWS, FOR (;XAMPl.(;, AR(;
1. "RADDITIOW 1$ ASSOCIATIV(; (3 x 2) x 4 : 3 x (2 x 4)
AND COMMUTATIV(;, BUT (4 x 2) x? : 4 x (2 x ?)
MUl.TIPl.ICATION DO(;$ NOT
DISTRISUT(; OV(;R "RADDITION."

9. ROTATION IS NOT COMMUTATIV(;. IF p 1$ A POINT ON TM(; (;QUATOR, AND /? AND ~ AR(; TM(;
TWO ROTATIONS $MOWN, TM(;N DOING fM(;M IN ON(; ORD(;R $(;ND$ p TO TM(; NORTM POI.(;,
WMll.(; ROTATING IN TM(; OPPOSIT(; ORD(;R PUTS p SOM(;WM(;R(; (;l.$(; ON TM(; (;Ql)ATOR! M(;R(;
TM(; ORD(;R MATT(;RS.

IN nl1$ ORD,R, P FIR$T 6-0,$ IN

L~V,$
™' ™' OPP0$1T' ORD,R, P N(;V'R
'QUATOR.
™'
AROUND TM' 'QUATOR, nl'N TO
NORTM POL,.

Chapter 5, p. 70
1
tb. x = 3 td. y = ? tg. x = -4
1
ti. x = ~ 11. t = ?2 tn. y = 4
1b. ~P 1c. 00 ~a. p + .00p OR C1.00)p ~c. C1 + r)p 4. x = 1/a
?. (;V(;RY NUM8(;R $01.V(;S TMIS (;QUATION, TJ.IANKS TO TM(; COMMUTATIV(; I.AW.

Chapter 6, p. 82
1. TM(; (;Ql)ATION 1$ 0(x + 2) : 10x

~.TM(; (;Ql)ATION 1$ 0(x+3) - 0 (x+ 3 ) : 0x + 0 (x+ 3 )

10 10
K(;VIN MAK(;$ $12/MR; J(;$$(; MAK(;$ $1?/MR.

?. TM(; (;QUATION 1$ 2x + :x + 9 : 303, AND TM(; FRAM(; 1$ 63" x 04".

1a. ?n 1c. 1 NICK(;l.$ AND 14 DIM(;$ to. $?90.40

Chapter 7, p. 94
1. x :=. 2 7, y :=. 24 3. x :=. 1, y :=. 4 ? . x :=. - 2 7, y :=. 4 9. t :=. '3, u :=. -1, v :=. - 2
11a. x =-14, y::. 9 11. 2,000 POUN~ OF 8MS AND '3,000 POUNDS OF tOD.
14. tHIA IS 14 AND JGSSG IS 1?. 17. x ::. - 1-
2 -a

Chapter 8, p. 114

~. y =- '3x+? 3d. y =- -~x - ~ 3Cl. y =- -6x+ 1? 3g. y =- '3x + 1'3

4a. ('3,4) IS ON TMG l.ING. (-'3, 1) IS NOT. 4c. (7,-2) l.IGS ON TMG l.ING.
WMGN x=- -14, y=-19, SO TMG TWO l.INGS MGGT AT TMG POINT (-14, 19).
?a. TMG GIVGN GRAPM MAS SL.OP(; 4, $0 TMG GQUATION IS y - 2 :=. 4 (x - 1) OR y :=. 4x + 6.
?c. y - 6.147 :=. -x + 2.'3? OR x + y :=. 9.497 9. Yi:=. Y1 +mp

Chapter 9, p. 122
1c. 2 3 =- a 1d. 2- 4 =- 0/16) 1g. c-2i·=- 64 1i. '3,12? 11. -196 1m. 21
1q. 1 1t. '3 1v. 1'3 1. (-6) 100 IS POSITIVG. -6100 IS NGGATIVG.
1,000,000
4a. p7 4c 6xr;o 4g. -a6 x 3 4j. a-n OR 1/a" 4k. '32x2 6. 2? ZGROGS
1d. 1.0? x 1013 9. 4,096

226
Chapter 1O, p. 134
1a. 12. 1c. 2.1 1d. 2.16 1f. 147 1a. p2 q 9 '2.c. 4a 2 x 2 (x+ 1)

'2.f. (x-2.) 2 (x+2.) 3 (x+3) 2h. 190Cx2 + 1) 3 (x 3 - 1; ) 4

~b. ab:c 2
Sg. 82
c
1. TMGIR L.tM MU$T 8G TMGIR PROt:'UtT. TMG RGA~N
1$ TMAT TMGY tAN $MARG NO tOMMON FACTOR
OTMGR TMAN 1. L.GT'$ ${;{; WMY NOT.
~c.--
x 2 + b2
6c. 1,617
bx IMAblNG, FOR IN$TANtG, TMAT 2 DIVIDG$ 80TM
at2b2 NUM8GR$. TMGN TMGY'D 80TM 8G GVGN, AND TMGY
~"'· -3- MU$T DIFFGR 8Y AT L.GA$T 2..

