CHAPTER 7

ELECTROCHMISTRY

Electrochemistry

What is the common factor among rusting of iron, combustion of fuel, forest fire, and
metabolism of food?

a) They all involve a chemical reaction b) They generate electricity

a) c) They all occur at night d) They allproduce light

When you turn on a flashlight or electronic toy, the electricity is generated through:

a) Oxidation of metals b) Photosynthesis c) Electrochemical reaction d) Nuclear

fission

Electrochemical industries produce which of the following chemicals?

a) Nitric acid and ammonia b) Hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid

c) Caustic soda and chlorine d) Ethanol and acetone

What is the purpose of anodized aluminum sheets in buildings?

a) They increase the weight of the building b) They resist all forms of corrosion

c) They can absorb dyes and display various colors d) They have insulating properties

Which process involves the decolorization of color-bearing substances in stains?

a) Rusting of iron b) Electrochemical synthesis c) Household bleaching agents d)

Combustion of fuel
What is the primary purpose of drying aluminum?

a) To prevent oxidation b) To reduce its weight

c) To enhance its electrical conductivity d) To produce metallic colors on its surface

In the context of electrochemical processes, what is oxidation?

a) A reaction that produces heat b) A reaction that releases electrons

c) A reaction that absorbs light d) A reaction that increases pH

Which electrochemical industry is responsible for producing magnesium and zinc?

a) Aluminum extraction b) Gold mining

c) Lithium battery manufacturing d) Caustic soda production

Answers:

1.a 2.c 3.c 4.c 5.c 6.d 7.b 8.a

Short Questions
1.What common feature do rusting of iron objects, combustion of fuel in automobile engines,
forest fires, and metabolism of food in human and animal bodies share?

Answer. All these processes involve oxidation-reduction reactions.

2. What generates a current of electricity when you turn on a flashlight, mobile phone, calculator,
or electronic toy?

Answer. A chemical reaction in a battery.

3. What is the role of household bleaching agents when it comes to stains?

Answer. They decolorize color-bearing substances in stains.

4. What important metals are produced by electrochemical industries in large quantities?

Answer. Mqagnesium and zinc.

5. Besides metals, what chemicals are produced by electrochemical industries?

Answer. Chemicals such as caustic soda, chlorine, and silicon carbide.

6. What are anodized aluminum sheets commonly used for in buildings?

Answer. They are used for various purposes in buildings.

7. What is a notable property of anodized aluminum sheets when it comes to colors?

Answer. Anodized aluminum sheets can absorb dyes and exhibit metallic colors.

8. What effect does drying of aluminum have on its surface?

Answer. It can produce metallic red, metallic blue, or other metallic colors on the metal surface.

1. What does the mentioned chapter primarily discuss?

Answer. The processes involved in the formation of important metals and chemicals in
electrochemistry.

Oxidation and Reduction:

Society, Technology and Science

1. Example 7.2:

Problem solving strategy:

2. Solution:

3. Self-Assessment Exercise 7.2

2.0.1. Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Loss or Gain of Oxygen and Hydrogen

Example 7.1: Identifying the element undergoling oxidation

3. Problem solving strategy:

In oxidation and reduction, a process that involves the loss of electrons is called:

a) Oxidation b) Reduction

Answer: a) Oxidation

Which substance in the reaction Fe₂O₃ + 3CO ⟶ 2Fe + 3CO₂ loses oxygen?

a) Fe₂O₃ b) CO c) Fe

Answer: b) CO

In the reaction 2C₂H₂ + 10O₂ ⟶ 4CO₂ + 2H₂, which substance loses hydrogen?

a) C₂H₂ b) H₂ c) O₂

Answer: a) C₂H₂

In the reaction C + O₂ ⟷ CO₂, carbon atoms undergo oxidation. Why?

a) They gain oxygen atoms b) They lose oxygen atoms c) Both of these

Answer: a) They gain oxygen atoms

What substance gains oxygen in the reaction Fe₂O₃ + 3CO ⟶ 2Fe + 3CO₂?

a) Fe₂O₃ b) CO₂ c) Fe

Answer: b) CO₂
When acetylene (C₂H₂) burns to produce CO₂ and H₂, which substance gains hydrogen?

a) CO₂ b) H₂ c) Both of these

Answer: a) CO₂

In the rusting of iron reaction, 4Fe + 3O₂ ⟶ 2Fe₂O₃, is iron oxidized?

a) Yes b) No

Answer: a) Yes

Which element undergoes oxidation when burning Sui gas (CH₄ + 2O₂ ⟶ CO₂ + 2H₂O)?

a) C (Carbon) b) O (Oxygen) c) CH₄ d) Both a and b

Answer: a) C (Carbon)

Identify the substance that gains oxygen atoms in the reaction Fe₂O₃ + 3CO ⟶ 2Fe + 3CO₂.

a) Fe₂O₃ b) CO c) Fe

Answer: b) CO

In the reaction N₂ + 3H₂ ⟶ 2NH₃, which element is undergoing reduction?

a) N (Nitrogen) b) H (Hydrogen) c) None

Answer: a) N (Nitrogen)

Which element is oxidized in the reaction 2Ca + O₂ ⟶ 2CaO?

a) Ca (Calcium) b) O (Oxygen) c) None

Answer: a) Ca

When coal burns in thermal power stations, what type of reaction occurs?
a) Oxidation b) Reduction c) None of these

Answer: a) Oxidation

In the reaction 2H₂ + O₂ ⟶ 2H₂O, which substance loses hydrogen?

a) H₂ b) O₂ c) Both a and b

Answer: a) H₂

Elements of which group undergo reduction when they gain electrons to form anions?

a) Group IA b) Group IIA c) Group VIA d) Group VIIA

Answer: c) Group VIA

Identify the element that is reduced in the reaction 2Ca + O₂ ⟶ 2CaO.

a) Ca (Calcium) b) O (Oxygen) c) Borh a and b

Answer: b) O (Oxygen)

Short questions

Question: What is oxidation and reduction?

Answer: Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons.

Question: In the reaction Fe₂O₃ + 3CO ⟶ 2Fe + 3CO₂, which substance loses oxygen and
which substance gains oxygen?

Answer: Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) loses oxygen, and carbon monoxide (CO) gains oxygen.

Question: Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen and hydrogen.

Answer: Oxidation is the gain of oxygen atoms or loss of hydrogen atoms by an element.

Question: In the reaction 2C₂H₂ + 10O₂ ⟶ 4CO₂ + 2H₂, which substance loses hydrogen and
which substance gains hydrogen?

Answer: Acetylene (C₂H₂) loses hydrogen, and water (H₂O) gains hydrogen.

Question: Is iron oxidized in the reaction 4Fe + 3O₂ ⟶ 2Fe₂O₃?

Answer: Yes, iron is oxidized in this reaction.

Question: In the reaction CH₄ + 2O₂ ⟶ CO₂ + 2H₂O + heat, which element undergoes
oxidation?

Answer: Carbon (C) undergoes oxidation in this reaction.

Question: Identify the elements undergoing oxidation and reduction in the reaction N₂ + 3H₂ ⟶
2NH₃.

