Chemistry For Changing Times 13th Edition Hill Test Bank

Chemistry for Changing Times 13th
Edition Hill Test Bank

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Chemistry for Changing Times, 13e (Hill)
Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry
11.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) If it were possible to obtain a cubic centimeter of pure atomic nuclei, its mass would be
approximately
A) 1 g.
B) 19 g.
C) 1.2 × 1011 kg.
D) 1 kg.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: Sec. 11.1
2) The diameter of an atom is 100,000 times as great as the diameter of its nucleus. If an atom could be
expanded to the size of a classroom the nucleus would be about the size of a
A) BB.
B) marble.
C) basketball.
D) period at the end of a sentence.
Answer: D
3) The major part of the average exposure of humans to radiation comes from
A) nuclear power plants.
B) diagnostic x-rays.
C) other human made sources.
D) naturally occurring sources.
Answer: D
4) Cosmic rays are

A) high energy radiation produced by the sun.
B) high energy radiation produced in the ozone layer.
C) high energy radiation produced by the earth's core.
D) none of these
Answer: A
LO: 11.2
1
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) Ionizing radiation
A) is radiation of sufficient energy to produce ions.
B) is radiation of sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms.
C) is radiation of sufficient energy to produce charged atoms.
D) All of the above describe ionizing radiation.
Answer: D
LO: 11.1
6) Radiation with enough energy to knock electrons off atoms or molecules is known as
A) electron capture.
B) fundamental radiation
C) ionizing radiation.
D) transmuting radiation.
Answer: C
LO: 11.1
7) All of the following are known to be forms of ionizing radiation EXCEPT

A) radio waves.
B) gamma rays.
C) ultraviolet radiation.
D) X-rays.
Answer: A
LO: 11.2
8) Atoms that have the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons are
A) radioactive.
B) isotopes.
C) impossible.
D) ions.
Answer: B
LO: 11.3
9) The following nuclear reaction is an example of

Ra → He + Rn
A) alpha decay.
B) beta decay.
C) gamma decay.
D) an impossible reaction.
Answer: A
LO: 11.3
2
10) An alpha particle is the same as a
A) helium-3 nucleus.
B) helium-4 nucleus.
C) helium-5 nucleus.
D) proton.
Answer: B
LO: 11.1
11) Thorium-234 undergoes beta decay:

Th → e + Q
What is Q?
A) Pa
B) Ac
C) Th
D) Th
Answer: A
LO: 11.4
12) Uranium-238 decays by emission of an alpha particle. The product of this decay is
A) U
B) Pa
C) Th
D) Ra
Answer: C
LO: 11.4
3
13) When thorium-234 undergoes beta decay, what other product is formed?
A) thorium-233
B) protactinium-234
C) radium-88
D) uranium-238
Answer: B
LO: 11.4
14) When radium-223 undergoes alpha decay, what other product is formed?
A) radium-219
B) radium-224
C) actinium-224
D) radon-219
Answer: D
LO: 11.4
15) Rn decays by emission of an alpha particle. The product of this decay is
A) Ra
B) Po
C) Ra
D) Rn
Answer: B
LO: 11.4
4
16) Bi decays by beta emission. The product is
A) Bi
B) Po
C) Pa
D) Au
Answer: B
LO: 11.4
17) The process of beta emission can be envisioned as the

A) conversion of a proton to a neutron and electron. The electron is emitted.
B) conversion of a neutron to a proton and electron. The electron is emitted.
C) conversion of a neutron to a proton and electron. The proton is emitted.
D) conversion of a proton to a neutron and electron. The proton is emitted.
Answer: B
LO: 11.3
18) Which of the following particles has a mass of 1 amu and a charge of 0?
A) neutron
B) proton
C) electron
D) positron
Answer: A
LO: 11.1
19) The atomic number increases by 1 during what type of radioactive decay?
A) alpha
B) beta
C) gamma
D) lambda
Answer: B
LO: 11.5
5
20) With the discovery of nuclear reactions, and particularly transmutation, which of the following
postulates of Dalton's atomic theory must be modified?
A) Matter is composed of atoms.
B) Atoms of the same element are the same; atoms of different elements are different.
C) Atoms combine with other atoms in fixed, whole number ratios.
D) Atoms may not be changed into other atoms.
Answer: D
LO: 11.5
21) Phosphorus-30 decays by positron emission. The product is