IN GGNGRAL., tAL.L. TMG NUM8GR$ A AND 8, AND

4. r::. _s_ A$$UMG TMAT TMGY MAVG $0MG tOMMON FACTOR
sQ-1 p>1. TMGN A::. mp AND 8::.np FOR ~MG INTGGGR$
m AND n. TMGIR DIFFGRGNtG, TMGN, 1$
Sa. a +2t
2 2

b A-8 ::. mp-np

2.(x + 3) 2 + (x+ 2.) 2 - 6Cx + 1) 2 ::. p(m - n) ....,_ IT$GL.F A MUL.TIPL.G OF p,
Sc. ~-------­
ex+ 1)(x+ 2.)(x+ 3) AND ~ GRGATGR TMAN 1.

Chapter 11, p. 154

1. 3 GAL.L.ON$ ~. 7i3 OUNtG$ PGR MINUTG OR 1/6 PIGtG PGR MINUTG. S. 2.3 OZ.
6b. IF L. 1$ TMG PORTION OF L.AWN MOWGD IN TIMG t, TMG GQUATION 1$

AND TMG WMOL.G L.AWN (J..::. 1) 1$

MOWGD IN AN MOUR AND A MAL.F.

1.t::.p+q
pq

9. $GT TMG PR08L.GM UP L.IKG TM1$: L.ITTING s 8G P0$1TION, A$ U$UAL., TMG

IMAblNG TMG TWO POINT$ A AND 8 RUNNGR$' RATG {;QUATION$ ARG
ARG ON TMG NUM8GR L.ING. WG tAN
TMGN L.GT ONG OF TMGM 8G TMG ZGRO
POINT, TMAT 1$ A::. 0. TMGN TMG TWO
RUNNGR$' VGL.OtlTIG$ ARG
WMGRG tI 1$ JG$${;'$ $TARTING TIMG, AND
8 ft -8 ft
Vj::.--- Vc::.--- tc 1$ tGL.IA'$ $TARTING TIMG. WMGN TMGY
30 sec 2.? sec MGGT, TMG$G P0$1TION$ ARG GQUAL..

PR08l.~ 9, WNTINUGD /

2.21
IF TM~ START AT TMG SAMG TIMG, WG TAKG TMAT TIMG TO 8G ZGRO, SO TMG GQUATION
8~MGS 8t ::. 8 - 8 t . 8 CANcns. ANP TMG SOWTION IS t ::. 1?0111 SGCONPS.
?O 2?
IF CGl.IA STARTS r; S~ONPS AFTGR JGSSG, tc::. ?, ANP TMG GQUATION IS 8 t ::. 8 - 8 (t -';)
?O 2?
ANP TMG SOWTION IS t ::. 190/11 SGC.

13. PR08A8l.Y NOT.

Chapter 12, p. 168

1a.12 1c. 1,000,001 1tl. -i 1g.
1 1i. 16 2a. 9 1c. 1 1"'. A
1g. 79? 3. MlJl.TIPl.YIN(;. SY (a+b)(c+d) 6'1VGS a(c+d) ::. c(a+b), ANP, AFTGR
GXPANPINb, TMG RGSlJl.T FOl.l.OWS. ?. 4 INCMGS FROM TMG SlJSPGNSION POINT ON TMG
SIPG OF TMG SMAl.l.GR WGlbMT. 7. 49 Ml/MR 10. YGS, IT IS POSS18l.G! FOR INSTANCG:

FIRST MAl.F OVGRAl.l.

MOMO 3 FOR 4 .. •1?0 30 FOR 100 .. •300 33 FOR 104 ... 317

?O FOR 100 .. •?00 29 FOR 100 ... 190 79 FOR 200 .. •39?

