Environment The Science Behind The Stories Second Canadian Edition With Myenvironmentplace Canadian 2nd Edition Withgott Test Bank

Environment: Science Behind the Stories, 2e Cdn. Ed.
(Withgott)
Chapter 10 Forests and Forest Management
10.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions
Figure 10.1
Use Figure 10.1 to answer the following questions.
1) Refer to Figure 10.1. The second major cause of deforestation is ________.

A) forest fires
B) agriculture
C) urban development, transportation, and recreation
D) industry and resource extraction
E) hydroelectricity
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Bloom's Taxonomy: 4 - Analyzing
Objective: 10.5 Land conversion and deforestation
2) Refer to Figure 10.1. The largest cause of deforestation in Canada today is ________.
A) forest fires
B) industry and resource extraction
C) agriculture
D) forest roads
E) hydroelectricity
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC
3) Refer to Figure 10.1. The production of forest roads is a greater cause of deforestation than
________.
1
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
A) industry and resource extraction
B) hydroelectricity
C) urban development, transportation, and recreation
D) agriculture
E) industry and resource extraction and hydroelectricity combined
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Figure 10.2
Use Figure 10.2 to answer the following questions
4) Refer to Figure 10.2. The stomata are directly involved in ________.

A) transpiration and evaporation
B) cohesion
C) water uptake
D) evaporation and water uptake
E) transpiration, evaporation, and water uptake
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 - Applying
Objective: 10.1 Basic requirements of trees
5) Refer to Figure 10.2. According to climate models used by IPCC, the climate change will
increase temperature and precipitation in the northern part of Russia's boreal forests (taiga). For
2
trees growing there this would mean ________.
A) increased transpiration and increased water uptake
B) increased transpiration and decreased water uptake
C) decreased transpiration and increased water uptake
D) decreased transpiration and decreased water uptake
E) increased transpiration and decreased cohesion
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
6) Refer to Figure 10.2. When stomata open, they allow CO2 in, but "at the price" of letting
some water out. Trees grown under high CO2 conditions tend to have fewer stomata, because
they need fewer openings to get the same amount of CO2 into their leaves for photosynthesis.
This means that the future CO2-rich atmosphere might benefit MOST the trees that grow today
in soils with ________.
A) shortage of nutrients
B) shortage of water
C) abundance of water and abundance of nutrients
D) abundance of water but shortage of nutrients
E) trees in all the soils listed above are likely to benefit equally
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC
3
10.2 Matching Questions
Match the following.
A) adhesion
B) CP Rail
C) Parks Canada
D) hardwood
E) down
F) softwood
G) Clayoquot Sound
H) Canadian Forest Service
I) An increase in infestation as warmer winters do not kill enough beetles
J) osmosis
K) up
L) light forest
M) woodland
N) A decrease in infestation as beetles emerge earlier in spring when there is not enough food for
them to survive
O) MacMillan-Bloedel
P) Hudson Bay
1) Tzeporah Berman became a figurehead for a movement in British Columbia to stop the
logging of a particular area.
Diff: 2 Type: MA
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 - Remembering
Objective: 10.6 Forest management
2) Its mission is to protect natural resources for future generations through the use of restrictions
and prohibition of resource extraction, while providing public access for current enjoyment
Diff: 2 Type: MA
Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 - Understanding
3) A wooded area with openings between trees allowing light to penetrate

Diff: 2 Type: MA
Objective: 10.3 Ecological and economic values of forests
4) Owns and manages large tracts of timber in Western Canada

Diff: 1 Type: MA
5) Fire burning ________ the slope of a mountain can spread very fast
Diff: 1 Type: MA
4
6) Timber harvested from pine and spruce trees
Diff: 1 Type: MA
7) Soil water moves into the roots mainly by this process

Diff: 2 Type: MA
8) Possible effect of climate change on pine beetle infestation

Diff: 3 Type: MA
Answers: 1) G 2) C 3) M 4) O 5) K 6) F 7) J 8) I
10.3 Short Answer Questions
1) Why do most ecologists and foresters view tree plantations more as crop agriculture than as
ecologically functional forests?
Answer: In tree plantations, trees are harvested at some critical point in their life stage. There
usually are few species and little variation in tree age, so plantations do not offer many forest
organisms the habitat they need.
Diff: 2 Type: SA
2) Why does the government offer farm subsidies?