Answer: Nitrogen (N₂) undergoes reduction, and hydrogen (H₂) undergoes oxidation.

Question: What is oxidation and reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons?

Answer: Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons.

Question: In the reaction 2Ca + O₂ ⟶ 2CaO, which element is oxidized and which element is
reduced?

Answer: Calcium (Ca) is oxidized, and oxygen (O₂) is reduced.

OXIDATION STATES AND RULES FOR ASSIGNING OXIDATION STATES

Oxidation States
Table 7.1 Process leading to oxidation and reduction

. Rules for Assigning Oxidation States or Numbers

Table 7.2 shows oxidation states of some of the elements in binary compounds that rarely
change.

McQ 10

What is the oxidation state of uncombined or free elements?

a) +1 b) -1 c) 0 d) +2

Answer: c) 0

In which type of process does an element gain oxygen?

a) Oxidation b) Reduction c) None of these

Answer: a) Oxidation

3. What is the oxidation state of hydrogen in most compounds?

a) -1 b) +1 c) 0 d) +2

Answer: b) +1

In the compound CO₃⁻², what is the sum of oxidation states of carbon and three oxygen atoms?

a) +1

b) -1

c) +2

d) -2
Answer: b) -1

Which element commonly has an oxidation state of +2 in binary compounds?

a) Oxygen b) Hydrogen c) Group-llA elements d) Group-lA elements

Answer: c) Group-llA elements

6. What is the oxidation state of oxygen in most compounds?

a) +1 b) +2 c) -1 d) -2

Answer: d) -2

In the compound NH₄⁺¹, what is the sum of oxidation states of nitrogen and four hydrogen
atoms?

a) +1 b) -1 c) +4 d) -4

Answer: a) +1

Which process involves a loss of electrons?

a) Oxidation b) Reduction c) Both of thses

Answer: b) Reduction

What is the oxidation state of hydrogen in metal hydrides?

a) +1 b) -1 c) 0 d) +2

Answer: b) -1

What is the oxidation state of chlorine in HCl?

a) -1 b) +1 c) 0 d) +2
Answer: a) -1

Shorts questions

Question: What is an oxidation state?

Answer: An oxidation state is the number of charges an atom has in a molecule or compound.

Question: How are elements affected by oxidation and reduction processes?

Answer: Elements that show an increase in oxidation number are oxidized, while elements that
show a decrease in oxidation number are reduced.

Question: Is hydrogen (H) in HCl oxidized and oxygen (O) reduced?

Answer: Yes, in HCl, hydrogen (H) is oxidized, and oxygen (O) is reduced.

Question: What are the three processes that lead to oxidation and reduction?

Answer: The processes leading to oxidation are gaining oxygen, losing hydrogen, and losing
electrons. The processes leading to reduction are losing oxygen, gaining hydrogen, and gaining
electrons.

Question: What are the oxidation state rules for uncombined elements?

Answer: The oxidation state of any uncombined or free element is always zero.

Question: What is the relationship between the oxidation state and the charge in simple ions?

Answer: In simple ions, the oxidation state is the same as their charge.

Question: How is the total sum of oxidation states calculated in complex ions?

Answer: In complex ions, the total sum of oxidation states of atoms is equal to the charge on the
ion.
Question: How is the oxidation number determined for each atom in a molecule or compound?

Answer: The oxidation number of each atom in a molecule or compound is calculated separately,
and their algebraic sum is zero.

Question: Provide examples of oxidation states for some elements in binary compounds.

Answer: In Group-IA, the oxidation state is +1. In Group-IIA, it's +2. In Group-IIIA, it's +3. For
hydrogen (H), it's +1 (except in metal hydrides where it's -1). For oxygen (O), it's -2 (except in
peroxides and OF2 where it's different).

Question: What is the significance of oxidation and reduction in chemical reactions?

Answer: Oxidation and reduction are fundamental processes in chemical reactions that involve
the transfer of electrons, leading to changes in the oxidation states of elements.

Determining oxidation number of an atom in a compound:

Determine oxidation number

6. Problem Solving Strategy:

7. Solution:

8. Example 7.4 . Determining oxidation state:

12. Teacher's Point

13. Self-Assessment Exercise 7.3

 McQ

What is the oxidation state of potassium (K) in potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇)?

a) +1 b) -1 c) +2 d) -2

Answer: a) +1

How many oxygen atoms are there in a molecule of sulfur dioxide (SO₂)?

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

Answer: b) 2

3. What is the overall oxidation state of chromium (Cr) in potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇)?

a) +2 b) +3 c) +4 d) +6

Answer: d) +6

In boric acid (H₃BO₃), what is the oxidation state of boron (B)?

a) +1 b) +2 c) +3 d) +4

Answer: c) +3

5. What is the oxidation state of nitrogen (N) in nitric acid (HNO₃)?

a) -1 b) +1 c) +2 d) +5

Answer: d) +5

In sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), what is the oxidation state of sulfur (S)?

a) -1 b) +1 c) +4 d) +6

Answer: d) +6
 Short questions

Question: What is the oxidation state of potassium (K) in the compound K₂Cr₂O₇?

Answer: The oxidation state of potassium in K₂Cr₂O₇ is +1.

Question: How did we determine the oxidation state of chromium (Cr) in K₂Cr₂O₇?

Answer: We used the sum of oxidation numbers to calculate the oxidation state of Cr, which
turned out to be +6.

Question: What is the oxidation state of boron (B) in boric acid (H₃BO₃)?

Answer: The oxidation state of boron in H₃BO₃ is +3.

Question: In the formation of acid rain, what are the oxidation numbers of nitrogen (N) in NO₂
and HNO₃?

Answer: The oxidation state of nitrogen in NO₂ is +4, and in HNO₃, it is +5.

Question: Determine the oxidation state of sulfur (S) in SO₂ and H₂SO₄.

Answer: The oxidation state of sulfur in SO₂ is +4, and in H₂SO₄, it is +6.

Question: How do air pollutants contribute to the formation of acid rain?

Answer: Air pollutants like SO₂ and NO₂ combine with oxygen and water vapors to form acids
like H₂SO₄ and HNO₃, which then fall to the ground with rain, making it acidic.

Question: What strategy was used to determine oxidation states in the given examples?

Answer: The strategy involved using oxidation state rules 1 to 4 and table 7.1 to calculate
oxidation numbers of different atoms in compounds.
Question: How is the overall oxidation state of an element in a compound calculated?

Answer: The overall oxidation state is calculated by adding up the oxidation numbers of all
atoms in the compound, considering the known rules for oxidation states.

Question: Explain why the sum of oxidation numbers in a compound must be zero.

Answer: The sum of oxidation numbers is zero because in a compound, the positive and negative
charges must balance to maintain overall electrical neutrality.

Question: Why are clouds capable of carrying acid pollutants over long distances?

Answer: Clouds can absorb acid pollutants and transport them over long distances due to their
ability to trap and hold onto particles and droplets, allowing the pollutants to be carried far from
their original source.

14.1. OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS:

14.1.1. Identifying Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

15. Activity

How can you identify oxidizing and reducing agents in a chemical reaction?