Chapter 13, p. 180

1a. ab + ?a + 2b + 6 1c. 6x2 - 9x
1. a b
1"'. x.2 - 14x + 49 1g. 6 - ?x + x. 2
3. 1? x 17 ::. (1? + 2)(1? - 2) ::. 22? - 4 ::. 221
c
4b. 1,0002 - ? 2 ::. 1,000,07?
4c. 302 - ? 2 ::. 97? 4tl. 1 - .002? ::. .997?
d ?b. 2 ANP -? ?d. -r ANP -s ?g. 1, -?, ?
6b. 0 9. -17.4?9
9a. 4p 2 + qp2 + 4q + q 2
MGRG a(c+d) IS SMAt7Gt7. x.2 7x 2
9b. - + - + -
2 6 ?
9tl. x.2 - 'X. + t
9i. a2 x 2 + 2arx + r 2 91. x.3 - 1 9n. xt; + 1

229
Chapter 14, p. 192
1b.? 1d. 2-2¥3 1f. t 1h. ?¥? 1j. -2 11. 3 + V? + {3 + 1n. ~{3 m
1.3 3. {iA ::. 2¥6' ANt7 3{6::. V3 2 ·6 ::. ~- 4. V(4?)(?) ::. V32 ·? 2 ::. 1?

6. 9. v16 x 2? ::. 4 x ? ::. 20, ~ 16 x 2? ::. 20 2 ::. 400

11b. V? 11c. - 2 - V2 11(1. Vaa++ '[!

13b. x 2 + 2 Va + a 14. ONL.Y ON(; ROOT, Va
16. a2 <a 8~AU$b a2 1$ a TIMG$ A P~ITIVG NUMSGR l.G$$
TMAN 1, NAMGl.Y a IT$bl.F. a< Va
1$ JUST ANOTMGR WAY OF
$AYIN6' TMG SAMG TMIN6'.

19. MUl.TIPl.Y
NUMGRATOR ANt7 t7GNOMINATOR SY c-dVn ANt7
tol.l.m TGRM$. TMG RGSUl.T CAN 8G GXPRG$$Gt7 A$

80TM TMG FIRST TGRM ANt7

TMG tOGFFltlGNT OF Vn
ARG RATIONAi., 8~U$G
$UM$, PROt7UtT$, ANt7
QUOTIGNT$ OF RATIONAi.
NUM8GR$ ARG RATIONAi..

Chapter 15, p. 214

1a. (x+3)(x+1) 1c. (x-6)(x+4) 1f. (x+16)(x-14) 1b. x =- -2 ANt7 x =- -13
U. x ::. ? ANt7 x ::. -1 3b. x2 - 6x + 9 3d. x 2 + 9x + 91 3(l. x 2 - 4¥? + 20
4
4b. 0. TMG bXPRG$$10N 1$ TWltG TMG $QUARG x 2 + 4x + 4. 4d. -44. NO RGAI. ROOT$
4q. -97j_ NO RGAI. ROOTS ljb. ROOTS ARG 4 ANt7 3. ljc. i % iV401
1. IT CAN'T 8G A ROOT, 8~U$G IF IT WGRG, 73- ?4 ::. 19 WOUl.t7 8G A ROOT Al.~. BUT
19 x ?4:t:1.021. 9a. START SY 8RGAKIN6' OUT TMG FRACTION (q-p )Ip TO 6-GT

q - p q TMGN $U8$TITUTG (p+q)/p FOR qlp (TMG ORl6'1NAI. ASSUMPTION)

- - ::. - -1.
p p ANt7 WORK OUT TMG Al.6-GSRA.

11. TMGY MAVG TMG $AMG t71$CRIMINANT. 11. 41}

13. START WITM r ::. P + q FROM b ::. r + s ::. 2p ANt7 WORK

TMG GQUATION$ S ::. P - q WMltM c =- rs ::. p2 - q 2 FROM TMGRG!