Answer: These subsidies exist because the vagaries of weather make profits and losses from
farming unpredictable from year to year, which means that a system without some way of
compensating farmers for bad years might not survive in the long term. Subsidies also make it
more economically attractive to grow some crops that are often overproduced worldwide.
Diff: 2 Type: SA
3) Grazing can be sustainable if it minimizes damage to ________. (List three objects/factors.)

Answer: soils, waterways, and vegetative communities
Diff: 1 Type: SA
5
4) Name four forest types (regions) in the Canadian forest of the west.
Answer: subalpine, montane, coastal, and Columbia forest regions
Diff: 3 Type: SA
Objective: 10.2 Forest biomes
5) What are logging concessions, and do they make forestry sustainable?

Answer: Concessions are rights to extract resources. Often timber from developing nations is
extracted by foreign multinational corporations using concessions for which they have paid fees
to the developing nation's government. In these cases, the foreign corporations have little or no
incentive to manage forests sustainably.
Diff: 3 Type: SA
6) Describe briefly Canada's forests of the north.

Answer: Their most important part is the boreal forest, dominated by conifers: white spruces,
tamarack, and jack and lodgepole pines, with deciduous species, such as white birch, aspen, and
balsam poplars, as the main deciduous trees. In the north, the boreal forest transitions into tundra,
a cold-climate open woodland biome.
Diff: 2 Type: SA
7) Is taiga the same as boreal forest?

Answer: The term taiga is sometimes used casually as a synonym for boreal forest in Russia, but
technically taiga is the transitional zone between boreal forest and northern tundra.
Diff: 3 Type: SA
8) ________ encompasses making decisions on how resources are extracted and then monitoring
resource recovery to make sure resource levels are not overly depleted and that wasteful
practices are modified toward greater sustainability.
Answer: Adaptive (resource) management
Diff: 1 Type: SA
9) What one word describes clearing forests and the resulting loss of this practice?
Answer: deforestation
Diff: 1 Type: SA
6
10) Forest Service scientists in some districts have become involved in extensive programs of
________, attempting to protect, recover, or restore whole plant and animal communities that
had been lost or degraded.
Answer: ecosystem management
Diff: 2 Type: SA
11) What is swidden agriculture, and under what conditions could it be sustainable?
Answer: Swidden agriculture is a traditional form of agriculture in which a small area of forest
is cleared (often by slash-and-burn) and crops are planted. After one or two seasons of planting,
when the soil has been depleted of nutrients, the farmer moves on to clear another patch of
forest, leaving the first clearing in a fallow, or resting, state, giving it time to replenish itself.
This can be a sustainable practice if the initial clearings are given sufficient time to replenish the
nutrient content of the soil, before the crops are planted again.
Diff: 3 Type: SA
Bloom's Taxonomy: 5 - Evaluating
12) Several organizations examine the practices of timber companies and offer ________ to
products produced using methods they consider sustainable.
Answer: sustainable forestry certification
Diff: 2 Type: SA
7
10.4 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by ________.
A) the density of vegetation
B) charcoal in the soil
C) soil chemistry
D) tree ring scars
E) ambient air temperature
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC
2) The Sarawak tribes ________.

A) were compensated for allowing clear-cutting of their forest
B) are pressured to switch from hunting-gathering to farming
C) depend on oil palm farming for income
D) failed to mount a protest in the face of the destruction of their way of life
E) went extinct
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC
3) You are travelling through an open area dominated by grasses with widely scattered trees.
You are most likely in the biome called ________.
A) tropical dry forest
B) steppe
C) savannah
D) grassland
E) shrubland
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
4) The Canadian forest strategy includes which of the following objectives?

A) managing individual, commercially important, tree species
B) reversing privatization of forests by purchasing private woodlots
C) improving the sustainability of forest communities through legislation and policies
D) conveying ownership of forested areas from the Crown to private forest companies
E) protecting threatened forest-dwelling species
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC
8
5) Forests cover ________% of Canada, and constitute ________% of all Earth's forested areas.
(Use approximate numbers.)
A) 50; 10
B) 30; 20
C) 40; 10
D) 30; 10
E) 50; 20
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC
6) ________% of Earth's forests are forest plantations.