16. Example 7.5: Identifying the oxidizing and reducing agents

1. Self-Assessment Exercise 7.4

McQ

What is the role of an oxidizing agent in a chemical reaction?

a) Gains electrons b) Loses electrons

c) Increases the oxidation state d) Decreases the oxidation state

Answer: a)
In the reaction between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride, which species is the
reducing agent?

a) Sodium (Na) b) Chlorine gas (Cl₂) c) Sodium chloride (NaCl) d) None of the above

Answer: a)

What happens when potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) is added to a solution of ferrous sulfate
(FeSO₄) in the presence of dilute sulfuric acid?

a) FeSO₄ oxidizes KMnO₄ b) FeSO₄ reduces KMnO₄

c) KMnO₄ oxidizes FeSO₄ d) KMnO₄ reduces FeSO₄

Answer: c)

In the reaction Fe₂O₃ + 3CO ⟶ 2Fe + 3CO₂, which element is being oxidized?

a) Carbon (C) b) Oxygen (O) c) Iron (Fe) d) Carbon monoxide (CO)

Answer: a)

Tungsten (VI) oxide (WO₃) is reduced with hydrogen gas (H₂) to obtain tungsten. Identify the
reducing agent in this reaction.

a) WO₃ b) H₂ c) Tungsten (W) d) Oxygen (O)

Answer: b)

Which step comes after working out the oxidation states of the elements in the problem-solving
strategy to identify oxidizing and reducing agents?

a) Note the element undergoing an increase in oxidation state

b) Note the element undergoing a decrease in oxidation state

c) Calculate the molecular weight of the reactants

d) Balance the chemical equation

Answer: a)

In the reaction Zn + 2MnO₂ + H₂O ⟶ Zn(OH)₂ + Ni₂O₃, which element is undergoing a

decrease in its oxidation state?

a) Zinc (Zn) b) Manganese (Mn) c) Oxygen (O) d) Nickel (Ni)

Answer: a)

Identify the oxidizing agent in the reaction 2S + Cl₂ ⟶ S₂Cl₂.

a) Sulfur (S) b) Chlorine gas (Cl₂) c) Sulfur dichloride (S₂Cl₂) d) None of the above

Answer: b)

In the reaction H₂ + S ⟶ H₂S, which compound is acting as the reducing agent?

a) Hydrogen (H₂) b) Sulfur (S) c) Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) d) None of the above

Answer: a)

Short questions

Question: What is the role of an oxidizing agent in a chemical reaction?

Answer: An oxidizing agent is a reactant that causes another substance to lose electrons and
undergo oxidation.

Question: How can you identify a reducing agent in a chemical reaction?

Answer: A reducing agent is a reactant that causes another substance to gain electrons and
undergo reduction.

Question: In the reaction Fe₂O₃ + 3CO ⟶ 2Fe + 3CO₂, which element is being oxidized and
which is being reduced?
Answer: Carbon is being oxidized, and iron (Fe) is being reduced.

Question: Why is tungsten used to make filaments for electric bulbs?

Answer: Tungsten is used because it has a high melting point and high electrical resistance.

Question: Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in the reaction WO₃ + 3H₂ ⟶ W + 3H₂O.

Answer: WO₃ is the oxidizing agent, and H₂ is the reducing agent.

Question: In the reaction 2S + Cl₂ ⟶ S₂Cl₂, which element is being oxidized and which is being
reduced?

Answer: S is being oxidized, and Cl₂ is being reduced.

1.1. OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTIONS

1.1.1. Method of Recovering Metals from their Ores

McQ

What type of reaction involves the transfer of electrons between species?

a) Covalent reaction b) Ionic reaction c) Redox reaction d) Acid-base reaction

Answer: c) Redox reaction

2. What is the reducing agent used to extract iron from its ore, hematite (Fe₂O₃)?

a) Oxygen gas b) Hydrogen gas c) Carbon dioxide d) Coke (carbon)

Answer: d) Coke (carbon)

In the extraction of lead from its sulphide ore, which of the following processes involves the
oxidation of sulphur?

a) Heating in oxygen b) Reduction by coke

c) Reaction with carbon dioxide d) Reaction with hydrogen

Answer: a) Heating in oxygen

4. What is the chemical formula for the compound formed when calcium reacts with chlorine
gas?

a) CaCl b) CaCl₃ c) CaCl₂ d) Ca₂Cl

Answer: c) CaCl₂

What role does lime stone (CaCO₃) play in the blast furnace extraction of iron?

a) It acts as a reducing agent. b) It reacts with coke to form carbon monoxide.

c) It removes impurities from iron as slag. d) It enhances the exothermic nature of the reactions.

Answer: c) It removes impurities from iron as slag.

Which metal extraction process involves the reduction of the corresponding oxide by hydrogen
gas?

a) Zinc extraction b) Iron extraction c) Copper extraction d) Lead extraction

Answer: a) Zinc extraction

What is the main product obtained when carbon dioxide reacts with coke in the blast furnace
during iron extraction?

a) Carbon monoxide b) Oxygen gas c) Carbonate ions d) Carbon dioxide gas

Answer: a) Carbon monoxide

Lead and zinc metals are initially found in nature as which type of ores?

a) Oxide ores b) Carbonate ores c) Sulphide ores d) Nitrate ores

Answer: c) Sulphide ores

Shorts questions

Q: What is the name given to reactions that involve the transfer of electrons?

A: Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons are known as oxidation-reduction reactions or
redox reactions.

Q: How is CaCl₂ formed and why is it considered an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A: CaCl₂ is formed by the reaction of calcium and chlorine. It involves the transfer of electrons
from the calcium atom to the chlorine atom, making it an oxidation-reduction reaction.

Q: What is the purpose of a reducing agent in the process of recovering metals from their ores?

A: Reducing agents are used to convert purified metal oxides into free metals during the
extraction of metals from their ores.

Q: What is the typical reducing agent used for the extraction of iron from its ore?

A: In the extraction of iron from its ore, coke (carbon) is used as the reducing agent.

Q: Describe the process of extracting iron from its ore using a blast furnace.

A: Iron ore, coke, and limestone are introduced into a blast furnace. Hot air is forced up from the
bottom, causing oxygen to react with coke, forming carbon monoxide and some carbon dioxide.
Carbon monoxide reacts with iron oxide, reducing it to molten iron. Impurities are removed as
slag, and molten iron collects at the bottom of the furnace.
Q: How are lead and zinc metals extracted from their ores?

A: Lead and zinc metals are extracted from their naturally occurring sulphide ores. These ores
are first heated in oxygen to convert them into corresponding oxides. The resulting oxides are
then reduced using coke, carbon monoxide, or hydrogen.

Q: What is the chemical equation for the reduction of zinc oxide (ZnO) using carbon (C)?

A: The chemical equation for the reduction of zinc oxide using carbon is: ZnO + C ⟶ Zn + CO

Q: How is copper oxide (CuO) reduced to produce copper (Cu)?