A) silicon-30.
B) phosphorus-29.
C) sulfur-30.
D) sulfur-29.
Answer: A
LO: 11.5
22) The process of positron emission can be considered as the

A) conversion of a neutron to a proton and a positron. The positron is emitted.
B) conversion of a neutron to a proton and an electron. The electron is emitted.
C) conversion of a proton to a neutron and a positron. The neutron is emitted.
D) conversion of a proton to an neutron and a positron. The positron is emitted.
Answer: D
LO: 11.5
23) The process of electron capture can be considered as the

A) conversion of an electron and a proton to a neutron.
B) conversion of an electron and a neutron to a proton.
C) conversion of a proton to a neutron and an electron. The electron is emitted.
D) conversion of a neutron to a proton and an electron. The electron is emitted.
Answer: A
LO: 11.5
24) The process of alpha decay results in what change in the atomic number?
A) a decrease of 2
B) a decrease of 1
C) an increase of 1
D) no change
Answer: A
LO: 11.5
6
25) The process of beta decay results in what change in the atomic number?
A) a decrease of 2
B) a decrease of 1
C) an increase of 1
D) no change
Answer: C
LO: 11.5
26) The process of positron emission results in what change in the atomic number?
A) a decrease of 2
B) a decrease of 1
C) an increase of 1
D) no change
Answer: B
LO: 11.5
27) The process of electron capture results in what change in the atomic number?
A) a decrease of 2
B) a decrease of 1
C) an increase of 1
D) no change
Answer: B
LO: 11.5
28) One difference between a chemical reaction and a nuclear reaction is that in a nuclear reaction
A) atoms retain their identity.
B) atoms often change from one element to another.
C) only the valence electrons are involved.
D) only small amounts of energy are absorbed or emitted.
Answer: B
LO: 11.5
29) After five half-lives, what percentage of the original radioactive isotope remains in a sample?
A) 0%
B) 50%
C) 3.13%
D) 6.25%
Answer: C
LO: 11.5
7
30) Nitrogen-13 has a half-life of 10 minutes. How much of a 128 mg sample would remain after 40
minutes?
A) 4 mg
B) 8 mg
C) 16 mg
D) 32 mg
Answer: B
LO: 11.5
31) Nitrogen-13 has a half-life of 10 minutes. How much of a 128 mg sample would remain after 20
minutes?
A) 0 mg
B) 4 mg
C) 16 mg
D) 32 mg
Answer: D
LO: 11.5
32) Sodium-24 has a half-life of 15 hours. How much of a 20 mg sample would remain after two half-
lives?
A) 0 mg
B) 2 mg
C) 5 mg
D) 10 mg
Answer: C
LO: 11.5
33) The amount of a radioactive isotope that remains after two half-lives have passed is
A) 98%
B) 75%
C) 50%
D) 25%
Answer: D
LO: 11.5
34) Exposure to radioactive material is considered safe after 10 half-lives because

A) less than a tenth of 1% of the material remains.
B) less than 12.5% of the material remains.
C) ten is an even number.
D) all of the material will have decayed at that time.
Answer: A
LO: 11.5
8
35) Plants incorporate carbon as long they live. Once a plant dies, it takes how many years for 99.9% of
the carbon-14 to decay (half-life of C-14 is 5730 years)?
A) 573 yrs
B) 2865 yrs
C) 5730 yrs
D) 57300 yrs
Answer: D
LO: 11.5
36) Carbon-14 dating of ancient objects is particularly effective because C-14

A) has the shortest half-life.
B) is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere and its ratio to C-12 in living systems and the
environment is constant.
C) is a stable isotope and is therefore particularly easy to work with.
D) decays by a simple fission reaction.
Answer: B
LO: 11.6
37) In carbon-14 dating