A) Less than 1
B) Approximately 3
C) Approximately 7
D) Almost 10
E) Almost 20
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC
7) Which of the following is the LEAST likely to contribute to the recently observed increase in
the number and intensity of catastrophic forest fires?
A) prescribed burns
B) changing climate
C) fire suppression
D) accumulation of dead wood
E) fuel buildup
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
8) South America and Africa suffer the highest rates of deforestation. Which of the following is
NOT one of the likely contributing factors?
A) climate change affecting forests in these two regions more than in other regions
B) logging concessions for multinational corporation
C) fallow periods that are too short in swidden agriculture
D) cutting trees for cooking and heating
E) governments' subsidies for clearing the land for farming
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
9
9) Forests in Canada do NOT include ________ forests.
A) old-growth
B) subalpine
C) deciduous
D) temperate rain
E) temperate mangrove
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Type: MC
10) Deforestation ________.

A) decreases carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere
B) prevents erosion
C) contributes to population explosion
D) has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions
E) increased substantially between the 1990s and 2011
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC
11) Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?

A) Local residents use most of the timber, and the government does not want to impose
restrictions on its citizens.
B) They are desperate for economic development.
C) Most timber is extracted by local corporations that support the government.
D) There is practically an infinite supply of timber because wood is a renewable resource.
E) No old-growth forests remain in developing nations.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC
12) Clear-cutting ________.

A) restricts timber harvesting to mountaintops
B) is harvesting trees from coastal areas only
C) involves the elimination of subsidies to farmers
D) is a form of violent protest favoured by radical environmental organizations
E) removes all trees from an area
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Type: MC
10
13) The spruce budworm is a known pest of Douglas fir trees. The hatching of this insect's larvae
is triggered by the warmer temperatures in the early spring, while the development of fir trees is
timed by amount of available light and day length. Recently, winters in a given area have
become warmer, perhaps as a result of the warming trend. You would expect: that with the larvae
hatching ________ in the year,
the development of fir trees would ________, and the damage caused by spruce budworms
infestations would ________.
A) earlier; be unchanged; decrease
B) later; be unchanged; decrease
C) earlier; start earlier in the year; increase
D) earlier; be unchanged; increase
E) earlier; start later in the year; increase
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
14) The Iisaak ________.

A) were rewarded for allowing clear-cutting of their forest
B) were left without resources when the Malaysian government allowed clear-cutting in their
forest
C) began an oil palm farm and made lots of money once trees were removed from their
homeland
D) are native Alaskans opposed to oil drilling in ANWR
E) is a native Canadian company that logs in an environmentally sensitive manner
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Type: MC
15) Most of the world's forests occur as ________.

A) temperate deciduous forest
B) chaparral
C) taiga and rainforest
D) tropical dry forest
E) temperate rainforest
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
11
16) "Sloppy clear-cuts" ________.
A) are done on mountain slopes
B) mimic changes in a forest after severe windstorms
C) result in uneven aged stands
D) stop soil erosion
E) are a form of selection system
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC
17) In Canada, trees are being removed at a faster rate than they are growing back on ________
land.
A) forest industry
B) national forest
C) privately owned
D) national park
E) non-national public forest
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC
18) Selection systems are timber harvesting methods that ________.

A) are the most cost-efficient in the short term
B) have the greatest impacts on forest ecosystems
C) leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests
D) are ecologically harmless
E) are very popular with timber companies
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
19) The Canadian Forest Service ________ national forest land.

A) has the responsibility to preserve timber on Dominion lands and to develop policies to
encourage tree culture in
B) was created by the Harper administration in 2007 to loosen environmental protection and
restricting public oversight of
C) directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fires in
D) offers subsidies to timber companies for road building on
E) was created to set up the formation of land trusts on
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC
12
20) According to the FAO study described in the Surveying Earth's Forests segment, between
1990 and 2005 different types of forests either increased or decreased in size. Arrange the
following forest types in order of increasing area (the first decreased the most or increased the
least, and the last increased the most).
A) primary forest, productive plantations, forest for soil protection, forest for recreation
B) productive plantations, primary forest, forest for soil protection, forest for recreation
C) primary forest, forest for soil protection, productive plantations, forest for recreation
D) primary forest, forest for soil protection, forest for recreation, productive plantations
E) primary forest, forest for recreation, forest for soil protection, productive plantations
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC
21) ________ will NOT result in forests in which most of the trees are of similar age.
A) Selection systems
B) Clear-cutting
C) Shelterwood
D) Seed-tree approach
E) Swidden forestry
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC
22) Today deforestation occurs at the fastest rate in ________.