A: Copper oxide (CuO) is reduced by hydrogen gas (H₂) to produce copper (Cu) and water
(H₂O). The equation is: CuO + H₂ ⟶ Cu + H₂O

1.2. ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

1.2.1. Nature of Electrochemical Process

McQ

What are the two types of electrochemical cells?

a) Anodic Cells and Cathodic Cells b) Electrolytic Cells and Galvanic Cells

c) Cathode Cells and Anode Cells d) Redox Cells and Chemical Cells

Answer: b) Electrolytic Cells and Galvanic Cells

Which type of electrochemical cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy?

a) Electrolytic Cell b) Galvanic Cell c) Anodic Cell d) Cathodic Cell

Answer: b) Galvanic Cell

3. In which type of electrochemical cell is electrical energy used to drive a chemical reaction?

a) Galvanic Cell b) Redox Cell c) Electrolytic Cell d) Chemical Cell

Answer: c) Electrolytic Cell

What is the common feature of all electrochemical processes?

a) They involve the transfer of protons

b) They convert light energy into electricity

c) They convert chemical energy into mechanical energy

d) They involve the transfer of electrons

Answer: d) They involve the transfer of electrons

5. Which type of electrochemical cell is capable of driving a nonspontaneous reaction using

electrical energy?

a) Redox Cell b) Galvanic Cell c) Electrolytic Cell d) Chemical Cell

Answer: c) Electrolytic Cell

Describe the nature of an electrochemical process in terms of redox reactions.

a) Electrochemical processes involve the exchange of ions.

b) Electrochemical processes involve the transfer of energy without any electron exchange.

c) Electrochemical processes always involve the transfer of electrons through oxidation-

reduction reactions.

d) Electrochemical processes are solely based on the movement of protons.

Answer: c) Electrochemical processes always involve the transfer of electrons through oxidation-
reduction reactions.
 Short questions

Question: What are the two main types of electrochemical cells?

Answer: The two main types of electrochemical cells are electrolytic cells and galvanic cells.

Question: What is the function of an electrolytic cell?

Answer: An electrolytic cell uses electrical energy to drive a chemical reaction.

Question: How does a galvanic cell operate?

Answer: A galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

Question: What type of reactions are involved in electrochemical processes?

Answer: Electrochemical processes involve oxidation-reduction reactions, also known as redox

reactions, where electrons are transferred between substances.

0.0.1. Concept of Electrolytes

Activity 7.1

Do you know?

Carry out the following:

Figure 7.4: Assembly for distinguishing electrolytes and non-electrolytes

6.Identify electrolytes.
 McQ

What happens when an ionic compound is dissolved in water?

a) It becomes a gas b) It solidifies

c) It splits into positive and negative ions d) It loses its color

Answer: c) It splits into positive and negative ions

What is an electrolyte?

a) A substance that cannot conduct electricity

b) A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water

c) A type of metal

d) A type of gas

Answer: b) A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water

3. Which of the following compounds is an example of an electrolyte?

a) Urea b) Glucose c) NaCl d) Benzene

Answer: c) NaCl

What are the graphite rods used for in the experiment?

a) To light the bulb b) To dip in solutions

c) To connect the battery d) To measure temperature

Answer: b) To dip in solutions

5. In the experiment, when graphite electrodes are dipped in pure water, why doesn't the bulb
light up?

a) Graphite rods are not good conductors b) Pure water is an insulator

c) Graphite rods react with water d) The battery is not connected properly

Answer: b) Pure water is an insulator

Why does the bulb glow when KCl solution is added to the beaker?

a) KCl solution is a strong acid

b) KCl solution is a strong base

c) KCl solution is an ionic compound that dissociates into ions

d) KCl solution contains metals

Answer: c) KCl solution is an ionic compound that dissociates into ions

What purpose do conducting wires serve in the experiment?

a) They help heat the solutions b) They prevent the solutions from evaporating

c) They carry electrons in the circuit d) They change the color of the solutions

Answer: c) They carry electrons in the circuit

Which statement accurately describes non-electrolytes?

a) They conduct electricity in their molten state

b) They always dissolve in water

c) They dissociate into ions in water

d) They cannot conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Answer: d) They cannot conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Why do NaCl and KCl solutions conduct electricity?

a) They are made of metal ions

b) They contain graphite rods

c) They dissociate into ions in water, allowing the flow of electric current

d) They have a high melting point

Answer: c) They dissociate into ions in water, allowing the flow of electric current

Short questions

Q1: What is an electrolyte?

A1: An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water or in a molten state, is capable of
conducting electricity due to the presence of positive and negative ions.

Q2: Provide examples of electrolytes and non-electrolytes.

A2: Examples of electrolytes are NaCl, KCl, HCl, and NaOH. Examples of non-electrolytes are
urea, glucose, sucrose, and benzene.

Q3: How can you distinguish between electrolytes and non-electrolytes using an experiment?

A3: By setting up a circuit with graphite rod electrodes and a bulb, and dipping the electrodes in
different aqueous solutions. If the bulb lights up, the solution contains an electrolyte; if not, it
contains a non-electrolyte.

Q4: Why does the bulb light up when a solution of KCl is used in the experiment?

A4: KCl is an ionic compound that breaks up into K⁺ and Cl⁻ ions when dissolved in water.
These ions move towards the opposite electrodes, allowing current to flow through the solution,
thus lighting up the bulb.
4.0.1. Electrolytic Cells

Self-Assessment Exercise 7.5

Uses of Electrolytic Cells

McQ

What is an electrolytic cell?

a) A cell that produces electricity from chemical reactions

b) A cell that uses electrical energy to drive a chemical reaction

c) A cell that stores electrical energy

d) A cell that converts heat into electricity

Answer: b

In an electrolytic cell, where do electrons move from and to?

a) From cathode to anode b) From anode to cathode

c) Between two anodes d) Between two cathodes

Answer: b

3. What happens at the anode in an electrolytic cell?

a) Cations move towards it b) Anions move towards it

c) Reduction occurs d) Oxidation occurs

Answer: d
Which process occurs at the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

a) Oxidation b) Reduction c) Ionization d) Dissociation

Answer: b

5. Which electrolytic cell is used for the commercial preparation of sodium hydroxide and
produces chlorine and hydrogen gas as byproducts?

a) Down's Cell b) Electrolytic cell for copper purification

c) Nelson's Cell d) Anodized aluminum cell

Answer: c

What is the purpose of using electrolytic cells in electroplating processes?

a) To generate heat b) To convert metals into anodes

c) To create colorful metallic surfaces d) To electroplate metals onto other materials

Answer: d

Short questions

Q: What is an electrolytic cell?

A: An electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell in which electrical energy is used to drive a

chemical reaction.

Q: What are the components of an electrolytic cell?

A: An electrolytic cell consists of an electrolyte (MX), two inert electrodes, and a battery.

Q: Describe the movement of electrons in an electrolytic cell.

A: Electrons move from the anode to the cathode in the outer circuit.
Q: What happens to cations and anions in the electrolyte solution?

A: Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode.

Q: Define oxidation and reduction in the context of an electrolytic cell.

A: Oxidation occurs at the anode, where anions lose electrons (X̄ → X + Ie⁻). Reduction occurs at
the cathode, where cations gain electrons (M⁺ + Ie⁻ → M).

Q: Sketch an electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of fused KCl.