229
 INDEX
A
a, AS VARIA8L.IS, 11i;
A8SOl.VTIS VAL.UIS
'
CISNTISR OF 6RAVITY, 160
CMAN61S, OF RATIS, 139, 1'40-1'43
DISFINISD. 19-19 CMIStKIN6. OF ISQUATIONS, 6 7
SYMBOL. FOR, 19 COMMON DISNOMINATOR, F1Nt71N6, 126-129
VARIA8L.ISS FOR. '47 COMMON FACrORS. 12'4
AWITION COMMUTATIVIS L.AW, '49, i;o-i;3
AWIN6 N'6ATIVIS NUM81SRS, 13, 17, 20 COMPISTIN6 CL.AIMS. SISIS AL~ WORD PR08L.ISMS
COONTIN6, 13 DIS8T ISXAMPL.IS, 90-91
DISFINISD. 13 DISFINISD, 76- 77
PARISNTMISSISS AS 6ROUPIN6 SYMBOLS, 1'4-11j SMRINKAblS FACrOR, 79-79
AS AN OPISRATION, 3i; COMPOSITIS NUM81SRS, 13'4
WITM POSITIVIS NUM81SRS, 13, 16-19 CONSTANT TISRMS. 63, 17'4
PR08L.ISMS, 11 COONTIN6, i;, 13
AL.61S8RA. ~f AL~ AWITION; AL.61S8RAIC CU81SS, 117
ISXPRISSSIONS; AVISRJ.b~S); t71VISION; p
ISQUATIONS; 6RAPMS; MUL.TIPL.llATION; NUMSISR
L.INISS; POWISRS; QUADRATIC ISQUATIONS; DIS8T
RATISS; RATIONAL. ISXPRISSSIONS; SQUARIS DISFINISD. 20
ROOTS; SQUARISS; SU8TRACrlON; VARIA8L.ISS; WORD PR08L.ISM ISXAMPL.IS. 90-91
WORD PR08L.ISMS DISNOMINATORS
AtlVANCISD CONCISPTS, 219-112 COMMON FACrORS, 12'4
BASIC TOOL.S. CNISfMISW, 217 DISFINISD, 31
CARISISRS IN, 219 FINDIN6 COMMON DISNOMINATOR, 126-129
DISFINISD, 1-2 FINDIN6 L.ISAST COMMON MUL.TIPL.IS (L.00, WMISN
ISQUATIONS, DISFINISD. 2-3 WMOL.IS NUM81SRS ARIS FACrORS IN DISNOMINATORS,
AL.61S8RAIC ISXPRISSSIONS, 3i;-i;9
132-133
ASSOCIATIVIS L.AW. '49-lj3 POWISRS IN, 120
COMMVTATIVIS L.AW. '49, i;o-i;3 RAt71lAL.S AND. 199
DISFINISD. 3-'4, 3i;-'40, i;9 DISSCARTISS, RISNt, 9S-96
t71STRl8VTIVIS L.AW, i;'4-lj7 DIFFISRISNCIS. 16
ISVAL.UATIN6, '43 DISCRIMINANT. 210
PARISNTMISSISS IN, 37-39 DISTANCIS. 170
PR08L.ISMS. i;2-i;7 DISTRIBVTIVIS L.AW, S'4-S7
VSIN6 VARIA8L.ISS IN, '4'4-'47 DIVISION, 29-3'4. ~AL~ MUL.TIPL.llATION
VARIA8L.ISS, DISFINISD. '40-'42 DISFINISD. 29
DIVIDIN6 BY FRACrlONS, 31-32
AL.L.·PVRPOSIS RATIS ISQUATION
DISFINISD. 1'40-1'42 NIS6ATIVIS FRACrlONS AND RIStlPROlAL.S. 33
6RAPMIN6, 1'43 AS AN OPISRATION, 3S
ARISA. '42 PR08L.ISMS. 3'4
ARITMMISTIC SISQUISNllSS, 111 RISCIPROCAL. NUMSISRS. 30
ASSISTS. 20 RISMAINDISR, 10
ASSOCIATIVIS L.AW, '49-lj3 SYMBOLS FOR, 29
AVISRAbb/.S), 1i;i;-169 t70UBL.IS ROOT, 210-211

'
FIN'71N6 AVISRAblS PISRCISNTAblS, 166-167
FORMULA FOR, 1i;9-1i;9 ISL.IMINATION, 97, 99, 91-92, 93
NISISD FOR. 1i;i;-1s1 ISQUAL.. DISFINISD. 2
PR08L.ISMS. 169 ISQUATIONS, S9-70. ~'AL~ QUADRATIC ISQUATIONS
WIS16MTISD AVISRAblS, 11j9-16'4, 161j-166 BAL.ANCIN6. 62-63
BAL.ANlfN6, BY MOVIN6 TISRMS, 69-69