A) tropical rainforests
B) temperate rainforests
C) chaparral
D) temperate deciduous forests
E) boreal forests
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
23) Second-growth forests ________.

A) support less diversity than the forests they replace
B) include the forests in Clayoquot Sound
C) are less abundant on Earth today than they were 500 years ago
D) in North America are mostly in British Columbia and Alaska
E) are those forests in the National Parks that are protected from logging
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
13
24) According to the 2011 FAO assessment on global forests ________.
A) the world loses about 7 million hectares of forest per year
B) most of the forests are still publicly owned
C) the amount of carbon held in forests is increasing
D) secondary forests are lost more quickly than primary forests
E) more than 15% of forests are now designated for biodiversity conservation
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC
25) Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when ________.

A) they are frequently burned
B) they are frequently logged using clear-cutting
C) they are in the fast growth stage in the early stages of recovering from logging
D) they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy
E) shrubs and other ground cover plants are absent
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC
26) Salvage logging ________.

A) eliminates wildfires from forests
B) has no effect on the severity of wildfires
C) increases the number of habitats for wildlife by stimulating new growth
D) increases erosion
E) significantly decreases long-term timber yield (by more than 60%)
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC
27) Salvage logging does NOT ________.

A) create uneven age stands
B) make sense from an economic point of view
C) help in replanting burned forests
D) reduce the number of habitats for animals
E) involve removal of less valuable wood
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC
14
10.5 True/False Questions
1) Forests cover 20% of Earth's surface.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
2) Livestock graze one-quarter of Earth's surface.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Type: TF
3) Timber harvests are currently increasing in developing nations and decreasing in developed
nations.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
4) Agriculture covers 38% of Earth's terrestrial surface.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
5) Most of the world's forests are privately owned.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF
6) Cropland covers more land than rangeland.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
7) To achieve maximum sustainable yields of timber, forest managers recommend cutting the
trees when they reach their maximum size.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
15
8) Since the 1900s, the forest cover of the United States has decreased substantially.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF
10.6 Essay Questions
1) Why should we protect forests?

Answer: Forests provide a range of services. They are a source of renewable resources such as
timber and food. They provide a number of ecosystem services, including purification of water
and air, nutrient cycling, soil stabilization, erosion prevention, and waste treatment. Forests
moderate the hydrological cycle by slowing the runoff, lessening the flooding, and increasing
evaporation. They purify water. Forests store carbon, thus slowing global climate change. They
also release oxygen and moderate local climate. Forest provide habitat for wildlife, thus
preserving biodiversity. In addition to these utilitarian concerns, forests also enrich our souls:
they offer us open space, greenery, scenic beauty, and places for recreation, an escape from the
stresses of urban life.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
16
2) How has the Smokey the Bear campaign damaged forest health? What is the importance of
fire in ecosystem management? What is the cost of fire suppression for ecosystem health? What
is the alternative to fire suppression?
Answer: For over a century, the forest and other land management agencies have suppressed fire
whenever and wherever it has broken out. Yet ecological research now clearly shows that many
ecosystems depend on fire to maintain themselves. Certain plants have seeds that germinate only
in response to fire, and researchers studying tree rings have documented that many ecosystems
historically experienced fire with some frequency. Ecosystems dependent on fire are adversely
affected by its suppression; open pine woodlands become cluttered with hardwood understory
that ordinarily would be cleared away by fire, for instance, and animal diversity and abundance
declines in such cluttered habitats. In addition, fire suppression increases the likelihood of
catastrophic fires that truly do damage forests and that also destroy human property and threaten
human lives. This is because fire suppression allows the buildup of years' worth of limbs, logs,
sticks, and leaf litter on the forest floor — excellent kindling for a catastrophic fire. Such fuel
buildup helped cause the 2003 fires in British Columbia and thousands of other fires across the
continent, and it is why catastrophic fires have become an increasing problem. To reduce this
fuel load and improve the health and safety of forests, forest management agencies have in recent
years been burning areas of forest under carefully controlled conditions. These prescribed
burning programs have worked where they have been applied, but they require so much time and
effort that a relatively small amount of land has been treated. Sometimes controlled burns can get
out of control. Efforts at controlled burns also have been complicated by public
misunderstanding and by interference from politicians who have not taken the time to understand
the science behind the approach.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
3) Why do trees need water?