A: Sorry, I cannot sketch images, but you would need an electrolytic cell with fused KCl, inert
electrodes, and a battery. Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.

Q: What is the purpose of Down's Cell?

A: Down's Cell is used for the commercial preparation of sodium metal, producing chlorine gas
as a byproduct.

Q: What is Nelson's Cell used for?

A: Nelson's Cell is used for the commercial preparation of sodium hydroxide, along with the
production of chlorine and hydrogen gases as byproducts.

Q: Name some metals that are commercially prepared using electrolytic cells.

A: Calcium, magnesium, and aluminum are commercially prepared using electrolytic cells.

Q: How is electrolytic cell used in copper purification?

A: Electrolytic cells are used for the purification of copper through electroplating.
Q: Mention some metals that can be electroplated using electrolytic cells.

A: Metals such as tin, silver, and nickel can be electroplated onto steel using electrolytic cells.

Q: What is the purpose of electrolytic cells in anodized aluminum production?

A: Electrolytic cells are used to prepare anodized aluminum, which can be dyed to produce
metallic colors on the metal surface.

Galvanic Cells (Daniel Cells) (Voltaic cells)

Self-Assessment Exercise 7.5

Reading

7.0.1. Reactions in a Daniel Cell

Self-Assessment Exercise 7.6

McQ

What is the primary characteristic of a galvanic cell?

a) Involves non-spontaneous reactions

b) Generates heat instead of electricity

c) Involves spontaneous redox reactions to generate electricity

d) Requires an external source of energy to function

Answer: c) Involves spontaneous redox reactions to generate electricity

Who is credited with discovering the voltaic cell?

a) Alessandro Volta b) Fredrick Daniel c) Thomas Edison d) Albert Einstein

Answer: a) Alessandro Volta

Which part of the galvanic cell serves as the electrical contact between the two solutions?

a) Zinc bar b) Copper bar c) Salt bridge d) Voltmeter

Answer: c) Salt bridge

What is the role of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

a) Generates electricity

b) Facilitates electron flow in the external circuit

c) Provides a pathway for ions to move between solutions without reacting

d) Measures current

Answer: c) Provides a pathway for ions to move between solutions without reacting

In a galvanic cell, which compartment acts as the anode?

a) Zinc half-cell b) Copper half-cell c) Salt bridge d) Cathode

Answer: a) Zinc half-cell

In the oxidation half-reaction at the anode, what happens to the zinc electrode?

a) Zn atoms gain electrons b) Zn atoms become Zn⁺² ions and lose electrons

c) Zn atoms capture electrons from Cu electrode d) Zn atoms undergo reduction

Answer: b) Zn atoms become Zn⁺² ions and lose electrons

What is the reduction half-reaction at the cathode in a galvanic cell?

a) Cu⁺²(aq) + 2e ⟶ Cu(s) b) Zn⁺²(aq) + 2e ⟶ Zn(s)

c) Cu(s) ⟶ Cu⁺²(aq) + 2e d) Zn(s) ⟶ Zn⁺²(aq) + 2e

Answer: a) Cu⁺²(aq) + 2e ⟶ Cu(s)

Which metal is more active in the given voltaic cell involving Silver (Ag) and Zinc (Zn)?

a) Silver (Ag) b) Zinc (Zn)

c) Both have the same activity d) Activity cannot be determined from the information provided

Answer: b) Zinc (Zn)

Short questions

Q: What is another name for a galvanic cell?

A: A galvanic cell is also known as a voltaic cell.

Q: Who is credited with discovering the galvanic cell?

A: Alessandro Volta is credited with discovering the galvanic cell.

Q: What is the purpose of a salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

A: A salt bridge facilitates the movement of ions between the two half-cells, maintaining charge
balance and completing the circuit.

Q: In a Daniel cell, which electrode acts as the anode?

A: In a Daniel cell, the zinc (Zn) electrode acts as the anode.

Q: Write the half-cell reactions for oxidation and reduction in a Daniel cell.

A: Oxidation half-cell reaction: Zn(s) ⟶ Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻

Reduction half-cell reaction: Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ ⟶ Cu(s)

Q: Identify the half-cell where oxidation occurs in the given cell: Zn(s) ⟶ Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻,
2H⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ ⇌ H₂(g).

A: Oxidation occurs in the half-cell with the reaction Zn(s) ⟶ Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻.

Battery-a Source of Electrical Energy

DRY CELL

McQ

What is a battery?

a) A type of metal b) A galvanic cell c) A type of wire

Answer: b) A galvanic cell

What is the function of the anode in a battery?

a) It releases electrons b) It reduces oxidizing agents c) It generates light

Answer: a) It releases electrons

In which direction do electrons flow when a battery is connected in a circuit?

a) From cathode to anode b) From anode to cathode c) They don't flow in a battery

Answer: b) From anode to cathode

What is the purpose of the electrolyte in a battery?

a) To release electrons b) To create light c) To facilitate chemical reactions

Answer: c) To facilitate chemical reactions

Which of the following is NOT an example of a battery?

a) Dry cell b) Solar panel c) Mercury battery

Answer: b) Solar panel

What is the composition of the cathode in a dry cell battery?

a) Zinc metal b) Graphite rod c) MnO₂ and carbon mixture

Answer: c) MnO₂ and carbon mixture

Which reaction occurs at the cathode in a dry cell battery?

a) Zn ⟶ Zn⁺² + 2e-

b) 2NH₄⁺ + 2MnO₂ + 2e- ⟶ Mn₂O₃ + 2NH₃ + H ₂O

c) 2NH₄⁺ + 2e- ⟶ 2NH₃

Answer: b) 2NH₄⁺ + 2MnO₂ + 2e- ⟶ Mn₂O₃ + 2NH₃ + H₂O

What is the potential produced by the cell described (dry cell)?

a) 0.5V b) 1.0V c) 1.5V d)0.1

Answer: c) 1.5V
 Short questions

Q. What is a battery and how does it generate electric current?

A. A battery is a galvanic cell or a group of galvanic cells that generates electric current through
a redox reaction. It releases electrons at the anode and allows them to flow through the external
circuit to the cathode.

Q. What is the purpose of an anode and a cathode in a battery?

A. The anode releases electrons as it oxidizes, and the cathode receives these electrons as it
reduces an oxidizing agent present in the electrolyte.

Q.What is a dry cell battery and where is it commonly used?

A. A dry cell battery is used in flashlights, toys, and small appliances. It has a zinc anode, an
inert graphite cathode, and a mixture of MnO₂ and carbon as the cathode's contact. The
electrolyte consists of a mixture of moist NH₄Cl and ZnCl₂.

Q.What reactions take place at the anode and cathode of a dry cell battery?

A. At the anode: Zn ⟶ Zn⁺² + 2e-

At the cathode: 2NH₄⁺ + 2MnO₂ + 2e- ⟶ Mn₂O₃ + 2NH₃ + H₂O

Q.What potential does a dry cell battery produce?

A. A dry cell battery produces a potential of 1.5V.

ELECTROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

Manufacture of Sodium Hydroxide from Brine

Down's Cell aqueous solution of sodium chloride

Nelson's Cell However sodium ions do not reduce to sodium metal in this process.

McQ

What are the two main products obtained during the electrolysis of brine?