'
b, AS VARIA8L.IS. 11i;
8AL.ANCISD ISQUATIONS
DISFINISD. 62-63
CMISCKIN6, 67
CONSTANT TISRMS IN, 63
DISFINISD, 2-3, lj9-60
BY MCNIN6 TISRMS, 69-69 DRAWIN6 ( ~ 6RAPMS)
8ATTIN6 AVISRAblSS, FINDIN6, 161j-166 FRACrlONAL. TISRMS IN, 66
8MASKARA. 20 N'6ATIVIS lOISFFllflSNTS AND, 66
81NOMIAL.S, 110 PR08L.ISMS, 70
SOL.VIN6, 60-61, 6'4-61j
VARIA8L.IS TISRMS IN, 63

2.'30
"1Al.UATIOW"1ALUATIN6 AN c;xpRc;ss10N, 39, 43 INTc;RCISPT (tONTINIJGJ)
!;XPANSION, 172 SLOPi;-1NTi;Rti;PT FORM, 103-104
GXPONGNTS. 5'' ALW POWGRS y-INTGRllSPT, 101
1n;F1Nc;D, 116 INTi;RSc;£TION, 107
l.AWS OF !;XPONc;NTS, 119 INVc;RSi;, 31
ZGRO AS GXPONGNT, 111 IRRATIONAL NUM8GRS, 11
F
FACTORS
MULTIPLllATION AND, 16
"L. KMWARIZMI, MUMAMMAD AL.·, 61

SQUARc; FACTORS, 196

LAWS OF lOM81NATION. 5'b ALW Al.6'8RAll GXPRGSSIONS
Flc;LD TMGORY, 111
"FIND !I rw1cc;· Mc;TMOO, 97, 90, 93 ASSOCIATIVi; l.AW, 49-S3
a>MMUTATIVi; l.AW, 49, SO-S3
FRACTIONS. 5'' ALW RATIONAL GXPRGSSIONS
DISTRl8UTIVIS l.AW. S4-S7
DGNOMINATOR, DGFINGD, 31 ( 5'b ALW
LAWS OF GXPONGNTS, 119
Dc;NOMINATORS)
LGADIN6 lOGFFlllGNT, 177
DIVIDIN6 8Y, 31-31
LGAST COMMON MULTIPLi; (LlNJ
FRACTIONAL Tc;RMS IN c;QUATIONS. 66
Di;F1Ni;D, 119-131
IMPROPc;R, 11
FINDIN6, WMi;N WMOL.c; NUM8'RS ARIS FACTORS
MULTIPl.llATION, 17
IN Dc;NOMINATORS, 131-133
Nc;6'AT1Vc; FRACTIONS AND Rc;£1PR0£ALS, 33
LGSS TMAN, 46
NUM8'R LINGS FOR, 6- 7
l.INW AL.6'8RA, 111
NUMGRATOR, DGFINGD, 31
LINW WISFFICllSNT. 173
POWc;RS IN D(jNOMINATORS, 110
RATIOS, 11 LINGAR GQUATIONS, 107