Answer: Trees, like all plants, need water for several reasons. First, water is used in
photosynthesis, as seen in its general simplified reaction: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2.
Second, water is an excellent solvent, dissolving mineral constituents from particles in the soil.
These are taken up by the tree's roots, to be used as nutrients. Third, within a tree, water is
crucial for transport of all the raw materials as well as final products of the metabolic processes
that keep the tree alive. Fourth, water provides support for cells. All plant cells require internal
water pressure (turgidity) in their cells, or they will wilt and eventually die. Turgidity is the main
way in which nonwoody plants (grasses, herbs, etc.) and nonwoody parts of woody plants (e.g.,
leaves) stay upright.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
17
4) Why have environmentalists and ranchers been at loggerheads? What threat has recently seen
them aligned on the same side?
Answer: Ranchers are allowed to graze cattle on public-owned lands for inexpensive fees, which
many public lands advocates see as an inducement to overgrazing. Overgrazing damages soils,
waterways, and grassland vegetative communities. As a result, ranchers and environmentalists
have traditionally been at loggerheads. In the past several years, however, they have been finding
some common ground, teaming up to preserve rangeland against what each of them views as a
threat—the suburban sprawl, in which land is being converted to housing developments. Despite
the good money paid by the developers for rangeland, many ranchers do not want to see the loss
of the wide open spaces and the ranching lifestyle that they cherish, while environmentalists
oppose the destruction of the natural, or only somewhat modified, habitats, and view the
suburban sprawl as unsustainable, contributing to overuse of fossil fuels and to global climate
change.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
5) Who owns the forest land that is home to timber harvesting in Canada? Why was the national
forest service established and what was its mission?
Answer: Most timber harvesting in Canada takes place on public land, mainly Crown lands that
belong to the provinces. Only 6-8% of forested land in Canada is privately owned. An increasing
amount of land is being transferred to Aboriginal jurisdiction as land claims are settled. The
Canadian Forest Service was established in 1899 and given the responsibility to preserve timber
on Dominion lands (now Crown lands) and to develop policies to encourage tree culture. In so
doing it has been monitoring and managing the extraction of timber from national forests.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
6) What part of American history makes it difficult for the United States to suggest halting
deforestation in a temperate or tropical rain forest? How did deforestation proceed in the United
States? Why was deforestation in United States different than it was in a tropical rainforest?
Answer: Timber harvesting propelled the growth of the United States throughout its phenomenal
expansion across the continent in the nineteenth century and into the twentieth. By the mid-
twentieth century almost no virgin timber was left in the United States. At first the deforestation
was done to clear the land for agriculture. Later, when industrialization took place, the wood was
cut for use as an industrial fuel. Many U.S. trends are being paralleled internationally, but some
developing nations, such as Brazil, are in the position the United States faced a century or two
ago. Deforestation in Brazil is being stimulated by huge government subsidies to encourage the
clearing of large areas of the Amazon rainforest for agriculture. In this sense, the deforestation in
Brazil is different from that in the United States because the Amazon rainforest wood would
never be cut to fuel industrialization.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
18
7) Explain salvage logging.
Answer: Salvage logging is the removal of dead trees, or snags, following a natural disturbance.
From an economic standpoint, salvage logging may seem to make good sense. However,
ecologically, snags have immense value; the insects that decay in them provide food for wildlife,
and many birds, mammals, and reptiles depend on holes in snags for nesting and roosting sites.
Opponents of salvage logging point out that conducting timber removal operations on recently
burned land can cause severe erosion and soil damage.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
8) Discuss the factors causing and spreading forest fires.