A) Sodium metal and chlorine gas B) Sodium hydroxide and oxygen gas

C) Hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide D) Hydrogen gas and chlorine gas

Answer: D) Hydrogen gas and chlorine gas

Easy: Which type of industries use electricity to bring about chemical changes and produce a
variety of substances?

A) Thermal industries B) Mechanical industries

C) Electrochemical industries D) Chemical process industries

Answer: C) Electrochemical industries

Moderate: In the electrolytic cell used to manufacture sodium metal from fused sodium chloride,
what is the role of the cathode?

A) It produces chlorine gas B) It reduces sodium ions to sodium metal

C) It oxidizes chloride ions to chlorine gas D) It produces sodium hydroxide

Answer: B) It reduces sodium ions to sodium metal

Moderate: Which electrolytic cell is used for the large-scale production of sodium metal from
fused sodium chloride?

A) Nelson's cell B) Down's cell C) Electrothermal cell D) Chlor-alkali cell

Answer: B) Down's cell

Tough: Why is sodium metal not obtained during the electrolysis of brine for the production of
sodium hydroxide?

A) Sodium ions do not move towards the cathode.

B) Water molecules are more easily reduced than sodium ions.

C) Sodium ions are oxidized at the anode.

D) Sodium ions react with chlorine gas.

Answer: B) Water molecules are more easily reduced than sodium ions.

Tough: What is the overall reaction that takes place during the electrolysis of brine to produce
sodium hydroxide, chlorine gas, and hydrogen gas?

A) 2Na⁺(aq) + 2OH⁻(aq) ⟶ 2NaOH(s)

B) 2H₂O(l) + 2NaCl(aq) ⟶ H₂(g) + Na₂O(s) + Cl₂(g)

C) 2Cl⁻(aq) + 2H₂O(l) ⟶ Cl₂(g) + H₂(g) + 2OH⁻(aq)

D) NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) ⟶ NaOH(s) + HCl(g)

Answer: C) 2Cl⁻(aq) + 2H₂O(l) ⟶ Cl₂(g) + H₂(g) + 2OH⁻(aq)

Short questions

Q. What are electrochemical industries?

A. Electrochemical industries use electricity to bring about chemical changes and produce a wide
variety of substances. They are also known as electrolytic industries.
Q. Give examples of substances produced by electrochemical industries.

A. Examples of substances produced by electrochemical industries include aluminum, calcium

carbide, sodium hydroxide, magnesium, and hydrogen.

Q. What is the purpose of electrolytic refining?

A. Electrolytic refining is used to purify metals by using electrolysis to remove impurities from
them.

Q. What is the process of electroplating used for?

A. Electroplating is used to deposit a thin layer of one metal onto another surface for various
purposes, such as enhancing appearance, corrosion protection, and conductivity.

Q. How is sodium metal manufactured on a large scale?

A. Sodium metal is produced by the electrolysis of fused sodium chloride (NaCl) using an
electrolytic cell called Down's Cell. The cathode is made of iron, and the anode is made of
graphite.

Q. What happens at the cathode during the electrolysis of fused sodium chloride?

A. At the cathode, sodium ions (Na⁺) are reduced to form sodium metal (Na).

Q. What is the by-product obtained during the manufacture of sodium metal from fused sodium
chloride?

A. The by-product obtained is chlorine gas (Cl₂).

Q. What are the products of the electrolysis of brine (sodium chloride solution)?

A. The products of the electrolysis of brine are chlorine gas (Cl₂), hydrogen gas (H₂), and
sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Q. Why is sodium metal not obtained at the cathode during the electrolysis of brine?

A. Sodium metal is not obtained at the cathode because water molecules are more easily reduced
than sodium ions. The reduction of water molecules produces hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas.

What is the overall reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of brine?

A. The overall reaction is: 2Cl⁻(aq) + 2H₂O(l) ⟶ Cl₂(g) + H₂(g) + 2OH⁻(aq).

Q. How is solid sodium hydroxide obtained from the electrolysis of brine?

A. Evaporation of water from the electrolyte solution containing sodium hydroxide produces
relatively pure solid sodium hydroxide.

Q. What is the purpose of the Nelson's cell in the electrolysis of brine?

A. The Nelson's cell is used for the electrolysis of brine to simultaneously produce chlorine gas,
hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide.

Q. Can other alkali metals be obtained by electrolysis?

A. Yes, other alkali metals can also be obtained by the electrolysis of their fused salts, after first
purifying the ores.

Q. What are the electrodes used in the Down's Cell for sodium metal production?

A. The electrodes used in the Down's Cell are an iron cathode and a graphite anode.

Q. What is the role of chlorine gas in the electrolysis of fused sodium chloride?

A. Chlorine gas is a by-product obtained at the anode during the electrolysis of fused sodium
chloride.
Electrolytic Refining of Copper:

Figure 7.12: Electrolytic refining of copper.

Figure 7.13 .Electroplating of silver on spoon.

7.6.4 Electroplating on Steel

Zinc plating:

4. (Awareness against pollution)

Tin Plating

Chromium Plating

Mcq

What is the purpose of the electrolytic refining of copper?

a) To add impurities to copper

b) To remove impurities from copper

c) To change copper into a different metal

Answer: b) To remove impurities from copper

What are the conditions for good electroplating?

a) Low current density, high temperature, low metal concentration

b) High current density, low temperature, high metal concentration

c) High current density, high temperature, high metal concentration

Answer: b) High current density, low temperature, high metal concentration

Which metal is often used as the anode in the electrolytic refining of copper?

a) Silver b) Gold c) Copper d) none of these

Answer: c) Copper

In the process of electroplating, what role does the object to be plated play in the electrolytic
tank?

a) Anode b) Cathode c) Both a and b d) Electrolyte

Answer: b) Cathode

Which electrolyte is used for zinc plating on steel?

a) Zinc sulfate b) Potassium zinc cyanide c) Stannous sulfate d) None of these

Answer: b) Potassium zinc cyanide

What is the purpose of using sodium cyanide in the zinc plating process?

a) To enhance the conductivity of the electrolyte

b) To prevent the hydrolysis of the electrolyte

c) To increase the deposition rate of zinc

Answer: b) To prevent the hydrolysis of the electrolyte

Why is steel often plated with copper or nickel before being plated with chromium?

a) To prevent corrosion of the steel

b) To enhance the adherence of chromium to steel

c) To make the steel conductive

Answer: b) To enhance the adherence of chromium to steel

Which metal is used as the anode in chromium plating?

a) Nickel b) Copper c) Chromium d) None of these

Answer: c) Chromium

Which electrolyte is used for tin plating on steel?

a) Stannous sulfate b) Potassium zinc cyanide c) Chromium sulfate

Answer: a) Stannous sulfate

What is the purpose of adding dilute sulfuric acid to the tin plating electrolyte?