G II.
MGASURi;Mi;NT, NUM8'R LINGS FOR, S-11
bc;OMc;TRll S(jQU(jNl(jS, 111
6-RAPMS, 9S-114 MIXGD NUM8'RS. 11
D(jFIN(jD, 99-99 MONGY
AWIN6 Nc;6>ATIVIS NUM8'RS FOR. 10
t>GSlARTGS AND, 9'i-96
DIS8T AND, 10, 60-61
DIFFGRGNlG QUOTIGNT, 101
MORIZONTAl. AND V(jRTllAL l.IN(jS ON, 110 MULTIPLllATION AND. 14-1S
N'6ATIVG NUM8'RS AND, 9
INT(jRSc;£TION OF, 107
LINW c;QUATIONS AS, 107
m (SLOPc;), 101
Nc;6'ATIV(j SLOP(j, 101 MULTIPLIS VARIA8LISS. 93-94
GL.IMINATION FOR. 97, 99, 91-91, 93
ORl61N, 96
!;XAMPLi;S OF, 93-9S
PARALLc;L UNGS ON, 109-109
"FIND !I rw1ci;· Mc;TMOO FOR. 97, 90, 93
PGRPGNDIWl.AR LINGS ON, 111-113
PR08L.GMS, 94
POINT, DGFINGD. 99
POINT-SLOPi; FORM. 10S SOl.VIN6 FOR, 6S-66
SU8STrTVTION FOR, 97, 99, 93
POLYNOMIALS, 119
MULTIPLllATION, 13-34
PR08LGMS, 114
DISFINc;D, 13
QUADRATIC c;QUATIONS, 119
SLOPG. 100-101 OF FRACTIONS. 17
MONGY, 14-1S
SLOPc; AND INTc;RCISPT, 101-103
"MULTIPLllATION 8'FORG AWITION" RULG. 39
SLOPc;-1NTGRCc;PT FORM, 103-104
N'6ATIVG NUM8'RS, 13, 16
TWO POINTS ON. 106
"PISRFORMIN6 AN OPc;RATION, • 3S
"·AXIS, 97
POSITIVG NUM8'RS, U
y-AXIS, 97
PR08LGMS, 34
6-RGATGR NUM8'RS. ON NUM8'R LINGS, 11
PRODUCT, 17
6-RGATISR TMAN, 46
SlALINb AND, 19
6ROUPIN6 SYMBOLS, 14- IS
SYMBOLS FOR, IS
6-ROUP TMISORY. 111
TA8LG, viii
M N
MG16MT. FINDIN6 AVISRAblS OF, 1S9-1S9, 164
MORIZONTAl. LINc;S, IN 6-RAPMS, 110 NATURAL NUM8'RS. S
N'6ATIVG lOGFFlllGNTS, 66
I N'6ATIVG FRACTIONS, 33
IMAblNARY NUM8'RS. 111-113 N'6ATIVIS NUM8'RS
IMPROPc;R FRACTIONS, 11 AWIN6, 13, 17, 10
INFINITc;, 110 lU8'S AS. 117
INT'61SRS, 11 MULTIPLllATION, 13, 16
INTGRCGPT NUM8'R l.INGS FOR. 9-9
DISFINISD. 101-103 SU8TRACTIN6, 13, 11