A) the radioactivity of carbon is artificially induced.
B) the radioactivity of carbon occurs naturally.
C) radioactive carbon is added to the sample to be dated.
D) none of the above
Answer: B
LO: 11.6
38) The isotope of carbon that is used for radioisotopic dating of previously living objects is
A) carbon-11.
B) carbon-12.
C) carbon-13.
D) carbon-14.
Answer: D
LO: 11.6
39) A piece of fossilized wood has a carbon-14 radioactivity that is 1/4 that of new wood. The half-life
of carbon-14 is 5730 years. How old is the cloth?
A) 1 × 5730 = 5730 years
B) 2 × 5730 = 11,460 years
C) 3 × 5730 = 17,190 years
D) 0.25 × 5730 = 1432 years
Answer: B
LO: 11.6
9
40) A piece of cloth is dated using carbon-14. The cloth is determined to be 1400 years old. The half-
life of C-14 is 5730 years. The C-14 radioactivity in the cloth will be ________ the radioactivity in a
new cloth.
A) greater than
B) the same as
C) less than
D) Radioactivity cannot be predicted from the above information.
Answer: C
LO: 11.6
41) Radioisotopes have been used to determine the age of all of the following EXCEPT
A) brandy.
B) cloth.
C) living plants.
D) wood.
Answer: C
LO: 11.6
42) The bombardment of nitrogen-14 with alpha particles produces oxygen-17 and a proton. This
process is called
A) alpha emission.
B) transmutation.
C) isotopic enrichment.
D) fission.
Answer: B
LO: 11.7
43) In 1932, James Chadwick bombarded beryllium-9 with alpha particles. One product was a neutron.
This led to the direct experimental verification of the existence of neutrons. The other product of
Chadwick's nuclear reaction was
A) nitrogen-14.
B) carbon-12.
C) boron-12.
D) helium-4.
Answer: B
LO: 11.7
10
44) When beryllium-9 is bombarded by alpha particles , carbon-12 is produced. What other particle is
emitted?
A) an electron
B) carbon-13
C) a proton
D) a neutron
Answer: D
LO: 11.7
45) Ernest Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 with alpha particles and produced oxygen-17 and a
proton. What was the significance of this experiment?
A) It showed that most of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus.
B) It was the first time that protons were produced.
C) It showed that protons were part of the nucleus for an atom other than hydrogen.
D) It showed that the nucleus contains protons and neutrons
Answer: C
LO: 11.7
46) Which of the following resulted in the first demonstration of artificial transmutation?
A) Rutherford's bombardment of nitrogen-14 with alpha particles
B) Fermi and Segre's bombardment of uranium atoms with neutrons
C) the change of lead into gold by alchemists in the 14th century
D) Goldstein's production of protons in a gas discharge tube
Answer: A
LO: 11.7
47) Which of the following statements about transmutation is true? In transmutation,

A) an atom of gold will be produced.
B) the original element changes into a different element..
C) the particles in the nucleus of the product are the same as the particles in the nucleus of the starting
atom.
D) you need to balance electrons.
Answer: B
LO: 11.7
48) The use of radioisotopes as tracers in medical and environmental research takes advantage of the
fact that isotopes
A) generally behave identically in chemical and physical processes.
B) generally behave differently in chemical and physical processes.
C) have different masses.
D) none of the above
Answer: A
LO: 11.8
11
49) Which of the following statements about the use of radioisotopes to irradiate foods is NOT true?
A) Radioisotopes kill microorganisms that cause food spoilage.
B) The taste and appearance of irradiated food undergoes a major change.
C) There is no residual radiation left in the food after irradiation.
D) Irradiation has been used for years in some countries.
Answer: B
LO: 11.8
50) Radioisotopes have been used as tracers in a variety of applications because

A) radioactive isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties as nonradioactive isotopes.
B) it is easy to follow the movement of a radioactive isotope.
C) the decay products are easily detected.
D) all of the above are true.
Answer: D
LO: 11.8
51) Which one of the following radioactive isotopes is useful in the investigation of thyroid problems?
A) Uranium-235
B) Barium-120
C) Iodine-131
D) Cesium-145
Answer: C
LO: 11.8
52) Positron emission tomography (PET) is a