a) To enhance the conductivity of the electrolyte

b) To prevent the hydrolysis of the electrolyte

c) To increase the deposition rate of tin

Answer: b) To prevent the hydrolysis of the electrolyte

Short questions

Q. What is the purpose of electrolytic refining of copper?

A. To remove impurities such as zinc, iron, silver, and gold from impure copper obtained from
ores.

Q. What acts as the anode and cathode in the electrolytic refining of copper?

A. Impure copper bars act as the anode, and pure copper bars act as the cathode.

Q. What is the role of CuSO₄ solution in the electrolytic refining of copper?

A. It serves as the electrolyte and contains a small amount of sulfuric acid.

Q. What ions are formed when the copper anode dissolves during electrolysis?

A. Cu⁺² ions are formed.

Q. What happens at the cathode during the electrolytic refining of copper?

A. Cu⁺² ions are reduced to form pure copper deposits.

Q. Which less electropositive metals fall to the bottom during copper electrolytic refining?

A. Silver and gold.

Q. What is electroplating?

A. The process of depositing one metal onto another through electrolysis.

Q. What are the conditions for good electroplating?

A. High current density, low temperature, and a high concentration of metal in the electrolyte.

Q. How is zinc plating on steel achieved?

A. Using zinc metal as the anode, with a potassium zinc cyanide solution as the electrolyte.

Q. Why is sodium cyanide added to the electrolyte during zinc plating?

A. To prevent the hydrolysis of the electrolyte.

Q. What is the purpose of tin plating on steel?

A. To protect steel, particularly for food cans.

Q. What is added to the stannous sulphate electrolyte during tin plating?

A. A few drops of dilute H₂SO₄ to prevent hydrolysis.

Q. How is chromium plating achieved on steel?

A. By first plating with copper or nickel, then with chromium using chromium metal as the
anode.

Q. Why is dilute H₂SO₄ added to the chromium sulphate electrolyte during chromium plating?

A. To prevent hydrolysis.

Q. What is the purpose of chromium plating on steel?

A. To make automobile parts, providing protection and aesthetic appeal.

Corrosion and its prevention

Society,Technology and science

McQ

Corrosion is a natural process that converts refined metals into what?

a) Metal alloy b) Metal oxide c) Metal salt d) Metal carbide

Answer: b) Metal oxide

What is the primary cause of the rusting of iron?

a) Heat exposure b) Chemical reactions c) Oxygen and moisture d) Physical wear

Answer: c) Oxygen and moisture

What forms on the surface of aluminum when exposed to air, protecting it from further
corrosion?

a) Iron oxide layer b) Aluminum sulfide layer c) Zinc oxide layer d) Aluminum oxide
layer

Answer: d) Aluminum oxide layer

4. In the rusting of iron, which region on the metal surface acts as the anode?

a) The region with more moisture b) The region with less moisture

c) The region with higher temperature d) The region with higher pressure

Answer: b) The region with less moisture

What is the role of hydroxyl ions in the rusting of iron?

a) They initiate the corrosion process b) They neutralize the oxygen molecules

c) They are produced during the oxidation process d) They prevent the formation of rust

Answer: c) They are produced during the oxidation process

Which metal is extensively used in the construction of aircraft, ships, and cooking utensils?

a) Iron b) Zinc c) Aluminum d) Copper

Answer: c) Aluminum
7. What protects aluminum from extensive corrosion, unlike iron?

a) Zinc coating b) Hydrogen gas

c) Aluminum sulfide layer d) Insoluble aluminum oxide layer

Answer: d) Insoluble aluminum oxide layer

How does alloying help prevent corrosion in metals like iron?

a) It promotes the formation of rust b) It increases the tendency to oxidize

c) It forms a protective oxide layer d) It accelerates the cathodic reaction

Answer: c) It forms a protective oxide layer

Which method of preventing corrosion involves the deposition of one metal on another through
electrolysis?

a) Tinning b) Galvanizing c) Alloying d) Electroplating

Answer: d) Electroplating

Short questions

Q. What is corrosion and how does it occur?

A. Corrosion is the process where metals react with oxygen and moisture, converting them into
metal oxides.

Q. Explain the rusting of iron.

A. Rusting of iron involves oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode, resulting in the
formation of Fe₂O₃.xH₂O (rust).

Q. How does the corrosion of aluminum differ from that of iron?

A. Aluminum forms a protective layer of Al₂O₃ upon exposure to air, preventing further
corrosion, whereas iron's rust layer is porous and doesn't protect the metal well.

Q. How can corrosion be prevented?

A. Corrosion prevention methods include coating with paint, alloying with other metals, and
coating with another metal through processes like tinning, galvanizing, and electroplating.

Q. What is tinning, and how does it protect iron?

A. Tinning involves coating iron with molten tin, creating a stable layer that protects against
corrosion.

Q. Describe the process of galvanizing.

A. Galvanizing involves dipping clean iron into a hot zinc chloride bath and then rolling the
sheet into a zinc bath, creating a protective zinc coating.

Q. What is electroplating and how does it work?

A. Electroplating involves depositing one metal onto another using an electrolytic process,
enhancing protection against corrosion.

Q. How does cathodic protection work?

A. Cathodic protection involves making the metal to be protected the cathode, connecting it to
more active metals like magnesium or aluminum, which act as anodes and prevent corrosion.

Q. Why does silver tarnish and how can it be prevented?

A. Silver tarnishes due to interactions with sulfur compounds. Tarnishing can be prevented by
plating with a thin layer of silver, which adheres well and resists corrosion.
Q. What is the purpose of cathodic protection?

A. Cathodic protection is employed to prevent corrosion in iron and steel structures, such as
pipes, tanks, and oil rigs, by using more active metals as sacrificial anodes.

Exercise McQ
In which of the following changes, the nitrogen atom is reduced.

(a) N₂ to NO (b) N₂ to NO₂ (c) Na₂ to NH₃ (d) N₂ to HNO₃

Answer (c)

Which of the following changes reaction is an example of oxidation

(a) Chlorine molecule to chloride ion (b) Silver atoms to silver (1) ion

(c) Oxygen molecule to oxide ion (d) Iron (III) ion to iron(II) ion

Answer (b)

(iii) Which of the following elements in the given reaction is reduced?

ZnO + H₂ → Zn + H₂O

(a) H₂ (b) ZnO (c) Zn (d) O

Answer (c)

(iv) Consider the following reaction:

H₂S + CI → 2HC1 + S

In this reaction H₂S behave as.

(a) Reducing agent (b) Oxidizing agent (c) Catalyst (d) Electrolyte

Answer (a)
(v) The oxidation state of Cr in K₂Cr₂O7 is

(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) Zero

Answer (b)

(vi) Which of the following statement i correct about the galvanic cell.

(a) Cations are reduced at cathode (b) Anions are oxidized at anode

(c) Electrons flow from cathode to anode (d) Oxidation occurs at anode

Answer (c)

(vii) Which of the following is not true about the Daniel cell

(a) Half-cell of an active metal acts as cathode

(b) Half-cell contains an element in contact with its ions in aqueous solution.

(c) A salt bridge connects the two half cells.

(d) A spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction generates electricity.

Answer (a)

(viii) Which of the following do not involve electrolytic process?

(a) Refining of copper (b) Manufacture of sodium from NaCl

(c) Electroplating of steel (d) Reduction of metal oxide by a reducing agent.