2'31
N'6-ATIV' RAT,, 139 PRODUCTS OF SUMS, 199-190
N'6-ATIV' R~IPROlAL, 111 PROPORTION
NGbATrvi; SLOPi;, 101 Di;F1N,D. 1S2.
NUMS'R LIN,S, S-12. GXAMPL,, 1S3
FOR AWIN6' AND SUSTRAlTIN6' POSITrvi; NUMS,RS. PROPORTIONALITY CONSTANT, 1S2.
16-19 PROPORTIONAL SlALIN6, 1S2.
t00NTIN6' WITM, S-6 PYTMAbORAS, 170
D'FIN,D, 9-10
FRAlTIONS AND, 6-1 Q
FOR MGASUR~'NT, S-12. QUADRATIC IOQUATIONS. 169-190, 193-2.16
MULTIPLICATION AND SlALIN6', 2.9 COGFFlll,NTS IN, 193
NATURAL NUMS,RS, S COMPLGTIN6 TMG SQUAR' FOR, 2.01-2.04, 2.0S
N'6-ATIV' NUMS'RS AND, 7 CONSTANT T'RMS IN, 174
PROSL~S FOR, 12. D'FINIOD, 171-173
NUM,RATORS DISCRIMINANT IN, 2.10
COMMON FAlTORS, 12.4 DOUSLi; ROOT IN, 2.10-2.11
D'FIN,D, 31 6'RAPMIN6'. 2.19
NUM,RICAL GXPR,SSION, 3S-36. ~' AL50 AL6,8RAIC IMAblNARY NUMSIORS AND, 2.12.-2.13
'XPR,SSIONS M'NTAL ARITMMGTIC TRICK FOR, 17S
PATTIORNS IN, 174
0 POSITIV' AND NG6'ATIVG NUMS'RS IN, 196, 2.01
OPi;RATIONS PROSL~S. 190, 2.1 .. -2.IS
ORD'R OF. 39, 119 QUADRATIC, D'FIN,D. 169-172.
.P,RFORMIN6 AN OP,RATION, • 3S ( ~ AL50 QUADRATIC FORMULAS. 2.06-2.09
AWITION1 DIVISION1 MULTIPLICATION1 ROOTS OF AN i;XPR,SSION, 176-179
SUSTRAlTION) S16'NS US'D IN, 197
ORl6'1N, 96 SOLVIN6 SY FAlTORIN6', 19.. -199
p SQUAR,, D'FIN,D, 169
SQUAR,, TASLG. 17S
PARALLi;L LINGS. 109-109 SQUARi; ROOTS IN, 199-2.01
PAR'NTM'S'S QUOTl,NTS, 197
IN AL61>8RAIC GXPR,SSIONS, 37-39
GXPON,NTIATION AND Assi;Nci; OF R
PAR,NTM'S'S, 119 RADICALS, SQUARi; ROOTS AND. 199
AS 6'ROUPIN6 SYMSOLS, 14- !S RADICAL S16N. 191
•MULTIPLICATION si;FORG ADDITION" RULi>. 39 RATIOS, 13S-1S'4
PASlAL, SLAISIO, 2.2.0 ALL-PURPOSi; RATi; i;QUATION, 140-142.
PATTGRNS. R'PGATi;D, 10 ALL-PURPOS' RAT' 'QUATION, 6'RAPMIN6, 10
P'RCGNTAb,, AV,RAb,, 166-167 COMSININ6, 149-1'49
.P,RFORMIN6 AN OP,RATION, • 3S. ~Eb AL50 AWITION; Di;F1Ni;D, 136
DIVISION 1 MULTIPLICATION 1 SUSTRAlTION GXAMPL'S OF, 139
P'RIMGT,R. 42. 6'RAPMIN6'. 139
P'RP,NDIWLAR LIN,S, 111-113 NG6'ATIV' RAT,, 139
POINTS. ~ AL50 6-RAPMS PROSL~S. 1S4
DIOFINIOD, 99 PROPORTION AND, 1S2.-1S3
POINT-SLOPIO FORM, !OS SLOPIO AS, 139
TWO POINTS ON 6RAPMS, 106 SP"D AND VGLOllTY. 1'44-149
POLYNOMIALS, 2.19 VARIASLi;S IN, 137
POSITIV' NUMS'RS WRITIN6' AN GQUATION FOR, 137
AWITION AND SUSTRAlTION WITM. 13, 16-19 WRITIN6 AS FRAlTIONS, 1S0-1S1
MULTIPLICATION, U RATIO, 11
N'6-ATIV' OF N,6-ATIVi;, 9 RATIONAL GXPRGSSIONS, 12.3-13"
POWIORS, 11S-12.2. AWIN6', 12.S
IN DGNOMINATORS, 12.0 D'FINGD, 12.3
GXPON,NTS, D'FIN,D. 116 171V1171N6'. 12.'4
LAWS OF GXPONIONTS, 119 FINDIN6 COMMON Di;NOMINATOR, 12.6-12.9
POW,R, DIOFINi;D, 116 FINDIN6' LGAST COMMON MULTIPLG (LOO, 12.9-131
•pow'RS SGFORi; MULTIPLICATIONS" RULi>. 119 FINDIN6' LGAST COMMON MULTIPLi; (LOO, WMi;N
PROSL~S. 12.2. WMOLi; NUMSi;RS ARi; FAlTORS IN Di;NOMINATORS,
SQUAR'S AND CUS,S. 117 132.-133
Z'RO AS GXPONIONT. 12.1 MULTIPLYIN6. 12.'4
PRIMi; NUMS,RS. 134 PROSL~S. 134
