Thermodynamics

LO (10, 11)
Measuring scales of Temperature

Celsius  Fahrenheit
9
F  C  32
5
Fahrenheit  Celsius

C 
5
F  32 
9
C  (F - 32)/1.8

 K = C +273
 Heat Capacity
𝑸
C= (J/oC)
𝜟𝑻
Specific Heat Capacity
𝑸
C= (J/g.oC)
𝒎. 𝜟𝑻

Specific heat of water = 1 kcal/kg oC.

= 1 cal/g oC.= 4186 J/kg oC = 4.184 J/g oC
.
 Latent heat
𝑸 (J/g)
L= (Cal/mol)
𝒎
Q = mL
For an isolated thermodynamic system,
mixing between two different system
of different temperatures, we apply

Qlost = Qgain
 Latent heat of vaporization

Latent heat of fusion

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

U=Q-W
W   PdV  PV2  V1 

Sign conventions for first law

Work done Work done
By the On the
system system

W+ W-
 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
• Isochoric (Isovolumetric) Process:
PA PB
V = 0, W = 0 =
TA TB
Q = U
• Isobaric Process: P = 0 VA VB
=
Q = U + W TA TB

• Isothermal Process: T = 0, U = 0 PAVA = PBVB

Q = W

• Adiabatic Process: Q = 0 PAVA PBVB

=
W = -U TA TB
 Qlost = Qgain
2 (m C Δt )lost = (m C Δt )gain
4 x 103 * ( 70 – Tf) = 2 x 103 * (Tf - 20)
2 (70 – Tf ) = (Tf - 20)
140 – 2 Tf = Tf - 20
3 Tf = 160
Tf = 53.33 0C
 9/5 C + 32
= 9/5 * - 17.78 + 32
= - 32 + 32
= 0 oF
0F = 9/5 C + 32 0K= C + 273
1.8 * 40 + 32 = 104 0F 40+273 = 313 0K
change in 1 oC = change in 1 oK
= change in 1.8 oF
As temperature increases
(F – 32)5/9
= ( 50 – 32)5/9
= 10 0C
The latent heat given out in changing from steam at 100
°C to water at the same temperature is
Q1 = ml = 0.01 x 2.2 x 106= 22 000 J = 22 kJ
The heat given out when this condensed water drops in
temperature from 100 °C to 33 °C is
Q2 = mC∆T= 0.01 x 4200 x (100 –33) = 2814 J = 2.8 kJ
So, the total heat released = Q1 + Q2 = 25 kJ
 Qlost = Qgain
(m C Δt )lost = (m C Δt )gain
6 x 102 * ( 90 – Tf) = 4 x 102 * (Tf - 22)
3 2
3( 90 – Tf) = 2(Tf - 22)
270 – 3 Tf = 2 Tf – 44
5 Tf = 314
Tf = 62.8 oC + 273 = 335.8 oF
 As temperature of
blackbody increase,
the wavelength
become shorter
 𝑸
C=
𝜟𝑻
𝟏 𝜟𝑻
Slope = =
𝑪 𝑸
Object that has Less
slope has a greater heat
capacity
(212 – 32) 5/9 = 180 *5/9 = 100 oC
100 + 273 = 373 oK
=

=
=
The white color light is reflected by the snow, which is a
matter of the geometry of the snow crystals. They are
arranged so that they scatter light which way, so you
perceive it as "white".
Q = m C Δt
= 0.5 * 4200 * (75 - 25)
= 105000 J
= 105 KJ
W = P ∆ 𝑽 = 𝑷(𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 ) = 0
 𝑸 𝑸 𝑸 𝑸
C𝐖 = = C𝐗 = =
𝒎. 𝜟𝑻 𝟑𝟎 𝒎. 𝜟𝑻 𝟏𝟔
𝑸 𝑸 𝑸 𝑸
C𝐘 = = CZ = =
𝒎. 𝜟𝑻 𝟗𝟎 𝒎. 𝜟𝑻 𝟒𝟖
W = P ∆ 𝑽 = 𝑷(𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 )
= 20 ( 25 – 15)
= 200 KJ
 ∆𝑸=𝟎
W = - U
As WORK done, DECREASING
the internal energy and the
temperature decreases
 W = P ∆ 𝑽 = 𝑷(𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 )
= 2000 ( 4 – 1)
= 6000
= 6 KJ
As gas expands the work is done by the gas