Answer (d)
(ix) Galvanizing is

(a) Coating with Sn (b)Coating with Zn (c) Coating with Cr (d) Coating with Cu

Answer (b)

(x) Which of the following is true for the Nelson cell.

(a) Sodium metal is produced at anode (b) Chlorine gas is produced at anode

(c) Hydrogen gas is produced at anode (d) Sodium ions are not reduced at cathode

Answer (b)

Exercise Short questions

Q. What is oxidation state?

A. Oxidation state, also known as oxidation number, is a concept used to indicate the degree of
oxidation or reduction of an element in a chemical compound. It helps us understand the electron
distribution and the role of atoms in chemical reactions.

Q. What is the oxidation number of Cr in chromic acid (H2CrO4)?

A. In chromic acid (H2CrO4), the oxidation number of Cr (chromium) is +6.

Q. Identify reducing agent in the following reaction

CuO+H₂⟶ Cu + H₂O

A. In the reaction CuO + H₂ ⟶ Cu + H₂O, hydrogen (H₂) is the reducing agent, as it donates
electrons to reduce copper oxide (CuO) to copper (Cu).
Q. Write chemical reactions that occur in Nelson's cell.

A. Nelson's cell is used for the electrolytic production of sodium metal and chlorine gas from
sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The reactions occurring in the cell are:

At cathode: 2Na⁺ + 2e⁻ ⟶ 2Na

At anode: 2Cl⁻ ⟶ Cl₂ + 2e⁻

Q. Why tin plated steel is used to make food cans?

A. Tin plated steel is used to make food cans because tin is less reactive than iron, preventing the
steel from corroding due to contact with acidic or salty foods.

Q. Explain one example from daily life which involves oxidation-reduction reaction?

A. An example of an oxidation-reduction reaction in daily life is the rusting of iron. When iron
reacts with oxygen and water, it undergoes oxidation, forming iron oxide (rust), while oxygen is
reduced. The balanced equation is:

4Fe + 3O₂ ⟶ 2Fe₂O₃

Q. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of loss or gain of oxygen or hydrogen.

A. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, hydrogen, or gain of oxygen. Reduction involves the
gain of electrons, hydrogen, or loss of oxygen.

Q. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons. List the possible uses of
electrolytic cell.

A. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, hydrogen, or gain of oxygen; reduction is the gain of
electrons, hydrogen, or loss of oxygen. Electrolytic cells are used in electroplating,
electrorefining, and the production of chemicals like chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
Q. Describe how a battery produces electrical energy.

A. A battery produces electrical energy through chemical reactions that occur at its electrodes,
creating a flow of electrons through an external circuit.

Q. Describe the method of recovering metal from its ores.

A. The method of recovering metal from its ores is called metallurgy, which involves processes
like smelting and leaching.

Q. Explain electrolytic refining of copper.

A. Electrolytic refining of copper involves using an electrolytic cell to purify copper by

dissolving impure copper anodes and depositing pure copper onto the cathode.

Q. Compare the effects of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 formation on their parents matals and cite
examples from daily Life?

A. The formation of Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) and Fe2O3 (iron oxide) on their parent metals
results in a protective layer that prevents further oxidation. For example, aluminum forms a thin
layer of Al2O3 that prevents further corrosion. In contrast, iron oxide (rust) does not provide the
same level of protection, as it tends to flake off and expose the underlying metal to more
corrosion.

Q. Explain how food and beverage industries deal with corrosions?

A. In food and beverage industries, corrosion is managed through techniques like stainless steel
equipment, coatings, and anodization to protect against reactions with food substances.
Additionally, maintaining proper pH levels and controlling oxygen exposure can help minimize
corrosion.
Q. Explain how chemistry interacts With photography ?

A. Chemistry plays a significant role in photography, particularly in film and digital sensors.
Light-sensitive chemicals, such as silver halides in traditional film or semiconductor sensors in
digital cameras, react to light to capture images. The development process involves chemical
reactions to bring out the latent image, creating the final photograph.

Q. Electrolysis has a major role in electrochemical industries

A. Electrolysis involves the passage of an electric current through an electrolyte, leading to

chemical reactions at the electrodes. It's used in various electrochemical industries, including
electroplating, metal extraction, and water electrolysis for hydrogen production.

Q. Describe the nature of electrochemical process?

A. The nature of electrochemical processes involves the transfer of electrons and ions between
substances. Redox reactions occur at the electrodes, where oxidation happens at the anode
(electron loss) and reduction at the cathode (electron gain).

Q. Distinguish between electrolytic and voltaic cell?

A. Electrolytic cells require an external source of electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous

chemical reaction, often used in processes like electroplating.

Voltaic cells, also known as galvanic cells, generate electrical energy from spontaneous redox
reactions, such as in batteries.

Q. Define oxidation number or oxidation state?

A. Oxidation number (oxidation state) is a measure of the electron distribution in a compound or
ion. It indicates the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all its bonds were 100%
ionic. It helps in determining the transfer of electrons during chemical reactions.

Q. Define oxidizing agent and reducing agents?

A. An oxidizing agent is a substance that causes another substance to lose electrons and undergo
oxidation. A reducing agent is a substance that causes another substance to gain electrons and
undergo reduction. Oxidizing agents get reduced themselves, while reducing agents get oxidized
in the process.

McQ

Encircle the correct answer:

00 In which of the

following changes,

the nitrogen atom is reduced.

(a) Nz to NO (b) Nz to NOz (c) Na to NHs (d) No to HNO3

(1)

Which of the following changes (a) Chlorine molecule to chloride ion (b) Silver atoms to silver
(1) ion

reaction is an example of oxidation

(c) Oxygen molecule to oxide ion (a) Iron (III) ion to iron(II) ion

(iii) Which of the following elements in the given reaction is reduced?

ZnO+H, →→→ Zn + H₂O

(a) H2 (b) ZnO (c) Zn (d) O

(iv) Consider the following reaction:

HS CI

2HC1-S

In this reaction HS behave as (a) Reducing agent

(b) Oxidizing agent SEEXHMADKHAN

(c) Catalyst

(d) Electrolyte

(v) 3

The oxidation state of Cr in K2Cr2O (a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 3

is

(d) Zero

(vi) 3

Which of the following statement i correct about the galvanic cell. (b) Anions are oxidized at
anode

(a) Cations are reduced at cathode (c) Electrons flow from cathode to anode

(c) Oxidation occurs at anode

(vii) Which of the following is not true about the Daniel cell

(a) Half-cell of an active metal acts as cathode. (b) Half-cell contains an element in contact with
its ions in aqueous solution.
(c) A salt bridge connects the two half cells.

(d) A spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction generates electricity.

(viii) Which of the following do not involve electrolytic process?

(a) Refining of copper

(b) Manufacture of sodium from NaCl (c) Electroplating of steel

(d) Reduction of metal oxide by a reducing agent.

Galvanizing is

(a) Coating with Sn (c) Coating with Cr

(b)Coating with Zn (d) Coating with Cu

Which of the following is true for the Nelson cell. (a) Sodium metal is produced at anode

(b) Chlorine gas is produced at anode (c) Hydrogen gas is produced at anode

(d) Sodium ions are not reduced at cathode