PROSASILITY, 2.2.0 RATIONAL NUMS,RS, 11
PRODUCT, D'FINGD. 2.7 RIOAL NUMSi;RS, 11
RGtlPRDaL. NUMB'RS SYM80L.S (tONT!NllBJ)
V'FIN,V, 30 VIVISION (-), 29
N'6AT1Vi; FRACTIONS ANV, 33 6-Ri;ATi;R TMAN ( > )
Ri;MAINV,R, 10 6-Ri;ATi;R TMAN OR 'QlJAl. TO ( ~ ), 46
ROOTS OF AN QC.PRi;SS10N, 176-179 L.i;SS TMAN ( < ), 46
s L.i;ss TMAN OR i;QUAL TO ( S ), 46
MUL.TIPL.llATION (- ), I<;
SlAL.IN6
vi;F1Ni;v, 29
PAR,NTMi;si;s o.
FOR bROUPINb,
14-1<;
PROPORTIONAL. SlAL.INb, 1<;2 RAVllAL. SlbN (y), 191
Si;Ql.li;NCi;S, 221
si;R1i;s. 221 T
SMRINKAbi; FACTOR. 79-79 TABL.i;S
SL.OPi;. ~b AL50 bRAPMS MUL.TIPL.llATION, viii
vi;F1Ni;v, 100-101 QUAVRATIC 'QUATION Sl6NS, 197
AS INFINITi;, 110 SQUAR' ROOTS, 193
INTi;Rti;PT ANV, 102-103 SQUARi;s, 17<;
N'6AT1Vi; SL.OPi;, 101 Ti;RMINATION OF VGtlMAl. 'XPANSION, 10
PARAL.L.i;L. L.INi;S ANV, 109-109 T1Mi;
pi;RPi;NV!lUL.AR L.1Ni;S ANV, 111-113 Ni;U.TIV' NUM8'RS ANV, 9
POINT·SL.OP' FORM, 1oi; T1Mi; L.IN,S, 24
SL.OPi;-INT,Rl'PT FORM, 103-104 TRIAN6L.i;S, 220
SOL.UTION
vi;F1Ni;v, 60-61
v
SOL.VIN6 'QlJATIONS. STi;P BY STi;P, 64-6<; VARIABL.,S. KE AL50 AL.6'8RAll 'XPR,SSIONS
spi;i;v Vi;F!Ni;v, 40-42
V'F1Ni;v, 144-14<; !;VAl.UATINb AN QC.PRi;SS10N, 43
vi;L.OCITY ANV, 14'i-149 MUL.TIPL.i;, 93-94
SQUAR' FACTORS, 196 MUL.TIPL.YINb, II<; (~b AL50 P0\11,RS)
SQUARi; ROOTS, 191-192 Ri;AL, II<;
AWIN6, 194 SIN6L.' L.rni;RS AS Ri;PRi;si;NTATION OF, 41,
V'FIN,V, 179 44-4'i
Ql.PR,SSIN6, 191 SOL.VINb FOR UNKNOWN, IN WORV PR08L.i;MS,
6RAPMIN6, 192 72-73, 74-7<;
IMAblNARY NUM8'RS, 212-213 VARIABL.i; Ti;RMS IN 'QUATIONS, 63
IRRATIONAL. NUM8'RS ANV, 192 x AS, 63
MUL.TIPL.YIN6, 19<; vi;L.OCITY
(J{i;FNli;v/, 191 vi;F1Ni;v, 14'i-149
POSITIV' ANV N'6ATIV' NUM8'RS IN, 193 spi;i;v ANV, 144-14<;
PR08L.i;MS, 191 vi;RTllAL. L.INi;s, IN bRAPMS. 110
PROVUlTS OF SUMS, 199-190
QlJAVRATll 'QUATIONS ANV, 199-201
w
QlJOTli;NTs OF, 197 wi;16MTi;v AV,RAb'
RAVllAL.S ANV V'NOMINATORS, 199 V'F1Ni;V, 161
Ql.AMPl.,S, 160-164, 16'i-166
RAVllAl. SlbN us'v FOR. 191
WITM SQUARi; FACTORS, 196 WORfJ PR08l.i;MS, 71-92
TABL.i; OF, 193 lOMP'11Nb Cl.AIMS ANV, 76-91
vi;F1N,V, 71
SQUARi;S, 117. ~ AL50 QUAVRATll i;Ql.IATIONS1
PROBL.i;MS, 92
SQUAR' ROOTS
lOMPL.'11Nb™'
vi;F1N,V, 169
SQUARi;, 201-204, 2oi;
SOL.VINb FOR UNKNOWN, 72-73, 74-7'i
(Kb AL50 VARIABL.i;S)
SQUARINb A L.INW i;xPRi;ss10N. 174
TABL.i; OF, 17'i
x
x, AS VARIABL.i;, 63
SUBSTITUTION, 97, 99, 93 X-AXIS, 97
SUBTRACTION. ~b AL50 AWITION
vi;F1Ni;v, 13, 21 y
VIFFi;Ri;Nt;i;, 16 y-AXIS, 97
AS AN OPi;RATION, 3'i y-INT,Rti;PT, 102
SU8TRACTIN6 ANV ABSOL.UT' VAL.U,, 19
SU8TRACTIN6 N'6AT1Vi; NUM8'RS, 13, 19, 21 z.
SUBTRACTINb POSITIV' NUM8'RS, 16 zi;Ro
SUMMANVS, 12<; AS Ql.PONi;NT, 121
SYM80L.S MUL.TIPL.llATION ANV VIVISION WITM, 30
ABSOL.UTi; VAL.Vi; Cl I>, 19 ROOTS OF AN i;xPRi;SS10N ANV, 176
VIVISION (/), 29 SL.OPi; ANV, 110
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