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Creative Commons “Attribution – Partage dans les mêmes conditions


4.0 International”. https://www.immae.eu/cours/

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!

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# !
(
)
= *
= +
=γ + !

*
*

, - + - $
- # =γ *
!

.# / 01
#2 1

*#

τ
= =ρ τ !
∈ τ

2 = ρ τ

# 01
#2 -

ρ τ
, - = = !
ρ τ
*#

= = + !

2 =+!

2 3 ρ τ = +!
" 0 -- !

4# )5

α ρ=

, !
2 6' 0 = = +!
ρ τ τ !π ! *

= = = +
!
ρ τ τ π! *
+
, = α!
4
4
2 = +
= !
* 7
+

ρ=
/ 1 0 1 0 8*!
9 6 0 = = +!
, × ρ τ= ρ τ!
2 ρ τ= ρ τ− ρ τ : 1
*

0 * 1 0 8* !
2 ρ τ= ρ τ− ρ τ
*

/ $ − * # = − * *

0 1 1 = +!
*
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)- =; * !
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*
2# 01
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• '

, = *
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= *
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π = *
π = *
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, = ! $ #!
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, ∆ = ∆ θ!
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4
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= *
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∆ ∆

,
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= = $ % + % #*

*
= *
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=+

= *
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7
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#/ 1 1

1 0 ρ
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= 7π ! 7 ρ = ρ × 7π = *
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7# 0 1

π 7
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= "$ #⋅ + $ # ∧ $ #⋅ +σ $ #⋅
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&
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#9 1 1 C

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.# / 5 -5

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= + = θ! θ

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*# 0 ' ∆!

σ∆
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, # = *
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)5

# ' 5 ∆=$ #!

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*# )

# = # +* $ #* = * θ* + *
∆ $ #* !

( -
σ #
"
9 σ $ #=+ * $ #* " $ #=+
( ∆ -5 σ∆ = ∆ θ * ∆ θ* "∆ = θ

( 5 ∆ σ∆ = ∆ θ * θ +*

*
$ # *
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-5
!

"#

, 1

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, $ 0 #

!
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*
" !

*
• σ

/ 6 1 θ!
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σ = σ $ #⋅
= $σ $ # + ∧ $ ## ⋅
=σ $ #⋅ + ∧ $ #⋅
σ

σ = − ∆θ $ D &% '
% #
!*
/ σ =− θ!
*
! ! !*
2 = $ #= θ! θ ∧ $ #⋅ = θ!
* * 7
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7 *
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θ ϕ

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4
• σ
σ = σ $ #⋅
= $σ $ # + ∧ $ ## ⋅
= *
*
ϕ + $$ * − # ∧ $ * − #θ ! θ # ⋅
= *
*
ϕ+ $ * − #θ
*

• #

# = *
$ #* + * ϕ*

= * $ * − # *θ * + * × * *
ϕ*

#,
# ' 5 !

$ 0 #
• , ∆ A
• "


α
= β
γ
$ #
, ∆ = ! *

) *
=$ ∧ #* = $ ∧ #⋅$ ∧ # = − ⋅$ ∧$ ∧ ##
2 ∆ =− ⋅ !$ ∧$ ∧ ##
• ,
+ − + − α
− ⋅$ ∧$ ∧ ## = −(α β γ) + − + − β
− + − + γ
*
+ *
− − α
= −(α β γ) − *
+ *
− β
− − *
+ *
γ

7
− − α
2 ∆ = (α β γ) − − β
− − γ
$ = ! #

*# ,

∆ = ⋅ $ # : !
, E
$ =− ! ∧$ ∧

4# "5 5

• 2-
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& 1

5 5
= ! = ! + ! =+
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+ *

&
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5 !
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0 5 !
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( *
+
*
) + +
( )
7 *

+
* *
, + 7 * +
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+ + *

7# $ -5 !
$ '$ ()% % #


σ$ # = ∧ ! $ #
) $ # = $ #+ ∧Ω
=+

2 σ$ # = − ! ∧$ ∧ Ω# = $Ω #
• )

# = ! $ #* = !$ ∧ Ω# * = Ω⋅ − ! ∧$ ∧ Ω#
* * *
= Ω⋅ $ Ω# = Ω ⋅σ $ #
* *

# 5 -5

, Ω = Ω! = θ ! σ$ # = $Ω # $ 6 -5 #
• / 5
$Ω # = Ω = θ!

?
• / 5

,
σ$ #
= Ω ∧σ $ #

?# )5

$, #
$ # 5 !
, $ # $ ϕ # !
, $ 1 < 0 #
*
* + +
+ 7
*
+ *
+
+ + 7
*
+ *

, Ω = θ ! + ϕ! !
*
+ + θ
(θ )
*

2 # = + ϕ + 7
*
+ *
+ +
*
+ + 7
*
+ *
ϕ

/ # = *
θ* + *
+ *
ϕ* !
7 ; *

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