PRECOLATION TEST

09/08/2023
PURPOSE
The name "percolation test" probably relates to a "perc test," which stands
for "percolation test." The rate at which water can seep or percolate into the
earth is assessed using a percolation test in the fields of environmental
science and civil engineering.

The main purpose of this test is to determine whether the soil is suitable for
on-site wastewater disposal systems, such as septic tanks or leach fields.

A percolation test is performed to learn more about the soil's hydraulic

conductivity, which describes how quickly water can pass through it.
Because wastewater disposal systems rely on the soil's natural filtration and
treatment of wastewater, this information is essential when constructing
those systems.
Morally, the purpose of a percolation test is to evaluate the soil's ability to
absorb and filter water, which is crucial for designing an effective and
environmentally sound septic system
PERCOLATION TEST METHODS
Percolation tests are conducted to determine the rate at which water can
infiltrate the soil in a particular location. These tests are commonly used in
the field of soil science and engineering to assess the suitability of soils for
various purposes such as septic system design, stormwater management, and
construction.
Common methods for conducting percolation tests

 Standard Percolation Test (Perc Test):

This is the most commonly used method for determining the percolation
rate. The test involves digging a test hole of specific dimensions (usually
around 2 feet wide and 2.5 to 4 feet deep) in the area where the drainage
system or septic system will be installed. The hole is filled with water and
allowed to drain overnight. The next day, the water level in the hole is
measured at specific intervals to determine the rate at which it has infiltrated
the soil.
 Double-Ring Infiltrometer Test:
This method involves using a double-ring infiltrometer, which consists of
two concentric rings that are pressed into the soil surface. Water is poured
into the inner ring, and the rate of water infiltration into the soil is measured
over a specified time period. This test provides more controlled conditions
compared to the standard perc test and is often used in research or when
precise measurements are required.

 Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Test:

TDR is a more advanced method that uses

electromagnetic waves to measure soil
moisture content over time. This method
provides real-time data on the changing
moisture levels in the soil, allowing for a more
detailed analysis of the percolation process.
TDR equipment includes special probes
inserted into the soil to measure moisture
content at different depths.
  Constant Head Permeameter Test:
This method is used to determine the hydraulic
conductivity of soils with higher permeability, such
as sands and gravels. A constant head permeameter
consists of a permeable chamber filled with water,
and water flows through the soil specimen under a
constant head. The flow rate is measured, and the
hydraulic conductivity of the soil can be calculated
using Darcy's law.

 Variable Head Permeameter Test:

Similar to the constant head permeameter test, the variable head
permeameter measures the hydraulic conductivity of soils with lower
permeability. The difference is that the head (water level) is allowed to vary
during the test, making it suitable for soils with slower drainage
characteristics
STANDARD PERCOLATION
The standard procedure for conducting a percolation test involves the
following steps:

 Test Hole Preparation: A hole is excavated in the ground at the

proposed location of the sewage disposal system. The hole is usually
about two feet in diameter and several feet deep.

 Saturation: The
hole is filled with water to
saturate the soil. This
simulates a high-
water condition, similar
to heavy rainfall or a
significant amount
of water being introduced to the soil.

 Percolation Rate Measurement: The rate at which the water

level in the hole drops is measured over a specified time period,
typically ranging from 30 minutes to a few hours. The percolation rate
 is calculated by dividing the volume of water that has percolated into
the soil by the time elapsed.

 Recording Results: The percolation rate is recorded and compared

to local regulations or guidelines. These guidelines provide
information
on acceptable
percolation
rates for
different
types of soil
and

environmental conditions.

 Determining Suitability: The percolation rate, along with other

factors such as soil composition, depth to the water table, and local
regulations, is used to determine the suitability of the site for installing
a sewage disposal system. Soils with high percolation rates are
generally better suited for wastewater disposal, while soils with low
percolation rates might raise concerns about drainage and potential
environmental impacts.
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION
 Slow Percolation Rate:
Problem: The water is not percolating into the soil at the expected rate,
which might indicate poor drainage.
Solution: If the percolation rate is slower than desired, consider evaluating
alternative sites with better soil drainage. Additionally, soil amendments or
drainage improvements could be considered to enhance percolation.

 High Water Table:

Problem: The water table is close to the surface, making it difficult for
water to percolate properly.
Solution: If the water table is too high, the site might not be suitable for
certain types of wastewater disposal systems. You might need to explore
alternative wastewater treatment options or consider raising the leach field
elevation

 Inaccurate Measurements:
Problem: Incorrect measurement of the water level during the test can lead
to inaccurate percolation rate calculations.
Solution: Ensure that measurements are taken accurately using appropriate
tools, and double-check the calculations for accuracy.

 Inconsistent Results:
Problem: The percolation rates obtained from different test holes are
inconsistent.
Solution: It's common for percolation rates to vary between test holes due to
soil heterogeneity. Conduct multiple tests at different locations and average
the results to obtain a more representative value.
  Unsuitable Soil Types:
Problem: The soil type on the site might not be suitable for effective
percolation.
Solution: If the soil type doesn't meet percolation requirements, you might
need to consider different wastewater treatment options or consult with
professionals about potential soil amendments.

 Regulatory Non-Compliance:
Problem: The percolation rates obtained do not meet local regulatory
requirements.
Solution: If the site doesn't meet regulatory standards, you might need to
explore alternative sites, adapt the wastewater system design, or apply for
variances or exemptions based on site-specific conditions.

 Unforeseen Site Conditions:

Problem: Unexpected site conditions, such as bedrock or impervious layers,
can affect percolation rates.
Solution: Investigate the underlying site conditions thoroughly before
conducting the percolation test. If unexpected conditions arise, consult with
soil engineers or geologists to determine the best course of action.