A) therapy for cancer using positrons.
B) diagnostic technique for monitoring dynamic processes in the body, such as brain activity.
C) device for containing a nuclear fusion reaction.
D) mechanism for transmutation of elements.
Answer: B
LO: 11.8
53) Technetium-99m is a radioisotope used in a variety of diagnostic tests. Technetium-99m has a short
half-life (6 hr). The advantage of a short half-life for diagnostic purposes is
A) the radioactivity is easier to monitor.
B) the radioactivity does not linger in the body.
C) the radioactivity lasts for a long time.
D) the chemical reactions induced by the technetium are more rapid.
Answer: B
LO: 11.8
12
54) The medical application of cobalt-60 is
A) brain scans.
B) blood volume determination.
C) determination of bone density.
D) radiation cancer therapy.
Answer: D
LO: 11.8
55) Gadolinium-153 is the most widely used radioisotope in medicine. It is used for the detection of
A) heart disease.
B) tumors.
C) osteoporosis.
D) obstructions in blood flow.
Answer: C
LO: 11.8
56) The radioisotope used to determine the size, shape and activity of the thyroid gland is
A) gadolinium-153.
B) iron-59.
C) plutonium-238.
D) iodine-131.
Answer: D
LO: 11.8
57) The radioactive decay of 99mTc to 99Tc MUST occur with the emission of
A) an alpha particle alone.
B) two beta particles.
C) a gamma ray alone.
D) the combination of a beta particle and a gamma ray.
Answer: C
LO: 11.8
58) In positron emission tomography (PET), a positron collides with an electron and the two particles
disappear in a burst of
A) an alpha particle and a gamma ray.
B) two beta particles.
C) a neutron and an alpha particle.
D) two gamma rays.
Answer: D
LO: 11.8
13
59) Although Albert Einstein is considered one of the greatest scientists of all time, his work generally
did not involve much of an aspect that is traditionally associated with science. That aspect is
A) creativity.
B) mathematics.
C) theories.
D) experiments.
Answer: D
60) In the famous relationship: E = mc2, the symbol m represents

A) mass.
B) molecules.
C) momentum.
D) metastable.
Answer: A
LO: 11.10a
61) The mass of a helium nucleus is slightly less than the sum of its parts (2 protons and 2 neutrons)
because
A) some of the mass is converted to binding energy.
B) some of the mass is given to electrons.
C) the mass of protons and neutrons are not precisely known.
D) the mass of a proton is larger than the mass of a neutron.
Answer: A
LO: 11.10a
62) Which process will result in an increase in the binding energy per nucleon?
A) fission of large radioactive nuclei
B) fusion of small nuclei
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: C
LO: 11.10a
63) The most stable elements have

A) a high binding energy per nucleon.
B) a low binding energy per nucleon.
C) a high proton to neutron ratio.
D) an atomic number above 92.
Answer: A
LO: 11.10a
14
64) Which one of the following is most penetrating?
A) He nucleus
B) beta particle
C) gamma ray
D) visible light
Answer: C
LO: 11.9
65) Which type of radioactive emission is very similar to X-rays?

A) positron
B) electron
C) alpha
D) gamma ray
Answer: D
LO: 11.9
66) Radioactive alpha emitters pose the greatest potential health risk when they are
A) unshielded.
B) on the skin.
C) ingested.
D) all of the above
Answer: C
LO: 11.9
67) Alpha particles can be stopped by a

A) sheet of paper.
B) block of wood.
C) thin sheet of aluminum.
D) all of these
Answer: D
LO: 11.9
68) Gamma rays can be stopped by

A) a sheet of paper.
B) a thin aluminum sheet.
C) a block of wood.
D) several centimeters of lead.
Answer: D
LO: 11.9
15
69) Nuclear fission is a process by which the nucleus of an atom
A) splits into two or more fragments spontaneously.
B) is induced to split into two or more fragments by some external source.
C) combines with another nucleus to produce a larger nucleus.
D) loses a proton with the release of a large amount of energy.
Answer: B
LO: 11.12
70) In the fission of uranium-235, which particle causes and propagates the chain reaction?
A) alpha particle
B) beta particle
C) neutron
D) electron
Answer: C
LO: 11.12
71) Critical mass is