Answer: Lightning is responsible for igniting the majority of naturally induced forest fires.
Other causes of forest fires are volcanic eruptions and human carelessness. Fires depend on
oxygen, heat, and fuel to progress. In the forest context, branches, fallen logs, sticks, and leaf
litter accumulate on the forest floor, producing kindling and fuel for future fires. Climate and
weather are crucial components. An overall dry climate or unusually dry weather can contribute
to dry litter and upper soil layers in which organic matter can be easily ignited. This leads to
ground fires, in which the litter layer itself burns, as opposed to crown fires, in which the upper
tree canopy is ignited. Storms also bring winds that can fan fires. Topography is another
important component of forest fires. A fire burning up the slope of a canyon can be particularly
challenging to contain: winds blowing up the hill slope can fan the fire, spreading it and
providing it with oxygen, whereas the heat from below ignites dry fuel on upslope areas.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
19
10.7 Scenario-Based Questions
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
Natural disasters are a fundamental and unavoidable element of our environment. Some
observers have commented that natural disasters on Earth have become more frequent, intense,
and destructive in recent years. People settled in many regions of Canada need to be watchful of
oncoming tornados, mud slides, fires, hurricanes, and flooding. As we have seen in recent years,
disasters such as these can directly kill thousands of people and other organisms. Indirectly, they
significantly alter the habitats of many organisms, as the soil, air, and water are adversely
affected by these events and their aftermaths. Many say that modern human lifestyle choices
have contributed to the devastating nature of these natural disasters. Burning fossil fuels alters
climate, making hurricanes more intense. Suppressing fires can lead to fires that burn out of
control, as they have fuel that has built up for years. Deforestation makes areas more susceptible
to erosion. Sediment that runs off can pollute waterways so terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
can become irreversibly damaged. Little environmental stresses are magnified.
1) Which of the following human activities most directly contributes to an increased incidence of
mud slides?
A) aquifer depletion
B) application of nitrogen-containing fertilizers
C) hunting
D) deforestation
E) oil drilling
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC
2) Which of the following techniques can best lower the likelihood and intensity of mud slides in
a region?
A) clear-cutting
B) adaptive management
C) selective removal of mature trees from an area
D) ecosystem-based management
E) salvage logging
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC
20
3) Which of the following techniques can lower the likelihood and intensity of catastrophic forest
fires?
A) clear-cutting
B) adaptive management
C) selective removal of mature trees from an area
D) ecosystem-based management
E) salvage logging
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Type: MC
4) Burning wooded areas to clear land for ranching can contribute to increased hurricane
intensity because ________.
A) trees serve as a wind block during hurricanes
B) trees store carbon and then release carbon when burned, so tree burning can increase
atmospheric greenhouse gases and promote global climate change
C) smoke destroys the ozone layer
D) heat generated from fires creates circular air currents
E) hurricanes strengthen over rangeland
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC
5) Burning wooded areas to clear land for ranching can pollute rivers by ________.
A) increasing evaporation from the newly cleared areas
B) increasing sediment runoff
C) decreasing transpiration by vegetation
D) heat generated from fires warms the water, reducing concentration of dissolved oxygen in
water
E) creating conditions for mini-tornadoes
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC
21
6) The increased incidence of catastrophic fires in western Canada in recent years has been
attributed primarily to ________.
A) an increase in prescribed burns
B) an increase in vandalism
C) a decrease in federal funding to fight forest fires in national parks
D) increased carelessness of campers
E) long-term fire suppression
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Type: MC
22

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Environment: Science Behind the Stories, 2e Cdn. Ed.

10.1 Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

Use Figure 10.1 to answer the following questions.

1) Refer to Figure 10.1. The second major cause of deforestation is ________.

Use Figure 10.2 to answer the following questions

4) Refer to Figure 10.2. The stomata are directly involved in ________.

Match the following.

3) A wooded area with openings between trees allowing light to penetrate

4) Owns and manages large tracts of timber in Western Canada

7) Soil water moves into the roots mainly by this process

8) Possible effect of climate change on pine beetle infestation

10.3 Short Answer Questions

2) Why does the government offer farm subsidies?

3) Grazing can be sustainable if it minimizes damage to ________. (List three objects/factors.)

5) What are logging concessions, and do they make forestry sustainable?

6) Describe briefly Canada's forests of the north.

7) Is taiga the same as boreal forest?

2) The Sarawak tribes ________.

4) The Canadian forest strategy includes which of the following objectives?

6) ________% of Earth's forests are forest plantations.

10) Deforestation ________.

11) Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?

12) Clear-cutting ________.

14) The Iisaak ________.

15) Most of the world's forests occur as ________.

18) Selection systems are timber harvesting methods that ________.

19) The Canadian Forest Service ________ national forest land.

22) Today deforestation occurs at the fastest rate in ________.

23) Second-growth forests ________.

25) Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when ________.

26) Salvage logging ________.

27) Salvage logging does NOT ________.

1) Forests cover 20% of Earth's surface.

2) Livestock graze one-quarter of Earth's surface.

4) Agriculture covers 38% of Earth's terrestrial surface.

5) Most of the world's forests are privately owned.

6) Cropland covers more land than rangeland.

10.6 Essay Questions

1) Why should we protect forests?

3) Why do trees need water?

8) Discuss the factors causing and spreading forest fires.

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

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