A) the minimum amount of fissionable material that will sustain a chain reaction.
B) the maximum amount of fissionable material that will sustain a chain reaction.
C) the amount of fissionable material that produces the most energy when split.
D) the largest amount of fissionable material that can be obtained from isotopic enrichment.
Answer: A
LO: 11.12
72) The U.S. president who ordered the dropping of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki was
A) Franklin Roosevelt.
B) Harry Truman.
C) Dwight Eisenhower.
D) John Kennedy.
Answer: B
LO: 11.12
73) Naturally occurring uranium contains approximately what percentage of uranium-235, the isotope
that undergoes fission?
A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 100%
Answer: A
LO: 11.12
16
74) The nuclear synthesis of plutonium-239 was an important part of the effort to build an atomic bomb
during World War II because
A) plutonium-239 is required to cause uranium-235 to fission.
B) plutonium-239 is fissionable.
C) plutonium-239 has a longer half-life than uranium-235.
D) of all of these reasons
Answer: B
LO: 11.12
75) The often tedious process by which a naturally occurring mixture of isotopes is separated and
concentrated is called
A) isotopic transmutation.
B) isotopic ionization.
C) isotopic synthesis.
D) isotopic enrichment.
Answer: D
LO: 11.12
76) Stagg Field, at the University of Chicago, is where

A) nuclear fission was discovered.
B) radioactivity was discovered.
C) nuclear fusion was discovered.
D) the first nuclear pile was built.
Answer: D
LO: 11.12
77) Which of the following was NOT a goal of the Manhattan project?
A) to isolate enriched uranium-235
B) to produce plutonium-239
C) to determine the critical mass of uranium-235
D) to determine the amount of uranium-235 needed for an atomic power plant
Answer: D
LO: 11.12
78) UF6 containing uranium-235 can be separated from UF6 containing uranium-238 because
A) compounds containing uranium-235 react differently than compounds containing uranium-238,
B) UF6 containing uranium-235 is lighter and will travel faster than UF6 containing uranium-238.
C) UF6 containing uranium-235 is lighter and will travel more slowly than UF6 containing uranium-
238.
D) They cannot be separated.
Answer: B
LO: 11.13
17
79) Strontium-90 from nuclear fallout is a potential major long term human health threat because
A) it is chemically similar to calcium and it has a relatively long half-life.
B) it is chemically similar to calcium and it has a relatively short half-life.
C) it is chemically similar to sodium and has a relatively long half-life.
D) it is chemically similar to sodium and has a relatively short half-life.
Answer: A
LO: 11.13
80) Iodine-131 from nuclear fallout is a potential major short term human health threat because
A) it is concentrated in the thyroid and has a relatively long half-life.
B) it is concentrated in the thyroid and has a relatively short half-life.
C) it is chemically similar to calcium and has a relatively long half-life.
D) it is chemically similar to calcium and has a relatively short half-life.
Answer: B
LO: 11.13
81) Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 are both produced in nuclear fallout. Cesium-137 has a half-life of
30 years. Strontium-90 has a half-life of 28 years. Strontium-90 is considered to be a greater health
threat because
A) strontium is chemically similar to calcium but is more readily removed from the body than calcium
is.
B) strontium is chemically similar to calcium and is incorporated into bone.
C) cesium-137 has a longer half-life.
D) cesium-137 is not radioactive.
Answer: B
LO: 11.13
82) Which scientist won a Nobel prize for chemistry in recognition of his work involving the structure
of proteins, and the Nobel prize for peace for his efforts in controlling nuclear weapons?
A) Albert Einstein
B) Linus Pauling
C) Enrico Fermi
D) Glenn Seaborg
Answer: B
83) Which of the following isotopes produced in fission bomb explosions poses the greatest health risk
to humans?
A) xenon-143
B) strontium-90
C) krypton-94
D) barium-139
Answer: B
LO: 11.13
18
84) The factor that is NOT a detriment to the building of nuclear power plants is
A) the possibility of a "nuclear bomb-like" explosion.
B) the scarcity of 235U.
C) the disposal of nuclear wastes.
D) the high cost of the power produced.
Answer: A
LO: 11.14
85) Which of the following statements about nuclear power plants is NOT true?
A) They generate some of the electricity used in the United States and Europe.
B) The uranium fuel used contains about 3% of 235U.
C) The uranium fuel used contains over 90% of 235U.
D) They generate a considerable amount of radioactive waste.
Answer: C
LO: 11.14
86) The commercial generation of power from a fusion reaction is not yet practical because of
A) the danger of a nuclear explosion.
B) the disposal of radioactive by-products.
C) the high temperatures needed.
D) the high cost of the nuclear fuel.
Answer: C
LO: 11.11
87) In nuclear fusion,

A) large unstable nuclei are fused together, and then split with the release of binding energy.
B) large, relatively unstable, nuclei are split releasing binding energy.
C) small, relatively stable, nuclei are split releasing binding energy.
D) smaller, relatively stable, nuclei are forced together to create a larger nucleus with the release of
binding energy.
Answer: D
LO: 11.11
88) Nuclear fusion

A) is the process in which a large nucleus spontaneously splits into two or more smaller nuclei.
B) is the process in which a large nucleus is bombarded with a neutron and then splits into two or more
smaller nuclei.
C) is the process in which two smaller nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus.
D) is the process used to generate electricity in nuclear power plants.
Answer: C
LO: 11.11
19
89) The source of the energy produced by the sun is
A) the burning of fossil fuels.
B) the fission of uranium-235.
C) the fusion of primarily hydrogen.
D) unknown.
Answer: C
LO: 11.11
90) Which of the following isotopes is NOT considered to be a major threat to human health from
nuclear fallout?
A) cesium-137
B) hydrogen-2
C) iodine-131
D) strontium-90
Answer: B
LO: 11.13
91) Several principles of green chemistry are being applied to deal with the large amounts of radioactive
waste material that resulted from the manufacture of uranium and plutonium during the Manhattan
Project.. Which of the following approaches is NOT a green chemistry approach?
A) separating the metal atoms in fuel rods by dissolving the metals in concentrated nitric acid to make
them more accessible for reactions
B) treating metal ions with compounds that will make them more soluble in organic solvents so they can
be removed from aqueous solution
C) bombarding the radioactive solution with neutrons or alpha particles to convert the radioactive ions
into non-radioactive nuclides
D) treating metal cations with highly selective organic molecules, such as a diamide, which bind
strongly to metal cations.
Answer: C
LO: 11.16
92) All of the following steps are part of separating, isolating or reclaiming radioactive metals from
spent fuel rods EXCEPT
A) dissolving the fuel rods in alcohol.
B) carrying out an oxidation-reduction reaction to form hydrogen gas and metal cations.
C) using organic compounds that selectively bind specific metal ions.
D) encapsulating the waste in glass.
Answer: A
LO: 11.16
20
93) Vitrification has been proposed as one method for dealing with the problem of radioactive waste.
What is vitrification?
A) use of microorganisms to extract radioactive material so that it can be inactivated
B) an incineration method for destroying radioactive waste in living materials
C) concentrating radioactive waste so that it occupies a smaller volume
D) encapsulating radioactive wastes in glass
Answer: D
LO: 11.15
94) Amides are one type of organic molecule that can be used to extract radioactive nuclides. All of the
following are advantages of using amides EXCEPT
A) they are stable in highly acidic and radioactive environments.
B) amides with one amide group tend to be toxic.
C) they contain only C, H, N and O atoms, so they will burn off completely, leaving only the metal
behind after incineration.
D) amides with two amide groups bind very strongly to metal ions.
Answer: B
LO: 11.16
11.2 True/False Questions
1) Over 75% of the radiation to which the average person is exposed comes from natural sources.
Answer: TRUE
LO: G.5
2) Balanced nuclear equations must have the same number of electrons on each side of the equation.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.3
3) Nuclear reaction rates are not affected by changes in temperature.

Answer: TRUE
4) After one half-life, 50% of a radioactive sample will remain. After the second half-life, none of the
radioactivity will be left.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.5
5) Radioactive dating can only be used to date very old objects.

Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.6
21
6) The ratio of different isotopes of an element, such as oxygen-16 and oxygen-18, will always be the
same.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.6
7) It will take three half-lives for all of a radioactive sample to decay.

Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.5
8) Artificial transmutation can occur when nuclei are bombarded with small particles, such as alpha
particles, neutrons or other subatomic particles.
Answer: TRUE
LO: 11.7
9) Radioactive isotopes and nonradioactive isotopes of an element react essentially identically.

Answer: TRUE
LO: 11.8
10) Nuclear science has saved many more lives than have been destroyed by nuclear bombs.
Answer: TRUE
LO: 11.8
11) Alpha particles will penetrate much farther into a sample than beta particles will.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.9
12) A helium nucleus contains two protons and two neutrons. The mass of the helium nucleus is greater
than the combined masses of two protons and two neutrons because binding energy has been added.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.10a
13) Plutonium-239 can undergo nuclear fission.

Answer: TRUE
LO: 11.12
14) Uranium-238 can undergo nuclear fission, but uranium-235 does not.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.12
22
15) Strontium-90 from radioactive fallout poses a significant risk to human health because it is
chemically similar to calcium and can be incorporated into bone.
Answer: TRUE
LO: 11.13
16) Iodine-131 from radioactive fallout will concentrate in the thyroid gland. However, it has only a
short half life and therefore poses only minimal health risks to humans.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.13
17) The percentage of electricity generated by nuclear power is much higher in the United States than in
France.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.13
18) The major reaction in the sun is the fusion of four hydrogen nuclei to produce a helium nucleus and
two positrons.
Answer: TRUE
LO: 11.11
19) Nuclear power plants require fuel that has a higher percentage of Uranium-235 than needed for a
bomb.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.14
20) A "dirty bomb" creates a nuclear explosion.

Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.13
21) One way to decrease the volume of waste from spent nuclear rods is to dissolve the rods in
concentrated nitric acid.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 11.15
23
11.3 Short Answer Questions
1) In the fission of uranium-235, which particle causes and propagates the chain reaction?
Answer: neutron
LO: 11.7
11.4 Essay Questions
1) What is transmutation?
Answer: The change of one element into another element.
LO: 11.7
2) Discuss why radioisotopes are used as tracers in medical diagnostics and research.
Answer: They react in exactly the same way as non-radioactive atoms of the same element, but the
radiation can be detected.
LO: 11.8
3) Rank the penetrating power of nuclear radiation from the least to most penetrating.
Answer: (Most penetrating) Gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles (Least penetrating)
LO: 11.9
4) Compare and contrast nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Answer: Fission is the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller particles. Fusion is the combining of
small nuclei into a larger nucleus. Both processes release large amounts of energy.

LO: 11.11
5) What is isotopic enrichment and why was it a crucial step in the manufacture of the first atomic
bomb?
Answer: Enrichment is the process of increasing the percentage of the desired isotope.
LO: 11.12
6) Comment on three peacetime uses of nuclear energy.

Answer: Nuclear power plants are used to generate electricity. Medical uses include diagnostic tests,
imaging and radiation of tumors and cancer cells. Radioisotopes are used as tracers in biological
experiments. Food can be irradiated to kill microorganisms.
LO: 11.14
24

Chemistry For Changing Times 13th Edition Hill Test Bank

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Chemistry For Changing Times 13th Edition Hill Test Bank

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Chemistry for Changing Times 13th

Edition Hill Test Bank

11.1 Multiple Choice Questions

4) Cosmic rays are

7) All of the following are known to be forms of ionizing radiation EXCEPT

9) The following nuclear reaction is an example of

11) Thorium-234 undergoes beta decay:

15) Rn decays by emission of an alpha particle. The product of this decay is

17) The process of beta emission can be envisioned as the

21) Phosphorus-30 decays by positron emission. The product is

22) The process of positron emission can be considered as the

23) The process of electron capture can be considered as the

34) Exposure to radioactive material is considered safe after 10 half-lives because

36) Carbon-14 dating of ancient objects is particularly effective because C-14

37) In carbon-14 dating

47) Which of the following statements about transmutation is true? In transmutation,

50) Radioisotopes have been used as tracers in a variety of applications because

52) Positron emission tomography (PET) is a

60) In the famous relationship: E = mc2, the symbol m represents

63) The most stable elements have

65) Which type of radioactive emission is very similar to X-rays?

67) Alpha particles can be stopped by a

68) Gamma rays can be stopped by

71) Critical mass is

76) Stagg Field, at the University of Chicago, is where

87) In nuclear fusion,

88) Nuclear fusion

11.2 True/False Questions

3) Nuclear reaction rates are not affected by changes in temperature.

5) Radioactive dating can only be used to date very old objects.

7) It will take three half-lives for all of a radioactive sample to decay.

9) Radioactive isotopes and nonradioactive isotopes of an element react essentially identically.

13) Plutonium-239 can undergo nuclear fission.

20) A "dirty bomb" creates a nuclear explosion.

11.4 Essay Questions

4) Compare and contrast nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Diff: 4 Page Ref: Sec. 11.7

6) Comment on three peacetime uses of nuclear energy.

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